Textual variants in the Book of Genesis

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This list provides examples of known textual variants, and contains the following parameters: Hebrew texts written right to left, the Hebrew text romanised left to right, an approximate English translation, and which Hebrew manuscripts or critical editions of the Hebrew Bible this textual variant can be found in. Greek (Septuagint) and Latin (Vulgate) texts are written left to right, and not romanised. Sometimes additional translation or interpretation notes are added, with references to similar verses elsewhere, or in-depth articles on the topic in question.

Genesis 1

Genesis 1:1, see also In the beginning (phrase)

בראשית‎, bə-rê-šîṯ, 'In beginning' – MT 4QGen (4QGen) SP

ברשית֯‎, bršîṯ – 4QGen

ἐν ἀρχῇ, 'In beginning' – LXX LXX ABP

In principio, 'In beginning' – Vg

Genesis 1:1, see also Elohim and Names of God in Judaism § Elohim

אֱלֹהִ֑ים‎, 'ĕ-lō-hîm (' gods' or 'God') – MT (4QGen) 4QGen SP. Grammatically speaking, the word elohim is a masculine plural noun meaning "gods", but it is often translated as singular and capitalised as Elohim, meaning "God".

ο θεός, 'the god' – ABP

Deus, 'God' – Vg

Genesis 1:1, see also Heaven in Judaism

הַשָּׁמַיִם‎, haš-šā-ma-yim, 'the heavens' – MT 4QGen SP

τὸν οὐρανὸν, 'the heaven' – LXX ABP

caelum, '(the) heaven' – Vg

Genesis 1:2, see also Tohu wa-bohu

וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָיְתָ֥ה תֹ֙הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ‎, wə·hā·'ā·reṣ hā·yə·ṯāh ṯō·hū wā·ḇō·hū, 'and the earth was formless and void,' – MT (4QGen) SP

ἡ δὲ γῆ ἦν ἀόρατος καὶ ἀκατασκεύαστος, 'but the earth was unseeable and unfashioned' – LXX ABP

Terra autem erat inanis et vacua, 'But the earth was lifeless and empty' – Vg

Genesis 1:7

ויבדל‎, way·yaḇ·dêl, 'and divided' – MT (4QGen) 4QGen SP Damascus Pent. Codex

καὶ διεχώρισεν ὁ θεὸς, 'and the god parted' – LXX ABP

divisitque, 'and divided' – Vg

Genesis 1:7

וַֽיְהִי־כֵֽן‎, way·hî-ḵên., 'and it was so.' – MT 4QGen 4QGen SP Damascus Pent. Codex

Et factum est ita., 'And so it was done.' – Vg

omitted – LXX ABP

Genesis 1:9

מָקֹ֣ום‎, mā·qō·wm, 'place' – MT 4QGen Damascus Pent. Codex SP. The Yiddish word Mokum ("city") is derived from Makom.

מקוה‎, mikvé, 'ritual bath' – 4QGen. A mikveh is a ritual bath in modern Judaism.

συναγωγην, 'gathering' – LXX ABP. The English word "synagogue" is derived from συναγωγή.

locum, 'place' – Vg The English word "location" is derived from locus.

Genesis 1:9

και συνηχθη το νδωρ το υποκατω του ουρανου εις τας συναγωγας αυτών και ωφθη η ζηρα, 'And the water underneath the heaven gathered together into their gatherings, and the dry appeared.' – LXX ABP. Compare Book of Jubilees 2:6.

omitted – 4QGen MT SP Damascus Pent. Codex Vg

Genesis 2

Genesis 2:4, see also toledot

אֵ֣לֶּה תֹולְדֹ֧ות‎, 'êl-leh ṯō-wl-ḏō-wṯ, 'These the generations' – MT

תולדת‎, ' the outcome' – SP Kennicott

Αὕτη ἡ βίβλος γενέσεως, 'This is the book of the origin' – LXX ABP

Istae sunt generationes, 'Those are (the) generations' – Vg

Genesis 2:4

עֲשֹׂ֛ות יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים‎, 'ă-śō-wṯ Yah-weh 'ĕ-lō-hîm, ' Yahweh the god made' – MT SP

