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Aiton
(တႝ)ဢႝတွꩫ်
Native to	India
Region	Assam
Ethnicity	Aiton people
Native speakers	1,500 (2006)
Language family	Kra–Dai Tai Southwestern Northwestern Aiton
Writing system	Burmese script (Aiton variation, called Lik-Tai)
Official status
Official language in	India Assam
Regulated by	Language Academy
Language codes
ISO 639-3	aio
Glottolog	aito1238
ELP	Aiton

The Aiton language or Tai Aiton language is spoken in Assam, India, in the Dhonsiri Valley and the south bank of the Brahmaputra. It is currently classified as a threatened language, with fewer than 2,000 speakers worldwide. Its other names include Aitonia and Sham Doaniya.

Classification

The Aiton language is a part of the Southwestern branch of the Tai family of languages. It is closely related to, and sometimes considered a dialect of, Shan. There are three other actively spoken languages of this branch in Assam: Khamti, Phake, and Khamyang.

History

The Tai languages in Assam share many grammatical similarities, a writing system, and much of their vocabulary. The most prominent differences between the languages are their tonal systems.

According to the oral and written records of the Aiton people, they originated from a place named Khao-Khao Mao-Lung, a Burmese state near the Chinese border. It is generally believed that they came to India about two or three hundred years ago, seeking refuge from oppression. Despite how long they have been in Assam, many members of the older generations are not fluent in Assamese, the official language of the state.

Geographic Distribution

Aiton is spoken predominantly in India, in the northeastern state of Assam.

According to Morey (2005), Aiton is spoken in the following villages:

Buragohain (1998) reports a total of 260 Aiton households, comprising a total population of 2,155.

Phonology

Initial consonants

Morey reports the following initial consonants:

Aiton, like some other Tai languages, have a "minimal three-way contrast in voicing". It also only allows vowels to be voiced stops when they are in bilabial and dental/alveolar places of articulation. According to Morey, " and are variants for /b/ and /d/, respectively". Aiton, has voiced /r, l, w, j/ and four voiced nasals in its sound inventory. It does not have voiceless sonorants.

Final consonants

Aiton has the following final consonants:

- occurs after front vowels and -, - occurs after back vowels and -.

Tones

Aiton today uses three tones, however it originally used five but two have merged with other tones. The first tone still used today is 'mid/high level', the second tone is 'high level then falling' and the third is 'mid falling'. Originally the fourth tone, 'mid rising', has merged with the first tone. The fifth tone, 'mid falling glottalised', has merged with the third tone.

Vowels

Aiton has a vowel system of only seven vowels, /i, ɯ, u, ɛ, ɔ, a, aa/, which is the smallest out of all the Tai languages spoken in Assam. From these seven vowels, Aiton allows only nine possible sequences.

Grammar

Pronouns

The following set of pronouns are the pronouns found in the Aiton language:

Demonstratives

Note: the form /-an2/ is a post-clitic form that approaches a definite article in function and may be attached to pronouns and even verbs.

Classifiers

The most common classifiers are:

• kɔ for persons
• tu/to for animals
• ʔan for inanimate objects

Writing system

The Tai Aiton have their own writing system called 'Lik-Tai', which they share with the Khamti people and Tai Phake people. It closely resembles the Northern Shan script of Myanmar, which is a variant of the Burmese script, with some of the letters taking divergent shapes.

Consonants

• က - ka - k -
• ၵ - kha - kh -
• င - nga - ng -
• ꩡ - ca - c -
• ꩬ - sa - s -
• ၺ - nya - ny -
• တ - ta - t -
• ထ - tha - th -
• ꩫ - na - n -
• ပ - pa - p -
• ၸ - pha/fa - ph/f -
• မ - ma - m -
• ယ - ya/ja - y/j -
  • ျ - in medial form
• ꩺ - ra - r -
  • ြ - in medial form
• လ - la - l -
• ဝ - wa - w -
• ꩭ - ha - h -
• ဢ - a - a -
• ဒ - da - d -
• ဗ - ba/wa - b/w -

Vowels

• ႜ - a -
• ႃ - aa -
• ိ - i -
• ီ - ī -
• ု - u -
• ူ - ū -
• ေ - e/ae -
• ႝ - ai -
• ေႃ - o/aw -
• ံ - ṁ -
• ိ်ုွ - ue -
• ်ၞ - aeu -
• ်ွ - aau -
• ွဝ် - au -
• ွ - aw -
• ွႝ - oi -
• ွံ - om -
• ိ်ွ - iu -
• ုံ - um -
• ်ံ - em -
• ် - final consonant, silences inherent vowel

Other symbols

• ꩷ - exclamation mark
• ꩸ - 1
• ꩹ - 2

References

1. ^ Diller, Anthony (1992). "Tai languages in Assam: Daughters or Ghosts": 16. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
2. Aiton at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
3. "Did you know Aiton is threatened?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-05-03.
4. ^ Morey, Stephen. "Tonal change in the Tai languages of Northeast India." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 28.2 (2005): 139-202.
5. Diller, A. (1992). Tai languages in Assam: daughters or ghosts? In C.J. Compton and J.F. Hartmann (Ed.), Papers on Tai languages, Linguistics, and Literatures, 5-43. Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University.
6. ^ Burgohain, Joya. "The Aitons: Some aspects of their life and culture." (2013).
7. ^ Morey, S. (2008). North East Indian Linguistics. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press India.
8. ^ Morey, Stephen (2008). "The Thai languages of Assam". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
9. ^ Diller, Anthony (1992). Thai languages in Assam: Daughters or Ghosts?. p. 23.
10. Inglis, Douglas (2017). "Myanmar-based Khamti Shan Orthography". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society.
11. Hosken, Martin. "Representing Myanmar in Unicode: Details and Examples Version 4" (PDF). Unicode.
12. ^ "Aiton language, alphabet, and pronunciation". Omniglot. Retrieved 8 February 2021.

• Buragohain, Yehom. 1998. "Some notes on the Tai Phakes of Assam, in Shalardchai Ramitanondh Virada Somswasdi and Ranoo Wichasin." In Tai, pp. 126–143. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Chiang Mai University.
• Morey, Stephen. 2005. The Tai languages of Assam: a grammar and texts. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

External links

• PARADISEC open access archive of Aiton language recordings

• Languages of Assam
• Southwestern Tai languages