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			{{Short description|Province of Pakistan}}
	{{Pakistan infobox
			{{Redirect|Sind||Sindh (disambiguation)}}
	|region = Sindh
			{{Distinguish|Sind State|Sind Province (1936–1955)}}
	|flag = Flag of Sindh Province.png
			{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
	|map = Pakistan Sindh.PNG
			{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2020}}
	|country = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} ]
			{{Infobox settlement
	|capital = ]
			| name = Sindh
	|latd = 24.52
			| native_name = {{hlist|{{nq|سندھ}}|{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|سنڌ}}}}}}
	|longd = 67.03
			| etymology = ''Sind''
	|largest city = Karachi
			| type = ]
	|pop_year = 2008
			| image_skyline = {{multiple image
	|population = 49,978,000 (Estimate)
			| border = infobox
	|density_km2 = 216
			| total_width = 280
	|area_km2 = 140,914
			| image_style = border:1;
	|languages = ], ], ] ]
			| perrow = 1/2/2
	|status = Province
			| image1 = Jinnah Mausoleum.JPG
	|districts = 23
			| caption1 = ]
	|towns = 160
			| image2 = Rohri.jpg
	|unions = 1094<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sindh.gov.pk/dpt/abtsindh/Adminsetup.htm|title=Government of Sindh}}</ref>
			| caption2 = ]
	|established = 01 July, 1970
			| image3 = Sunset at Shrine of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai.jpg
	|governor = ]
			| caption3 = ]
	|minister = ]
			| image4 = Ranikot fort 2 (asad aman).jpg
	|legislature = Provincial Assembly
			| caption4 = ]
	|seats = 168
			| image5 = Other side of Moenjodaro by Usman Ghani.jpg
	|website = http://www.sindh.gov.pk
			| caption5 = ]
	|website_title = Government of Sindh
			| image6 =
	|footnotes =
			| image7 = Shah jahan mosque -Thatta 7(asad aman).jpg
			| caption7 = ]
	}}		}}
			| image_flag = Flag of Sindh.svg
	'''Sindh''' (]: سنڌ, {{lang-ur|سندھ}}) is one of the four ] of ] and historically is home to the ]. Different cultural and ethnic groups also reside in Sindh including ]-speaking ] refugees who migrated to ] from ] upon independence as well as the people migrated from other provinces after independence. The neighbouring regions of Sindh are ] to the west and north, ] to the north, ] and ] to the southeast and east, and the ] to the south. The main languages are ] and ]. The ] (as early as the seventh century BCE) knew the region as Sinda. The ] as Abisind, the ] as Sinthus, the ] as Sindus, the ] as Sintow, in ], the province was dubbed ''Sindhu'' meaning "Ocean" while the ] dubbed it ''Al-Sind''.
			| image_seal = Coat of arms of Sindh Province.svg
			| nickname = Mehran (Gateway), Bab-ul-Islam (Gateway of Islam)
			| image_map = Sindh in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg
			| map_caption = Location of Sindh in Pakistan
			| coor_pinpoint =
			| coordinates = {{coord|26|21|N|68|51|E|region:PK|display=inline,title}}
			| coordinates_footnotes =
			| subdivision_type = Country
			| subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}}
			| established_title = Established
			| established_date = {{Start date and age|1 July 1972}}
			| established_title1 = Before was
			| established_date1 = Part of ]
			| seat_type = Capital<br />{{nobold|and largest city}}
			| seat = ]
			| parts_type = Administrative Divisions
			| parts_style = coll,para
			| parts = 06
			| p1 = ]<br />]<br />]<br />]<br />]<br />]
			| blank1_name_sec1 = Notable sports teams
			| blank1_info_sec1 = ] <br />]<br />]<br />]<br />]<br />]
			| blank2_name_sec1 = ] (2021)
			| blank2_info_sec1 = 0.517
			{{increase}}<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/PAK/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&colour_scales=global|title=Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab|website=Globaldatalab.org|access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref><br />{{color|#FF0000|Low}}
			| blank3_name_sec1 = ] (2020)
			| blank3_info_sec1 = 61.8%
			| blank_name_sec2 = ]
			| blank_info_sec2 = 75
			| blank1_name_sec2 = ]
			| blank1_info_sec2 = 168<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pas.gov.pk/index.php/members/party_pos/en/19|title=Welcome to the Website of Provincial Assembly of Sindh|website=www.pas.gov.pk|access-date=24 July 2009|archive-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214183543/http://www.pas.gov.pk/index.php/members/party_pos/en/19|url-status=dead}}</ref>
			| blank2_name_sec2 = ]
			| blank2_info_sec2 = 6
			| blank3_name_sec2 = ]
			| blank3_info_sec2 = 30
			| blank4_name_sec2 = ]
			| blank4_info_sec2 = 138
			| blank5_name_sec2 = ]
			| blank5_info_sec2 = 1108<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lgdsindh.com.pk/|title=LgdSindh - News Blog|website=LgdSindh|access-date=5 September 2006|archive-date=16 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616174048/http://www.lgdsindh.com.pk/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
			| government_footnotes =
			| government_type = ] subject to the ]
			| governing_body = ]
			| leader_party =
			| leader_title = ]
			| leader_name = ]
			| leader_title1 = ]
			| leader_name1 = ]
			| leader_title2 = ]
			| leader_name2 =
			| leader_title3 = ]
			| leader_name3 = ]
			| leader_title4 = ]
			| leader_name4 = ]
			| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
			| area_footnotes =
			| area_total_km2 = 140,914
			| area_rank = ]
			| elevation_footnotes =
			| elevation_m = 173
			| population_footnotes = <ref name="2023 Census">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Sindh.pdf |title = Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Sindh province) |date= 5 August 2023 |website = Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk) |access-date = 25 November 2023}}</ref>
			| population_total = 55,696,147
			| population_as_of = ]
			| population_rank = ]
			| population_density_km2 = 395
			| population_demonym = Sindhi
			| population_note =
			| timezone1 = ]
			| utc_offset1 = +05:00
			| postal_code_type =
			| postal_code =
			| area_code_type =
			| area_code =
			| iso_code = ]
			| website =
			| footnotes =
			| official_name = Province of Sindh
			| translit_lang1_info1 = ]
			| blank_name_sec1 = ]
			| blank_info_sec1 = {{bulleted list|'''Official:'''<br />], ], ]|}}
			| demographics1_info1 = $86 billion (]){{efn|name=g}}
			| demographics_type1 = GDP (nominal)
			| demographics1_title1 = ]
			| demographics1_title2 = ]
			| demographics1_info2 = $1,997 (])
			| demographics_type2 = GDP (PPP)
			| demographics2_title1 = ]
			| demographics2_info1 = $345 billion (]){{efn|name=g|Sindh's contribution to national economy was 23.7%, or $345 billion (PPP) and $86 billion (nominal) in 2022.<ref name=kp>{{Cite web|url=https://kpbos.gov.pk/assets/docs/reports/NTL-PolicyBrief-Aug-1.pdf|title=
			GDP OF KHYBER PUKHTUNKHWA'S DISTRICTS|website=kpbos.gov.pk}}</ref><ref name="imf.org">{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=564,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIEPCH,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 | title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects }}</ref>}}
			| demographics2_title2 = ]
			| demographics2_info2 = $7,209 (])
			}}
			{{Sindhis}}
			{{Contains special characters|Sindhi}}
			{{Contains special characters|Urdu}}
			'''Sindh''' ({{IPAc-en|'|s|ɪ|n|d}} {{respell|SIND}}; {{Langx|sd|{{Naskh|سِنْڌ}}}}; {{langx|ur|{{nq|سِنْدھ}}}}, {{IPA-ur|sɪndʱə|pron}}; abbr. '''SD''', historically romanized as ''']''') is a ] of ]. Located in the ] of the country, Sindh is the third-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the ] after ]. It is bordered by the ] of ] to the west and north-west and ] to the north. It shares an ] with the ] of ] and ] to the east; it is also bounded by the ] to the south. Sindh's landscape consists mostly of ]s flanking the ], the ] in the eastern portion of the province along the ], and the ] in the western portion of the province.
	==Origin of the name==
	The province of Sindh and the people inhabiting the region had been designated after the river known in Ancient times as the ''Sindhus'' River, now also known by ] River. In ], '']'' means "river, stream". However, the importance of the river and close phonetical resemblance in nomenclature would make one consider ''síndhu'' as the probable origin of the name of Sindh. Later phonetical changes transformed ''Sindhu'' into ''Hinduš'' in ]. The ] who conquered Sindh in 325 BC under the command of ] rendered it as '']'', hence the modern ''Indus'', when the ] conquered South Asia, they expanded the term and applied the name to the entire region of South Asia and called it ''India''.
			The ] is the second largest in Pakistan after the ]; its provincial capital ] is the ] as well as its main financial hub. Sindh is home to a large portion of ] and contains two of the country's busiest commercial seaports: ] and the ]. The remainder of Sindh consists of an ]-based economy and produces fruits, consumer items and vegetables for other parts of the country.<ref name="The Nation, 2014">{{cite news|last1=Staff reporter|title=Sindh must exploit potential for fruit production|url=http://nation.com.pk/business/09-Mar-2014/sindh-must-exploit-potential-for-fruit-production|access-date=29 May 2015|agency=The Nation|publisher=The Nation, 2014|date=9 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="SALU Press">{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/1934949|title=Dates in Sindh|journal=Proceedings of the International Dates Seminar|last2=Saud|first2=Adila A.|publisher=SALU Press|last1=Markhand|first1=Ghulam Sarwar|access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Dawn News, 2007">{{cite news|last1=Editorial|title=How to grow Bananas|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/264225/how-to-grow-bananas|access-date=29 May 2015|agency=Dawn News|publisher=Dawn News, 2007|date=3 September 2007}}</ref>
	==Prehistoric period==
	The ] is the farthest visible outpost of archaeology in the abyss of prehistoric times. The prehistoric site of ] in Sindh has furnished information of high significance for the reconstruction of a connected story which pushes back the history of ] by at least another 300 years, from about 2500 BC. Evidence of a new element of pre-] has been traced here. When the primitive village communities in ] were still struggling against a difficult highland environment, a highly cultured people were trying to assert themselves at Kot Diji one of the most developed urban civilization of the ancient world that flourished between the year 25th century BC and 1500 BC in the Indus valley sites of ] and ]. The people were endowed with a high standard of art and craftsmanship and well-developed system of quasi-pictographic writing which despite ceaseless efforts still remains un-deciphered. The remarkable ruins of the beautifully planned Moenjodaro and Harappa towns, the brick buildings of the common people, roads, public-baths and the covered drainage system envisage the life of a community living happily in an organized manner.
			Sindh is sometimes referred to as the ''Bab-ul Islam'' ({{Translation|'Gateway of ]'}}), as it was one of the first regions of the ] to fall under ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Quddus|first=Syed Abdul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_dtAAAAMAAJ&q=babul+islam+sindh|title=Sindh, the Land of Indus Civilisation|date=1992|publisher=Royal Book Company|isbn=978-969-407-131-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uE26AAAAIAAJ&q=babul+islam+sindh+qasim|title=JPRS Report: Near East & South Asia|date=1992|publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service|language=en}}</ref> The province is well known for its ], which is strongly influenced by ], an important marker of Sindhi identity for both ] and ].<ref name="WakabayashiKothari2009">{{cite book|author1=Judy Wakabayashi|author2=Rita Kothari|title=Decentering Translation Studies: India and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=viRCNDBYd4kC&pg=PT132|year=2009|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=978-90-272-2430-9|pages=132–}}</ref> Sindh is prominent for its history during the ] under the ], and is home to two ]-designated ]s: the ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (Pakistan)|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/pk|website=UNESCO|access-date=14 July 2016}}</ref>
	This civilisation is now identified as a possible pre-Aryan civilisation and most probably an indigenous civilization which was conquered by the invading ]. The ] is possibly a remnant of the civilisation which flourished in this region.
	== Geography ==		== Etymology ==
			The ] who conquered Sindh in 325 BCE under the command of ] referred to the ] as '']'', hence the modern ''Indus''. The ancient ] referred to everything east of the river Indus as ''hind''.<ref name="Now or Never">{{cite web|author=Choudhary Rahmat Ali|date=28 January 1933|title=Now or Never. Are we to live or perish forever?|url=http://en.wikisource.org/Now_or_Never;_Are_We_to_Live_or_Perish_Forever%3F}}</ref><ref name="Ikram1995">{{cite book|author=S. M. Ikram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7q9EubOYZmwC&pg=PA177|title=Indian Muslims and partition of India|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-374-6|pages=177–|author-link=S. M. Ikram|access-date=23 December 2011}}</ref> The word ''Sind'' is a ] derivative of the ] term ''Sindhu,'' meaning "river," a reference to the ].{{sfn|Phiroze Vasunia|2013|p=6}}
	Sindh is located on the western corner of ], bordering the ] in the west. Geographically it is the third largest province of Pakistan, stretching about 579&nbsp;km from north to south and 442&nbsp;km (extreme) or 281&nbsp;km (average) from east to west, with an area of {{convert|54407|sq mi|km2}} or 140,915&nbsp;km² of Pakistani territory. Sindh is bounded by the ] to the east, the ] to the west, and the ] in the south. In the centre is a fertile plain around the ]. The devastating floods of the river Indus are now controlled by irrigation techniques.
			] suggests that the name ''Sindhu'' is in turn derived from ''Cintu'', a ] word for ], a tree commonly found in Sindh.<ref>Southworth, Franklin. (1990) p. 228</ref><ref>Burrow, T. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301115537/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?qs=%C4%ABntu&searchhws=yes |date=1 March 2021 }} p. 227</ref>
	] became capital of Sindh in 1936, in place of the traditional capitals of ] and ]. Other important cities include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].
			The previous spelling ''Sind'' (from the Perso-Arabic {{lang|ar|سند}}) was discontinued in 1988 by an amendment passed in the ],<ref>{{cite news|title=Sindh, not Sind|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/506227/sind-not-sindh/|access-date=16 October 2015|work=]|publisher=Web Desk|date=12 February 2013}}</ref> and the name is now spelt ''Sindh''.
	== Climate ==
	{{main|Climate of Sindh}}
	]]]
	A subtropical region, Sindh is hot in the summer and cold in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above 46 °] (115 °]) between May and August, and the minimum average temperature of 2 °] (36 °]) occurs during December and January. The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during July and August. The Southwest Monsoon wind begins to blow in mid-February and continues until the end of September, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to January.
			== History ==
	Sindh lies between the two ] - the southwest monsoon from the ] and the northeast or retreating monsoon, deflected towards it by ] &mdash; and escapes the influence of both. The average rainfall in Sindh is only 15 to 18&nbsp;cm per year, but the loss during the two seasons is compensated by the Indus, in the form of inundation, caused twice a year by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the monsoon season. These natural patterns have changed somewhat with the construction of dams and barrages on the Indus.
			{{Main|History of Sindh}}
			=== Ancient era ===
	Climatically, Sindh is divided in three sections - ''Siro'' (upper section centred on ]), ''Wicholo'' (middle section centred on ]), and ''Lar'' (lower section centred on ]). In ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5935&Itemid=2|title=http://www.app.com.pk}}</ref> the thermal equator passes through Sindh. The highest temperature ever recorded was 53 °] (127 °]) in 1919. The air is generally very dry. In winter frost is common.
			{{multiple image
			| align = left
			| direction =
			| width =
			| header = ]
			| total_width = 300
			| perrow = 2
			| image1 = Mohenjo-daro Priesterkönig.jpeg
			| caption1 = The ] sculpture is carved from ].
			| image2 = Shiva Pashupati.jpg
			| caption2 = The '']''
			| image3 = Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-daro.jpg
			| caption3 = The ] of Mohenjo-daro
			| image4 = Mohenjodaro Sindh.jpeg
			| caption4 = Excavated ruins of the Great Bath at ]
			}}
			Sindh and surrounding areas contain the ruins of the ]. There are remnants of thousand-year-old cities and structures, with a notable example in Sindh being that of ]. Built around 2500 BCE, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus civilization, with features such as standardized bricks, street grids, and covered sewerage systems.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Sanyal, Sanjeev |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/855957425 |title=Land of the seven rivers : a brief history of India's geography |date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-342093-4 |oclc=855957425}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Archaeological Ruins at Moanjodaro |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/138 |access-date=September 6, 2014 |website=The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) website}}</ref> It was one of the world's earliest major ], contemporaneous with the civilizations of ], ], ], and ]. Mohenjo-daro was abandoned in the 19th century BCE as the Indus Valley Civilization declined, and the site was not rediscovered until the 1920s. Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO ] in 1980.<ref name="mohenjodaro.net">{{cite web |title=Mohenjo-Daro: An Ancient Indus Valley Metropolis |url=http://www.mohenjodaro.net/mohenjodaroessay.html}}</ref> The site is currently threatened by erosion and improper restoration.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-06-26 |title=Mohenjo Daro: Could this ancient city be lost forever? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18491900 |access-date=2022-08-22}}</ref> A gradual ] of the region during the 3rd&nbsp;millennium BCE may have been the initial stimulus for its urbanisation.<ref>Edwin Bryant (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. pp. 159–60.</ref> Eventually it also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise and to disperse its population to the east.{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name="Note-Brooke"|{{harvp|Brooke|2014|p=296}}. "The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure 111.3). The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are some-thing of an anomaly, in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defense and regional warfare. It would seem that the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had forged a condition of plenty for all, and that competitive energies were channeled into commerce rather than conflict. Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins of the urban Harappan societies, which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BCE. It now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium, at just the point that the Harappan cities began to develop. Thus it seems that this "first urbanisation" in South Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification. These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories, into the Punjab and the Ganges Valley....' 17 (footnote):<br />
	In Central Sindh, average monsoon wind speed is 18&nbsp;km/hour in June. The temperature is lower than ] but higher than Lower Sindh. Dry hot days and cool nights are summer characteristics. Maximum temperature reaches 43-44&nbsp;°C (110-112&nbsp;°F). Lower Sindh has a damper and humid maritime climate affected by the south-western winds in summer and north-eastern winds in winter and with lower ] than Central Sindh. The maximum temperature reaches about 35-38&nbsp;°C (95-100&nbsp;°F). In the Kirthar range at 1,800&nbsp;m7 and higher on the ] and other peaks in ], temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief ] is received in winters.
			(a) {{harvp|Giosan|Clift|Macklin|Fuller|2012}};<br />
			(b) {{harvp|Ponton|Giosan|Eglinton|Fuller|2012}};<br />
			(c) {{harvp|Rashid|England|Thompson|Polyak|2011}};<br />
			(d) {{harvp|Madella|Fuller|2006}};<br />Compare with the very different interpretations in <br />
			(e) {{harvp|Possehl|2002|pp=}}<br />
			(f) {{harvp|Staubwasser|Sirocko|Grootes|Segl|2003}}}}
			During the ], the territory of Sindh was known as ], covering the lower ] Valley,<ref name="Raychaudhuri2">{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |url= |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |date=1953 |publisher=] |isbn= |location= |page=197 |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri}}</ref> with its southern border being the ] and its northern border being the ] around ].{{sfn|Jain|1974|p=-}} The capital of Sindhu-Sauvīra was named Roruka and Vītabhaya or Vītībhaya, and corresponds to the mediaeval ] and the modern-day ].{{sfn|Jain|1974|p=-}}{{sfn|Sikdar|1964|p=501-502}}<ref name="Raychaudhuri">{{cite book |author=H.C. Raychaudhuri |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft |publisher=University of Calcutta |isbn=978-1-4400-5272-9 |year=1923}}</ref> The ] conquered the region and established the satrapy of ]. The territory may have corresponded to the area covering the lower and central ] basin (present day Sindh and the southern ] regions of Pakistan).<ref>M. A. Dandamaev. "A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire" p 147. BRILL, 1989 {{ISBN|978-9004091726}}</ref> Alternatively, some authors consider that ''Hindush'' may have been located in the ] area.<ref>"''Hidus'' could be the areas of Sindh, or Taxila and West Punjab." in {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNDpPqeDjo0C&pg=PA204 |title=Cambridge Ancient History |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521228046 |page=204 |language=en}}</ref> These areas remained under Persian control until the ].<ref>Rafi U. Samad, Algora Publishing, 2011, p. 33 {{ISBN|0875868592}}</ref>
	== Demographics and society ==
	{{main|Sindhi people}}
	{| class="wikitable" align="left" style="margin-left:1.33em;"
	!colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white;" | '''Sindh Demographic Indicators'''
	|-
	!style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;" | Indicator
	!style="border-bottom:3px solid grey;" | Statistic
	|-bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
	|style="font-size: 90%;" | Urban population
	|style="font-size: 90%;" | 49.00%
	|-
	|style="font-size: 90%;" | Rural population
	|style="font-size: 90%;" | 51.00%
	|-
	|style="font-size: 90%;" | Population growth rate
	|style="font-size: 90%;" | 2.80%
	|-bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
	|style="font-size: 90%;" | Gender ratio (male per 100 female)
	|style="font-size: 90%;" | 112.24
	|-
	|style="font-size: 90%;" | Economically active population
	|style="font-size: 90%;" | 22.75%
	|-bgcolor="#E6E6FA"
	|}
	{| class="toccolours" align="right" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 95%;"
	|-
	! colspan="3" bgcolor="#ccccff" align="center"| Historical populations
	|-
	! align="center"| Census !! align="right"| Population || Urban
	|-
	| colspan="3"|<hr />
	|-
	| align="center"| 1951 || align="right" | 6,047,748 || 29.23%
	|-
	| align="center"| 1961 || align="right" | 8,367,065 || 37.85%
	|-
	| align="center"| 1972 || align="right" | 14,155,909 || 40.44%
	|-
	| align="center"| 1981 || align="right" | 19,028,666 || 43.31%
	|-
	| align="center"| 1998 || align="right" | 30,439,893 || 48.75%
	|-
	| align="center"| 2009 || align="right" | ~50,000,000 ||
	|}
	The 1998 Census of Pakistan indicated a population 30.4 million, the current population can be estimated to be in the range of 48 to 52 million using a compound growth in the range of 2% to 2.8% since then. With just under half being urban dwellers, mainly found in ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. ] is the sole official language of Sindh since the 19th century. Going just by language, ] speakers make up 63.38%; ] speakers make up 18.04%; ] (4.19%); ] (6.99)%; ]/] (3.0%); ] (2.09%); ] (1.00%) and others (1.31%). Other languages include ] (both dialects of Sindhi), ], ], ]/] and ]
			Alexander conquered parts of Sindh after Punjab for few years and appointed his general ] as governor. He constructed a harbour at the city of ] in Sindh.{{sfn|Dani|1981|p=37}}{{sfn|Eggermont|1975|p=13}} ] fought Alexander's successor in the east, ], when the latter invaded. In a peace treaty, Seleucus ceded all territories west of the ] and offered a marriage, including a portion of ], while Chandragupta granted Seleucus 500 elephants.{{sfn|Thorpe|2009|p=33}}
	Sindh's population is mainly ] (91.32%), but Sindh is also home to nearly all (93%) of Pakistan's ] forming 7.5% of the province's population. A large number of the Sindhi Hindus migrated to India at the time of the independence. Smaller groups of ]s (0.97%), ] (0.14%); ] or ]s, ] and a tiny ] community (of around 500) can also be found in the province.
			Following a century of Mauryan rule which ended by 180 BCE, the region came under the ], followed by the ], who ruled with their capital at ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rawlinson |first=H. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UmMnh1XKJjQC |title=Intercourse Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times of the Fall of Rome |date=2001 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1549-6 |pages=114 |language=en}}</ref> Later on, ] rulers from the reign of ] claimed control of the Sindh area in their inscriptions, known as ].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Daryaee|first1=Touraj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LU0BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |title=Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire|date=2014|publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=9780857716668|page=17|language=en|author-link1=Touraj Daryaee}}</ref><ref name="NS">{{cite book |last1=Schindel|first1=Nikolaus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqONDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |title=The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: adaptation and expansion|last2=Alram|first2=Michael|last3=Daryaee |first3=Touraj|last4=Pendleton|first4=Elizabeth|date=2016|publisher=Oxbow Books|isbn=9781785702105 |pages=126–129|language=en}}</ref>
	The Sindhis as a whole are composed of original descendants of an ancient population known as ], various sub-groups related to the ] or ] origin are found in interior Sindh. Sindhis of Balochi origin make up about 30% of the total population of Sindh, while Urdu-speaking ] make up 20% of the total population of the province. Also found in the province is a small group claiming descent from early ] settlers including ], ], ] and ].
			The local ] emerged from Sindh and reigned for a period of 144 years, concurrent with the ] invasions of North India.{{sfn|Wink|1996|pp=133, 152-153}} ] was noted to be the capital.{{sfn|Wink|1996|pp=133, 152-153}}{{sfn|Asif|2016|pp=65, 81-82, 131-134}} The ] succeeded the ].{{sfn|Wink|1996|p=151}}<ref>P. 505 '']'' by Henry Miers Elliot, John Dowson</ref><ref name="Gier">Nicholas F. Gier, ''FROM MONGOLS TO MUGHALS: RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE IN INDIA 9TH-18TH CENTURIES'', presented at the Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion, Gonzaga University, May 2006 . Retrieved 11 December 2006.</ref><ref name="Naik">{{cite book |last=Naik |first=C.D. |title=Buddhism and Dalits: Social Philosophy and Traditions |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-7835-792-8 |location=Delhi |page=32}}</ref> Most of the information about its existence comes from the '']'', a historical account of the Chach-Brahmin dynasty.<ref>P. 164 ''Notes on the religious, moral, and political state of India before the Mahomedan invasion, chiefly founded on the travels of the Chinese Buddhist priest Fai Han in India, A.D. 399, and on the commentaries of Messrs. Remusat, Klaproth and Burnouf, Lieutenant-Colonel W.H. Sykes'' by Sykes, Colonel;</ref> After the empire's fall in 712, though the empire had ended, its dynasty's members administered parts of Sindh under the Umayyad Caliphate's ].{{sfn|Wink|1991|pp=152-153}}
	== History ==
	{{main|History of Sindh}}
			=== Medieval era ===