εποίησε ο θεός, ' the god made' – LXX ABP

ἐποίησεν Κύριος ὁ θεὸς, ' Lord the god made' – LXX

quo fecit Dominus Deus, 'which (the) Lord God made' – Vg

Genesis 2:4

אֶ֥רֶץ וְשָׁמָֽיִם‎, 'e-reṣ wə-šā-mā-yim., ' earth and heavens' – MT

שמימ וארץ‎, ' heavens and earth' – SP

τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν, 'the heaven and the earth' – LXX LXX ABP

caelum et terram, '(the) heaven and (the) earth' – Vg

Genesis 2:5

יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים‎, Yah-weh 'ĕ-lō-hîm, 'Yahweh the god' – MT SP

ὁ θεὸς, 'the god' – LXX LXX

κύριος ο θεός, 'lord the god' – ABP

Dominus Deus, '(the) Lord God' – Vg

Genesis 2:7, see also Soul in the Bible § Genesis 2:7

וַיִּיצֶר֩ יְהוָ֨ה אֱלֹהִ֜ים אֶת־ הָֽאָדָ֗ם עָפָר֙ מִן־ הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה‎, way-yî-ṣer Yah-weh 'ĕ-lō-hîm 'eṯ-hā-'ā-ḏām, 'ā-p̄ār min-hā-'ă-ḏā-māh,, 'And god Yahweh formed man the dust of the ground/earth' – MT SP.

There is a word play between אָדָם‎, ā-ḏām ("man", "human", later usually simply translated as the personal name "Adam") and אֲדָמָה‎, 'ă-ḏā-māh, 'ground, earth'.

καὶ ἔπλασεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν ἄνθρωπον χοῦν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς·, 'And the god shaped the dust man from the earth' – LXX

καὶ ἔπλασεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν ἄνθρωπον χοῦν λαβών ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς, 'And the god shaped the man taking dust from the earth' – ABP

Formavit igitur Dominus Deus hominem de limo terrae, 'Therefore, (the) Lord God formed the human/man with the earth's mud/clay' – Vg

Genesis 2:8

יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים‎, Yah-weh 'ĕ-lō-hîm, 'Yahweh the god' – MT SP

ὁ θεὸς, 'the god' – ABP

κύριος ο θεός, 'lord the god' – LXX

Κύριος ὁ θεὸς, 'Lord the god' – LXX

Dominus Deus, '(the) Lord God' – Vg

Genesis 2:8, see also Garden of Eden

גַּן־בְּעֵ֖דֶן מִקֶּ֑דֶם‎, gan- bə-'ê-ḏen miq-qe-ḏem;, 'a garden in Eden in the east'

παράδεισον ἐν Ἔδεμ κατὰ ἀνατολάς, 'paradise in Edem according to the east' – LXX

παράδεισον ἐν Ἔδεν κατὰ ἀνατολάς, 'paradise in Eden according to the east' – ABP

paradisum voluptatis a principio, 'paradise of pleasure from the beginning' – Vg

Genesis 2:9

יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים‎, Yah-weh 'ĕ-lō-hîm, 'Yahweh the god' – MT SP

ὁ θεὸς, 'the god' – LXX LXX ABP

Dominus Deus, '(the) Lord God' – Vg

Genesis 2:9

omitted – MT

את‎, et, 'with' – SP

Genesis 2:13

אֶ֥רֶץ כּֽוּשׁ׃‎, 'e·reṣ kūš., ' land of Cush. or black land.' – MT

τὴν γῆν Αἰθιοπίας., 'the land of Ethiopia.' – LXX ABP

terram AEthiopiae., 'the land of Ethiopia.' – Vg

See also Cush (Bible), Rivers of Paradise, and Gihon.

Genesis 2:16, see also Adam

עַל־הָֽאָדָ֖ם‎, 'al-hā-'ā-ḏām, '(to) the man' – WLC

τῷ Ἀδὰμ, 'to Adam' – LXX LXX ABP

ei, 'to him' – Vg

Compare Genesis 2:18

Genesis 2:17, see also tree of the knowledge of good and evil

אֲכָלְךָ֥‎, 'ă-ḵā-lə-ḵā, 'that you eat ' – WLC

φάγησθε, ' should eat ' – LXX

φάγητε, ' should eat ' – ABP

comederis, ' shall/should eat [future active indicative/subjunctive singular)' – Vg

