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| {{Short description|Kurdish intellectual and nationalist (1650–1707)}} | |||
| {{for|the village in Iran|Ahmad Khani, Iran}} | {{Not to be confused with|Ehmedê Xasî}}{{for|the village in Iran|Ahmad Khani, Iran}} | ||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} | ||
| {{Infobox academic <!-- for more information see ] --> | {{Infobox academic <!-- for more information see ] --> | ||
| | name = |
| name = Ehmedê Xanî<Br> ئەحمەدێ خانی | ||
| | image =Statue_of_Kurdish_poet_and_writer_Ahmadi_Xani_in_Sulaymaniyah,_Kurdistan,_Iraq.JPG | | image =Statue_of_Kurdish_poet_and_writer_Ahmadi_Xani_in_Sulaymaniyah,_Kurdistan,_Iraq.JPG | ||
| | imagesize = 200px | | imagesize = 200px | ||
| | caption = A ] of |
| caption = A ] of Ehmedê Xanî in ] | ||
| | birth_date = 1650 | | birth_date = 1650 | ||
| | birth_place = ], |
| birth_place = ] | ||
| | death_date = 1707 | | death_date = 1707 | ||
| | death_place = (]) |
| death_place = (]) | ||
| | occupation = |
| occupation = Intellectual, scholar, poet, writer | ||
| | nationality = ] | |||
| | period = 17th century | | period = 17th century | ||
| ⚫ | | influences = ], ], ] | ||
| | subject = | |||
| ⚫ | | influences = ], ], ], ] | ||
| | influenced = ], ], ] | | influenced = ], ], ] | ||
| | website = | | website = | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| ] | |||
| '''Ehmedê Xanî''' ({{langx|ku| ئەحمەدێ خانی |Ehmedê Xanî}}), was a ] intellectual, scholar, ] and ] who is considered the founder of ]. He was born in the ] region in 1650 and died in ] in 1707.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Shakely|first=F.|date=2002|title=AḤMAD-E ḴĀNI|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ahmad-e-kani|journal=]}}</ref> | |||
| The most important work of Xanî is '']'' which is considered the national epic of Kurds. Other important works include ''Nûbiharan Biçûkan'' and ''Eqîdeya Îmanê.'' These works were studied in Kurdish schools from the time of Kani towards the 1930s.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
| '''Ahmad Khani''', also spelled '''Ahmad-i Khani''' ({{lang-ku|'''Ehmedê Xanî'''}}; 1650, ] – 1707, ]), was a ] writer, poet, ] and philosopher.<ref>{{cite web |title=kurdish Academy – Just another WordPress site |url=http://kurdishacademy.org/?q=node%2F81 |website=kurdishacademy.org |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401143459/http://kurdishacademy.org/?q=node%2F81 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was born amongst the Khani's tribe in ] province in present-day ]. He moved to Bayezid in Ritkan province and settled there. Later he started with teaching ] (]) at basic level. Khani was fluent in Kurdish, ] and ]. He wrote his Arabic-Kurdish dictionary "Nûbihara Biçûkan" (The Spring of Children) in 1683 to help children with their learning process.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=EHMEDÊ XANÎ:HEP ULUSUNUN SORUNUNA ÇÖZÜM ARADI |url=http://ehmedexani.org/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801100448/http://ehmedexani.org/ |archivedate=1 August 2015 |language=tr}}</ref> | |||
| Xanî admired ] and ].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Ahmadzadeh|first=Hashem|title=Classical and modern Kurdish literature|publisher=]|year=2018|isbn=9781317237983|editor-last=Gunter|editor-first=Michael M.|pages=92}}</ref> ] called him the spiritual son of Cizîrî, Teyran and ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blau|first=Joyce|date=1995|editor-last=Malmîsanij|title=Jiyan û berhemên Ehmedê Xanî (1650-1707)|journal=Çira|language=ku|page=7}}</ref> | |||
| His most important work is the Kurdish classic love story "]" (Mem û Zîn) (1692),<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kurdish Language and Literature |url=https://www.institutkurde.org/en/language/ |website=Institutkurde.org }}</ref> which has been translated to many languages including Arabic, Russian and Turkish.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=AḤMAD-E ḴĀNI|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahmad-e-kani|access-date=2020-06-30|website=]}}</ref> This epic has several facets and has been interpreted from different angles, but one its most important parts is its preface in which Khani calls for a Kurdish state. Therefore, many consider ] to be the first expression of Kurdish nationalism.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bruinessen|first=Martin van|chapter=Ehmedê Xanî's Mem û Zîn and its role in the emergence of Kurdish nationalism|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/12121513|editor-first=Abbas |editor-last=Vali |title=Essays on the origins of Kurdish nationalism |location=Costa Mesa, Cal. |publisher=Mazda Publishers |year=2003 |pages=40–57|language=en}}</ref> | |||