			After the death of the Islamic prophet ], the Arab expansion towards the east reached the Sindh region beyond ].<ref name="UNESCO">{{citation|last1=El Hareir|first1=Idris|last2=Mbaye |first2=Ravane |title=The Spread of Islam Throughout the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&pg=PA602|year=2012|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-104153-2|page=602}}</ref> The connection between the Sindh and ] was established by the initial Muslim invasions during the ]. Al-Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, who attacked ] in the year 649 CE, was an early partisan of ].<ref name="MacLean, Derryl N. 1989 pp. 1262">MacLean, Derryl N. (1989), Religion and Society in Arab Sind, pp. 126, BRILL, {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}</ref> During the caliphate of Ali, many Jats of Sindh had come under the influence of Shi'ism<ref>S. A. A. Rizvi, "A socio-intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India", Volo. 1, pp. 138, Mar'ifat Publishing House, Canberra (1986).</ref> and some even participated in the ] and died fighting for ].<ref name="MacLean, Derryl N. 1989 pp. 1262" /> Under the Umayyads (661–750 CE), many Shias sought asylum in the region of Sindh, to live in relative peace in the remote area. Ziyad Hindi is one of those refugees.<ref>S. A. N. Rezavi, "The Shia Muslims", in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press (2006).</ref> The first clash with the ]s of Sindh took place in 636 (15 A.H.) under Caliph ] with the governor of Bahrain, ], dispatching naval expeditions against ] and ] and ].<ref>{{citation|last1=El Hareir|first1=Idris|last2=Mbaye|first2=Ravane|title=The Spread of Islam Throughout the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&pg=PA601 |year=2012|publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-104153-2|pages=601–602}}</ref> ] states they were victorious at Debal but doesn't mention the results of other two raids. However, the '']'' states that the raid of Debal was defeated and its governor killed the leader of the raids.<ref>{{citation|last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |author-link=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|title=Readings in political history of India, ancient, mediaeval, and modern|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvggAAAAMAAJ|year=1976 |publisher=B.R. Pub. Corp., on behalf of Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies|page=216}}</ref> These raids were thought to be triggered by a later pirate attack on Umayyad ships.{{sfn|Tripathi|1967|p=337}} Baladhuri adds that this stopped any more incursions until the reign of ].{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=35}}
			In 712, ] defeated the ] and ]. This marked the beginning of Islam in the Indian subcontinent. The ] ruled much of Greater Sindh, as a semi-independent ''emirate'' from 854 to 1024. Beginning with the rule of 'Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari in 854 CE, the region became semi-independent from the ] in 861, while continuing to nominally pledge allegiance to the Abbasid Caliph in ].<ref name="Singh2">P. M. ( Nagendra Kumar Singh), ''Muslim Kingship in India'', Anmol Publications, 1999, {{ISBN|81-261-0436-8}}, {{ISBN|978-81-261-0436-9}} pg 43-45.</ref><ref name="Maclean2">P. M. ( Derryl N. Maclean), ''Religion and society in Arab Sindh'', Published by Brill, 1989, {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}, {{ISBN|978-90-04-08551-0}} pg 140-143.</ref> The Habbaris ruled Sindh until they were defeated by ] ] in 1026, who then went on to destroy the old Habbari capital of Mansura, and annex the region to the ], thereby ending Arab rule of Sindh.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lI9AAAAMAAJ&q=ghaznavid+mansura|title=An Observation: Perspective of Pakistan|last=Abdulla|first=Ahmed|date=1987|publisher=Tanzeem Publishers|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&q=ghaznavid+mansura&pg=PA6 |title=Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500|last=Habib|first=Irfan|date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2791-1|language=en}}</ref>
	The first known village settlements date as far back as 7000 BCE. Permanent settlements at ] to the west expanded into Sindh. This culture blossomed over several millennia and gave r the ] around 3000 BCE.
			The ] was a local Sindhi Muslim dynasty that ruled between early 11th century and the 14th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Habibullah |title=The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025–1351 CE) |url=http://www.uok.edu.pk/faculties/sindhi/docs/soomroEng.pdf |journal=Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh}}</ref><ref name="IJDL-2007">{{cite journal |date=2007 |title=The Arab Conquest |journal=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics |volume=36 |issue=1 |page=91 |quote=The Soomras are believed to be Parmar Rajputs found even today in Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Kutch and Sindh. The Cambridge History of India refers to the Soomras as "a Rajput dynasty the later members of which accepted Islam" (p. 54 ).}}</ref><ref name="Dani-2007">{{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_xtAAAAMAAJ&q=soomra+dynasty |title=History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages |date=2007 |publisher=Sang-e Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-2020-0 |pages=218 |language=en |quote=But as many kings of the dynasty bore Hindu names, it is almost certain that the Soomras were of local origin. Sometimes they are connected with Paramara Rajputs, but of this there is no definite proof.}}</ref> Later chroniclers like ] (c. late 12th c.) and ] (c. late 14th c.) attributed the fall of Habbarids to Mahmud of Ghazni, lending credence to the argument of Hafif being the last Habbarid.<ref name="Collinet-2008a">{{Cite book |last=Collinet |first=Annabelle |title=Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547503-6 |editor-last=Boivin |editor-first=Michel |location=Karachi |pages=9, 11, 113 (note 43) |language=en |chapter=Chronology of Sehwan Sharif through Ceramics (The Islamic Period)}}</ref> The Soomras appear to have established themselves as a regional power in this power vacuum.<ref name="Collinet-2008a"/><ref name="Boivin-2008a">{{Cite book |last=Boivin |first=Michel |title=Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547503-6 |editor-last=Boivin |editor-first=Michel |location=Karachi |pages=30 |language=en |chapter=Shivaite Cults And Sufi Centres: A Reappraisal Of The Medieval Legacy In Sindh}}</ref> The ] and ] continued to rule parts of Sindh, across the eleventh and early twelfth century, alongside Soomrus.<ref name="Collinet-2008a"/> The precise delineations are not yet known but Sommrus were probably centered in lower Sindh.<ref name="Collinet-2008a"/> Some of them were adherents of ].<ref name="Boivin-2008a"/> One of their kings Shimuddin Chamisar had submitted to ], the ], and was allowed to continue on as a vassal.<ref name="Ray201932">{{cite book |author=Aniruddha Ray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNSNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT43 |title=The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture |date=4 March 2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-00-000729-9 |pages=43–}}</ref>
	The ] rivalled the contemporary civilizations of ] and ] in both size and scope numbering nearly half a million inhabitants at its height with well-planned grid cities and sewer systems. It is known that the Indus Valley Civilization traded with ancient Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt via established shipping lanes. In ancient Egypt, the word for ''cotton'' was ''Sindh'' suggesting that the bulk of that civilisation's cotton was imported from the Indus Valley Civilization.
			{{multiple image
	A branch of the ] tribes, called the ] are believed to have founded the ] that existed between ] and ] around 1500 BCE and also influenced Indus Valley Civilization. This civilization helped shape subsequent cultures in the ].
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			| image1 = Artwork on Jam nizamuddin tomb.jpg
			| image2 = Makli 12 cropped - Diwan Shurfa Khan's tomb.jpg
			| image3 = Jam Mubarak Khan .jpg
			| image4 = Historical Monuments at Makli, Thatta-108247.jpg
			| footer = The ] at ] is one of the largest funerary sites in the world.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/143 | title=Historical Monuments at Makli, Thatta}}</ref>
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			The ] overthrew the Soomras soon after 1335 and established the Sindh Sultanate. The last Soomra ruler took shelter with the governor of ], under the protection of ], the ].<ref name="(Pakistan)Latif197622">{{cite book |author1=Census Organization (Pakistan) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63maAAAAIAAJ&q=yadav+rajputs |title=Population Census of Pakistan, 1972: Larkana |author2=Abdul Latif |publisher=Manager of Publications |year=1976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rapson |first1=Edward James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBNZAAAAYAAJ&q=Samma+ |title=The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig |last2=Haig |first2=Sir Wolseley |last3=Burn |first3=Sir Richard |last4=Dodwell |first4=Henry |date=1965 |publisher=Chand |pages=518 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="guj2">{{cite book |author1=U. M. Chokshi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qHiAAAAMAAJ |title=Gujarat State Gazetteer |author2=M. R. Trivedi |publisher=Director, Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |year=1989 |page=274 |quote=It was the conquest of Kutch by the Sindhi tribe of Sama Rajputs that marked the emergence of Kutch as a separate kingdom in the 14th century.}}</ref> Mohammad bin Tughlaq made an expedition against Sindh in 1351 and died at Sondha, possibly in an attempt to restore the Soomras. With this, the Sammas became independent. The next sultan, ] attacked Sindh in 1365 and 1367, unsuccessfully, but with reinforcements from ] he later obtained Banbhiniyo's surrender. For a period the Sammas were therefore subject to Delhi again. Later, as the Sultanate of Delhi collapsed they became fully independent.<ref name="panhwar.com22">{{Cite web |url=http://www.panhwar.com/Article162.htm |title=Directions in the History and Archaeology of Sindh by M. H. Panhwar |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225062314/http://www.panhwar.com/Article162.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jam Unar was the founder of Samma dynasty mentioned by ].<ref name="panhwar.com22"/> The Samma civilization contributed significantly to the evolution of the ] style. Thatta is famous for its necropolis, which covers 10 square km on the ].<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606120407/https://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2179&order_by=year&showdescription=1|date=2012-06-06}}</ref> It has left its mark in Sindh with magnificent structures including the ] of its royals in Thatta.<ref name="(Pakistan)Latif19763">{{cite book |author1=Census Organization (Pakistan) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63maAAAAIAAJ&q=yadav+rajputs |title=Population Census of Pakistan, 1972: Larkana |author2=Abdul Latif |publisher=Manager of Publications |year=1976}}</ref><ref>Population Census of Pakistan, 1972: Jacobabad</ref> They were later overthrown by the Turkic ] in the late 15th century.<ref>The Travels of Marco Polo - Complete (Mobi Classics) By Marco Polo, Rustichello of Pisa, Henry Yule (Translator)</ref><ref name="Bosworth p. 329">Bosworth, "New Islamic Dynasties," p. 329</ref>
	Sindh was conquered by the ] ] in the 6th century BCE, and became part of the Persian ]y (province) of '''Hindush''' centred in the ] to the north. Persian speech had a tendency to replace 'S' with an 'H' resulting in 'Sindhu' being pronounced and written as ']'. They introduced the ] script in the region and established links to the west.
			=== Modern era ===
	In the late 300s BCE, Sindh was conquered by a mixed army led by ] under ]. The region remained under control of Greek satraps only for a few decades. After Alexander's death, there was a brief period of ] rule, before Sindh was traded to the ] led by ] in 305 BCE. During the rule of the Mauryan Emperor ], the ] religion spread to Sindh.
			{{main|Sind State}}
			]
			In the late 16th century, Sindh was brought into the ] by ], himself born in the ] in ] in Sindh.<ref name="Cambridge">{{cite book |last1=Tarling |first1=Nicholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtsMLNmMzbkC&pg=PA39 |title=''The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia'' by Nicholas Tarling p.39 |year=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521663700}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hispania . Volume 74, Number 3, September 1991 |website=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01475176655936417554480/p0000002.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052446/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01475176655936417554480/p0000002.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=27 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mughal rule from their provincial capital of ] was to last in lower Sindh until the early 18th century, while upper Sindh was ruled by the indigenous ] holding power, consolidating their rule from their capital of ], before shifting to ] from 1768 onwards.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brohī |first=ʻAlī Aḥmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gBuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kalhoras+a+local+Sindhi+tribe+of+Channa+origin |title=The Temple of Sun God: Relics of the Past |date=1998 |publisher=Sangam Publications |pages=175 |language=en |quote="Kalhoras a local Sindhi tribe of Channa origin..."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Richard Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZQMzQLsyk0C&dq=They+were+originally+Channa+Sindhis+,+and+therefore+converted+Hindoos&pg=PA410 |title=Sindh, and the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus |date=1851 |publisher=W. H. Allen |pages=410 |language=en |quote="Kalhoras...were originally Channa Sindhis, and therefore converted Hindoos."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Migrants and Militants: Fun and Urban Violence in Pakistan |last=Verkaaik|first=Oskar|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2004 |isbn=978-0-69111-709-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/migrantsmilitant0000verk |url-access=registration|pages=, 99|quote=The area of the Hindu-built mansion Pakka Qila was built in 1768 by the Kalhora kings, a local dynasty of Arab origin that ruled Sindh independently from the decaying Moghul Empire beginning in the mid-eighteenth century.}}</ref>
			The ] succeeded the Kalhoras and four branches of the dynasty were established.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-21 |title=History of Khairpur and the royal Talpurs of Sindh |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/230879/history-of-khairpur-and-the-royal-talpurs-of-sindh/ |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US}}</ref> One ruled lower Sindh from the city of ], another ruled over upper Sindh from the city of ], a third ruled around the eastern city of ], and a fourth was based in ]. They were ethnically ],<ref name="Solomon-2006">{{Cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&dq=talpur+sindh&pg=PA337 |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |language=en}}</ref> and for most of their rule, they were subordinate to the ] and were forced to pay tribute to them.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baloch |first1=Inayatullah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox0NAAAAIAAJ&q=talpurs+vassals |title=The Problem of "Greater Baluchistan": A Study of Baluch Nationalism |date=1987 |publisher=Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden |isbn=9783515049993 |page=121}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ziad |first1=Waleed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-ZFEAAAQBAJ&dq=durranis+talpur&pg=PA53 |title=Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints Beyond the Oxus and Indus |date=2021 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674248816 |page=53}}</ref>
	Mauryan rule ended in 185 BCE with the overthrow of the last king by the ] Dynasty. In the disorders that followed, Greek rule returned when ] led a ] invasion of India and annexed most of northwestern lands, including Sindh. Demetrius was later defeated and killed by a usurper, but his descendants continued to rule Sindh and other lands as the ]. Under the reign of ] many Indo-Greeks followed his example and converted to Buddhism.
			They ruled from 1783, until 1843, when they were in turn defeated by the ] at the ] and ].<ref name="Talpur-2002">{{Cite web |title=The Royal Talpurs of Sindh - Historical Background |url=http://www.talpur.org/Home/historical-background |accessdate=2020-02-23 |website=www.talpur.org|date=24 July 2002 }}</ref> The northern Khairpur branch of the Talpur dynasty, however, continued to maintain a degree of sovereignty during British rule as the ],<ref name="Solomon-2006" /> whose ruler elected to join the new ] in October 1947 as an autonomous region, before being fully amalgamated into ] in 1955.
	In the late 100s BCE, ] tribes shattered the Greco-Bactrian empire and invaded the Indo-Greek lands. Unable to take the Punjab region, they seized ] and invaded India by coming through Sindh, where they became known as ] (later ]). Subsequently, the ] ] annexed Sindh by the 1st century CE. Though the Kushans were ], they were tolerant of the local Buddhist tradition and sponsored many building projects for local beliefs.
			==== British Raj ====
	The ] were defeated in the mid 200s CE by the ] of Persia, who installed vassals known as the ]. These rulers were defeated by the ] in the late 300s. By the late 400s, attacks by ] tribes known as the Indo-Hephthalites or ''Hunas'' (]) broke through the Gupta Empire's North-Western borders and overran much of Northern and Western India. During these upheavals, Sindh became independent under the ] around 478 AD. The Rais were overthrown by ] around 632 CE.
			{{See also|Sind Province (1936–55)}}
			] in 1909.]]
			The ] conquered Sindh in 1843. General ] is said to have reported victory to the Governor General with a one-word telegram, namely ''"]"'' &ndash; or ''"I have sinned"'' (]).<ref>General Napier apocryphally reported his conquest of the province to his superiors with the one-word message ''peccavi'', a schoolgirl's pun recorded in ] relying on the Latin word's meaning, "I have sinned", homophonous to "I have Sindh". ], ''Nil Desperandum: A Dictionary of Latin Tags and Useful Phrases '', BCA 1992 , p. 175.</ref> The British had two objectives in their rule of Sindh: the consolidation of British rule and the use of Sindh as a market for British products and a source of revenue and raw materials. With the appropriate infrastructure in place, the British hoped to utilise Sindh for its economic potential.<ref name="LongSingh2015">{{citation|author1=Roger D. Long|author2=Gurharpal Singh|author3=Yunas Samad|author4=Ian Talbot|title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102|date=8 October 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-44820-4|pages=102–}}</ref> The British incorporated Sindh, some years later after annexing it, into the ]. Distance from the provincial capital, Bombay, led to grievances that Sindh was neglected in contrast to other parts of the Presidency. The merger of Sindh into Punjab province was considered from time to time but was turned down because of British disagreement and Sindhi opposition, both from Muslims and Hindus, to being annexed to Punjab.<ref name="LongSingh2015" />
			Later, desire for a separate administrative status for Sindh grew. At the annual session of the Indian National Congress in 1913, a Sindhi Hindu put forward the demand for Sindh's separation from the Bombay Presidency on the grounds of Sindh's unique cultural character. This reflected the desire of Sindh's predominantly Hindu commercial class to free itself from competing with the more powerful Bombay's business interests.<ref name="LongSingh2015" /> Meanwhile, Sindhi politics was characterised in the 1920s by the growing importance of Karachi and the Khilafat Movement.<ref name="Malik1999">{{citation|author=I. Malik|title=Islam, Nationalism and the West: Issues of Identity in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyWBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|date=3 June 1999|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-37539-0|pages=56–}}</ref> A number of Sindhi pirs, descendants of Sufi saints who had proselytised in Sindh, joined the Khilafat Movement, which propagated the protection of the Ottoman Caliphate, and those pirs who did not join the movement found a decline in their following.<ref name="Minault1982">{{citation|author=Gail Minault|title=The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAW8GreFqjkC&pg=PA105 |year=1982 |publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-05072-2|pages=105–}}</ref> The pirs generated huge support for the Khilafat cause in Sindh.{{sfn|Ansari|1992|p=77}} Sindh came to be at the forefront of the ].<ref name="Society2007">{{citation|author=Pakistan Historical Society|title=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j_svAQAAIAAJ|year=2007 |publisher=Pakistan Historical Society.|page=245}}</ref>
	]
	During the reign of ] ] ], an expedition was sent to conquer ]. This was the first time that ] armies had entered Sindh. The Islamic army defeated the ] king of Sindh, ] Rasil, on the western bank of the Indus. The armies of the Raja accordingly retreated to interior Sindh. Caliph Umar, on getting the information about the miserable conditions of Sindh, stopped his armies from crossing the Indus and, instead, ordered them to consolidate their position in ] and ]. Umar's successor Caliph ] also sent his agent to investigate the matters of Sindh. Upon getting the same information of unfavourable geographical conditions and the miserable lives of the people, he forbade his armies to enter Sindh. During the ] only the southwestern part of Sindh around the western bank of the Indus, and some northern parts near the frontiers of Baluchistan remained under the rule of the ].<ref> Tarikh al Khulfa vol: 1 pg:197</ref>
			Although Sindh had a cleaner record of communal harmony than other parts of India, the province's Muslim elite and emerging Muslim middle class demanded separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency as a safeguard for their own interests. In this campaign, local Sindhi Muslims identified 'Hindu' with Bombay instead of Sindh. Sindhi Hindus were seen as representing the interests of Bombay instead of the majority of Sindhi Muslims. Sindhi Hindus, for the most part, opposed the separation of Sindh from Bombay.<ref name="LongSingh2015" /> Although Sindh had a culture of religious syncretism, communal harmony and tolerance due to Sindh's strong ] culture in which both Sindhi Muslims and Sindhi Hindus partook,<ref name="auto">Priya Kumar & Rita Kothari (2016) Sindh, 1947 and Beyond, ''South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies'', 39:4, 775, {{doi|10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752}}</ref> both the Muslim landed elite, ''waderas'', and the Hindu commercial elements, '']'', collaborated in oppressing the predominantly Muslim peasantry of Sindh who were economically exploited.<ref name="Jalal20022">{{cite book |author=Ayesha Jalal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA415 |title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 |date=4 January 2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-59937-0 |pages=415–}}</ref> Sindhi Muslims eventually demanded the separation of Sindh from the Bombay Presidency, a move opposed by Sindhi Hindus.{{sfn|Ansari|1992|p=77}}<ref name="LongSingh20152">{{cite book |author1=Roger D. Long |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 |title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security |author2=Gurharpal Singh |author3=Yunas Samad |author4=Ian Talbot |date=8 October 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-44820-4 |pages=102–}}</ref><ref name="Society20072">{{cite book |author=Pakistan Historical Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j_svAQAAIAAJ |title=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society |publisher=Pakistan Historical Society. |year=2007 |page=245}}</ref>
	'''Traslation of The Qur'an:'''
			In Sindh's first provincial election after its separation from Bombay in 1936, economic interests were an essential factor of politics informed by religious and cultural issues.<ref name="Jalal2002">{{harvnb|Jalal|2002|p=415}}</ref> Due to British policies, much land in Sindh was transferred from Muslim to Hindu hands over the decades.<ref name="SinghIyer2016">{{citation|author1=Amritjit Singh|author2=Nalini Iyer|author3=Rahul K. Gairola|title=Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmA0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127|date=15 June 2016|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-1-4985-3105-4|pages=127–}}</ref> Religious tensions rose in Sindh over the Sukkur Manzilgah issue where Muslims and Hindus disputed over an abandoned mosque in proximity to an area sacred to Hindus. The Sindh Muslim League exploited the issue and agitated for the return of the mosque to Muslims. Consequentially, a thousand members of the Muslim League were imprisoned. Eventually, due to panic the government restored the mosque to Muslims.<ref name="Jalal2002" /> The separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency triggered Sindhi Muslim nationalists to support the Pakistan Movement. Even while the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province were ruled by parties hostile to the Muslim League, Sindh remained loyal to Jinnah.<ref name="Ahmed2016">{{citation|author=Khaled Ahmed|title=Sleepwalking to Surrender: Dealing with Terrorism in Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TbzBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT230|date=18 August 2016|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-86057-62-4|pages=230–}}</ref> Although the prominent Sindhi Muslim nationalist ] left the All India Muslim League in the mid-1940s and his relationship with Jinnah never improved, the overwhelming majority of Sindhi Muslims supported the creation of Pakistan, seeing in it their deliverance.<ref name="Malik1999" /> Sindhi support for the Pakistan Movement arose from the desire of the Sindhi Muslim business class to drive out their Hindu competitors.<ref name="Kukreja2003">{{citation|author=Veena Kukreja|title=Contemporary Pakistan: Political Processes, Conflicts and Crises|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dp05sFFSAbIC&pg=PA138|date=24 February 2003|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-9683-5|pages=138–}}</ref> The Muslim League's rise to becoming the party with the strongest support in Sindh was in large part linked to its winning over of the religious pir families.{{sfn|Ansari|1992|p=115}} Although the Muslim League had previously fared poorly in the 1937 elections in Sindh, when local Sindhi Muslim parties won more seats,{{sfn|Ansari|1992|p=115}} the Muslim League's cultivation of support from local pirs in 1946 helped it gain a foothold in the province,{{sfn|Ansari|1992|p=122}} it didn't take long for the overwhelming majority of Sindhi Muslims to campaign for the creation of Pakistan.<ref name="Malik19992">{{cite book |author=I. Malik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyWBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 |title=Islam, Nationalism and the West: Issues of Identity in Pakistan |date=3 June 1999 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-230-37539-0 |pages=56–}}</ref><ref name="Kukreja20032">{{cite book |author=Veena Kukreja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dp05sFFSAbIC&pg=PA138 |title=Contemporary Pakistan: Political Processes, Conflicts and Crises |date=24 February 2003 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-9683-5 |pages=138–}}</ref>
	The Qur'an was first translated into Sindhi in rhymatic format. This was the first ever translation of Qur'an in the 12th century or earlier.
			==== Partition (1947) ====
	Sindh was finally conquered by ]n Arabs, led by ]. Sindh became the easternmost province of the ] ] referred to as ''Al-Sindh'' on Arab maps with lands further east known as ''Hind.'' These maps resemble the current border between the nations of ] and ]. The defeat of the ] ruler ] was made easier by the tension between the Buddhist majority and the ruling Hindus' fragile base of control.
			In 1947, violence did not constitute a major part of the Sindhi partition experience, unlike in Punjab. There were very few incidents of violence on Sindh, in part due to the Sufi-influenced culture of religious tolerance and in part that Sindh was not divided and was instead made part of Pakistan in its entirety. Sindhi Hindus who left generally did so out of a fear of persecution, rather than persecution itself, because of the arrival of Muslim refugees from India. Sindhi Hindus differentiated between the local Sindhi Muslims and the migrant Muslims from India. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled to India by sea, to the ports of Bombay, Porbandar, Veraval and Okha.<ref>Priya Kumar & Rita Kothari (2016) Sindh, 1947 and Beyond, ''South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies'', 39:4, 776–777, DOI: 10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752</ref>
			== Demographics ==
	The Arabs redefined the region and adopted the term ''Budd'' to refer to the numerous Buddhist idols they encountered, a word that remains in use today. The city of ] was established as a regional '']'' or capital. Arab rule lasted for nearly three centuries, and a fusion of cultures produced much of what is today modern Sindhi society. Arab geographers, historians and travellers also sometimes used the name "Sindh" for the entire area from the ] to the ].
			{|class="wikitable floatleft" style="font-size:90%"
			|+Demographic Indicators
			|-
			! Indicator
			! Value
			|-
			| Urban population
			| 53.97%
			|-
			| Rural population
			| 46.03%
			|-
			| Population growth rate
			| 2.57%
			|-
			| Gender ratio (male per 100 female)
			| 108.76<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Census 2023 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk}}</ref>
			|-
			| Economically active population
			| 22.75% (Old Data)
			|}
			=== Population ===
	] rule ended with the ascension of the ] dynasty, who were local Sindhi Muslims, and who controlled the province directly and as vassals of the Arabs from 1058 to 1249. ] invaders conquered the area by 977 CE and the region loosely became part of the ] and then the ] which lasted until 1524.
			{{Historical populations
			| title = Population history
			| type = Pakistan
			| direction = vertical
			| align = right