Genesis 2:18, see also Adam

הָֽאָדָ֖ם‎, hā-'ā-ḏām, 'the man' – WLC

τὸν ἄνθρωπον, 'the man' – LXX LXX ABP

hominem, ' man' – Vg

Compare Genesis 2:16

Genesis 2:18, see also Eve

אֶֽעֱשֶׂהּ־‎, 'e-'ĕ-śeh-, 'I will make' – WLC

ποιήσωμεν, 'let make' – LXX LXX ABP

faciamus, 'let make' – Vg

Genesis 2:23, see also Eve

לְזֹאת֙ יִקָּרֵ֣א אִשָּׁ֔ה‎, lə-zōṯ yiq-qā-rê 'iš-šāh, 'this shall be called woman' – WLC

αὕτη κληθήσεται γυνή, 'she shall be called woman' – LXX ABP

αὕτη κληθήσεται Γυνή, 'she shall be called Woman' – LXX

haec vocabitur Virago, 'she will be called Woman' – Vg

Genesis 2:23, see also Eve

αὐτῆς ἐλήμφθη αὕτη, 'she was taken her' – LXX LXX (Koine Greek spelling)

αυτής ελήφθη, 'she was taken' – ABP (classical Greek spelling)

Genesis 2:24, see also Eve

אֶת־אָבִ֖יו וְאֶת־אִמֹּ֑ו‎, 'eṯ-'ā-ḇîw wə-'eṯ- 'im-mōw, 'his father and mother' – WLC

τὸν πατέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν μητέρα αὐτοῦ, 'his father and his mother' – LXX LXX

τὸν πατέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν μητέρα, 'his father and mother' – ABP

patrem suum, et matrem,, 'his father, and mother,' – Vg

Genesis 2:25

scilicet, 'of course' – Vg

omitted – WLC LXX LXX ABP

Genesis 3

Genesis 3:20, see also Eve

וַיִּקְרָ֧א הָֽאָדָ֛ם שֵׁ֥ם אִשְׁתֹּ֖ו חַוָּ֑ה‎, way-yiq-rā hā-'ā-ḏām šêm 'iš-tōw ḥaw-wāh, 'And the man called the name of his wife Hawwah' – WLC

Καὶ ἐκάλεσεν Ἀδὰμ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς γυναικὸς Ζωή, 'And Adam called the name of the woman Zoë' – LXX

Καὶ ἐκάλεσεν Ἀδὰμ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς γυναικὸς αυτού Ζωή, 'And Adam called the name of his wife Zoë' – LXX ABP

Et vocavit Adam nomen uxoris suae, Heva:, 'And Adam called name of his wife, Heva:' – Vg

Compare Genesis 4:1

Genesis 4

Genesis 4:1, see also Eve, and Cain and Abel

וְהָ֣אָדָ֔ם יָדַ֖ע אֶת־חַוָּ֣ה אִשְׁתֹּ֑ו‎, wə-hā-'ā-ḏām yā-ḏa' 'eṯ- ḥaw-wāh 'iš-tōw, 'And the man knew Hawwah his wife' – WLC

Ἀδὰμ δὲ ἔγνω Εὕαν τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ, 'And Adam knew Heva his wife' – LXX

Αδαμ δὲ ἔγνω Ευαν τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ, 'And Adam knew Eva his wife' – LXX ABP

Adam vero cognovit uxorem suam Hevam,, 'Adam truly knew his wife Heva,' – Vg

Compare Genesis 3:20

Genesis 4:1

יְהוָֽה׃‎, Yah-weh., 'Yahweh.' – WLC

τοῦ θεοῦ., 'the god.' – LXX LXX ABP

Deum., '(the) God.' – Vg

Genesis 4:9

יְהוָֽ׃‎, Yah-weh, 'Yahweh' – WLC

ὁ θεὸς, 'the god' – LXX LXX

κύριος ὁ θεὸς, 'the lord god' – ABP

Dominus, '(the) Lord' – Vg

Genesis 4:10

ὁ θεὸς, 'the god' – LXX LXX

κύριος, '(the) lord' – ABP

omitted – WLC Vg

Genesis 4:12, see also Curse and mark of Cain

נָ֥ע וָנָ֖ד‎, nā' wā·nāḏ, 'a fugitive and a wanderer' – WLC

στένων καὶ τρέμων, 'moaning and trembling' – LXX LXX ABP

vagus et profugus, 'wandering and (a) fugitive' – Vg

Compare Genesis 4:14

Genesis 4:13, see also Curse and mark of Cain

וַיֹּ֥אמֶר קַ֖יִן אֶל־יְהוָ֑ה גָּדֹ֥ול עֲוֹנִ֖י מִנְּשֹֽׂא׃‎, way-yō-mer qa-yin 'el- Yah-weh; gā-ḏō-wl 'ă-wō-nî min-nə-śō., 'And Cain said to Yahweh: Great is my punishment to bear.' – WLC