| == Biography == | |||
| His other work include a book called ''Eqîdeya Îmanê'' (The Path of Faith), which is part poem and part ]. The book explains the five pillars of Islamic faith. It was published in 2000 in Sweden. | |||
| Xanî was born in the village of Khan near Hakkari in 1650 and began writing poetry at the age of fourteen. He became a clerical secretary at the Bayediz court at the age of twenty.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Korangy|first=Alireza|title=Kurdish Art and Identity: Verbal Art, Self-definition and Recent History|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|year=2020|isbn=9783110599626|pages=41}}</ref> | |||
| == |
== Nationalism == | ||
| Xanî is considered the founder of Kurdish nationalism and supported an independent Kurdistan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Olson|first=Robert|title=Kurds|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0891|url-status=dead|access-date=30 April 2021|website=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027074721/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0891 |archive-date=27 October 2020 }}</ref> In a ] from 1694, he chose not to devote parts of the introduction to praise the rulers of his time, which was typical in classical Oriental literature. Instead, the preface of the mathnawi was dedicated to his opinions on Kurdish nationalism. He explained the subjugation of Kurds by the ] and the ], and their occupation of ] which he argued had become a reality because of the lack of a Kurdish monarch who could rule Kurdistan. Such a ruler could liberate Kurds from the 'vile'.<ref name=":1" /> He also believed that an independent Kurdistan could safeguard the ] language for scientific and intellectual purposes.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
| Little is known about Khani's life. Other than his year of birth and death, it is known that he lived and died in ]. It is also known that he finished one of his works, ''Nûbihara Biçûkan'' in 1682 or 83''.''<ref>{{Cite book|last=خەزنەدار|first=مارف|title=مێژووی ئەدەبی کورد، بەرگی دووەم، ھەولێر: ئاراس ٢٠٠٢.|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> He traveled to different areas of ] to study. It is believed that he might have been to Syria and Egypt as well.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
| In the epic ''Mem and Zin,'' he wrote:<ref name=":0" /><ref>Kurds and Yezidis in the Middle East: Shifting Identities, Borders, and the Experience of Minority Communities, 2021, pp. 37</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | ==Works== | ||
| {{Blockquote|text=If we had unity amongst ourselves,<br>If we all, together, obeyed one another,<br>The Turks, the Arabs and the Persians,<br>Would one and all be in our servitude.<br>We would complete our religion and state<br>We would receive knowledge and wisdom}} | |||
| ===Books=== | |||
| * ''Mem û Zîn'' (Mem and Zin), see for its French translation, see for its English translation, | |||
| ⚫ | == Works == | ||
| *''Mem û Zîn'' (Mem and Zin) | |||
| * ''Eqîdeya Îmanê'' (The Path of Faith) | * ''Eqîdeya Îmanê'' (The Path of Faith) | ||
| * ''Eqîdeya Îslamê'' (Basics of Islam) | * ''Eqîdeya Îslamê'' (Basics of Islam) | ||
| * ''Nûbihara Biçûkan (The Spring of Children) | * ''Nûbihara Biçûkan (The Spring of Children)'' | ||
| * ''Erdê Xweda'' (Astronomy and Geography book) | * ''Erdê Xweda'' (Astronomy and Geography book) | ||
| * ''Dîwana Helbestan'' | * ''Dîwana Helbestan'' | ||
| ==References |
==References== | ||
| {{notelist}} | |||
| {{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| Line 51: | Line 51: | ||
| * , Kurdish Academy of Language KAL | * , Kurdish Academy of Language KAL | ||
| * , Noahs Ark Holidays | * , Noahs Ark Holidays | ||
| * , Encyclopædia Iranica | |||
| {{Kurdish literature}} | {{Kurdish literature}} | ||
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Xani, Ehmede}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Xani, Ehmede}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 16:33, 26 December 2024
Kurdish intellectual and nationalist (1650–1707) Not to be confused with Ehmedê Xasî.For the village in Iran, see Ahmad Khani, Iran.
