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Waaq (also Waq or Waaqa) is the name for the sky God in proto Cushitic religion for several Cushitic languages, including the Oromo and Somali languages.

Waaqa (Oromo pronunciation: [waːkʼa]) still means 'God' in the present Oromo language. Other Cushitic languages where the word is still found include Konso Waaqa; Rendille Wax; Bayso Wah or Waa; Daasanach Waag; Hadiyya Waaʔa; Burji Waacʼi.

In the present-day Somali language, the primary name of God is now the Arabic-derived Allaah. The term Waaq survives in proper names and placenames. The Somali clan Jidwaaq (meaning ‘Path of God’) have derived their name from Waaq. Names of towns and villages in Somalia that involve the word Waaq include Ceelwaaq, Caabudwaaq and Barwaaqo.

Waaq is also a word in Arabic for protector ( واق ) and occurs in the Quran. Some traditions indicate Waaq to be associated with the Harari region. The Sufi mystic Ibn Arabi mentions in his Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya that Waaq used to be a generic name for God, in comparison to the Turkic people’s tenets of Tengri.

In Oromo and Somali culture, Waaq, Waaqa or Waaqo was the name of God in their pre-Christian and pre-Muslim monotheistic faith believed to have been adhered to by Cushitic groups. It was likely brought to the Horn by speakers of the Proto-Cushitic language who arrived from North Sudan in the Neolithic era. In more recent times, the religion has mostly declined since the arrival of Islam and Christianity to the Horn of Africa.

See also

• Somali mythology, including pre-Islamic culture
• Waaqeffanna, traditional Oromo religion

References

1. Thomas, Douglas; Alanamu, Temilola (2018-12-31). African Religions: Beliefs and Practices through History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-752-1.
2. ^ Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, Culture and Customs of Somalia, (Greenwood Publishing Group: 2001), p.65.
3. Samatar, Said S. "Unhappy masses and the challenge of political Islam in the Horn of Africa". Horn of Africa. 20: 1–10.
4. Ali, Aweis (2021). Understanding the Somali Church. Kenya Projects Organization . ISBN 978-9914-9929-2-2.
5. Adam, Hussein Mohamed; Ford, Richard (1997). Mending Rips in the Sky: Options for Somali Communities in the 21st Century. Red Sea Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-56902-073-9.
6. Sasse, Hans-Jürgen (1982). "Consonant Phonemes of Proto-East Cushitic". Afro-Asiatic Linguistics. 7 (1): 42.
7. Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. An Etymological Dictionary of Burji. Hamburg: Helmut Buske. p. 186.
8. Lewis, I. M. (1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-56902-103-3.
9. Lewis, I. M. (1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-56902-103-3.
10. Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, Culture and Customs of Somalia, (Greenwood Publishing Group: 2001), p.65.
11. Lewis, I. M. (1956). "Sufism in Someliland: A Study in Tribal Islam–II". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 18 (1): 145–160. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00122256. ISSN 1474-0699.
12. Samatar, S S. (2002). "Unhappy masses and the challenge of political Islam in the Horn of Africa". catalogue.leidenuniv.nl. pp. 1–10.
13. SearchTruth. "Search Quran - waq in Quran القران الكريم in English translation by Mohsin Khan". SearchTruth.com. Chapter: Ar-Ra'd. Verses: 13:34 and 13:37.
14. Mohamed-Abdi, Mohamed (1992). Histoire des croyances en Somalie : Religions traditionnelles et religions du Livre. Annales Littéraires de l'Université de Besançon. Vol. 465. doi:10.3406/ista.1992.2545. ISBN 978-2-251-60465-7.
15. Ibn Arabi (1240). كِتَابُ الفُتُوحَاتِ المَكِّيَّة [The Meccan Revelations] (in Arabic). p. 1123.
16. Lewis, I. M. (2017-02-03). Islam in Tropical Africa. Routledge. p. 274. ISBN 978-1-315-31139-5.
17. Mire, Sada (2020-02-05). Divine Fertility: The Continuity in Transformation of an Ideology of Sacred Kinship in Northeast Africa. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-76924-5.

Further reading

• Cerulli, Enrico (1948). "Les noms personnels en somali". Onomastica. Revue Internationale de Toponymie et d'Anthroponymie. 2 (2): 139–142. doi:10.3406/rio.1948.1044.
• Etefa, Tsega (2012). "The Indigenous and the Foreign". Integration and Peace in East Africa. pp. 127–167. doi:10.1057/9781137091635_6. ISBN 978-1-349-29788-7.
• Gascon, Alain; Hirsch, Bertrand (1992). "Les espaces sacrés comme lieux de confluence religieuse en Éthiopie" (PDF). Cahiers d'études africaines. 32 (128): 689–704. doi:10.3406/cea.1992.1533.
• Geda, Gemechu Jemal (2013). "Irreecha: An Indigenous Thanksgiving Ceremony of the Oromo to the High God Waaqa". In Cox, James L. (ed.). Critical Reflections on Indigenous Religions. Routledge. pp. 143–158. doi:10.4324/9781315575094. ISBN 978-1-315-57509-4.
• Abbas Haji (1997). "Pouvoir de bénir et de maudire : cosmologie et organisation sociale des Oromo-Arsi". Cahiers d'études africaines. 37 (146): 289–318. doi:10.3406/cea.1997.3515.
• Kelbessa, Workineh (2013). "The Oromo Conception of Life: An Introduction". Worldviews. 17 (1): 60–76. doi:10.1163/15685357-01701006. JSTOR 43809476.
• Mire, Sada (2015). "Wagar, Fertility and Phallic Stelae: Cushitic Sky-God Belief and the Site of Saint Aw-Barkhadle, Somaliland". The African Archaeological Review. 32 (1): 93–109. doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9181-z. JSTOR 43916848. S2CID 162114929.
• Mohamed-Abdi, Mohamed (1993). "Les anthroponymes Somalis". Collection de l'Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité. 495 (1): 177–184.
• Mohamed-Abdi, Mohamed (1993). "Villages-maisons-parcours ou la structuration Somalie de l'espace". Collection de l'Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité. 495 (1): 137–156.
• Prunier, Gérard (1997). "Segmentarité et violence dans l'espace somali, 1840-1992" (PDF). Cahiers d'études africaines. 37 (146): 379–401. doi:10.3406/cea.1997.3519.

• African gods
• Monotheism
• Religion in Ethiopia
• Religion in Kenya
• Religion in Somalia