καὶ εἶπεν Κάιν πρὸς τὸν κύριον Μείζων ἡ αἰτία μου τοῦ ἀφεθῆναί με., 'And Cain said to (the) lord: My fault is (too) great to forgive me.' – LXX LXX ABP

Dixitque Cain ad Dominum: Major est iniquitas mea, quam ut veniam merear., 'And Cain said to (the) Lord: My iniquity is greater than that deserve pardon.' – Vg

Genesis 4:14, see also Curse and mark of Cain

נָ֥ע וָנָ֖ד‎, nā' wā-nāḏ, 'a fugitive and a wanderer' – WLC

στένων καὶ τρέμων, 'moaning and trembling' – LXX LXX ABP

vagus et profugus, 'wandering and (a) fugitive' – Vg

Compare Genesis 4:12

Genesis 4:15

יְהוָ֗ה‎, Yah-weh, 'Yahweh' – WLC

κύριος ὁ θεός, 'the lord god' – LXX LXX ABP

Dominus, '(the) Lord' – Vg

Genesis 4:15, see also Curse and mark of Cain

שִׁבְעָתַ֖יִם יֻקָּ֑ם‎, šiḇ-'ā-ṯa-yim yuq-qām, 'sevenfold vengeance shall be taken or suffer sevenfold vengeance' – WLC

ἑπτὰ ἐκδικούμενα παραλύσει, 'will be disabled/paralysed seven punishing/avenging' – LXX LXX ABP

The English verb "to paralyse" derives from the Greek verb παραλύω ("to loosen from the side, relax, enfeeble, weaken, disable, paralyse").

septuplum punietur, 'shall be punished sevenfold' – Vg

Genesis 4:16

יְהוָ֗ה‎, Yah-weh, 'Yahweh' – WLC

τοῦ θεοῦ, 'of the god' – LXX LXX ABP

Domini, 'of (the) Lord' – Vg

Genesis 4:16, see also Land of Nod

בְּאֶֽרֶץ־נֹ֖וד קִדְמַת־עֵֽדֶן׃‎, bə-'e-reṣ- nō-wḏ qiḏ-maṯ- 'ê-ḏen., 'in land (of) Nod east of Eden or front Eden.' – WLC

H6925 קִדְמָה‎ qidmah can mean both "east" and "over against" or "in front of".

ἐν γῇ Ναὶδ κατέναντι Ἔδεμ., 'in land (of) Naìd over against Edem.' – LXX LXX

εν γη Ναϊδ κατέναντι Εδέν, 'in (of) Naïd over against Eden.' – ABP

in terra ad orientalem plagam Eden., 'in (the) land to the eastern region (of) Eden.' – Vg

Genesis 4:18, see also Enoch (son of Cain), and Generations of Adam

חֲנֹוךְ֙ עִירָ֔ד מְחֽוּיָאֵ֑ל מְת֣וּשָׁאֵ֔ל לָֽמֶךְ׃‎, ḥă-nō-wḵ...'î-rāḏ...mə-ḥū-yā-'êl...mə-ṯū-šā-'êl...lā-meḵ., 'Hanowk...Irad...Mehuyael...Methushael...Lamek.' – WLC

Ἑνὼχ Γαιδάδ...Μαιήλ...Μαθουσαλά...Λάμεχ, 'Henoch Gaidad...Maiel...Mathousala...Lamech' – LXX LXX ABP

Henoch...Irad...Maviael...Mathusael...Lamech – Vg

Compare Genesis 5:6–26

Genesis 4:20

וּמִקְנֶֽה׃‎, ū-miq-neh., 'and livestock.' – WLC

κτηνοτρόφων, 'grazing cattle' – LXX LXX ABP

atque pastorum., 'and of (the) shepherds.' – Vg

Genesis 5

Genesis 5:1, see also Generations of Adam and Toledot

זֶ֣ה סֵ֔פֶר תֹּולְדֹ֖ת אָדָ֑ם‎, zeh sê-p̄er tō-wl-ḏōṯ 'ā-ḏām, 'This the book of the generations/genealogy (of) man or Adam' – WLC

Αὕτη ἡ βίβλος γενέσεως ἀνθρώπων., 'This the book of origin/birth of men or humans' – LXX LXX ABP