			| footnote = ''Source: ], ]''<ref name="sindh1941">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215545 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215545 |access-date=5 May 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 12, Sind |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1941 |volume=12 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129064845/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215545 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|7}}{{efn|name=Sindh1941|1941 figure taken from ] by combining the total population of all ] (], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]), and one ] (]), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1941 census data here:<ref name="sindh1941"/>}}{{efn|name=Sindh1931|1931 figure taken from ] by combining the total population of all ] (], ], ], ], ], ], ]), and one ] (]), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1931 census data here:<ref name="sindh1931"/>}}{{efn|name=Sindh1921|1921 figure taken from ] by combining the total population of all ] (], ], ], ], ], ], ]), and one ] (]), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1921 census data here:<ref name="sindh1921"/>}}{{efn|name=Sindh1911|1911 figure taken from ] by combining the total population of all ] (], ], ], ], ], ]), and one ] (]), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1911 census data here:<ref name="sindh1911"/>}}{{efn|name=Sindh1901|1901 figure taken from ] by combining the total population of all ] (], ], ], ], ]), and one ] (]), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1901 census data here:<ref name="sindh1901"/>}}{{efn|name=Sindh1891|1891 figure taken from ] by combining the total population of all ] (], ], ], ], ]), and one ] (]), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1891 census data here: <ref name="sindh1891"/>}}{{efn|name=Sindh1881|1881 figure taken from ] by combining the total population of all ] (], ], ], ], ]), and one ] (]), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1881 census data here: <ref name="sindh1881"/>}}{{efn|name=Sindh1872|1872 figure taken from ] by combining the total population of all ] (], ], ], ], ]), and one ] (]), in Sindh Province, British India. Religious affiliation was not enumerated in ]. See 1872 census data here: <ref name="sindh1872"/>}}
			| 1872|2322765
			| 1881|2542976
			| 1891|3003711
			| 1901|3410223
			| 1911|3737223
			| 1921|3472508
			| 1931|4114253
			| 1941|4840795
			| 1951|6047748
			| 1961|8367065
			| 1972|14155909
			| 1981|19028666
			| 1998|29991161
			| 2017|47854510
			| 2023|55696147}}
			Sindh has the second highest ] out of all of Pakistan's provinces at 0.628.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spdc.org.pk/pubs/rr/rr73.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521023211/http://www.spdc.org.pk/pubs/rr/rr73.pdf|title=Social Policy and Development Centre &#124;|archive-date=21 May 2009|website=www.spdc.org.pk}}</ref> The ] indicated a population of 55.7 million.
	The ] seized the region and their rule lasted for another two centuries, while another local Sindhi Muslim group, the ], challenged Mughal rule from their base at ]. The Muslim ] played a pivotal role in converting the millions of native people to ].
	], by James Atkinson, 1842]]
			=== Religion ===
	Though part of larger empires, Sindh continued to enjoy a certain autonomy as a loyal Muslim domain and came under the rule of the ] and the ] from 1519 to 1625.
			{{See also|Sufism in Sindh|Hinduism in Sindh Province}}{{Pie chart|value1=90|color1=Green|label1=]|value2=8.8|color2=Orange|label2=]|value3=0.98|color3=Blue|label3=]|value4=0.03|color4=Black|label4=]|caption=Religion in Sindh according to ]|value5=0.01|value6=<0.01|value7=0.07|color5=Yellow|color6=White|color7=Gray|label5=]|label6=]|label7=Other|thumb=left}}Islam in Sindh has a long history, starting with the capture of Sindh by Muhammad Bin Qasim in 712 CE. Over time, the majority of the population in Sindh converted to Islam, especially in rural areas. Today, Muslims make up 90% of the population, and are more dominant in urban than rural areas. Islam in Sindh has a strong Sufi ethos with numerous Muslim saints and mystics, such as the Sufi poet ], having lived in Sindh historically. One popular legend that highlights the strong Sufi presence in Sindh is that 125,000 Sufi saints and mystics are buried on ] near ].<ref>Annemarie Schimmel,&nbsp;''Pearls from Indus''&nbsp;Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan: Sindhi Adabi Board (1986). See pp. 150.</ref> The development of Sufism in Sindh was similar to the development of Sufism in other parts of the Muslim world. In the 16th century two Sufi tareeqat (orders) – Qadria and Naqshbandia – were introduced in Sindh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1045164|title=History of Sufism in Sindh discussed|date=2013-09-25|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2017-03-30|language=en}}</ref> Sufism continues to play an important role in the daily lives of Sindhis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1161050|title=Can Sufism save Sindh?|date=2015-02-02|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2017-03-30|language=en}}</ref>
			In 1941, the last census conducted prior to the partition of India, the total population of Sindh was 4,840,795 out of which 3,462,015 (71.5%) were Muslims, 1,279,530 (26.4%) were Hindus and the remaining were Tribals, Sikhs, Christians, Parsis, Jains, Jews, and Buddhists.<ref name="sindh1941"/>{{rp|28}}<ref>Rahimdad Khan Molai Shedai; Janet ul Sindh; 3rd edition, 1993; Sindhi Adbi Board, Jamshoro; page no: 2.</ref>
	Sindh became a vassal-state of the ] ] by 1747. It was then ruled by ] rulers and later the ] Talpurs<ref name="talpur"> - URL accessed March 4, 2006</ref> from 1783.
			Sindh also has Pakistan's highest percentage of ] overall, accounting for 8.8% of the population, roughly around 4.9 million people,<ref name="2017 Census"/> and 13.3% of the province's rural population as per 2023 Pakistani census report. These numbers also include the ] population, which stands at 1.7% of the total in Sindh (or 3.1% in rural areas),<ref name=religioninpakistan>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//tables/POPULATION%20BY%20RELIGION.pdf |title=Religion in Pakistan (2017 Census) |access-date=2018-03-28 |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329204115/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/tables/POPULATION%20BY%20RELIGION.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and is believed to have been under-reported, with some community members instead counted under the main Hindu category.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/197657-Scheduled-castes-have-a-separate-box-for-them-but-only-if-anybody-knew|title=Scheduled castes have a separate box for them, but only if anybody knew|access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref> Although, ] claimed that there are 6,842,526 Hindus living in Sindh Province covering around 14.29% of the region's population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pakistanhinducouncil.org.pk/hinduism/hindu-population-pk/ |title=Hindu Population (PK) |publisher=Pakistanhinducouncil.org.pk |access-date=2022-06-24 |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815025257/http://pakistanhinducouncil.org.pk/hinduism/hindu-population-pk/ }}</ref> Umerkot district in the Thar Desert is Pakistan's only Hindu-majority district. The ] in Tandoallahyar whose annual festival is the second largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan is in Sindh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hindu's converge at Ramapir Mela near Karachi seeking divine help for their security |website=] |date=26 September 2012 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hindus-converge-at-Ramapir-Mela-near-Karachi-seeking-divine-help-for-their-security/articleshow/16557691.cms |access-date=2020-10-13}}</ref> Sindh is also the only province in Pakistan to have a separate law for governing ].<ref name=Shahid>{{Cite news|title=Sindh Hindu Marriage Act—relief or restraint?|author=Shahid Jatoi|newspaper=Express Tribune|date=8 June 2017 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1429958/sindh-hindu-marriage-act-relief-restraint?amp=1|access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>
	] and ] forces under General ] arrived in Sindh in the 19th century and conquered it in 1843. It is said that he reported the conquest by sending back to the Governor General a one-word message, ''"Peccavi"''{{ndash}} ] for ''"I have sinned"'' (a pun on ''"I have Sindh"''),<ref> Napier had used bribery as well as force to conquer Sindh</ref> these words later appearing as a cartoon in ]. The first ] helped the British in the conquest of Sindh and was granted a pension as a result.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
			2020 community estimates indicated the Sikh population in Sindh stood at approximately 10,000 persons,<ref name="Tunio">{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2232679/1-shikarpurs-sikhs-serve-humanity-beyond-religion/?amp=1|title=Shikarpur's Sikhs serve humanity beyond religion|first=Hafeez|last=Tunio|newspaper=The Express Tribune|location=Pakistan|date=31 May 2020|access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref> while the 2023 census indicated a population of 5,182 Sikhs.<ref name="sindh2023"/>
	]
	After 1853, Sindh was divided into provinces, each being assigned a ] or ''Wadera'' to collect taxes for the British (a system adopted from the ]). In a highly controversial move, Sindh was later made part of ]'s ] much to the surprise of the local population, who found the decision illogical.{{Fact|date=April 2009}} Shortly afterwards, the decision was reversed and Sindh became a separate province in 1935. The British ruled the area for a century and Sindh was home to many prominent Muslim leaders including ] who strove for greater Muslim autonomy.
			{{clear}}
	On ] 1947 ] gained independence from colonial British colonial rule. The province Sindh attained self rule, the first time since the defeat of Sindhi Talpur Amirs in the ] on February 17, 1843.
			<div style="overflow-x:auto; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding-left: 0.1em; padding-right: 0.1em">
			{| class="wikitable sortable"
			|+ Religion in Sindh (1872−2023)
			! rowspan="2" |]<br />group
			! colspan="2" |1872<ref name="sindh1872">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057641 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057641 |access-date=16 November 2024 |title=Census of the Bombay Presidency, taken on the 21. February 1872. |year=1872 |volume=2 |pages=76 |publisher=Bombay, 1875. }}</ref>{{efn|name=Sindh1872}}
			! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="sindh1881">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057678 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057678 |access-date=16 November 2024 |title=Census of India, 1891. Operations and results in the Presidency of Bombay, including Sind |year=1881 |pages=3 |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601224518/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057678 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|name=Sindh1881}}
			! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="sindh1891">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25352815 |jstor=saoa.crl.25352815 |access-date=16 November 2024 |title=Census of India, 1891. Vol. VIII, Bombay and its feudatories. Part II, Imperial tables |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1891 |volume=8}}</ref>{{efn|name=Sindh1891}}
			! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="sindh1901">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25366895 |jstor=saoa.crl.25366895 |access-date=12 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. Vols. 9-11, Bombay. |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1901 |volume=9}}</ref>{{efn|name=Sindh1901}}
			! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="sindh1911">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393770 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393770 |access-date=12 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 7, Bombay. Pt. 2, Imperial tables. |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1911 |volume=7}}</ref>{{efn|name=Sindh1911}}
			! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="sindh1921">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394131 |jstor=saoa.crl.25394131 |access-date=6 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 8, Bombay Presidency. Pt. 2, Tables : imperial and provincial. |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1921 |volume=8}}</ref>{{efn|name=Sindh1921}}
			! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="sindh1931">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797128 |jstor=saoa.crl.25797128 |access-date=5 May 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 8, Bombay. Pt. 2, Statistical tables. |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1931 |volume=8}}</ref>{{efn|name=Sindh1931}}
			! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="sindh1941"/>{{rp|28}}{{efn|name=Sindh1941}}
			! colspan="2" |1951<ref name="sindh1951">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31311|title=CPopulation According to Religion, Tables-6, Pakistan - Census 1951|access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref>{{rp|22–26}}{{efn|name=Sindh1951|Including ]}}
			! colspan="2" |1998<ref name="sindh1998">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/yearbooks//yearbook2014/16-16.pdf|title=Population Distribution by Religion, 1998 Census|access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref>
			! colspan="2" |2017<ref name="sindh2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/tables/pakistan/Table09n.pdf|title=TABLE 9 - POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN|access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="2017 Census">{{cite web |title=Religious Demographics of Pakistan 2023 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829194924/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/sailent_feature_%20census_2017.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2021 |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref>
			! colspan="2" |2023<ref name="sindh2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/digital-census/detailed-results|title=7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results Table-9 Population by sex, religion and rural/urban|website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=6 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TABLE 9 : POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS - 2023 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf}}</ref>
			|-
			!]
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			!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
			!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
			!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
			!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
			!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
			!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
			|-
			! ] ]
			| 1,712,221
			|{{Percentage | 1712221 | 2192415 | 2 }}
			| 1,989,630
			|{{Percentage | 1989630 | 2542976 | 2 }}
			| 2,318,180
			|{{Percentage | 2318180 | 3003711 | 2 }}
			| 2,609,337
			|{{Percentage | 2609337 | 3410223 | 2 }}
			| 2,822,756
			|{{Percentage | 2822756 | 3737223 | 2 }}
			| 2,562,700
			|{{Percentage | 2562700 | 3472508 | 2 }}
			| 3,017,377
			|{{Percentage | 3017377 | 4114253 | 2 }}
			| 3,462,015
			|{{Percentage | 3462015 | 4840795 | 2 }}
			| 5,535,645
			|{{Percentage | 5535645 | 6047748 | 2 }}
			| 27,796,814
			|{{Percentage | 27796814 | 30439893 | 2 }}
			| 43,234,107
			|{{Percentage | 43234107 | 47854510 | 2 }}
			| 50,126,428
			|{{Percentage | 50126428 | 55638409 | 2 }}
			|-
			! ] ]{{efn|name=SindhHindu|1872 census: Also includes ], ], ], and ]s (]).<br><br>1881 census: Also includes ] and ]s (]).<br><br>1891 census: Also includes ].<br><br>1901 census: Also includes ] and ]s (]).}}
			| 475,848
			|{{Percentage | 475848 | 2192415 | 2 }}
			| 544,848
			|{{Percentage | 544848 | 2542976 | 2 }}
			| 674,371
			|{{Percentage | 674371 | 3003711 | 2 }}
			| 787,683
			|{{Percentage | 787683 | 3410223 | 2 }}
			| 877,313
			|{{Percentage | 877313 | 3737223 | 2 }}
			| 876,629
			|{{Percentage | 876629 | 3472508 | 2 }}
			| 1,055,119
			|{{Percentage | 1055119 | 4114253 | 2 }}
			| 1,279,530
			|{{Percentage | 1279530 | 4840795 | 2 }}
			| 482,560
			|{{Percentage | 482560 | 6047748 | 2 }}
			| 2,280,842
			|{{Percentage | 2280842 | 30439893 | 2 }}
			| 4,176,986
			|{{Percentage | 4176986 | 47854510 | 2 }}
			| 4,901,407
			|{{Percentage | 4901407 | 55638409 | 2 }}
			|-
			! ] ]
			| 3,329
			|{{Percentage | 3329 | 2192415 | 2 }}
			| 6,082
			|{{Percentage | 6082 | 2542976 | 2 }}
			| 7,768
			|{{Percentage | 7768 | 3003711 | 2 }}
			| 7,825
			|{{Percentage | 7825 | 3410223 | 2 }}
			| 10,917
			|{{Percentage | 10917 | 3737223 | 2 }}
			| 11,734
			|{{Percentage | 11734 | 3472508 | 2 }}
			| 15,152
			|{{Percentage | 15152 | 4114253 | 2 }}
			| 20,304
			|{{Percentage | 20304 | 4840795 | 2 }}
			| 22,601
			|{{Percentage | 22601 | 6047748 | 2 }}
			| 294,885
			|{{Percentage | 294885 | 30439893 | 2 }}
			| 408,301
			|{{Percentage | 408301 | 47854510 | 2 }}
			| 546,968
			|{{Percentage | 546968 | 55638409 | 2 }}
			|-
			! ] ]
			| 810
			|{{Percentage | 810 | 2192415 | 2 }}
			| 1,063
			|{{Percentage | 1063 | 2542976 | 2 }}
			| 1,534
			|{{Percentage | 1534 | 3003711 | 2 }}
			| 2,000
			|{{Percentage | 2000 | 3410223 | 2 }}
			| 2,411
			|{{Percentage | 2411 | 3737223 | 2 }}
			| 2,913
			|{{Percentage | 2913 | 3472508 | 2 }}
			| 3,537
			|{{Percentage | 3537 | 4114253 | 2 }}
			| 3,841
			|{{Percentage | 3841 | 4840795 | 2 }}
			| 5,046
			|{{Percentage | 5046 | 6047748 | 2 }}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| 1,763
			|{{Percentage | 1763 | 55638409 | 3 }}
			|-
			! ] ]
			| 35
			|{{Percentage | 35 | 2192415 | 2 }}
			| 153
			|{{Percentage | 153 | 2542976 | 2 }}
			| 210
			|{{Percentage | 210 | 3003711 | 2 }}
			| 428
			|{{Percentage | 428 | 3410223 | 2 }}
			| 595
			|{{Percentage | 595 | 3737223 | 2 }}
			| 671
			|{{Percentage | 671 | 3472508 | 2 }}
			| 985
			|{{Percentage | 985 | 4114253 | 2 }}
			| 1,082
			|{{Percentage | 1082 | 4840795 | 2 }}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			|-
			! ] ]
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| 1,191
			|{{Percentage | 1191 | 2542976 | 2 }}
			| 923
			|{{Percentage | 923 | 3003711 | 2 }}
			| 921
			|{{Percentage | 921 | 3410223 | 2 }}
			| 1,349
			|{{Percentage | 1349 | 3737223 | 2 }}
			| 1,534
			|{{Percentage | 1534 | 3472508 | 2 }}
			| 1,144
			|{{Percentage | 1144 | 4114253 | 2 }}
			| 3,687
			|{{Percentage | 3687 | 4840795 | 2 }}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			|-
			! ] ]
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| 9
			|{{Percentage | 9 | 2542976 | 2 }}
			| 2
			|{{Percentage | 2 | 3003711 | 2 }}
			| 0
			|{{Percentage | 0 | 3410223 | 2 }}
			| 21
			|{{Percentage | 21 | 3737223 | 3 }}
			| 41
			|{{Percentage | 41 | 3472508 | 3 }}
			| 53
			|{{Percentage | 53 | 4114253 | 3 }}
			| 111
			|{{Percentage | 111 | 4840795 | 3 }}
			| 670
			|{{Percentage | 670 | 6047748 | 2 }}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			|-
			! ] ]
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| 720
			|{{Percentage | 720 | 3003711 | 2 }}
			| {{N/a}}{{efn|name=1901Census|1901 census: Enumerated as Hindus.}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| 12,339
			|{{Percentage | 12339 | 3737223 | 2 }}
			| 8,036
			|{{Percentage | 8036 | 3472508 | 2 }}
			| 19,172
			|{{Percentage | 19172 | 4114253 | 2 }}
			| 32,627
			|{{Percentage | 32627 | 4840795 | 2 }}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| 5,182
			|{{Percentage | 5182 | 55638409 | 2 }}
			|-
			! ]
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}{{efn|name=1901Census}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| 9,224
			|{{Percentage | 9224 | 3737223 | 2 }}
			| 8,186
			|{{Percentage | 8186 | 3472508 | 2 }}
			| 204
			|{{Percentage | 204 | 4114253 | 2 }}
			| 37,598
			|{{Percentage | 37598 | 4840795 | 2 }}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			|-
			! ] ]
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| {{N/a}}
			| 43,524
			|{{Percentage | 43524 | 30439893 | 2 }}
			| 21,661
			|{{Percentage | 21661 | 47854510 | 2 }}
			| 18,266
			|{{Percentage | 18266 | 55638409 | 2 }}
			|-
			! Others
			| 172
			|{{Percentage | 172 | 2192415 | 2 }}
			| 0
			|{{Percentage | 0 | 2542976 | 2 }}
			| 3
			|{{Percentage | 3 | 3003711 | 2 }}
			| 2,029
			|{{Percentage | 2029 | 3410223 | 2 }}
			| 298
			|{{Percentage | 298 | 3737223 | 2 }}
			| 64
			|{{Percentage | 64 | 3472508 | 3 }}
			| 1,510
			|{{Percentage | 1510 | 4114253 | 2 }}
			| 0
			|{{Percentage | 0 | 4840795 | 2 }}
			| 1,226
			|{{Percentage | 1226 | 6047748 | 2 }}
			| 23,828
			|{{Percentage | 23828 | 30439893 | 2 }}
			| 13,455
			|{{Percentage | 13455 | 47854510 | 2 }}
			| 38,395
			|{{Percentage | 38395 | 55638409 | 2 }}
			|- class="sortbottom"
			! Total Responses
			! 2,192,415
			!{{Percentage | 2192415 | 2322765 | 2 }}
			! 2,542,976
			!{{Percentage | 2542976 | 2542976 | 2 }}
			! 3,003,711
			!{{Percentage | 3003711 | 3003711 | 2 }}
			! 3,410,223
			!{{Percentage | 3410223 | 3410223 | 2 }}
			! 3,737,223
			!{{Percentage | 3737223 | 3737223 | 2 }}
			! 3,472,508
			!{{Percentage | 3472508 | 3472508 | 2 }}
			! 4,114,253
			!{{Percentage | 4114253 | 4114253 | 2 }}
			! 4,840,795
			!{{Percentage | 4840795 | 4840795 | 2 }}
			! 6,047,748
			!{{Percentage | 6047748 | 6054474 | 2 }}
			! 30,439,893
			!{{Percentage | 30439893 | 30439893 | 2 }}
			! 47,854,510
			!{{Percentage | 47854510 | 47854510 | 2 }}
			! 55,638,409
			!{{Percentage | 55638409 | 55696147 | 2 }}
			|- class="sortbottom"
			! Total Population
			! 2,322,765
			!{{Percentage | 2322765 | 2322765 | 2 }}
			! 2,542,976
			!{{Percentage | 2542976 | 2542976 | 2 }}
			! 3,003,711
			!{{Percentage | 3003711 | 3003711 | 2 }}
			! 3,410,223
			!{{Percentage | 3410223 | 3410223 | 2 }}
			! 3,737,223
			!{{Percentage | 3737223 | 3737223 | 2 }}
			! 3,472,508
			!{{Percentage | 3472508 | 3472508 | 2 }}
			! 4,114,253
			!{{Percentage | 4114253 | 4114253 | 2 }}
			! 4,840,795
			!{{Percentage | 4840795 | 4840795 | 2 }}
			! 6,054,474
			!{{Percentage | 6054474 | 6054474 | 2 }}
			! 30,439,893
			!{{Percentage | 30439893 | 30439893 | 2 }}
			! 47,854,510
			!{{Percentage | 47854510 | 47854510 | 2 }}
			! 55,696,147
			!{{Percentage | 55696147 | 55696147 | 2 }}
			|}
			</div>
			=== Languages ===
	The first challenge faced by the Government of Sindh was the settlement of Muslim refugees. Nearly 7 million Muslims from India migrated to Pakistan while nearly equal number of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan migrated to India. The Muslim refugees known as ] from India settled in most urban areas of Sindh. Sindh at the time of partition was home to a large number of ] who accounted for 27% of the total population of the province. They were more concentrated in the urban centres of the province and had a strong hold on the province's economy and business. Although the relations between the local ] and ] were good but with the arrival of Muslim refugees in the urban centres of the province, ] started to feel unsafe. This along with unstable future in a Muslim country and better opportunities in India made a large number of Sindhi Hindus to leave the province.
			{{Pie chart
			|caption = Languages of Sindh (2023)
			|label1 = ] |value1 = 60.14 |color1 = gold
			|label2 = ] |value2 = 22.3 |color2 = crimson
			|label3 = ] |value3 = 5.31 |color3 = royalblue
			|label4 = ] |value4 = 4.07 |color4 = saddlebrown
			|label5 = ] |value5 = 2.17 |color5 = goldenrod
			|label6 = ] |value6 = 1.64 |color6 = darkblue
			|label7 = ] |value7 = 1.49 |color7 = wheat
			|label8 = Others |value8 = 2.88 |color8 = grey
			}}
			According to the ], the most widely spoken language in the province is ], the first language of 33,462,299 {{sigfig|60.14|2}}% of the population. It is followed by ] 12,409,745 ({{sigfig|22.3|2}}%), ] 2,955,893 ({{sigfig|5.31|2}}%), ] 2,265,471 ({{sigfig|4.07|2}}%), ] 1,208,147 ({{sigfig|2.17|2}}%), ] 913,418 ({{sigfig|1.64|2}}%), and ] 830,581 ({{sigfig|1.49|2}}), Brahui 265,769, Mewati 57,059, Kashmiri 53,249, Balti 27,193, Shina 22,273, Koshistani 14,885, 777 Kalasha and others are 1,151,650,<ref>{{Cite web| title=Population by mother tongue, sex and rural/urban, census-2023 | url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/sindh/dcr/table_11.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723204859/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/sindh/dcr/table_11.pdf | archive-date=2024-07-23}}</ref>
	Sindh did not witness any massive level genocide as other parts of the Subcontinent (especially ]) did, comparatively there were few incidents of riots in ] and Hyderabad but over all situation remained peaceful mainly due to the efforts of the Chief Minister of Sindh Mr. ]. At present there are roughly 2.9 million Hindus in Sindh forming 7.5% of the total population of the province. Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan (i.e caste Hindus accounting for 86% of the total Hindu population of Pakistan as of 1998 census) are mainly into small to medium sized businesses. They are mainly traders, retailer/wholesalers, builders as well as into the fields of medical, engineering, law and financial services. However the scheduled caste ] (]) are in a poorer state with most of them as bonded labour in the rural areas of the province. Most of the Muslim refugees are settled in urban areas of Sindh especially in Karachi and Hyderabad.
			Other minority languages include ], ],<ref name="Rehman-2015">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/57104-with-a-handful-of-subberstwo-newspapers-barely-keeping-gujarati-alive-in-karachi|title=With a handful of subbers, two newspapers barely keeping Gujarati alive in Karachi|last=Rehman|first=Zia Ur|date=18 August 2015|work=The News International|access-date=13 January 2017|quote=In Pakistan, the majority of Gujarati-speaking communities are in Karachi including Dawoodi Bohras, Ismaili Khojas, Memons, Kathiawaris, Katchhis, Parsis (Zoroastrians) and Hindus, said Gul Hasan Kalmati, a researcher who authored "Karachi, Sindh Jee Marvi", a book discussing the city and its indigenous communities. Although there are no official statistics available, community leaders claim that there are three million Gujarati-speakers in Karachi&nbsp;–&nbsp;roughly around 15 percent of the city's entire population.}}</ref> ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web|editor-last1 = Eberhard| editor-first1 = David M.| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 =Fennig |editor-first3 = Charles D.| year=2019|title = Pakistan - Languages|website=]|edition=22nd|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PK/languages}}</ref>
	].]]
	Since ]'s Independence in 1947, Sindh has been the destination of a continuous stream of migration from South Asian countries like ], ], and ] as well as ] and ] immigrants from the ] and the ] Province of Pakistan to ]. This is due to the fact that ] is the economic magnet of Pakistan attracting people from all over Pakistan. Many native Sindhis resent this influx. Nonetheless, traditional Sindhi families remain prominent in Pakistani politics, especially the ], ] and ] dynasties. ], the Founder of Pakistan, was from ], Sindh but was a ].
			] city is Sindh's most multiethnic city which hosts most of the province's Urdu-speaking population who form a plurality, along many other groups.<ref name="Merinews.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/political-and-ethnic-battles-turn-karachi-into-beirut-of-south-asia/15875445.shtml|title=Political and ethnic battles turn Karachi into Beirut of South Asia " Crescent|publisher=Merinews.com|access-date=2012-11-24|archive-date=30 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130080304/http://www.merinews.com/article/political-and-ethnic-battles-turn-karachi-into-beirut-of-south-asia/15875445.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>
	== Pakistan Resolution in the Sindh Assembly ==
	The Sindh assembly was the first British Indian legislature to pass the resolution in favour of Pakistan. ], an influential Sindhi activist, revolutionary and Sufi and one of the important leaders to the forefront of the provincial autonomy movement joined the Muslim League in 1938 and presented the Pakistan resolution in the Sindh Assembly. G. M. Syed can rightly be considered as the founder of Sindhi nationalism.
			== Geography and nature ==
	==Provincial government==
			]
	{{main|Government of Sindh}}
			] in ]]]
	The Provincial Assembly of Sindh is unicameral and consists of 168 seats of which 5% are reserved for non-Muslims and 17% for women. The provincial capital of Sindh is ].
			Sindh is in the western corner of South Asia, bordering the ] in the west. Geographically it is the third largest province of Pakistan, stretching about {{convert|579|km}} from north to south and {{convert|442|km}} (extreme) or {{convert|281|km}} (average) from east to west, with an area of {{convert|140915|km2|sqmi}} of Pakistani territory. Sindh is bounded by the ] to the east, the ] to the west and the ] and ] to the south. In the centre is a fertile plain along the ].
			Sindh is divided into three main geographical regions: ''Siro'' ("upper country"), aka Upper Sindh, which is above ]; ''Vicholo'' ("middle country"), or Middle Sindh, from Sehwan to ]; and ''Lāṟu'' ("sloping, descending country"), or Lower Sindh, mostly consisting of the ] below Hyderabad.<ref name="Haig 1894">{{cite book |last1=Haig |first1=Malcolm Robert |title=The Indus Delta Country: A Memoir, Chiefly on Its Ancient Geography and History |date=1894 |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. |location=London |page=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/indusdeltacount00haiggoog |access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref>