| Ehmedê Xanî ئەحمەدێ خانی | |
|---|---|
 A bust of Ehmedê Xanî in Kurdistan Region | |
| Born | 1650 Hakkari |
| Died | 1707 (Bayazid) |
| Occupation(s) | Intellectual, scholar, poet, writer |
| Years active | 17th century |
| Academic background | |
| Influences | Melayê Cizîrî, Ali Hariri, Feqiyê Teyran |
| Academic work | |
| Influenced | Abdurrahman Sharafkandi, Haji Qadir Koyi, Hemin Mukriyani |
Ehmedê Xanî (Kurdish: ئەحمەدێ خانی, romanized: Ehmedê Xanî), was a Kurdish intellectual, scholar, mystic and poet who is considered the founder of Kurdish nationalism. He was born in the Hakkâri region in 1650 and died in Bayazid in 1707.
The most important work of Xanî is Mem and Zin which is considered the national epic of Kurds. Other important works include Nûbiharan Biçûkan and Eqîdeya Îmanê. These works were studied in Kurdish schools from the time of Kani towards the 1930s.
Xanî admired Melayê Cizîrî and Feqiyê Teyran. Joyce Blau called him the spiritual son of Cizîrî, Teyran and Ali Hariri.
Biography
Xanî was born in the village of Khan near Hakkari in 1650 and began writing poetry at the age of fourteen. He became a clerical secretary at the Bayediz court at the age of twenty.
Nationalism
Xanî is considered the founder of Kurdish nationalism and supported an independent Kurdistan. In a mathnawi from 1694, he chose not to devote parts of the introduction to praise the rulers of his time, which was typical in classical Oriental literature. Instead, the preface of the mathnawi was dedicated to his opinions on Kurdish nationalism. He explained the subjugation of Kurds by the Ottomans and the Safavids, and their occupation of Kurdistan which he argued had become a reality because of the lack of a Kurdish monarch who could rule Kurdistan. Such a ruler could liberate Kurds from the 'vile'. He also believed that an independent Kurdistan could safeguard the Kurdish language for scientific and intellectual purposes.
In the epic Mem and Zin, he wrote:
If we had unity amongst ourselves,
If we all, together, obeyed one another,
The Turks, the Arabs and the Persians,
Would one and all be in our servitude.
We would complete our religion and state
We would receive knowledge and wisdom
Works
- Mem û Zîn (Mem and Zin)
- Eqîdeya Îmanê (The Path of Faith)
- Eqîdeya Îslamê (Basics of Islam)
- Nûbihara Biçûkan (The Spring of Children)
- Erdê Xweda (Astronomy and Geography book)
- Dîwana Helbestan
References
- ^ Shakely, F. (2002). "AḤMAD-E ḴĀNI". Encyclopedia Iranica.
- Ahmadzadeh, Hashem (2018). Gunter, Michael M. (ed.). Classical and modern Kurdish literature. Routledge. p. 92. ISBN 9781317237983.
- Blau, Joyce (1995). Malmîsanij (ed.). "Jiyan û berhemên Ehmedê Xanî (1650-1707)". Çira (in Kurdish): 7.
- Korangy, Alireza (2020). Kurdish Art and Identity: Verbal Art, Self-definition and Recent History. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 41. ISBN 9783110599626.
- ^ Olson, Robert. "Kurds". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- Kurds and Yezidis in the Middle East: Shifting Identities, Borders, and the Experience of Minority Communities, 2021, pp. 37
External links
- Works by Ehmedê Xanî at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Ahmad Khani, Kurdish Academy of Language KAL
- Our Trouble by Ehmedê Xanî, Noahs Ark Holidays
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