Hic est liber generationis Adam., 'This is book of generation/offspring (of) Adam.' – Vg

Genesis 5:2

בְּרֹ֤א אֱלֹהִים֙ אָדָ֔ם‎, bə-rō 'ĕ-lō-hîm 'ā-ḏām, '(the) god(s) created (the) man or Adam' – WLC

ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν Ἀδάμ,, 'the god made Adam,' – LXX LXX ABP

creavit Deus hominem,, 'God made (the) man or human (being)' – Vg

Genesis 5:6–26, see also Generations of Adam

אֱנֽוֹשׁ...קֵינָֽן...מַֽהֲלַלְאֵֽל...יָֽרֶד...חֲנֽוֹךְ...מְתוּשָֽׁלַח...לָֽמֶךְ‎, 'ĕ-nō-wōš...qê-nān...ma-hă-lal-'êl...yā-reḏ...ḥă-nō-wḵ...mə-ṯū-šā-laḥ...lā-meḵ, 'Enowosh...Qenan...Mahalalel...Yared...Hanowk...Methushalah...Lamek' – WLC

Ενώς...Καϊναν...Μαλελεήλ...Ιάρεδ...Ενώχ/Ἑνώχ...Μαθουσάλα...Λάμεχ, 'Enós...Kaïnan...Malaleél...Iáred...Enoch/Henoch...Mathousála...Lámech' – LXX LXX ABP

Enos...Cainan...Malaleel...Jared...Henoch...Mathusalam...Lamech – Vg

Compare Genesis 4:18

Genesis 6

Genesis 6:6, see also Genesis flood narrative

וַיִּנָּ֣חֶם יְהוָ֔ה כִּֽי־עָשָׂ֥ה אֶת־הָֽאָדָ֖ם‎, way-yin-nā-ḥem Yah-weh kî- 'ā-śāh 'eṯ- hā-'ā-ḏām, 'and Yahweh regretted that had made (the) man' – WLC

καὶ ἐνεθυμήθη ὁ θεὸς ὅτι ἐποίησεν τὸν ἄνθρωπον, 'and the god reflected upon / pondered that made the man' – LXX LXX ABP

poenituit eum quod hominum fecisset, 'he regretted which/because/that/what had made of men/humans' – Vg

Genesis 6:6, see also Genesis flood narrative

וַיִּתְעַצֵּ֖ב אֶל־לִבֹּֽו׃‎, way-yiṯ-'aṣ-ṣêḇ 'el- lib-bōw., 'and was grieved in his heart.' – WLC

καὶ διενοήθη., 'and considered it.' – LXX LXX ABP

Et tactus dolore cordis intrinsecus,, 'And touched by inner pain of heart' – Vg

Genesis 6:7, see also Genesis flood narrative

וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֗ה אֶמְחֶ֨ה אֶת־הָאָדָ֤ם‎, way-yō-mer Yah-weh 'em-ḥeh 'eṯ- hā-'ā-ḏām, 'and/so Yahweh said: I will destroy (the) man' – WLC

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεός Ἀπαλείψω τὸν ἄνθρωπον, 'And the god said: I will wipe off the man' – LXX LXX ABP

Delebo, inquit, hominem,, ' will destroy, said, man,' – Vg

Genesis 6:14, see also Noah's Ark

עֲשֵׂ֤ה לְךָ֙ תֵּבַ֣ת עֲצֵי־גֹ֔פֶר‎, 'ă-śêh lə-ḵā tê-ḇaṯ 'ă-ṣê- ḡō-p̄er,, 'Make for yourself box/basket of gopher wood' – WLC

ποίησον οὖν σεαυτῷ κιβωτὸν ἐκ ξύλων τετραγώνων·, 'Then make for yourself wooden box out of four-cornered wood!' – LXX LXX ABP

Fac tibi arcam de lignis laevigatis;, 'Make for yourself chest/box of polished wood;' – Vg

In other contexts, each of the Hebrew, Greek and Latin words are used to describe a (wooden) box, basket or chest for storage. The traditionally used English word ark derives from the Latin word arca (from the verb arceō, "to keep off/away/close"), which outside of the Bible never refers to any kind of ship, but always a relatively small object for keeping items. The same nouns are used for the Ark of the Covenant. The Hebrew noun H1613 גֹ֔פֶר‎ gopher is a hapax legomenon.