	==Politics==
	Sindh is a strong hold of ].
	] is the largest political party of Sindh. And Sindh is known as ]'s Home. Whereas ] (MQM) is the second largest political party of Sindh with concentration in the city ].
	There are many separatist parties as well in Sindh.
	== Districts ==		=== Flora ===
			] is among top 10 ] in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/dubai/queen-of-mangoes-sindhri-from-pakistan-in-uae|title=Queen of Mangoes: Sindhri from Pakistan now in UAE|last=Menon|first=Sunita|website=Khaleej Times|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref>]]
	There are 23 ] in Sindh, Pakistan.
			The province is mostly arid with scant vegetation except for the irrigated Indus Valley. The dwarf palm, ''Acacia rupestris'' (kher), and '']'' (]) trees are typical of the western hill region. In the Indus valley, the '']'' (babul) (babbur) is the most dominant and occurs in thick forests along the Indus banks. The '']'' (neem) (nim), ''Zizyphys vulgaris'' (bir) (ber), ''Tamarix orientalis'' (jujuba lai) and '']'' (kirir) are among the more common trees.
			Mango, date palms and the more recently introduced banana, guava, orange and ] are the typical fruit-bearing trees. The coastal strip and the creeks abound in semi-aquatic and aquatic plants and the inshore Indus delta islands have forests of ''Avicennia tomentosa'' (timmer) and '']'' (chaunir) trees. Water lilies grow in abundance in the numerous lakes and ponds, particularly in the lower Sindh region.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}
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	== Major cities ==		=== Fauna ===
	{{main|List of cities in Sindh}}		{{Main|Fauna of Sindh}}
			]
			Among the wild animals, the ] (sareh), ], wild sheep (] or gadh) and ] are found in the western rocky range. The ] is now rare and the ] extinct. The ] (large tiger cat or fishing cat) of the eastern desert region is also disappearing. ] occur in the lower rocky plains and in the eastern region, as do the ] (charakh), ], ], ], ] and ]. The Sindhi phekari, red lynx or Caracal cat, is found in some areas. Phartho (hog deer) and wild bear occur, particularly in the central inundation belt. There are bats, lizards and reptiles, including the cobra, lundi (viper) and the mysterious Sindh ] of the Thar region, which is supposed to suck the victim's breath in his sleep.
			Some unusual sightings of Asian cheetah occurred in 2003 near the ] border in ]. The rare ] finds Sindh's warm climate suitable to rest and mate. Unfortunately, it is hunted by locals and foreigners.
			Crocodiles are rare and inhabit only the backwaters of the Indus, eastern Nara channel and Karachi backwater. Besides a large variety of marine fish, the plumbeous dolphin, the beaked dolphin, rorqual or blue whale and skates frequent the seas along the Sindh coast. The Pallo (Sable fish), a marine fish, ascends the Indus annually from February to April to spawn. The ] is among the most endangered species in Pakistan and is found in the part of the Indus river in northern Sindh. ] and ] occur, particularly in the central inundation belt.
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			Although Sindh has a ] climate, through its coastal and riverine forests, its huge fresh water lakes and mountains and deserts, Sindh supports a large amount of varied wildlife. Due to the semi-arid ] the left out forests support an average population of jackals and snakes. The ] established by the Government of Pakistan in collaboration with many organizations such as ] and ] support a huge variety of animals and birds. The ] in the Kirthar range spreads over more than 3000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of desert, stunted tree forests and a lake. The KNP supports ], ] (urial) and ] along with the rare leopard. There are also occasional sightings of The Sindhi phekari, ped lynx or Caracal cat. There is a project to introduce ]s and ]s too in KNP near the huge Hub Dam Lake. Between July and November when the ] winds blow onshore from the ocean, giant ] turtles lay their eggs along the seaward side. The turtles are protected species. After the mothers lay and leave them buried under the sands the SWD and WWF officials take the eggs and protect them until they are hatched to keep them from predators.
	== Economy ==
	]
			=== Climate ===
	Endowed with coastal access, Sindh is the backbone of Pakistan's economy. It generates almost 80% of the total national tax revenue<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/12/02/ebr1.htm|title=http://www.dawn.com/2004/12/02/}}</ref> (86.8% in the last two years). The federal government, however, spends just 23% of the financial divisible pool there. The Sindh government considers the formula of financial resource distribution (the ]) to be unjust and solely population-denominated because of Punjab insistence. Sindh wants tax collection, poverty level and size of land to be a part of multiple criteria of the revenue distribution. But the fact remains that most business is done through Karachi - a major sea port and major revenue collection and banking centre. Because Karachi is a business hub, actual Sindh tax revenue is much higher than its official tax revenue.
			{{Main|Climate of Sindh}}
			]
			Sindh lies in a ] to ] region; it is hot in the summer and mild to warm in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above {{convert|46|°C|°F|abbr=on|lk=on}} between May and August, and the minimum average temperature of {{convert|2|°C|°F|abbr=on}} occurs during December and January in the northern and higher elevated regions. The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during July and August. The southwest monsoon wind begins in mid-February and continues until the end of September, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to January.
			Sindh lies between the two ]s—the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the northeast or retreating monsoon, deflected towards it by the ]—and escapes the influence of both. The region's scarcity of rainfall is compensated by the inundation of the Indus twice a year, caused by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the monsoon season.
	Sindh is a major centre of economic activity in Pakistan and has a highly diversified economy ranging from heavy industry and finance centred in and around Karachi to a substantial agricultural base along the ]. Pakistan's rapidly growing information technology sector (IT) is also centred in Karachi and manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics, and various other goods.
			Sindh is divided into three climatic regions: Siro (the upper region, centred on ]), Wicholo (the middle region, centred on ]), and Lar (the lower region, centred on ]). The ] passes through upper Sindh, where the air is generally very dry. Central Sindh's temperatures are generally lower than those of upper Sindh but higher than those of lower Sindh. Dry hot days and cool nights are typical during the summer. Central Sindh's maximum temperature typically reaches {{convert|43|-|44|C|F}}. Lower Sindh has a damper and humid maritime climate affected by the southwestern winds in summer and northeastern winds in winter, with lower ] than Central Sindh. Lower Sindh's maximum temperature reaches about {{convert|35|-|38|C|F}}. In the Kirthar range at {{convert|1800|m|ft|abbr=on}} and higher at ] and other peaks in ], temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief snowfall is received in the winters.
	Agriculture is very important in Sindh with ], ], ], ], ]s, and ]es as the most important crops. Sindh is the richest province in natural resources of gas, petrol, and coal.
	== Flora and Fauna ==		== Major cities ==
			{{Main|List of cities in Pakistan by population|List of cities in Sindh by population}}
	{| class="toccolours" align="right" style="margin:1em" padding="0.5em"
			{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; border: #999 solid 1px; text-align: lcenter; margin-bottom: 0; margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
	|+ ''Provincial symbols of Sindh''
	|-		|-
			! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| '''List of major cities in Sindh'''
	| '''Provincial animal'''
	| ] || ]
	|-		|-
			! style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| Rank
	| '''Provincial bird'''
			! style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| City
	| ] || ]
			! style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| District(s)
			! style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| Population
			! style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| Image
	|-		|-
			| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 1 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ], ], ], ], ], ], ]|| 21,910,352<ref name="Khan">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Mohammad Hussain |date=2021-12-20 |title=The tale of Benazirabad |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1664818 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>||]
	| '''Provincial tree'''
			|-
	| ] || ]
			| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 2 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 1,732,693 || ]
	|-
			|-
	| '''Provincial flower'''
			| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 3 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 499,900 || ]
	| ] || ]
			|-
			| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 4 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 490,508 ||]
			|-
			| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 5 ||align=left | ''']'''<ref name="Khan"/>|| align="left" | ] || 279,689 || ]
			|-
			| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 6 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 259,358 || ]
			|-
			| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 7 ||align=left | ''']''' ||align=left | ] || 233,916 || ]
			|-
			| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 8
			|]
			|]
			|195,437 || ]
			|-
			| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 9
			|''']'''
			|]
			|191,076 || ]
			|-
			| style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"| 10
			|]
			|]
			|183,181 || ]
			|-
			| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"| '''Source: Pakistan Census 2017'''<ref name=census>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk |title=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics – 6th Population and Housing Census |website=www.pbscensus.gov.pk |access-date=3 September 2017 |archive-date=15 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015113737/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
			|-
			| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"| '''This is a list of city proper populations and does not indicate metro populations.'''
	|}		|}
			== Government ==
	]
	]		=== Sindh province ===
			{{Main|Government of Sindh}}
			], the provincial animal<ref name="Faiza Ilyas">{{cite news|last1=Ilyas|first1=Faiza|title=Provincial mammal, bird notified|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/733088|access-date=3 November 2016|newspaper=]|date=10 July 2012}}</ref>]]
			], the provincial bird<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/12/14/city/karachi/%E2%80%98our-sindhi-symbols-%E2%80%93-ibex-black-partridge%E2%80%99/|title=Our Sindhi symbols – ibex, black partridge|author=Amar Guriro |date=14 December 2011 |website= Pakistan Today|access-date=6 September 2014}}</ref>]]
			], the provincial tree<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/978487/govt-declares-neem-provincial-tree|title=Govt declares Neem 'provincial tree'|date=15 April 2010 |website= Dawn|access-date=6 September 2014}}</ref>]]
			The ] is a ] and consists of 168 seats, of which 5% are reserved for non-Muslims and 17% for women. The provincial capital of Sindh is ]. The ] is led by ] who is directly elected by the ]; the ] serves as a ceremonial representative nominated and appointed by the ]. The administrative boss of the province who is in charge of the bureaucracy is the ], who is appointed by the ]. Most of the influential Sindhi tribes in the province are involved in ].
			In addition, Sindh's politics leans towards the ] and its political culture serves as a dominant place for the ] in the country.<ref name="Rug Pandits, Yasir">{{cite web|url=http://rugpundits.com/2012/11/05/areas-of-political-influence-in-pakistan-right-wing-vs-left-wing/|title=Areas of political influence in Pakistan: right-wing vs left-wing|date=5 November 2012|publisher=Rug Pandits, Yasir|location=Karachi, Sindh|last1=Sheikh|first1=Yasir|access-date=29 May 2015|archive-date=30 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530024013/http://rugpundits.com/2012/11/05/areas-of-political-influence-in-pakistan-right-wing-vs-left-wing/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The province's trend towards the ] (PPP) and away from the ] can be seen in nationwide ], in which Sindh is a stronghold of the PPP.<ref name="Rug Pandits, Yasir"/> The PML(N) has a limited support due to its ].<ref name="News International">{{cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-320383-PML-N-braving-silent-rebellion-in-Sindh-and-Karachi-leaderships|title=PML-N braving silent rebellion in Sindh and Karachi leaderships|date=2015-05-26|newspaper=News International|last1=Rehman|first1=Zia ur|access-date=29 May 2015|archive-date=29 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529001254/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-320383-PML-N-braving-silent-rebellion-in-Sindh-and-Karachi-leaderships|url-status=dead}}</ref>
	The province is mostly arid with scant vegetation except for the irrigated Indus Valley. The dwarf palm, ''Acacia Rupestris'' (kher), and '']'' (]) trees are typical of the western hill region. In the Indus valley, the '']'' (]) (]) is the most dominant and occurs in thick forests along the Indus banks. The '']'' (neem) (nim), '']'' (bir) (ber), '']'' (jujuba lai) and '']'' (kirir) are among the more common trees.
			In metropolitan cities such as ] and ], the ] (another party of the left with the support of ]) has a considerable vote bank and support.<ref name="Rug Pandits, Yasir"/> Minor leftist parties such as the ] also found support in rural areas of the province.<ref name="Tanqeed, Sodhar">{{cite web|url=http://www.tanqeed.org/2013/05/sindh-nationalists-and-electoral-alliance/|title=Turn Right: Sindhi Nationalism and Electoral Politics|publisher=Tanqeed, Sodhar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530033147/http://www.tanqeed.org/2013/05/sindh-nationalists-and-electoral-alliance/|archive-date=2015-05-30|url-status=dead|last1=Sodhar|first1=Muhammad Qasim|access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref>
	Mango, date palms, and the more recently introduced banana, guava, orange, and chiku are the typical fruit-bearing trees. The coastal strip and the creeks abound in semi-aquatic and aquatic plants, and the inshore Indus deltaic islands have forests of '']'' (timmer) and '']'' (chaunir) trees. Water lilies grow in abundance in the numerous lake and ponds, particularly in the lower Sindh region.
			=== Divisions ===
	Among the wild animals, the ''Sindh ibex'' (sareh), wild sheep (urial or gadh) and black bear are found in the western rocky range, where the ] is now rare. The pirrang (large tiger cat or fishing cat) of the eastern desert region is also disappearing. Deer occur in the lower rocky plains and in the eastern region, as do the striped ] (charakh), ], ], porcupine, common gray mongoose, and hedgehog. The Sindhi phekari, ] or ], is found in some areas. In the Kirthar national park of sind, there is a project to introduce tigers and Asian elephants .
			{{Main|Divisions of Sindh, Pakistan}}
			In 2008, after the public elections, the new government decided to restore the structure of Divisions of all provinces.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/26-Oct-2008/commissionerate-system-restored |title=Commissionerate system restored |date=26 October 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109092219/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/26-Oct-2008/Commissionerate-system-restored |archive-date=2010-01-09 }}</ref> In Sindh after the lapse of the Local Governments Bodies term in 2010 the Divisional Commissioners system was to be restored.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emoiz.com/commissioner-system-to-be-restored-soon-sindh-cm|title=502 Bad Gateway|website=www.emoiz.com|access-date=6 March 2017|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226145022/http://www.emoiz.com/win.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geo.tv/5-26-2009/42856.htm |title=Commissioner system to be restored soon: Durrani |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731171324/http://www.geo.tv/5-26-2009/42856.htm |archive-date=2012-07-31 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eproperty.pk/news/2009/07/31/sindh-commissioner-system-may-be-revived-today|title=Sindh: Commissioner system may be revived today|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=Nov 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124020701/http://eproperty.pk/news/2009/07/31/sindh-commissioner-system-may-be-revived-today|url-status=dead}}</ref>
	] (hog deer) and wild bear occur particularly in the central inundation belt. There are a variety of bats, lizards, and reptiles, including the cobra, lundi (viper), and the mysterious Sindh krait of the Thar region, which is supposed to suck the victim's breath in his sleep. Crocodiles are rare and inhabit only the backwaters of the Indus and the eastern Nara channel. Besides a large variety of marine fish, the plumbeous dolphin, the beaked dolphin, rorqual or blue whale, and a variety of skates frequent the seas along the Sind coast. The pallo (sable fish), though a marine fish, ascends the Indus annually from February to April to spawn.
			In July 2011, following excessive ] and after the political split between the ruling PPP and the majority party in Sindh, the MQM and after the resignation of the MQM Governor of Sindh, PPP and the Government of Sindh decided to restore the commissionerate system in the province. As a consequence, the five divisions of Sindh were restored – namely Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas and Larkana with their respective districts. Subsequently, a new division was added in Sindh, the Nawab Shah/Shaheed Benazirabad division.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/12-Jul-2011/commissioners-dcs-posted-in-sindh |title=Commissioners, DCs posted in Sindh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713092405/http://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/12-Jul-2011/Commissioners-DCs-posted-in-Sindh |first1=Ramzan |last1=Chandio |website=The Nation |date=July 12, 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-13 }}</ref>
	== Education ==
			Karachi district has been de-merged into its five original constituent districts: ], ], ], ] and ]. Recently Korangi has been upgraded to the status of the sixth district of Karachi. These six districts form the Karachi Division now.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/07/11/sindh-back-to-5-divisions-after-11-years/|title=Sindh back to 5 divisions after 11 years |website=Pakistan Today }}</ref> In 2020, the ] was created after splitting ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/21-Aug-2020/sindh-cabinet-approves-division-of-karachi-into-seven-districts|publisher=nation.com.pk|author=ABDULLAH ZAFAR|title=Sindh Cabinet approves division of Karachi into seven districts|date=21 August 2020|access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref> Currently the Sindh government is planning to divide the ] into Tharparkar and Chhachro districts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.24newshd.tv/28-Mar-2021/sindh-govt-to-divide-tharparkar-in-two-districts?version=amp|title=Sindh govt to divide Tharparkar in two districts|access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>
			=== Districts ===
	This is a chart of the education market of Sindh estimated<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_education/pop_education_rural_urban.html|title=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics}}</ref> by the government in 1998.
			{{Main|List of districts of Sindh}}
	{| class="wikitable"
			]
			{| class="wikitable sortable"
			|- style="background:#98fb98;"
			! Sr.&nbsp;No.
			! District
			! Headquarters
			! Area&nbsp;<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)
			! Population&nbsp;<br />(in 2017)
			! Density&nbsp;<br />(people/km<sup>2</sup>)
			! Division
	|-		|-
			|1
	! Qualification || Urban || Rural || Total || Enrollment Ratio (%)
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|6,470
			|align="right"|1,804,516
			|align="right"|279
			|align="right"|]
	|-		|-
			|2
	| — || '''14,839,862''' || '''15,600,031''' || '''30,439,893''' || —
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|8,034
			|align="right"|1,550,266
			|align="right"|193
			|align="right"|]
	|-		|-
			|3
	| Below Primary || 1,984,089 || 3,332,166 || 5,316,255 || 100.00
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|6,506
			|align="right"|1,647,239
			|align="right"|253
			|align="right"|]
	|-		|-
			|4
	| Primary || 3,503,691 || 5,687,771 || 9,191,462 || 82.53
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|1,022
			|align="right"|2,201,079
			|align="right"|2,155
			|align="right"|]
	|-		|-
			|5
	| Middle || 3,073,335 || 2,369,644 || 5,442,979 || 52.33
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|2,771
			|align="right"|1,006,297
			|align="right"|363
			|align="right"|]
	|-		|-
			|6
	| Matriculation || 2,847,769 || 2,227,684 || 5,075,453 || 34.45
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|11,250
			|align="right"|993,142
			|align="right"|88
			|align="right"|]
	|-		|-
			|7
	| Intermediate || 1,473,598 || 1,018,682 || 2,492,280 || 17.78
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|62
			|align="right"|2,972,639
			|align="right"|48,336
			|align="right"|]
	|-		|-
			|8
	| BA, BSc… degrees || 106,847 || 53,040 || 159,887 || 9.59
			|] (formerly Kandhkot)
			|]
			|align="right"|2,551
			|align="right"|1,089,169
			|align="right"|427
			|align="right"|]
	|-		|-
			|9
	| MA, MSc… degrees || 1,320,747 || 552,241 || 1,872,988 || 9.07
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|15,925
			|align="right"|2,405,523
			|align="right"|151
			|align="right"|]
	|-		|-
			|10
	| Diploma, Certificate… || 440,743 || 280,800 || 721,543 || 2.91
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|1,906
			|align="right"|1,524,391
			|align="right"|800
			|align="right"|]
	|-		|-
			|11
	| Other qualifications || 89,043 || 78,003 || 167,046 || 0.54
			|]
	|}
			|]
			|align="right"|1,459
	Major public and private institutes includes:
			|align="right"|769,349
			|align="right"|527
	{|
			|align="right"|]
	|- valign=top
			|-
			|12
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|3,319
			|align="right"|1,505,876
			|align="right"|454
			|align="right"|]
			|-
			|13
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|2,027
			|align="right"|1,612,373
			|align="right"|369
			|align="right"|]
			|-
			|14
			|] (formerly Nawabshah)
			|]
			|align="right"|4,618
			|align="right"|1,612,847
			|align="right"|349
			|align="right"|]
			|-
			|15
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|5,599
			|align="right"|1,341,042
			|align="right"|240
			|align="right"|]
			|-
			|16
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|10,259
			|align="right"|2,057,057
			|align="right"|200
			|align="right"|]
			|-
			|17
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|2,577
			|align="right"|1,231,481
			|align="right"|478
			|align="right"|]
			|-
			|18
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|5,216
			|align="right"|1,487,903
			|align="right"|285
			|align="right"|]
			|-
			|19
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|1,573
			|align="right"|836,887
			|align="right"|532
			|align="right"|]
			|-
			|20
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|1,814
			|align="right"|677,228
			|align="right"|373
			|align="right"|]
			|-
			|21
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|19,808
			|align="right"|1,649,661
			|align="right"|83
			|align="right"|]
			|-
			|22
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|7,705
			|align="right"|979,817
			|align="right"|127
			|align="right"|]
			|-
			|23
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|5,503
			|align="right"|1,073,146
			|align="right"|195
			|align="right"|]
			|-
			|24 (22)
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|8,699
			|align="right"|781,967
			|align="right"|90
			|align="right"|]
			|-
			|25 (7)
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|165
			|align="right"|2,909,921
			|align="right"|17,625
			|align="right"|]
			|-
			|26 (7)
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|85
			|align="right"|1,791,751
			|align="right"|21,079
			|align="right"|]
			|-
			|27 (7)
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|630
			|align="right"|3,914,757
			|align="right"|6,212
			|align="right"|]
			|-
			|28 (7)
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|95
			|align="right"|2,457,019
			|align="right"|25,918
			|align="right"|]
			|-
			|29 (7)
			|]
			|]
			|align="right"|2,635
			|align="right"|2,008,901
			|align="right"|762
			|align="right"|]
			|-
			|30 (7)
			|]
			|]
	|		|
			|align="right"|N/A
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	|		|
			|align="right"|]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
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	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	|}		|}
			=== Lower-level subdivisions ===
	There are six Cadet Colleges also. Admission to state run educational institutions in Pakistan is based on the provincial level. The other three provinces have a merit-based intraprovincial admission policy. Sindh is an exception to this general rule, where admissions are allowed on district domiciles of the candidates and their parents. This arrangement discriminates against meritorious students of Sindhi ethnic background, denying them admission to educational institutes and courses of their choice. Currently there is a lot of resentment of this admission policy. Sindhis are demanding intraprovincial merit-based admissions to state run educational institutes, similar to the one existing in other provinces. This will provide equal opportunities to all students of Sindh. Furthermore, the armed forces have also entered the education sector. They are funded by government and operate like private costly education providers.
			In Sindh, ]s are equivalent to the ]s used elsewhere in the country, ]s correspond with the ]s used elsewhere, tapas correspond with the ]s used in other provinces, and dehs are equivalent to the ]s used elsewhere.<ref name="Statistics 2008">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Tariq Shafiq |title=Pakistan 2008 Mouza Statistics |date=2009 |publisher=Government of Pakistan: Statistics Division - Agricultural Census Organization |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/aco/publications/pakistan-mouza-census2008/Write-up%20on%20Mouza%20Census%202008%20report.pdf |access-date=15 May 2021 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612105944/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/aco/publications/pakistan-mouza-census2008/Write-up%20on%20Mouza%20Census%202008%20report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
	== Arts and crafts ==		=== Towns and villages ===
			<!---♦♦♦ Only add a location to this list if they already have their own article on the English Misplaced Pages ♦♦♦--->
	The skill of the Sindhi craftsman continues to exhibit the 5000-year-old artistic tradition. The long span of time, punctuated by fresh and incessant waves of invaders and settlers, provided various exotic modes of arts which, with the passage of time, got naturalized on the soil. The perfected surface decorations of objects of everyday use - clay, metal, wood, stone or fabrics, with the floral and geometrical designs - can be traced back to the Muslim influence.
			<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			== Economy ==
	Though chiefly an agricultural and pastoral province, Sindh has a reputation for ], pottery, leatherwork, carpets, textiles, and silk cloth which, in design and finish, are matchless. The chief articles produced are blankets, coarse cotton cloth (soosi) camel fittings, metalwork, lacquered work, enamel, gold and silver embroidery. Hala is famous for pottery and tiles; Boobak for carpets; Nasirpur, Gambat and Thatta for cotton lungees and Khes. The earthenware of Johi, metal vessels of Shikarpur, relli, embroidery, and leather articles of Tharparkar, and lacquered work of Kandhkot are some of the other popular crafts.
			]
			{{Excerpt|Economy of Sindh}}
			]
			]
			]
			== Education ==
	The pre-historic finds from different archaeological sites such as ], engravings in various graveyards, and the architectural designs of ] and other tombs provide ample evidence of the people in their literary and musical traditions.
			]
			], Karachi]]
			{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
			|-
			! Year||Literacy rate
			|-
			|1972||60.77
			|-
			|1981||37.5%
			|-
			|1998||45.29%
			|-
			|2017||54.57%<ref>{{cite web |url=https://e.thenews.com.pk/pdf-data/Sailent-feature-census-2017.pdf |title=Salient Features of Final Results Census-2017 |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519073356/https://e.thenews.com.pk/pdf-data/Sailent-feature-census-2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
			|}
			The following is a chart of the education market of Sindh estimated by the government in 1998:<ref name="statpak">{{cite web|url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_education/pop_education_rural_urban.html |title=Population by Level of Education and Rural/Urban |publisher=Statistics Division: Ministry of Economic Affairs and Statistics. Government of Pakistan |access-date=2009-08-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720044627/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_education/pop_education_rural_urban.html |archive-date=July 20, 2009 }}</ref>