Genesis 9

Genesis 9:20, see also Curse of Ham

אִ֣ישׁ הָֽאֲדָמָ֑ה‎, 'îš hā-'ă-ḏā-māh, ' man of the land/ground/earth/soil' – WLC

ἄνθρωπος γεωργὸς γῆς, ' farmer-man of land/earth/soil or tilling/working/fertilising man of land/earth/soil' – LXX LXX ABP

vir agricola exercere terram, ' farmer-man to work at land/earth/soil or man working as farmer on land/earth/soil' – Vg

Genesis 15

Genesis 15:17

וַעֲלָטָ֖ה הָיָ֑ה וְהִנֵּ֨ה תַנּ֤וּר עָשָׁן֙ וְלַפִּ֣יד אֵ֔שׁ‎, wa-'ă-lā-ṭāh hā-yāh; wə-hin-nêh ṯan-nūr 'ā-šān wə-lap-pîḏ 'êš,, 'and it became dark, behold a firepot/oven smoking and a torch burning' – WLC

φλὸξ ἐγένετο· καὶ ἰδοὺ κλίβανος καπνιζόμενος καὶ λαμπάδες πυρός,, 'a flame came/happened. And behold, an oven smoking and torches/lamps of fire' LXX Brenton ABP

facta est caligo tenebrosa, et apparuit clibanus fumans, et lampas ignis, 'a dark fog happened, and a smoking furnace appeared, and lamps of fire' – Vg

Genesis 34

Genesis 34:2

חֲמ֛וֹר הַֽחִוִּ֖י‎, ḥă-mō-wr ha-ḥiw-wî, 'Hamor the Hivite' – WLC

Ἐμμὼρ ὁ Χορραῖος, 'Emmor the Hurrian' – A LXX

Εμμώρ ο Ευαίος, 'Emmor the Evite' – Brenton ABP

Hemor Hevaei, 'Hemor of the Hevea' – Vg

Genesis 34:2, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Genesis 34 § Linguistic analysis

וַיִּקַּ֥ח אֹתָ֛הּ וַיִּשְׁכַּ֥ב אֹתָ֖הּ וַיְעַנֶּֽהָ׃‎, way-yiq-qaḥ 'ō-ṯāh way-yiš-kaḇ 'ō-ṯāh way-'an-ne-hā., 'and he took her, and he laid her, and he raped her.' – WLC

καὶ λαβὼν αὐτὴν ἐκοιμήθη μετ᾽ αὐτῆς, καὶ ἐταπείνωσεν αὐτήν., 'and taking her, slept with her, and humiliated/humbled her.' LXX Brenton ABP

adamavit eam: et rapuit, et dormivit cum illa, vi opprimens virginem., ' fell in love with her: and abducted , and slept with her, attacking/subduing/oppressing virgin by force.' – Vg

Genesis 34:3, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Genesis 34 § Linguistic analysis

וַתִּדְבַּ֣ק נַפְשֹׁ֔ו בְּדִינָ֖ה בַּֽת־יַעֲקֹ֑ב וַיֶּֽאֱהַב֙ אֶת־הַֽנַּעֲרָ֔ וַיְדַבֵּ֖ר עַל־לֵ֥ב הַֽנַּעֲרָֽ׃‎, wat-tiḏ-baq nap̄-šōw bə-ḏî-nāh baṯ- ya-'ă-qōḇ; way-ye-'ĕ-haḇ 'eṯ- han-na-'ă-rā, way-ḏab-bêr 'al- lêḇ han-na-'ă-rā., 'And he stayed with/kept Dinah, the daughter of Jacob, and he lusted after the young woman, and he tried to quiet the young woman.' – WLC

καὶ προσέσχεν τῇ ψυχῇ Δείνας τῆς θυγατρὸς Ἰακώβ, καὶ ἠγάπησεν τὴν παρθένον, καὶ ἐλάλησεν κατὰ τὴν διάνοιαν τῆς παρθένου αὐτῇ, 'and clung to the breath/soul/mind/person of Dinah, the daughter of Jacob, and he took pleasure in the young woman, and he spoke against the mind of the young woman.' LXX

καὶ προσέσχε τῇ ψυχῇ Δείνας/Δίνας τῆς θυγατρὸς Ἰακώβ καὶ ἠγάπησε τὴν παρθένον καὶ ἐλάλησε κατὰ τὴν διάνοιαν τῆς παρθένου αὐτῇ, 'and clung to the breath/soul/mind/person of Dinah, the daughter of Jacob, and he took pleasure in the young woman, and he spoke against the mind of the young woman.' Brenton ABP

Et conglutinata est anima ejus cum ea, tristemque delinivit blanditiis., 'And his soul was glued to her, and soothed sad one with blandishments.' – Vg

Genesis 34:3 (twice)

הנער‎, han-na-'ar, 'the young man' – MT

הנערה‎, han-na-'ă-rā,, 'the young woman' – SP

παρθένον/παρθένου, 'young woman or virgin' – LXX Brenton ABP

omitted – Vg

Genesis 34:3

על‎, 'al-, 'to' – MT

אל‎, el, 'towards' – SP

κατὰ, 'against/down/according to' – LXX Brenton ABP

omitted – Vg

Genesis 34:7, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Genesis 34 § Historical-ethical analysis

וְכֵ֖ן לֹ֥א יֵעָשֶֽׂה׃‎, wə-ḵên lō yê-'ā-śeh., 'and such should not be done' – WLC

καὶ οὐχ οὕτως ἔσται., 'And shall not be thus.' LXX Brenton ABP

rem illicitam perpetrasset., ' had perpetrated/committed illicit/unlawful act.' – Vg

Genesis 34:9, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Genesis 34 § Historical-ethical analysis

תִּקְח֥וּ לָכֶֽם׃‎, tiq-ḥū lā-ḵem., 'take to/for yourselves.' – WLC

λάβετε τοῖς υἱοῖς ὑμῶν., 'take for your sons.' – LXX Brenton ABP

accipite,, 'accept,' – Vg

Genesis 34:11

אֶתֵּֽן׃‎, 'et-tên., 'I will give.' – WLC

ἡμῖν δώσομεν., 'we will give.' – LXX

δώσομεν., ' will give.' – Brenton ABP

dabo, ' will give' – Vg

Genesis 34:14

וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֲלֵיהֶ֗ם‎, way-yō-mə-rū 'ă-lê-hem,, 'And they said to them' – WLC

καὶ εἶπαν αὐτοῖς Συμεὼν καὶ Λευὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ Δείνας υἱοὶ δὲ Λείας, 'And Simeon and Levi the brothers of Dinah sons of Leah said to them' – LXX

καὶ εἶπαν αὐτοῖς Συμεὼν καὶ Λευὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ Δείνας/Δίνας, 'And Simeon and Levi the brothers of Dinah said to them' – Brenton ABP

omitted – Vg

Genesis 34:14, see also Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Genesis 34 § Historical-ethical analysis

לְאִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־לֹ֣ו עָרְלָ֑ה‎, lə-'îš 'ă-šer- lōw 'ā-rə-lāh;, 'to an uncircumcised man' – WLC

ἀνθρώπῳ ὃς ἔχει ἀκροβυστίαν·, 'to a man who has foreskin' – LXX Brenton ABP

homini incircumciso, 'to an uncircumcised man' – Vg

Genesis 49

Genesis 49:4

כִּ֥י עָלִ֖יתָ מִשְׁכְּבֵ֣י אָבִ֑יךָ‎, kî 'ā-lî-ṯā miš-kə-ḇê 'ā-ḇî-ḵā;, 'because you went up on the beds of father') – WLC

ἀνέβης γὰρ ἐπὶ τὴν κοίτην τοῦ πατρός σου·, 'because you went up on the (marriage-)bed of your father;' – LXX

ανέβης γαρ επί την κοίτην του πατρός σου, 'because you went up on the (marriage-)bed of your father' – ABP

quia ascendisti cubile patris tui, 'because you ascended to the (marriage) bed of your father' – Vg Vg

Compare Leviticus 18:22; Leviticus 20:13. See also Bilhah and Reuben (son of Jacob).