	Modern painting and calligraphy have also developed in recent times and some young trained men have taken up commercial art collections.
			{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
			|-
			! Qualification||Urban||Rural||Total||Enrollment ratio (%)
			|-
			|—||'''14,839,862'''||'''15,600,031'''||'''30,439,893'''||—
			|-
			|Below Primary||1,984,089||3,332,166||5,316,255||100.00
			|-
			|Primary||3,503,691||5,687,771||9,191,462||82.53
			|-
			|Middle||3,073,335||2,369,644||5,442,979||52.33
			|-
			|Matriculation||2,847,769||2,227,684||5,075,453||34.45
			|-
			|Intermediate||1,473,598||1,018,682||2,492,280||17.78
			|-
			|Diploma, Certificate...||1,320,747||552,241||1,872,988||9.59
			|-
			|BA, BSc... degrees||440,743||280,800||721,543||9.07
			|-
			|MA, MSc... degrees||106,847||53,040||159,887||2.91
			|-
			|Other qualifications||89,043||78,003||167,046||0.54
			|}
			Major public and private educational institutes in Sindh include:
	== Cultural heritage ==
	{{Main|Sindhi culture}}
	]
			{{Colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
	Sindh has a rich heritage of traditional handicraft that has evolved over the centuries. Perhaps the most professed exposition of Sindhi culture is in the handicrafts of ], a town some 30 kilometres from Hyderabad. Hala’s artisans are manufacturing high quality and impressively priced wooden handicrafts, textiles, paintings, handmade paper products, blue pottery, etc. Lacquered wood works known as Jandi, painting on wood, tiles, and pottery known as Kashi, hand woven textiles including ], ], and ] are synonymous with Sindhi culture preserved in Hala’s handicraft.
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* College of Digital Sciences
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* GBELS Dourai Mahar Taluka Daur Distt: Shaheed Benazirabad
			* ]
			* ]
			* Government College Hyderabad
			* ]
			* ]
			* Government Degree College Matiari
			* Government High School Ranipur
			* ]
			* Government Muslim Science College Hyderabad
			* ]
			* Greenwich University (Karachi)
			* ]
			* ]
			* Imperial Science College Nawabshah
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* Ojha Institute of Chest Diseases
			* PAF Institute of Aviation Technology
			* TES Public School, Daur
			* ]
			* ]
			* Pakistan Steel Cadet College
			* Peoples Medical College for Girls Nawabshah
			* PIA Training Centre Karachi
			* Provincial Institute of Teachers Education Nawabshah
			* Public School Hyderabad
			* ], Nawabshah
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
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			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* Superior College of Science Hyderabad
			* ]
			* ]
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			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			{{Colend}}
			== Culture ==
	The artisans of Hala rarely get the justified price of their labour. The middlemen have been exploiting the artisans for decades selling the handicrafts at exorbitant profit margins at tourist hot spots of Karachi Lahore and Islamabad and even abroad. There is a dire need of patronizing the handicraft cluster of Hala, provide the artisans a platform to sell their products in cities and export markets so as to enable them earn handsome amount of their produced goods.
			{{Main|Sindhi culture}}
			]
	The ] (SMEDA) is planning to set up an organization of artisans to empower the community. SMEDA is also publishing a directory of the artisans so that exporters can directly contact them. Hala is the home of a remarkable variety of traditional crafts and traditional handicrafts that carry with them centuries of skill that has woven magic into the motifs and designs used.
			]]]
			The rich culture, art and architectural landscape of Sindh have fascinated historians. The culture, folktales, art and music of Sindh form a mosaic of human history.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/610452/spotlighting-sindh-exhibit-provides-peek-into-provinces-rich-culture/|title=Spotlighting: Sindh Exhibit provides peek into province's rich culture – The Express Tribune|date=2013-09-28|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=2017-03-30|language=en-US}}</ref>
	The diverse Sindhi cultures, lifestyles, traditions as well as geographical conditions have influenced Sindhi art, and for over a century handicrafts have been a source of pride and a livelihood for the people of Hala. Kashi woodwork and other products made by the artisan community of Hala have established a position in the domestic and international markets. Jandi woodwork of Hala gives a glimpse of the richness of Pakistani culture and tradition has been followed through generations.
	Sindh is known the world over for its various handicrafts and arts. The work of Sindhi artisans was sold in ancient markets of Armenia, Baghdad, Basra, Istanbul, Cairo and Samarkand. Referring to the lacquer work on wood locally known as Jandi, T. Posten an English traveller who visited Sindh in early 19th century said, the articles of Hala could be compared with exquisite specimens of China.
	] is famous all over the world due to its delicacy, durability and the natural beauty of the wood. Jandi is rendered on lamps, candle stands, flower vases, jewelry boxes, ]es, ash trays, pots, swings, cots, dressing tables, chairs & tables, bedroom sets, sofa sets, and telephone stands. The Jandi work also has its drawbacks. The persons associated with the business said that lacquer furniture and items have a long life but acid, alcohol, and oil will damage the colour. Moreover, direct sunshine and water can destroy the life of the products. Hala has also preserved the extraordinary traditional ceramic techniques.
	The village potters known as kumhaar across the South Asia are still producing exquisite earthenware in Hala. In Pakistan the finest examples of Kashi work are in the Sindh province. Kashi work consisted of two kinds: (a) Enamel-faced tiles and bricks of strongly fired red earthenware, or terracotta; (b) Enamel faced tiles and tesserae of lightly fired lime-mortar, or sandstone. Some authorities describe tile-mosaic work as the true Kashi.
	Hala’s apparel tradition is one of the world’s oldest with handlooms and power looms dating back to the Indus valley civilization. The hand-spun and hand-woven cloth called "Khadi" was being exported to various countries since time immemorial.
	Since Khadi deals in natural fibres viz. cotton, silk and wool only, spun and woven in natural environment, it can boast of being 100% natural, unlike handloom and mills which receive cotton yarn, blended with some regenerated cellulose fibres. Khadi cloth has found its place in haute couture and on the ramps of most eminent fashion devas.
	Over a period of time cotton was mixed with silk to create Mashru, a double layered material with a thick cotton base and a silken warp woven in satin weave, a purely Indian innovation. It was woven specially for the ladies. In the Susi weave the cotton weft lay against the skin; hence it was permissible to wear it. In the ], it is mentioned that Susi, a reputed silken fabric from Shush, a town in Persia, was originally brought to the Deccan via Alexandria during the 11th century. Susi lost its silken character somewhere along the line and reappeared as a cotton fabric in Lahore in the 1620’s. Susi later became synonymous with Sindh, the primary production centres being Hala and Hyderabad.
	Technological improvements were gradually introduced such as the spinning wheel ] and treadle ] in the weavers’ loom, to increase refinement in designing, dyeing and printing by block. Painting process amounted for a much higher volume of output. The refined, lightweight, colourful, washable fabrics from Hala became a luxury for people used to only woollens and linens of the age.
	] has been in Sindh since the birth of its civilization. Blue colour is dominantly used in Ajrak. Also, Sindh was traditionally a large producer of indigo and cotton cloth and both used to be exported to the Middle East. Ajrak is a mark of respect when it is given to an honoured quest, friend or woman. In Sindh, it is most commonly given as a gift at Eid, at weddings, or on other special occasions - like homecoming.
	Along with Ajrak the Rilli or patchwork sheet, is another Sindhi icon and part of the heritage and culture. Every Sindhi home will have set of Rillis - one for each member of the family and few spare for guests. Rilli is made with different small pieces of different geometrical shapes of cloths sewn together to create intricate designs.
			=== Cultural heritage ===
	] is also given as a gift to friends and visitors. It is used as a bedspread as well as a blanket. A beautifully sewn Rilli can also become part of a bride or grooms gifts.
			]
	Rural women in Sindh are skilful in producing Sindhi caps.
			]]]
			]
			The work of Sindhi artisans was sold in ancient markets of Damascus, Baghdad, Basra, Istanbul, Cairo and Samarkand. Referring to the lacquer work on wood locally known as Jandi, T. Posten (an English traveller who visited Sindh in the early 19th century) asserted that the articles of Hala could be compared with exquisite specimens of China. Technological improvements such as the spinning wheel (]) and treadle (pai-chah) in the weaver's loom were gradually introduced and the processes of designing, dyeing and printing by block were refined. The refined, lightweight, colourful, washable fabrics from Hala became a luxury for people used to the woollens and linens of the age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wishwebdesign.com/dgaewm/otherinfo/Cultural-Heritage/542/533|title=Cultural Heritage|website=wishwebdesign.com =|access-date=September 6, 2014|archive-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105234434/http://www.wishwebdesign.com/dgaewm/otherinfo/Cultural-Heritage/542/533|url-status=dead}}</ref>
			Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as the World Wildlife Fund, Pakistan, play an important role to promote the culture of Sindh. They provide training to women artisans in Sindh so they get a source of income. They promote their products under the name of "Crafts Forever". Many women in rural Sindh are skilled in the production of caps. Sindhi caps are manufactured commercially on a small scale at New Saeedabad and Hala New. Sindhi people began celebrating Sindhi Topi Day on 6 December 2009, to preserve the historical culture of Sindh by wearing Ajrak and Sindhi topi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/provinces/13+sindh+celebrates+first+ever+sindhi+topi+day-za-04|title=Sindh celebrates first ever 'Sindhi Topi Day'|access-date=6 December 2009|archive-date=8 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208224829/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/provinces/13+sindh+celebrates+first+ever+sindhi+topi+day-za-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
	Sindhi caps are manufactured commercially on a small scale at New Saeedabad and Hala New. These are in demand with visitors from Karachi and other places and these manufacturing units have very limited production due to lack of marketing facilities.
			]
	==The Sindhi Language==
	{{Main|Sindhi language}}
	Sindhī (Arabic script: سنڌي, Devanagari script: सिन्धी) is spoken by about 15 million people in the province of ]. The largest Sindhi-speaking city is ], Pakistan.
	It is an ], related to ] and other Indo-European languages prevalent in the region with substantial Arabic, Turkish and Persian loan words. In Pakistan it is written in a modified ].
	== Places of interest ==		== Tourism ==
			{{excerpt|Tourism in Sindh}}
	]
			<gallery class="center">
	]
			File:Sukkur bridge hdr.jpg|]
			File:Gorakh Hill Morning.jpg|], Dadu
			File:FaizMahal.jpg|], Khairpur
			File:Rani Kort Wall & Forte View.jpg|], one of the largest forts in the world Thana Bula Khan, Jamshoro
			File:PK Chaukhandi Necropolis near Karachi asv2020-02 img09.jpg|], Karachi
			File:Bhodesar temple, Nagarparkar.JPG|Remains of 9th century ] in Bhodesar, near ]
			File:Mohenjodaro Sindh.jpeg|Excavated ruins of ]
			File:PK Karachi asv2020-02 img11 Clifton Beach.jpg|Karachi Beach
			File:QASIM Fort.JPG|], Manora Island Karachi
			File:Detail of Kot Diji Fort.jpg|], Khairpur
			File:Bakirwarolake.jpg|Bakri Waro Lake, Khairpur
			File:PK Karachi asv2020-02 img32 National Museum.jpg|], Karachi
			File:PK Kirthar NP asv2020-02 img18.jpg|], Thano Bula Khan, Jamshoro
			File:Karoonjhar Mountains.jpg|], Tharparkar
			File:Shahjahan mosque.jpg|]
			File:Mausoleum of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai 05.jpg|Tomb of ], Matiari
			File:Keenjhar Lake view 1.jpg|]
			File:Shrine Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Sehwan Shareed, Pakistan.jpg|], Sehwan Sharif, Jamshoro
			File:Shrine Mian Noor Muhammed Abbassi.jpg|Tomb of Mian Noor Muhammad, Benazirabad
			</gallery>
			== CNIC Codes ==
	Sindh has numerous tourist sites with the most prominent being the ruins of ] near the city of ]. Islamic architecture is quite prominent in the province with the Jama Masjid in ] built by the ] emperor ] and numerous mausoleums dot the province including the very old ] mausoleum dedicated to the Iranian-born ] and the beautiful mausoleum of ] known as the '']'' in Karachi.
			* ] (41XXX)
	<table><tr><td valign=top>
			* ] (42101-42501)
	* Shrine of ] @ Bhit Shah.
			* ] (43XXX)
	* Shrine of ] @ Sehwan.
			* ] (44XXX)
	* Ruins of ] & Museum near Larkana.
			* ] + ] (45XXX)
	* ] near Sann.
	* Aror (ruins of historical city) near Sukkur.
	* Mazar-e-Quaid Karachi.
	* ] near ].
	* Sadhu Bela Temple near ].
	* Minar-e-Mir Masum Shah @ ].
	* Mohatta Palace Museum @ ].
	</td><td valign=top>
	* ] near Dadu.
	* ] @ ].
	* ] @ ].
	* ] @ ].
	* ] @ ].
	* ] near Hyderabad.
	* Talpurs' Faiz Mahal Palace, ].
	* Talpur Forts @ ]
	* Forts at Hyderabad. and ]
	</td></tr></table>
	== Places of historical interest ==
	]
	===Gorakh Hill===
	The Gorakh Hill is Highest Hill Point In Sindh among the Kerthar ]. Gorkah Hill Is located in North-west of District ] along with ] Border. Gorakh Hill is under Develop Project. You reach Gorkah Hill Top from Dadu City with 4x4 Vehicles, which are available from Dadu and Johi. Gorakh Hill Top is 93&nbsp;km From Dadu City, at the milestone of 17&nbsp;km you reach the small city of Johi which is the Taluka of District Dadu, and Starting Point Of ] Area and the milestone of 41&nbsp;km you reach the last small town Before Gorakh Hill Wahi pandi which is the settled in the lap of Kerthar ]. After Wahi Pandi the Road is Towered Slowly at the milestone of 53&nbsp;km you are Enter in Yaroo ] (Yaroo Sain Jo Luck) after Crossing Yaroo Pass {{convert|2500|ft|m|abbr=on}} Above See Laval and the journey continue in Mountains and at the milestone of 76&nbsp;km you reach the Base camp of another Highest Pass of ] Mountain Range it is Khanwal Pass the base camp is on elevation of {{convert|3000|ft|m|abbr=on}} and the Top of Khanwal pass on the Elevation of {{convert|5000|ft|m|abbr=on}} Above See Level. The Distance Between Khanwal Pass Base Camp To Khanwal Pass Top Is 4&nbsp;km. The 4&nbsp;km Journey is too zigzag. After reach the Top of Khanwal Pass Drive continue to Gorakh Hill Top which is the 13&nbsp;km. At the Top Of Gorakh Hill you can stay in Rest House or Camping at top Because the Gorakh Hill Is Under Development Sindh Govt. have some project Like Hotel, Restaurants, and a chair lift at Top.
	===Ranikot===
	It is the largest ] of its kind in the region and in the world, It is situated in the of the ] about 30&nbsp;km southwest of Sann, ] district of Sindh, approximately 90&nbsp;km north of ], in ]. It has an approximate diameter of 9&nbsp;km. Its walls are on the average 6 meters high and are made of ] and lime cut ] and its total circumference is about 29&nbsp;km of which 8&nbsp;km walls are man-made. While originally constructed for bow and arrow warfare it was later expanded to withstand firearms.
	=== Bhambore ===
	About 64&nbsp;km east of Karachi, on the National Highway, is an interesting archaeological site, ], originally the seaport of Debal where the young Arab warrior Mohammad Bin Qasim landed his armies in 711 AD. Three different periods in Sindh history coincide here: the Scytho-Parthians, the Hindu-Buddhist and the early Islamic. There is a museum and a rest house at the site.
	===Chaukundi Tombs===
	The ] are attributed to ] and ] tribes and were build between 15th and 18th centuries. It is situated 20&nbsp;km east of ].
	===Thatta===
	Once a famous center of learning, arts and commerce and provisional capital for about four centuries in the past, ] is situated 98&nbsp;km east of Karachi. Today, it is notable for the Jamia Masjid built by the Moghal Emperor Shah Jehan, and the ] Tombs (15th - 17th centuries), a vast necropolis spread over 15.5&nbsp;km², depicting exquisite specimens of architecture, stone carvings and glazed tile decorations.
	===Keenjhar Lake===
	Some 24&nbsp;km north of ], is the large man-made ], which is 30&nbsp;km long and 10&nbsp;km wide. The lake has facilities for ] and boating. PTDC motels offer food and accommodation.
	===Makli Hill or Makli Tombs===
	One of the largest ]es in the world, with a diameter of approximately 8 kilometers, the ] are supposed to be the burial place of some 125,000 ] saints. It is located on the outskirts of Thatta, the capital of lower ] until the seventeenth century, in what is the southeastern province of present-day Pakistan.
	===Kirthar National Park===
	Located about 48&nbsp;km from Karachi in the midst of the barren rocks of the Kirthar Range in ] district, near Thano Boola Khan is ]. Designed and planned with the help of the research and planning group of the ], the park is approved and recognized by international wildlife bodies. It is the last bastion of a wide variety of the region's wildlife that includes Sindh ibex, ], ], ], ] and ]. The ] Board plans tours and provides transport from ].
	===Hyderabad===
	Situated at about 164&nbsp;km northeast of ], ] was the capital of ] during the reign of the Talpur Mirs in the 18th and 19th centuries. Today, it is known for ](MUET) and ], Jamshoro; the provincial museum; the Institute of Sindhology and the Sindhi Adabi Board and also for colourful handicrafts such as glass bangles, glazed tiles, lacquered wood furniture, handloom cloth called 'soosi', block-printed 'Ajrak', leather shoes, etc. Historic monuments include old Mud Fort, Sheikh Makai Fort, Kalhoro Monuments, Talpur Monuments and ].
	===Mir Shahdad jo Qubo===
	Tomb of Mir Shahdad Talpur (who is regarded as one of the finest military commanders of Sindh) one of the historical heritages of Sindh is at Shahpur Chakar Distt: Sanghar. This is a graveyard of the family members of Mir Shahdad Talpur. Shahdadpur a big city of Province Sindh is named behind Mir Shahdad Talpur, whereas Shahpur Chakar is named behind his son Mir Chakar Talpur.yes
	===Hala===
	Hala is famous for its glazed pottery and enameled wood work. Situated on the National Highway about 56&nbsp;km from ], it is frequently visited by hundreds of devotees of Hazrat Makhdoom Noah (10th century Hijra), a contemporary of Mughal Emperor Akbar and a religious divine, who converted a large number of people of Islam and also translated the Quran into Persian which is one of its earliest Persian translations in South Asia.
	===Bhitshah===
	Situated at about 56&nbsp;km from Hyderabad on the National Highway, Bhitshah is the resting place of Sindh's renowned saint and mystic poet ] (1689 - 1752). He is remembered for the compendium of his poetry called 'Risalo', a treasure house of wisdom as well as romantic folklore and fine pottery. He also founded a musical tradition of his own which is still popular. Devotees sing with fervor and frenzy his love-intoxicated Kafis to the strains of ek-tara (single string instrument) mainly on the occasion of his "Urs" held every year between 13th and 15th of Safar, the second Islamic lunar month.
	===Sehwan Sharif===
	Situated on the right bank of River Indus at a distance of 135&nbsp;km from Hyderabad, Sehwan is an old town of pre-Islamic period. Here are the remains of Kafir-Qila, a fort reported to have been constructed by ]. Sehwan is famous for the resting place of the great mystic poet, saint and scholar Shaikh Usman Marvandvi (1117 - 1274), popularly known as Shahbaz Qalandar whose mausoleum is visited by thousands of the devotees throughout the year. During the Urs celebrations (18th Shahban - the eighth Islamic lunar month), devotees dance rhythmically and with total abandon to the beat of drums (Naqqara Dhamal), finally ending in a spiritual trance.
	===Manchar Lake===
	About 16&nbsp;km from Sehwan, ], the largest fresh water lake in Asia, is as old as the Indus River. Spread over 254&nbsp;km², it is a perfect spot for relaxing and the best location for duck-shooting during winter.
	===Daraza Sharif===
	], Khairpur]]
	Daraza Sharif, a small village, some 52&nbsp;km from Khairpur, is known for the tomb of Sachal Sarmast who was a great master of Islamic learning, lived a pious life and composed poetry in Sindhi, Seraiki, Persian and Urdu. Sachal Sarmast's Urs is celebrated on 14th of Ramzan (9th month of Islamic lunar calendar).
	===Kot Deji===
	Kot Deji is regarded as one of the world's most important archaeological sites, dating back to 3000 BC, older than Moen-jo-daro and Harappa. Excavations made in 1955 unearthed an astoundingly well-organized city with a citadel that testifies to its being the finest fortified town in South Asia.
	===Mohen-jo-Daro===
	About 563&nbsp;km from ] off the ] lie the world-famous ruins of ] (the Mound of the Dead), now being preserved with ]'s help. The museum at Moen-jo-Daro is unique and a visit takes you back centuries back when the location was a civilized city and a busy river Port. Air and train services from Karachi and an air-conditioned rest house have been built there.
	===Other places===
	Among other historical sites are ], ] (the birthplace of ]) and the legendary ] city of ] near ] in ]. Other interesting places include ], town of old beautiful mosques and one of the centers of ']'. On its outskirts lie the ruins of a Buddhist stupa. Nasarpur is famous for 'Khes', exquisite embroidery, decorative pottery, and wood work. It is also a holy place for the Hindu community.
	== Famous people ==
	Note: Regarding those personalities who were born before 1947 and lived until after independence, the criteria used for judging which list to put them under is when did this person first make a name for themselves, e.g., ].
	'''Historical personalities'''
	* ]
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	*Allama Faizi
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	*Makhdoom Muhammad Zaman Talibul Mola
	*Allama Hassan Zafar Naqvi
	*Allama Qoaqab Noorani
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	*Molana Ali Sher Haidtri
	*Dr Khalid Mehmood Soomro
	*Molana Mohammad Tahir Nakshbandi
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			{{Portal bar|Geography|Asia|Pakistan}}
	==Notes==		== Notes ==
	{{reflist}}		{{notelist}}
	== References ==		== References ==
			{{reflist}}
	* {{cite book|title=The Sindh Story|first=Kewal Ram|last=Malkani|authorlink=K. R. Malkani|publisher=Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|year=1984}}
			== Bibliography ==
	==External links==
	{{sisterlinks}}		{{refbegin|30em}}
			* {{cite book |last=Ansari |first=Sarah F.D. |year=1992 |title=Sufi saints and state power: the pirs of Sind, 1843–1947 |volume=50 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge |isbn=9780511563201}}
	{{portalpar|Pakistan}}
			* {{citation |last=Asif |first=Manan Ahmed |author-link=Manan Ahmed Asif |title=A Book of Conquest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4oxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 |year=2016 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-66011-3}}
	*
			* {{cite book |last=Brooke |first=John L.|title=Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9TSAgAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87164-8}}
	*
			* {{Cite book |last=Dani |first=A.H. |editor-last=Khuhro |editor-first=Hamida |title=Sind through the centuries : proceedings of an international seminar held in Karachi in Spring 1975 |chapter=Sindhu – Sauvira : A glimpse into the early history of Sind |location=Karachi |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577250-0 |date=1981 |pages=35–42}}
	*
			* {{cite book |last1=Eggermont |first1=Pierre Herman Leonard |title=Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia |date=1975 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=978-90-6186-037-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nG0_xoDS3hUC |language=en}}
	*
			* {{cite journal |display-authors=4 |vauthors=Giosan L, Clift PD, Macklin MG, Fuller DQ, Constantinescu S, Durcan JA, Stevens T, ((Duller GAT)), Tabrez AR, Gangal K, Adhikari R, Alizai A, Filip F, VanLaningham S, ((Syvitski JPM)) |title=Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=109 |issue=26 |year=2012 |pages=E1688–E1694 |issn=0027-8424 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1112743109 |pmid=22645375 |pmc=3387054 |bibcode=2012PNAS..109E1688G|doi-access=free }}
	*
			* {{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Kailash Chand |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |date=1974 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-8426-0738-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-xDAAAAIAAJ |language=en}}
	*
			* {{citation |first=Ayesha |last=Jalal |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA415 |date=4 January 2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-59937-0}}
	*
			* {{cite journal |last1=Madella |first1=Marco |last2=Fuller |first2=Dorian Q. |title=Palaeoecology and the Harappan Civilisation of South Asia: a reconsideration |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=25 |issue=11–12 |year=2006 |pages=1283–1301 |issn=0277-3791 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.012 |bibcode=2006QSRv...25.1283M }}
	*
			* {{Cite book |last=Malkani |first=Kewal Ram |title=The Sindh Story |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1984 |ref=none |author-link=K. R. Malkani}}
	* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Pakistan/Provinces/Sindh}}
			* {{cite book |last=Phiroze Vasunia |title=The Classics and Colonial India |date=16 May 2013 |publisher=] |isbn=978-01-9920-323-9}}
	* {{wikitravel|Sindh}}
			* {{cite journal |last1=Ponton |first1=Camilo |last2=Giosan |first2=Liviu |last3=Eglinton |first3=Tim I. |last4=Fuller |first4=Dorian Q. |last5=Johnson |first5=Joel E. |last6=Kumar |first6=Pushpendra |last7=Collett |first7=Tim S. |title=Holocene aridification of India |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=39 |issue=3 |year=2012 |at=L03704 |issn=0094-8276 |doi=10.1029/2011GL050722 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2012GeoRL..39.3704P |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1347997/1/2011GL050722.pdf |hdl=1912/5100 |hdl-access=free |display-authors=4 }}
			* {{cite book |last=Possehl|first=Gregory L. |author-link=Gregory Possehl |title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XVgeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 |year=2002 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-1642-9 }}
			* {{cite journal |last1=Rashid |first1=Harunur |last2=England |first2=Emily |last3=Thompson |first3=Lonnie |last4=Polyak |first4=Leonid |title=Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal |journal=Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences |volume=22 |issue=2 |year=2011 |pages=215–228 |doi=10.3319/TAO.2010.09.17.02(TibXS) |bibcode=2011TAOS...22..215R |doi-access=free |url=http://research.bpcrc.osu.edu/Icecore/publications/Rashid%20et%20al%20Terr%20Atmos%20Ocean%20Sci%202011v222p215.pdf |issn=1017-0839}}
			* {{cite book |last=Sikdar |first=Jogendra Chandra |date=1964 |title=Studies in the Bhagawatīsūtra |location=Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India |publisher=Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology & Ahimsa |pages=388–464}}
			* {{cite journal |last1=Staubwasser |first1=M. |last2=Sirocko|first2=F. |last3=Grootes |first3=P. M. |last4=Segl |first4=M. |title=Climate change at the 4.2 ka BP termination of the Indus valley civilization and Holocene south Asian monsoon variability |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=1425 |year=2003 |issn=0094-8276 |doi=10.1029/2002GL016822|bibcode=2003GeoRL..30.1425S |s2cid=129178112 }}
			* {{citation |last=Thorpe |first=Showick Thorpe Edgar |title=The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009, 1/e |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAo1X2eagywC |year=2009 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-2133-9}}
			* {{citation|last=Tripathi|first=Rama Shankar |title=History of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOVpOG6MPMcC&pg=PA337|year=1967|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0018-2}}
			* {{cite book |last=Wink |first=André |year=1991 |title=Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9004095098 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC}}
			* {{cite book |last=Wink |first=Andre |year=1996 |title=Al Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-09249-8}}
			{{refend}}
			== External links ==
	{{Administrative divisions of Pakistan}}
			{{Sister project links|voy=Sindh}}
			*
			* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531075317/http://www.sindh.gov.pk/ |date=31 May 2013 }}
			* Guide of {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405093443/http://dmoz.pk/Provinces/Sindh/ |date=5 April 2012 }}
			*
			{{Sindh topics}}
	{{Districts of Sindh}}		{{Districts of Sindh}}
			{{List of districts of Pakistan}}
			{{Administrative units of Pakistan}}
	{{Pakistan topics}}		{{Pakistan topics}}
			{{Authority control}}
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Latest revision as of 22:10, 27 December 2024