References

J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Legenda tekstkritische notities". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 5 November 2022.
^ J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Genesis 1:1". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 May 2022.
^ Rahlfs 1935, Γένεσις.
^ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot Genesis 1". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
^ Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Genesis 1 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
^ J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Genesis 1:2". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 May 2022.
Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Genesis 1 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
^ J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Genesis 1:7". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 May 2022.
^ J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Genesis 1:9". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 May 2022.
^ Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Genesis 2 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
^ J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Genesis 2:4". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 May 2022.
^ "Genesis 2 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
^ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Genesis 2 Apostolic Bible Polyglot". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
^ Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Genesis 2 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
^ J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Genesis 2:5". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 May 2022.
^ J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Genesis 2:7". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 May 2022.
^ J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Genesis 2:8". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 May 2022.
^ J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Genesis 2:9". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 May 2022.
Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Genesis 3 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
"Genesis 3 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Genesis 3 Apostolic Bible Polyglot". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Genesis 3 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Genesis 4 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ "Genesis 4 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Genesis 4 Apostolic Bible Polyglot". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Genesis 4 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
"Strong's Hebrew: 6926. קִדְמַת (qidmah) -- front, east". biblehub.com. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Genesis 5 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ "Genesis 5 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Genesis 5 Apostolic Bible Polyglot". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Genesis 5 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Genesis 6 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ "Genesis 6 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Genesis 6 Apostolic Bible Polyglot". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Genesis 6 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Genesis 9 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
"Genesis 9 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Genesis 9 Apostolic Bible Polyglot". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Genesis 9 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Genesis 15 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
"Genesis 15 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
Brenton 1879, p. 33.
Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Genesis 15 Apostolic Bible Polyglot". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Genesis 15 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
^ Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Genesis 34 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
^ Brenton 1879, p. 61.
^ "Genesis 34 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
^ Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Genesis 34 Apostolic Bible Polyglot". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
^ Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Genesis 34 VULGATE;NIV - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
^ Scholz 2021, p. 49–56.
^ J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Genesis 34:3". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 26 October 2022.
^ Wells 2020, p. 139.
Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Genesis 49 Interlinear Bible". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
"Genesis 49 Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. 1930. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
Charles Van der Pool (1996). "Genesis 49 Apostolic Bible Polyglot". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
"Genesis 49 Vulgata Clementina". Biblehub.com. 1592. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
Colunga & Turrado, ed. (1946). "Genesis 49:4 VULGATE;NIV - Effusus es sicut aqua, non crescas: - Bible Gateway". biblegateway.com. Retrieved 19 May 2022.

Bibliography

Biblos.com & Helps Ministries (2011–2018). "Interlinear Bible (Westminster Leningrad Codex – English)". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
Brenton, Lancelot Charles Lee (1851). "Brenton's Septuagint Translation". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
Brenton, Lancelot Charles Lee (1879). The Septuagint version of the OT, with an English translation (PDF). London: Samuel Bagster. p. 1156. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
Rahlfs, Alfred (1935). "Γένεσις (Genesis Rahlfs)". Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint (in Greek). Greek Wikisource. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
Scholz, Susanne (2021). Sacred Witness. Rape in the Hebrew Bible. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-5064-8203-3. (E-book edition)
Swete, Henry Barclay (1930). "Swete's Septuagint". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
Emanuel Tov, The Text-Critical Use of the Septuagint in Biblical Research (TCU), 1981 (1st edition), 1997 (2nd edition), 2015 (3rd edition).
Emanuel Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (TCHB), 1992 (1st edition), 2001 (2nd edition), 2012 (3rd edition).
Emanuel Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Qumran, Septuagint: Collected Writings, Volume 3 (2015).
Tov, Emanuel (1999). "38. The Septuagint Additions ('Miscellanies') in 1 Kings 2 (3 Reigns 2)". The Greek and Hebrew Bible: Collected Essays on the Septuagint. Vetus Testamentum Supplements. Vol. 72. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004275973_039. ISBN 978-90-04-27597-3.
van de Giessen, J. P. (2003). "Index Bijbelverzen". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 5 November 2022.
Van der Pool, Charles (1996). "Apostolic Bible Polyglot (ABP)". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
Wells, Bruce (2020). "On the Beds of a Woman: The Leviticus Texts on Same-Sex Relations Reconsidered". Sexuality and Law in the Torah. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 123–158. ISBN 978-0-567-68160-7. Retrieved 5 November 2022.

External links

Digitized Hebrew and Greek Manuscripts: Access and Issues – Introduction to online biblical textual studies

v t e Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible by book
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v t e Book of Genesis
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Patriarchal age (12–50)	Abraham (12–23) Abraham and Lot's conflict Battle of Siddim (14:1–17) Covenant of the pieces (15) Sodom and Gomorrah (19:1–28) Isaac (21–35) Binding of Isaac (22) Jacob and his sons (25–50) Jacob's Ladder (28) Jacob wrestling with the angel (32:22–32) Joseph and the coat of many colors (37–50) Blessing of Jacob (49)
Notable verses	1:1 In the beginning 1:2 1:3 1:4 1:5
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Sources	Priestly Jahwist Elohist
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Text	Textual variations

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