Province of Pakistan "Sind" redirects here. For other uses, see Sindh (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Sind State or Sind Province (1936–1955).

Province in Pakistan

Sindh سندھ سنڌ‎
Province
Province of Sindh
Mazar-e-QuaidAyub BridgeShrine of BhittaiRanikot FortMohenjo-daroShah Jahan Mosque
FlagSeal
Etymology: Sind
Nickname(s): Mehran (Gateway), Bab-ul-Islam (Gateway of Islam)
Location of Sindh in Pakistan
Coordinates: 26°21′N 68°51′E / 26.350°N 68.850°E / 26.350; 68.850
Country	Pakistan
Established	1 July 1972; 52 years ago (1 July 1972)
Before was	Part of West Pakistan
Capital and largest city	Karachi
Administrative Divisions	06 Hyderabad Division Karachi Division Larkana Division Mirpur Khas Division Sukkur Division Shaheed Benazirabad Division
Government
• Type	Self-governing province subject to the federal government
• Body	Government of Sindh
• Governor	Kamran Tessori
• Chief Minister	Murad Ali Shah
• Legislature	Provincial Assembly
• High Court	Sindh High Court
Area
• Total	140,914 km (54,407 sq mi)
• Rank	3rd
Elevation	173 m (568 ft)
Population
• Total	55,696,147
• Rank	2nd
• Density	395/km (1,020/sq mi)
Demonym	Sindhi
GDP (nominal)
• Total	$86 billion (2nd)
• Per Capita	$1,997 (3rd)
GDP (PPP)
• Total	$345 billion (2nd)
• Per Capita	$7,209 (3rd)
Time zone	UTC+05:00 (PKT)
ISO 3166 code	PK-SD
Languages	Official: English, Sindhi, Urdu
Notable sports teams	Sindh cricket team Karachi Kings Karachi United Hyderabad Hawks Karachi Dolphins Karachi Zebras
HDI (2021)	0.517 Low
Literacy rate (2020)	61.8%
Seats in National Assembly	75
Seats in Provincial Assembly	168
Divisions	6
Districts	30
Tehsils	138
Union Councils	1108
Website	sindh.gov.pk

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This article contains Sindhi text, written from right to left with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Sindhi script. This article contains Urdu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters running left to right or other symbols instead of Urdu script.

Sindh (/ˈsɪnd/ SIND; Sindhi: سِنْڌ‎; Urdu: سِنْدھ, pronounced [sɪndʱə]; abbr. SD, historically romanized as Sind) is a province of Pakistan. Located in the southeastern region of the country, Sindh is the third-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the second-largest province by population after Punjab. It is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Balochistan to the west and north-west and Punjab to the north. It shares an International border with the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east; it is also bounded by the Arabian Sea to the south. Sindh's landscape consists mostly of alluvial plains flanking the Indus River, the Thar Desert in the eastern portion of the province along the international border with India, and the Kirthar Mountains in the western portion of the province.

The economy of Sindh is the second largest in Pakistan after the province of Punjab; its provincial capital Karachi is the most populous city in the country as well as its main financial hub. Sindh is home to a large portion of Pakistan's industrial sector and contains two of the country's busiest commercial seaports: Port Qasim and the Port of Karachi. The remainder of Sindh consists of an agriculture-based economy and produces fruits, consumer items and vegetables for other parts of the country.

Sindh is sometimes referred to as the Bab-ul Islam (transl. 'Gateway of Islam'), as it was one of the first regions of the Indian subcontinent to fall under Islamic rule. The province is well known for its distinct culture, which is strongly influenced by Sufist Islam, an important marker of Sindhi identity for both Hindus and Muslims. Sindh is prominent for its history during the Bronze Age under the Indus Valley civilization, and is home to two UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites: the Makli Necropolis and Mohenjo-daro.

Etymology

The Greeks who conquered Sindh in 325 BCE under the command of Alexander the Great referred to the Indus River as Indós, hence the modern Indus. The ancient Iranians referred to everything east of the river Indus as hind. The word Sind is a Persian derivative of the Sanskrit term Sindhu, meaning "river," a reference to the Indus River.

Southworth suggests that the name Sindhu is in turn derived from Cintu, a Dravidian word for date palm, a tree commonly found in Sindh.

The previous spelling Sind (from the Perso-Arabic سند) was discontinued in 1988 by an amendment passed in the Sindh Assembly, and the name is now spelt Sindh.

History

Main article: History of Sindh

Ancient era

Mohenjo-daroThe "Priest King" sculpture is carved from steatite.The Pashupati sealThe Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-daroExcavated ruins of the Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro

Sindh and surrounding areas contain the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilization. There are remnants of thousand-year-old cities and structures, with a notable example in Sindh being that of Mohenjo Daro. Built around 2500 BCE, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus civilization, with features such as standardized bricks, street grids, and covered sewerage systems. It was one of the world's earliest major cities, contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Minoan Crete, and Caral-Supe. Mohenjo-daro was abandoned in the 19th century BCE as the Indus Valley Civilization declined, and the site was not rediscovered until the 1920s. Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980. The site is currently threatened by erosion and improper restoration. A gradual drying of the region during the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the initial stimulus for its urbanisation. Eventually it also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise and to disperse its population to the east.

During the Bronze Age, the territory of Sindh was known as Sindhu-Sauvīra, covering the lower Indus Valley, with its southern border being the Indian Ocean and its northern border being the Pañjāb around Multān. The capital of Sindhu-Sauvīra was named Roruka and Vītabhaya or Vītībhaya, and corresponds to the mediaeval Arohṛ and the modern-day Rohṛī. The Achaemenids conquered the region and established the satrapy of Hindush. The territory may have corresponded to the area covering the lower and central Indus basin (present day Sindh and the southern Punjab regions of Pakistan). Alternatively, some authors consider that Hindush may have been located in the Punjab area. These areas remained under Persian control until the invasion by Alexander.

Alexander conquered parts of Sindh after Punjab for few years and appointed his general Peithon as governor. He constructed a harbour at the city of Patala in Sindh. Chandragupta Maurya fought Alexander's successor in the east, Seleucus I Nicator, when the latter invaded. In a peace treaty, Seleucus ceded all territories west of the Indus River and offered a marriage, including a portion of Bactria, while Chandragupta granted Seleucus 500 elephants.

Following a century of Mauryan rule which ended by 180 BCE, the region came under the Indo-Greeks, followed by the Indo Scythians, who ruled with their capital at Minnagara. Later on, Sasanian rulers from the reign of Shapur I claimed control of the Sindh area in their inscriptions, known as Hind.

The local Rai dynasty emerged from Sindh and reigned for a period of 144 years, concurrent with the Huna invasions of North India. Aror was noted to be the capital. The Brahmin dynasty of Sindh succeeded the Rai dynasty. Most of the information about its existence comes from the Chach Nama, a historical account of the Chach-Brahmin dynasty. After the empire's fall in 712, though the empire had ended, its dynasty's members administered parts of Sindh under the Umayyad Caliphate's Caliphal province of Sind.

Medieval era

After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the Arab expansion towards the east reached the Sindh region beyond Persia. The connection between the Sindh and Islam was established by the initial Muslim invasions during the Rashidun Caliphate. Al-Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, who attacked Makran in the year 649 CE, was an early partisan of Ali ibn Abu Talib. During the caliphate of Ali, many Jats of Sindh had come under the influence of Shi'ism and some even participated in the Battle of Camel and died fighting for Ali. Under the Umayyads (661–750 CE), many Shias sought asylum in the region of Sindh, to live in relative peace in the remote area. Ziyad Hindi is one of those refugees. The first clash with the Hindu kings of Sindh took place in 636 (15 A.H.) under Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab with the governor of Bahrain, Uthman ibn Abu-al-Aas, dispatching naval expeditions against Thane and Bharuch and Debal. Al-Baladhuri states they were victorious at Debal but doesn't mention the results of other two raids. However, the Chach Nama states that the raid of Debal was defeated and its governor killed the leader of the raids. These raids were thought to be triggered by a later pirate attack on Umayyad ships. Baladhuri adds that this stopped any more incursions until the reign of Uthman.

In 712, Mohammed Bin Qasim defeated the Brahmin dynasty and annexed it to the Umayyad Caliphate. This marked the beginning of Islam in the Indian subcontinent. The Habbari dynasty ruled much of Greater Sindh, as a semi-independent emirate from 854 to 1024. Beginning with the rule of 'Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari in 854 CE, the region became semi-independent from the Abbasid Caliphate in 861, while continuing to nominally pledge allegiance to the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad. The Habbaris ruled Sindh until they were defeated by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi in 1026, who then went on to destroy the old Habbari capital of Mansura, and annex the region to the Ghaznavid Empire, thereby ending Arab rule of Sindh.

The Soomra dynasty was a local Sindhi Muslim dynasty that ruled between early 11th century and the 14th century. Later chroniclers like Ali ibn al-Athir (c. late 12th c.) and Ibn Khaldun (c. late 14th c.) attributed the fall of Habbarids to Mahmud of Ghazni, lending credence to the argument of Hafif being the last Habbarid. The Soomras appear to have established themselves as a regional power in this power vacuum. The Ghurids and Ghaznavids continued to rule parts of Sindh, across the eleventh and early twelfth century, alongside Soomrus. The precise delineations are not yet known but Sommrus were probably centered in lower Sindh. Some of them were adherents of Isma'ilism. One of their kings Shimuddin Chamisar had submitted to Iltutmish, the Sultan of Delhi, and was allowed to continue on as a vassal.

Makli NecropolisThe Makli Necropolis at Thatta is one of the largest funerary sites in the world.

The Sammas overthrew the Soomras soon after 1335 and established the Sindh Sultanate. The last Soomra ruler took shelter with the governor of Gujarat, under the protection of Muhammad bin Tughluq, the sultan of Delhi. Mohammad bin Tughlaq made an expedition against Sindh in 1351 and died at Sondha, possibly in an attempt to restore the Soomras. With this, the Sammas became independent. The next sultan, Firuz Shah Tughlaq attacked Sindh in 1365 and 1367, unsuccessfully, but with reinforcements from Delhi he later obtained Banbhiniyo's surrender. For a period the Sammas were therefore subject to Delhi again. Later, as the Sultanate of Delhi collapsed they became fully independent. Jam Unar was the founder of Samma dynasty mentioned by Ibn Battuta. The Samma civilization contributed significantly to the evolution of the Indo-Islamic architectural style. Thatta is famous for its necropolis, which covers 10 square km on the Makli Hill. It has left its mark in Sindh with magnificent structures including the Makli Necropolis of its royals in Thatta. They were later overthrown by the Turkic Arghuns in the late 15th century.

Modern era

Main article: Sind State

In the late 16th century, Sindh was brought into the Mughal Empire by Akbar, himself born in the Rajputana kingdom in Umerkot in Sindh. Mughal rule from their provincial capital of Thatta was to last in lower Sindh until the early 18th century, while upper Sindh was ruled by the indigenous Kalhora dynasty holding power, consolidating their rule from their capital of Khudabad, before shifting to Hyderabad from 1768 onwards.

The Talpurs succeeded the Kalhoras and four branches of the dynasty were established. One ruled lower Sindh from the city of Hyderabad, another ruled over upper Sindh from the city of Khairpur, a third ruled around the eastern city of Mirpur Khas, and a fourth was based in Tando Muhammad Khan. They were ethnically Baloch, and for most of their rule, they were subordinate to the Durrani Empire and were forced to pay tribute to them.

They ruled from 1783, until 1843, when they were in turn defeated by the British at the Battle of Miani and Battle of Dubbo. The northern Khairpur branch of the Talpur dynasty, however, continued to maintain a degree of sovereignty during British rule as the princely state of Khairpur, whose ruler elected to join the new Dominion of Pakistan in October 1947 as an autonomous region, before being fully amalgamated into West Pakistan in 1955.

British Raj

See also: Sind Province (1936–55)

The British conquered Sindh in 1843. General Charles Napier is said to have reported victory to the Governor General with a one-word telegram, namely "Peccavi" – or "I have sinned" (Latin). The British had two objectives in their rule of Sindh: the consolidation of British rule and the use of Sindh as a market for British products and a source of revenue and raw materials. With the appropriate infrastructure in place, the British hoped to utilise Sindh for its economic potential. The British incorporated Sindh, some years later after annexing it, into the Bombay Presidency. Distance from the provincial capital, Bombay, led to grievances that Sindh was neglected in contrast to other parts of the Presidency. The merger of Sindh into Punjab province was considered from time to time but was turned down because of British disagreement and Sindhi opposition, both from Muslims and Hindus, to being annexed to Punjab.

Later, desire for a separate administrative status for Sindh grew. At the annual session of the Indian National Congress in 1913, a Sindhi Hindu put forward the demand for Sindh's separation from the Bombay Presidency on the grounds of Sindh's unique cultural character. This reflected the desire of Sindh's predominantly Hindu commercial class to free itself from competing with the more powerful Bombay's business interests. Meanwhile, Sindhi politics was characterised in the 1920s by the growing importance of Karachi and the Khilafat Movement. A number of Sindhi pirs, descendants of Sufi saints who had proselytised in Sindh, joined the Khilafat Movement, which propagated the protection of the Ottoman Caliphate, and those pirs who did not join the movement found a decline in their following. The pirs generated huge support for the Khilafat cause in Sindh. Sindh came to be at the forefront of the Khilafat Movement.

Although Sindh had a cleaner record of communal harmony than other parts of India, the province's Muslim elite and emerging Muslim middle class demanded separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency as a safeguard for their own interests. In this campaign, local Sindhi Muslims identified 'Hindu' with Bombay instead of Sindh. Sindhi Hindus were seen as representing the interests of Bombay instead of the majority of Sindhi Muslims. Sindhi Hindus, for the most part, opposed the separation of Sindh from Bombay. Although Sindh had a culture of religious syncretism, communal harmony and tolerance due to Sindh's strong Sufi culture in which both Sindhi Muslims and Sindhi Hindus partook, both the Muslim landed elite, waderas, and the Hindu commercial elements, banias, collaborated in oppressing the predominantly Muslim peasantry of Sindh who were economically exploited. Sindhi Muslims eventually demanded the separation of Sindh from the Bombay Presidency, a move opposed by Sindhi Hindus.

In Sindh's first provincial election after its separation from Bombay in 1936, economic interests were an essential factor of politics informed by religious and cultural issues. Due to British policies, much land in Sindh was transferred from Muslim to Hindu hands over the decades. Religious tensions rose in Sindh over the Sukkur Manzilgah issue where Muslims and Hindus disputed over an abandoned mosque in proximity to an area sacred to Hindus. The Sindh Muslim League exploited the issue and agitated for the return of the mosque to Muslims. Consequentially, a thousand members of the Muslim League were imprisoned. Eventually, due to panic the government restored the mosque to Muslims. The separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency triggered Sindhi Muslim nationalists to support the Pakistan Movement. Even while the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province were ruled by parties hostile to the Muslim League, Sindh remained loyal to Jinnah. Although the prominent Sindhi Muslim nationalist G. M. Syed left the All India Muslim League in the mid-1940s and his relationship with Jinnah never improved, the overwhelming majority of Sindhi Muslims supported the creation of Pakistan, seeing in it their deliverance. Sindhi support for the Pakistan Movement arose from the desire of the Sindhi Muslim business class to drive out their Hindu competitors. The Muslim League's rise to becoming the party with the strongest support in Sindh was in large part linked to its winning over of the religious pir families. Although the Muslim League had previously fared poorly in the 1937 elections in Sindh, when local Sindhi Muslim parties won more seats, the Muslim League's cultivation of support from local pirs in 1946 helped it gain a foothold in the province, it didn't take long for the overwhelming majority of Sindhi Muslims to campaign for the creation of Pakistan.

Partition (1947)

In 1947, violence did not constitute a major part of the Sindhi partition experience, unlike in Punjab. There were very few incidents of violence on Sindh, in part due to the Sufi-influenced culture of religious tolerance and in part that Sindh was not divided and was instead made part of Pakistan in its entirety. Sindhi Hindus who left generally did so out of a fear of persecution, rather than persecution itself, because of the arrival of Muslim refugees from India. Sindhi Hindus differentiated between the local Sindhi Muslims and the migrant Muslims from India. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled to India by sea, to the ports of Bombay, Porbandar, Veraval and Okha.

Demographics

Demographic Indicators

Indicator	Value
Urban population	53.97%
Rural population	46.03%
Population growth rate	2.57%
Gender ratio (male per 100 female)	108.76
Economically active population	22.75% (Old Data)

Population

Population history

Year	Pop.	±%
1872	2,322,765	—
1881	2,542,976	+9.5%
1891	3,003,711	+18.1%
1901	3,410,223	+13.5%
1911	3,737,223	+9.6%
1921	3,472,508	−7.1%
1931	4,114,253	+18.5%
1941	4,840,795	+17.7%
1951	6,047,748	+24.9%
1961	8,367,065	+38.4%
1972	14,155,909	+69.2%
1981	19,028,666	+34.4%
1998	29,991,161	+57.6%
2017	47,854,510	+59.6%
2023	55,696,147	+16.4%
Source: Census in Pakistan, Census of British Raj

Sindh has the second highest Human Development Index out of all of Pakistan's provinces at 0.628. The 2023 Census of Pakistan indicated a population of 55.7 million.

Religion

See also: Sufism in Sindh and Hinduism in Sindh Province <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;<div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;

Religion in Sindh according to 2023 census

  Islam (90%)  Hinduism (8.8%)  Christianity (0.98%)  Ahmaddiya (0.03%)  Sikhism (0.01%)  Zoroastrianism (<0.01%)  Other (0.07%)

Islam in Sindh has a long history, starting with the capture of Sindh by Muhammad Bin Qasim in 712 CE. Over time, the majority of the population in Sindh converted to Islam, especially in rural areas. Today, Muslims make up 90% of the population, and are more dominant in urban than rural areas. Islam in Sindh has a strong Sufi ethos with numerous Muslim saints and mystics, such as the Sufi poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, having lived in Sindh historically. One popular legend that highlights the strong Sufi presence in Sindh is that 125,000 Sufi saints and mystics are buried on Makli Hill near Thatta. The development of Sufism in Sindh was similar to the development of Sufism in other parts of the Muslim world. In the 16th century two Sufi tareeqat (orders) – Qadria and Naqshbandia – were introduced in Sindh. Sufism continues to play an important role in the daily lives of Sindhis.

In 1941, the last census conducted prior to the partition of India, the total population of Sindh was 4,840,795 out of which 3,462,015 (71.5%) were Muslims, 1,279,530 (26.4%) were Hindus and the remaining were Tribals, Sikhs, Christians, Parsis, Jains, Jews, and Buddhists.

Sindh also has Pakistan's highest percentage of Hindus overall, accounting for 8.8% of the population, roughly around 4.9 million people, and 13.3% of the province's rural population as per 2023 Pakistani census report. These numbers also include the scheduled caste population, which stands at 1.7% of the total in Sindh (or 3.1% in rural areas), and is believed to have been under-reported, with some community members instead counted under the main Hindu category. Although, Pakistan Hindu Council claimed that there are 6,842,526 Hindus living in Sindh Province covering around 14.29% of the region's population. Umerkot district in the Thar Desert is Pakistan's only Hindu-majority district. The Shri Ramapir Temple in Tandoallahyar whose annual festival is the second largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan is in Sindh. Sindh is also the only province in Pakistan to have a separate law for governing Hindu marriages.

2020 community estimates indicated the Sikh population in Sindh stood at approximately 10,000 persons, while the 2023 census indicated a population of 5,182 Sikhs.

Religion in Sindh (1872−2023)

Religious group	1872		1881		1891		1901		1911		1921		1931		1941		1951		1998		2017		2023
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	1,712,221	78.1%	1,989,630	78.24%	2,318,180	77.18%	2,609,337	76.52%	2,822,756	75.53%	2,562,700	73.8%	3,017,377	73.34%	3,462,015	71.52%	5,535,645	91.53%	27,796,814	91.32%	43,234,107	90.34%	50,126,428	90.09%
Hinduism	475,848	21.7%	544,848	21.43%	674,371	22.45%	787,683	23.1%	877,313	23.47%	876,629	25.24%	1,055,119	25.65%	1,279,530	26.43%	482,560	7.98%	2,280,842	7.49%	4,176,986	8.73%	4,901,407	8.81%
Christianity	3,329	0.15%	6,082	0.24%	7,768	0.26%	7,825	0.23%	10,917	0.29%	11,734	0.34%	15,152	0.37%	20,304	0.42%	22,601	0.37%	294,885	0.97%	408,301	0.85%	546,968	0.98%
Zoroastrianism	810	0.04%	1,063	0.04%	1,534	0.05%	2,000	0.06%	2,411	0.06%	2,913	0.08%	3,537	0.09%	3,841	0.08%	5,046	0.08%	—	—	—	—	1,763	0.003%
Judaism	35	0%	153	0.01%	210	0.01%	428	0.01%	595	0.02%	671	0.02%	985	0.02%	1,082	0.02%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Jainism	—	—	1,191	0.05%	923	0.03%	921	0.03%	1,349	0.04%	1,534	0.04%	1,144	0.03%	3,687	0.08%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Buddhism	—	—	9	0%	2	0%	0	0%	21	0.001%	41	0.001%	53	0.001%	111	0.002%	670	0.01%	—	—	—	—	—	—
Sikhism	—	—	—	—	720	0.02%	—	—	12,339	0.33%	8,036	0.23%	19,172	0.47%	32,627	0.67%	—	—	—	—	—	—	5,182	0.01%
Tribal	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	9,224	0.25%	8,186	0.24%	204	0%	37,598	0.78%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Ahmadiyya	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	43,524	0.14%	21,661	0.05%	18,266	0.03%
Others	172	0.01%	0	0%	3	0%	2,029	0.06%	298	0.01%	64	0.002%	1,510	0.04%	0	0%	1,226	0.02%	23,828	0.08%	13,455	0.03%	38,395	0.07%
Total Responses	2,192,415	94.39%	2,542,976	100%	3,003,711	100%	3,410,223	100%	3,737,223	100%	3,472,508	100%	4,114,253	100%	4,840,795	100%	6,047,748	99.89%	30,439,893	100%	47,854,510	100%	55,638,409	99.9%
Total Population	2,322,765	100%	2,542,976	100%	3,003,711	100%	3,410,223	100%	3,737,223	100%	3,472,508	100%	4,114,253	100%	4,840,795	100%	6,054,474	100%	30,439,893	100%	47,854,510	100%	55,696,147	100%

Languages

Languages of Sindh (2023)

  Sindhi (60.14%)  Urdu (22.3%)  Pashto (5.31%)  Punjabi (4.07%)  Balochi (2.17%)  Saraiki (1.64%)  Hindko (1.49%)  Others (2.88%)

According to the 2023 census, the most widely spoken language in the province is Sindhi, the first language of 33,462,299 60% of the population. It is followed by Urdu 12,409,745 (22%), Pashto 2,955,893 (5.3%), Punjabi 2,265,471 (4.1%), Balochi 1,208,147 (2.2%), Saraiki 913,418 (1.6%), and Hindko 830,581 (1.5), Brahui 265,769, Mewati 57,059, Kashmiri 53,249, Balti 27,193, Shina 22,273, Koshistani 14,885, 777 Kalasha and others are 1,151,650, Other minority languages include Kutchi, Gujarati, Aer, Bagri, Bhaya, Brahui, Dhatki, Ghera, Goaria, Gurgula, Jadgali, Jandavra, Jogi, Kabutra, Kachi Koli, Parkari Koli, Wadiyari Koli, Loarki, Marwari, Sansi, and Vaghri.

Karachi city is Sindh's most multiethnic city which hosts most of the province's Urdu-speaking population who form a plurality, along many other groups.

Geography and nature

Sindh is in the western corner of South Asia, bordering the Iranian plateau in the west. Geographically it is the third largest province of Pakistan, stretching about 579 kilometres (360 mi) from north to south and 442 kilometres (275 mi) (extreme) or 281 kilometres (175 mi) (average) from east to west, with an area of 140,915 square kilometres (54,408 sq mi) of Pakistani territory. Sindh is bounded by the Thar Desert to the east, the Kirthar Mountains to the west and the Arabian Sea and Rann of Kutch to the south. In the centre is a fertile plain along the Indus River.

Sindh is divided into three main geographical regions: Siro ("upper country"), aka Upper Sindh, which is above Sehwan; Vicholo ("middle country"), or Middle Sindh, from Sehwan to Hyderabad; and Lāṟu ("sloping, descending country"), or Lower Sindh, mostly consisting of the Indus Delta below Hyderabad.

Flora

The province is mostly arid with scant vegetation except for the irrigated Indus Valley. The dwarf palm, Acacia rupestris (kher), and Tecomella undulata (lohirro) trees are typical of the western hill region. In the Indus valley, the Acacia nilotica (babul) (babbur) is the most dominant and occurs in thick forests along the Indus banks. The Azadirachta indica (neem) (nim), Zizyphys vulgaris (bir) (ber), Tamarix orientalis (jujuba lai) and Capparis aphylla (kirir) are among the more common trees.

Mango, date palms and the more recently introduced banana, guava, orange and chiku are the typical fruit-bearing trees. The coastal strip and the creeks abound in semi-aquatic and aquatic plants and the inshore Indus delta islands have forests of Avicennia tomentosa (timmer) and Ceriops candolleana (chaunir) trees. Water lilies grow in abundance in the numerous lakes and ponds, particularly in the lower Sindh region.

Fauna

Main article: Fauna of Sindh

Among the wild animals, the Sindh ibex (sareh), blackbuck, wild sheep (Urial or gadh) and wild bear are found in the western rocky range. The leopard is now rare and the Asiatic cheetah extinct. The Pirrang (large tiger cat or fishing cat) of the eastern desert region is also disappearing. Deer occur in the lower rocky plains and in the eastern region, as do the Striped hyena (charakh), jackal, fox, porcupine, common gray mongoose and hedgehog. The Sindhi phekari, red lynx or Caracal cat, is found in some areas. Phartho (hog deer) and wild bear occur, particularly in the central inundation belt. There are bats, lizards and reptiles, including the cobra, lundi (viper) and the mysterious Sindh krait of the Thar region, which is supposed to suck the victim's breath in his sleep. Some unusual sightings of Asian cheetah occurred in 2003 near the Balochistan border in Kirthar Mountains. The rare Houbara bustard finds Sindh's warm climate suitable to rest and mate. Unfortunately, it is hunted by locals and foreigners.

Crocodiles are rare and inhabit only the backwaters of the Indus, eastern Nara channel and Karachi backwater. Besides a large variety of marine fish, the plumbeous dolphin, the beaked dolphin, rorqual or blue whale and skates frequent the seas along the Sindh coast. The Pallo (Sable fish), a marine fish, ascends the Indus annually from February to April to spawn. The Indus river dolphin is among the most endangered species in Pakistan and is found in the part of the Indus river in northern Sindh. Hog deer and wild bear occur, particularly in the central inundation belt.

Although Sindh has a semi arid climate, through its coastal and riverine forests, its huge fresh water lakes and mountains and deserts, Sindh supports a large amount of varied wildlife. Due to the semi-arid climate of Sindh the left out forests support an average population of jackals and snakes. The national parks established by the Government of Pakistan in collaboration with many organizations such as World Wide Fund for Nature and Sindh Wildlife Department support a huge variety of animals and birds. The Kirthar National Park in the Kirthar range spreads over more than 3000 km of desert, stunted tree forests and a lake. The KNP supports Sindh ibex, wild sheep (urial) and black bear along with the rare leopard. There are also occasional sightings of The Sindhi phekari, ped lynx or Caracal cat. There is a project to introduce tigers and Asian elephants too in KNP near the huge Hub Dam Lake. Between July and November when the monsoon winds blow onshore from the ocean, giant olive ridley turtles lay their eggs along the seaward side. The turtles are protected species. After the mothers lay and leave them buried under the sands the SWD and WWF officials take the eggs and protect them until they are hatched to keep them from predators.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Sindh

Sindh lies in a tropical to subtropical region; it is hot in the summer and mild to warm in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above 46 °C (115 °F) between May and August, and the minimum average temperature of 2 °C (36 °F) occurs during December and January in the northern and higher elevated regions. The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during July and August. The southwest monsoon wind begins in mid-February and continues until the end of September, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to January.

Sindh lies between the two monsoons—the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the northeast or retreating monsoon, deflected towards it by the Himalayan mountains—and escapes the influence of both. The region's scarcity of rainfall is compensated by the inundation of the Indus twice a year, caused by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the monsoon season.

Sindh is divided into three climatic regions: Siro (the upper region, centred on Jacobabad), Wicholo (the middle region, centred on Hyderabad), and Lar (the lower region, centred on Karachi). The thermal equator passes through upper Sindh, where the air is generally very dry. Central Sindh's temperatures are generally lower than those of upper Sindh but higher than those of lower Sindh. Dry hot days and cool nights are typical during the summer. Central Sindh's maximum temperature typically reaches 43–44 °C (109–111 °F). Lower Sindh has a damper and humid maritime climate affected by the southwestern winds in summer and northeastern winds in winter, with lower rainfall than Central Sindh. Lower Sindh's maximum temperature reaches about 35–38 °C (95–100 °F). In the Kirthar range at 1,800 m (5,900 ft) and higher at Gorakh Hill and other peaks in Dadu District, temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief snowfall is received in the winters.

Major cities

Main articles: List of cities in Pakistan by population and List of cities in Sindh by population

List of major cities in Sindh
Rank	City	District(s)	Population	Image
1	Karachi	Nazimabad, Orangi, Gulshan, Korangi, Malir, Keamari, Karachi	21,910,352
2	Hyderabad	Hyderabad	1,732,693
3	Sukkur	Sukkur	499,900
4	Larkana	Larkana	490,508
5	Benazirabad	Shaheed Benazirabad	279,689
6	Kotri	Jamshoro	259,358
7	Mirpur Khas	Mirpur Khas	233,916
8	Shikarpur	Shikarpur	195,437
9	Jacobabad	Jacobabad	191,076
10	Khairpur	Khairpur	183,181
Source: Pakistan Census 2017
This is a list of city proper populations and does not indicate metro populations.

Government

Sindh province

Main article: Government of Sindh

The Provincial Assembly of Sindh is a unicameral and consists of 168 seats, of which 5% are reserved for non-Muslims and 17% for women. The provincial capital of Sindh is Karachi. The provincial government is led by Chief Minister who is directly elected by the popular and landslide votes; the Governor serves as a ceremonial representative nominated and appointed by the President of Pakistan. The administrative boss of the province who is in charge of the bureaucracy is the Chief Secretary Sindh, who is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Most of the influential Sindhi tribes in the province are involved in Pakistan's politics.

In addition, Sindh's politics leans towards the left-wing and its political culture serves as a dominant place for the left-wing spectrum in the country. The province's trend towards the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and away from the Pakistan Muslim League (N) can be seen in nationwide general elections, in which Sindh is a stronghold of the PPP. The PML(N) has a limited support due to its centre-right agenda.

In metropolitan cities such as Karachi and Hyderabad, the MQM (another party of the left with the support of Muhajirs) has a considerable vote bank and support. Minor leftist parties such as the People's Movement also found support in rural areas of the province.

Divisions

Main article: Divisions of Sindh, Pakistan

In 2008, after the public elections, the new government decided to restore the structure of Divisions of all provinces. In Sindh after the lapse of the Local Governments Bodies term in 2010 the Divisional Commissioners system was to be restored.

In July 2011, following excessive violence in the city of Karachi and after the political split between the ruling PPP and the majority party in Sindh, the MQM and after the resignation of the MQM Governor of Sindh, PPP and the Government of Sindh decided to restore the commissionerate system in the province. As a consequence, the five divisions of Sindh were restored – namely Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas and Larkana with their respective districts. Subsequently, a new division was added in Sindh, the Nawab Shah/Shaheed Benazirabad division.

Karachi district has been de-merged into its five original constituent districts: Karachi East, Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South and Malir. Recently Korangi has been upgraded to the status of the sixth district of Karachi. These six districts form the Karachi Division now. In 2020, the Kemari District was created after splitting Karachi West District. Currently the Sindh government is planning to divide the Tharparkar district into Tharparkar and Chhachro districts.

Districts

Main article: List of districts of Sindh

Sr. No.	District	Headquarters	Area  (km)	Population  (in 2017)	Density  (people/km)	Division
1	Badin	Badin	6,470	1,804,516	279	Hyderabad
2	Dadu	Dadu	8,034	1,550,266	193	Hyderabad
3	Ghotki	Ghotki	6,506	1,647,239	253	Sukkur
4	Hyderabad	Hyderabad	1,022	2,201,079	2,155	Hyderabad
5	Jacobabad	Jacobabad	2,771	1,006,297	363	Larkana
6	Jamshoro	Jamshoro	11,250	993,142	88	Hyderabad
7	Karachi Central	Karachi	62	2,972,639	48,336	Karachi
8	Kashmore (formerly Kandhkot)	Kashmore	2,551	1,089,169	427	Larkana
9	Khairpur	Khairpur	15,925	2,405,523	151	Sukkur
10	Larkana	Larkana	1,906	1,524,391	800	Larkana
11	Matiari	Matiari	1,459	769,349	527	Hyderabad
12	Mirpur Khas	Mirpur Khas	3,319	1,505,876	454	Mirpur Khas
13	Naushahro Feroze	Naushahro Feroze	2,027	1,612,373	369	Shaheed Benazir Abad
14	Shaheed Benazirabad (formerly Nawabshah)	Nawabshah	4,618	1,612,847	349	Shaheed Benazir Abad
15	Qambar Shahdadkot	Qambar	5,599	1,341,042	240	Larkana
16	Sanghar	Sanghar	10,259	2,057,057	200	Shaheed Benazir Abad
17	Shikarpur	Shikarpur	2,577	1,231,481	478	Larkana
18	Sukkur	Sukkur	5,216	1,487,903	285	Sukkur
19	Tando Allahyar	Tando Allahyar	1,573	836,887	532	Hyderabad
20	Tando Muhammad Khan	Tando Muhammad Khan	1,814	677,228	373	Hyderabad
21	Tharparkar	Mithi	19,808	1,649,661	83	Mirpur Khas
22	Thatta	Thatta	7,705	979,817	127	Hyderabad
23	Umerkot	Umerkot	5,503	1,073,146	195	Mirpur Khas
24 (22)	Sujawal	Sujawal	8,699	781,967	90	Hyderabad
25 (7)	Karachi East	Karachi	165	2,909,921	17,625	Karachi
26 (7)	Karachi South	Karachi	85	1,791,751	21,079	Karachi
27 (7)	Karachi West	Karachi	630	3,914,757	6,212	Karachi
28 (7)	Korangi	Korangi Town	95	2,457,019	25,918	Karachi
29 (7)	Malir	Malir Town	2,635	2,008,901	762	Karachi
30 (7)	Kemari	Karachi		N/A		Karachi

Lower-level subdivisions

In Sindh, talukas are equivalent to the tehsils used elsewhere in the country, supervisory tapas correspond with the kanungo circles used elsewhere, tapas correspond with the patwar circles used in other provinces, and dehs are equivalent to the mouzas used elsewhere.

Towns and villages

• Goth Bozo
• Kashmir Goth
• Khairo Bhatti

Economy

This section is an excerpt from Economy of Sindh.

The economy of Sindh is the 2nd largest of all the provinces in Pakistan. Much of Sindh's economy is influenced by the economy of Karachi, the largest city and economic capital of the country. Historically, Sindh's contribution to Pakistan's GDP has been between 30% and 32.7%. Its share in the service sector has ranged from 21% to 27.8% and in the agriculture sector from 21.4% to 27.7%. Performance-wise, its best sector is the manufacturing sector, where its share has ranged from 36.7% to 46.5%. Since 1972, Sindh's GDP has expanded by 3.6 times.

Endowed with coastal access, Sindh is a major centre of economic activity in Pakistan and has a highly diversified economy ranging from heavy industry and finance centred in and around Karachi to a substantial agricultural base along the Indus. Manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics, and various other goods.

Agriculture plays an important role in Sindh with cotton, rice, wheat, sugar cane, bananas, and mangoes as the most important crops. The largest and finer quality of rice is produced in Larkano district.

Sindh is the richest province in natural resources of gas, petrol, and coal. The Mari Gas field is the biggest producer of natural gas in the country, with companies like Mari Petroleum. Thar coalfield also includes a large lignite deposit.

Education

Year	Literacy rate
1972	60.77
1981	37.5%
1998	45.29%
2017	54.57%

The following is a chart of the education market of Sindh estimated by the government in 1998:

Qualification	Urban	Rural	Total	Enrollment ratio (%)
—	14,839,862	15,600,031	30,439,893	—
Below Primary	1,984,089	3,332,166	5,316,255	100.00
Primary	3,503,691	5,687,771	9,191,462	82.53
Middle	3,073,335	2,369,644	5,442,979	52.33
Matriculation	2,847,769	2,227,684	5,075,453	34.45
Intermediate	1,473,598	1,018,682	2,492,280	17.78
Diploma, Certificate...	1,320,747	552,241	1,872,988	9.59
BA, BSc... degrees	440,743	280,800	721,543	9.07
MA, MSc... degrees	106,847	53,040	159,887	2.91
Other qualifications	89,043	78,003	167,046	0.54

Major public and private educational institutes in Sindh include:

• Adamjee Government Science College
• Aga Khan University
• APIIT
• Applied Economics Research Centre
• Bahria University
• Baqai Medical University
• Chandka Medical College Larkana
• Cadet College Petaro
• College of Digital Sciences
• College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan
• COMMECS Institute of Business and Emerging Sciences
• D. J. Science College
• Dawood University of Engineering & Technology
• Defence Authority Degree College for Men
• Dow International Medical College
• Dow University of Health Sciences
• Fatima Jinnah Dental College
• Federal Urdu University
• GBELS Dourai Mahar Taluka Daur Distt: Shaheed Benazirabad
• Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur
• Government College for Men Nazimabad
• Government College Hyderabad
• Government College of Commerce & Economics
• Government College of Technology, Karachi
• Government Degree College Matiari
• Government High School Ranipur
• Government Islamia Science College Sukkur
• Government Muslim Science College Hyderabad
• Government National College (Karachi)
• Greenwich University (Karachi)
• Hamdard University
• Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry
• Imperial Science College Nawabshah
• Indus Valley Institute of Art and Architecture
• Institute of Business Administration, Karachi
• Institute of Business Administration, Sukkar
• Institute of Business Management
• Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering
• Institute of Sindhology
• Iqra University
• Islamia Science College (Karachi)
• Isra University Hyderabad
• Jinnah Medical & Dental College
• Jinnah Polytechnic Institute
• Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre
• Jinnah University for Women
• KANUPP Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering
• Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology
• Karachi School of Business and Leadership
• Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences
• Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
• Mohammad Ali Jinnah University
• National Academy of Performing Arts
• National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
• National University of Modern Languages
• National University of Sciences and Technology
• NED University of Engineering and Technology
• Ojha Institute of Chest Diseases
• PAF Institute of Aviation Technology
• TES Public School, Daur
• Pakistan Navy Engineering College
• Pakistan Shipowners' College
• Pakistan Steel Cadet College
• Peoples Medical College for Girls Nawabshah
• PIA Training Centre Karachi
• Provincial Institute of Teachers Education Nawabshah
• Public School Hyderabad
• Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah
• Rana Liaquat Ali Khan Government College of Home Economics
• Saint Patrick's College, Karachi
• Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai University
• Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical College
• Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology
• Sindh Agriculture University
• Sindh Medical College
• Superior College of Science Hyderabad
• Sindh Muslim Law College
• Sir Syed Government Girls College
• Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology
• St. Joseph's College
• Sukkur Institute of Science & Technology
• Textile Institute of Pakistan
• University of Karachi
• University of Sindh
• Usman Institute of Technology
• Ziauddin Medical University

Culture

Main article: Sindhi culture

The rich culture, art and architectural landscape of Sindh have fascinated historians. The culture, folktales, art and music of Sindh form a mosaic of human history.

Cultural heritage

The work of Sindhi artisans was sold in ancient markets of Damascus, Baghdad, Basra, Istanbul, Cairo and Samarkand. Referring to the lacquer work on wood locally known as Jandi, T. Posten (an English traveller who visited Sindh in the early 19th century) asserted that the articles of Hala could be compared with exquisite specimens of China. Technological improvements such as the spinning wheel (charkha) and treadle (pai-chah) in the weaver's loom were gradually introduced and the processes of designing, dyeing and printing by block were refined. The refined, lightweight, colourful, washable fabrics from Hala became a luxury for people used to the woollens and linens of the age.

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as the World Wildlife Fund, Pakistan, play an important role to promote the culture of Sindh. They provide training to women artisans in Sindh so they get a source of income. They promote their products under the name of "Crafts Forever". Many women in rural Sindh are skilled in the production of caps. Sindhi caps are manufactured commercially on a small scale at New Saeedabad and Hala New. Sindhi people began celebrating Sindhi Topi Day on 6 December 2009, to preserve the historical culture of Sindh by wearing Ajrak and Sindhi topi.

Tourism

This section is an excerpt from Tourism in Sindh.

Sindh is a province in Pakistan.

The province includes a number of important historical sites. The Indus Valley civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (mature period 2600–1900 BCE) which was centred mostly in the Sindh.Sindh has numerous tourist sites with the most prominent being the ruins of Mohenjo-daro near the city of Larkana. Islamic architecture is quite prominent as well as colonial and post-partition sites. Additionally natural sites, like Manchar Lake have increasingly been a source of sustainable tourism in the province.

• Sukkur Bridge
• Gorakh Hill Station, Dadu
• Faiz Mahal, Khairpur
• Ranikot Fort, one of the largest forts in the world Thana Bula Khan, Jamshoro
• Chaukhandi tombs, Karachi
• Remains of 9th century Jain temple in Bhodesar, near Nagarparkar
• Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro
• Karachi Beach
• Qasim fort, Manora Island Karachi
• Kot Diji, Khairpur
• Bakri Waro Lake, Khairpur
• National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi
• Kirthar National Park, Thano Bula Khan, Jamshoro
• Karoonjhar Mountains, Tharparkar
• Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta
• Tomb of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, Matiari
• Keenjhar Lake
• Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Sehwan Sharif, Jamshoro
• Tomb of Mian Noor Muhammad, Benazirabad

CNIC Codes

• Hyderabad Division (41XXX)
• Karachi Division (42101-42501)
• Larkana Division (43XXX)
• Mirpur Khas Division (44XXX)
• Sukkur Division + Shaheed Benazirabad Division (45XXX)

See also

• Arab Sind
• Bagh Prints
• Brahma from Mirpur-Khas
• Debal
• Institute of Sindhology
• List of cities in Sindh by population
• List of cultural heritage sites in Sindh
• List of medical schools in Sindh
• List of districts of Pakistan
• List of Sindhi people
• List of Sindhi tribes
• Mansura, Sindh
• Mohenjo-daro
• Provincial Highways of Sindh
• Sind Division
• Sindh cricket team
• Sindhi clothing
• Sindhu Kingdom
• Sufism in Sindh
• Tomb paintings of Sindh

Portals:

• Geography
• Asia
• Pakistan

Notes

1. ^ Sindh's contribution to national economy was 23.7%, or $345 billion (PPP) and $86 billion (nominal) in 2022.
2. Brooke (2014), p. 296. "The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure 111.3). The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are some-thing of an anomaly, in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defense and regional warfare. It would seem that the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had forged a condition of plenty for all, and that competitive energies were channeled into commerce rather than conflict. Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins of the urban Harappan societies, which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BCE. It now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium, at just the point that the Harappan cities began to develop. Thus it seems that this "first urbanisation" in South Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification. These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories, into the Punjab and the Ganges Valley....' 17 (footnote):
   (a) Giosan et al. (2012);
   (b) Ponton et al. (2012);
   (c) Rashid et al. (2011);
   (d) Madella & Fuller (2006);
   Compare with the very different interpretations in
   (e) Possehl (2002), pp. 237–245
   (f) Staubwasser et al. (2003)
3. ^ 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Dadu, Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1941 census data here:
4. ^ 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1931 census data here:
5. ^ 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1921 census data here:
6. ^ 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1911 census data here:
7. ^ 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1901 census data here:
8. ^ 1891 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1891 census data here:
9. ^ 1881 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1881 census data here:
10. ^ 1872 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. Religious affiliation was not enumerated in Khairpur. See 1872 census data here:
11. Including Federal Capital Territory (Karachi)
12. 1872 census: Also includes Tribals, Jains, Buddhists, and Nanakpanthis (Sikhs).
    
    1881 census: Also includes Tribals and Nanakpanthis (Sikhs).
    
    1891 census: Also includes Tribals.
    
    1901 census: Also includes Tribals and Nanakpanthis (Sikhs).
13. ^ 1901 census: Enumerated as Hindus.

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External links

• Sindh Transport Department official website
• Government of Sindh Archived 31 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
• Guide of Sindh Archived 5 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
• Map of the districts of Sindh

v t e Province of Sindh topics
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Geography	List of cities Districts List of talukas Climate (Karachi Hyderabad Nawabshah) Fauna Historical places Indus River Makran
Education	Education in Karachi Institute of Sindhology UoS UoK SMIU MUET JSMU LUMHS SAU Sindh Museum
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Sindhi websites	Sindhi Misplaced Pages Encyclopedia Sindhiana
Sindh tourism	Sindh Tourism Development Corporation

v t e Districts of Sindh
Provincial capital: Karachi
Hyderabad	Badin Sujawal Thatta Dadu Hyderabad Jamshoro Matiari Tando Allahyar Tando Muhammad Khan
Karachi	Karachi East Karachi South Karachi West Keamari Korangi Malir Nazimabad (Karachi Central)
Larkana	Jacobabad Kashmore Larkana Qambar Shahdadkot Shikarpur
Mirpur Khas	Mirpur Khas Tharparkar Umerkot
Shaheed Benazir Abad	Naushahro Feroze Sanghar Shaheed Benazir Abad
Sukkur	Ghotki Khairpur Sukkur

v t e List of Districts of Pakistan
Districts by Human Development Index
List of districts in Balochistan Qalat Awaran Kalat Khuzdar Lasbela Mastung Shaheed Sikandarabad Makran Gwadar Kech Panjgur Mand Nasirabad Jafarabad Jhal Magsi Kachhi Nasirabad Sohbatpur Quetta Killa Abdullah Pishin Quetta Sibi Dera Bugti Harnai Kohlu Lehri Sibi Ziarat Zhob Killa Saifullah Sherani Zhob Rakhshan Chagai Kharan Nushki Washuk Chaman Loralai Barkhan Duki Loralai Musakhel
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Districts of Sindh Hyderabad Badin Thatta Sujawal Dadu Hyderabad Jamshoro Matiari Tando Allahyar Tando Muhammad Khan Karachi Karachi Central Karachi East Karachi South Karachi West Korangi Malir Keamari Larkana Jacobabad Kashmore Larkana Qambar Shahdadkot Shikarpur Mirpur Khas Mirpur Khas Tharparkar Umerkot Sukkur Ghotki Khairpur Sukkur Shaheed Benazir Abad Naushahro Feroze Sanghar Shaheed Benazir Abad
Districts of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Mirpur Bhimber Kotli Mirpur Muzaffarabad Hattian Muzaffarabad Neelam Poonch Bagh Haveli Poonch Sudhanoti
Districts of Gilgit–Baltistan Baltistan Ghanche Kharmang Rondu Shigar Skardu Gilgit Ghizer Gilgit Gupis-Yasin Hunza Nagar Diamer Astore Darel Diamer Tangir
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v t e Provinces and administrative units of Pakistan
Provinces	Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh
Territories	Islamabad Capital Territory
Administrative regions	Azad Kashmir Gilgit-Baltistan
See also: Former administrative units of Pakistan

v t e Pakistan articles
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