Misplaced Pages

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Revision as of 00:55, 23 September 2014 view sourceChealer (talk | contribs)10,808 edits Governance: challenge Misplaced Pages being part of "the crowdsourcing movement". request clarifications about "Wiki-COmmons" and "trading status"← Previous edit Latest revision as of 23:02, 8 January 2025 view source Goszei (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Template editors86,921 edits serves no purpose 
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{{about|the Internet encyclopedia}} {{Short description|Free online crowdsourced encyclopedia}}
{{About|the online encyclopedia|Misplaced Pages's home page|Main Page|10=other uses|11=Misplaced Pages (disambiguation)|the primary English-language Misplaced Pages|English Misplaced Pages}}
{{Selfref|For Misplaced Pages's non-encyclopedic visitor introduction, see {{srlink|Misplaced Pages:About}}.}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2012}} {{Use American English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox website {{Infobox website
| name = Misplaced Pages | name = Misplaced Pages
| logo = ]<br />] | logo = ]<br />]
| logocaption = The ], a globe featuring ]s from several ], most of them meaning the letter ] or sound "wi" | logo_caption = The ], a globe featuring ]s from various ]s
| screenshot = ] | screenshot = Misplaced Pages Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border
| screenshot_alt = Misplaced Pages portal showing the different languages sorted by article count
| collapsible = yes
| caption = Main page of the English Misplaced Pages | caption = Misplaced Pages's desktop homepage
| collapsible = yes
| url = {{URL|https://www.wikipedia.org|wikipedia.org}}
| slogan = The free encyclopedia that anyone can edit | type = ]
| language_count = {{NUMBEROF|active|Misplaced Pages}}
| commercial = No
| headquarters = ], ], U.S.
| type = ]
| country_of_origin = United States
| registration = Optional<ref group=notes>Registration is required for certain tasks such as editing ]s, creating pages in the English Misplaced Pages, and uploading files.</ref>
| owner = ] (since 2003)
| language = 287 editions<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/aug/06/wikipedia-lila-tretikov-glasnost-freedom-of-information|title=Misplaced Pages boss Lila Tretikov: ‘Glasnost taught me much about freedom of information|first=Jemima|last=Kiss|first2=Samuel|last2=Gibbs|work=The Guardian|date=6 August 2014|accessdate=21 August 2014}}</ref>
| authors = {{Unbulleted list|]|]<ref name="autogenerated1" />}}
| num_users = 73,251 active editors <small>(May 2014)</small>,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaZZ.htm#editor_activity_levels|title=Misplaced Pages Statistics – Tables – Active wikipedians|publisher=Stats.wikimedia.org|date=|accessdate=2013-07-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724005049/https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaZZ.htm|archivedate=2014-07-24}}</ref> {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} total accounts.
| url = {{URL|https://wikipedia.org}}
| content license = {{nobr|] 3.0}}<br /><small>Most text also dual-licensed under ], media licensing varies.</small>
| commercial = No
| owner = ]
| registration = Optional{{efn|Registration is required for certain tasks, such as editing protected pages, creating pages on the English Misplaced Pages, and uploading files.}}
| author = ], ]<ref name="Sidener" />
| num_users = ] active editors{{efn|To be considered ], a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.}}<br />] registered users
| launch date = {{Start date and years ago|mf=yes|2001|1|15}}
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|p=yes|br=yes|2001|1|15}}
| alexa = {{steady}} 6 ({{as of|2014|7|23|alt=September 2014}})<ref name="Alexa siteinfo">{{cite web|url= http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org |title= wikipedia.org Site Overview | publisher= ] |accessdate= 2014-07-23 }}</ref><!--Updated monthly by OKBot.-->
| current status = Active | current_status = Active
| content_license = {{Nowrap|] 4.0}}<br />Most text is also dual-licensed under ]; media licensing varies
| programming_language = ] platform<ref>{{Cite web |title=Developer hub |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/Developer_hub |access-date=September 9, 2024 |website=MediaWiki |language=en}}</ref>
| oclc = 52075003
}} }}
'''Misplaced Pages'''{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|audio=En-uk-Misplaced Pages.ogg|ˌ|w|ɪ|k|ᵻ|ˈ|p|iː|d|i|ə}} {{respell|WIK|ih|PEE|dee|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Misplaced Pages.ogg|ˌ|w|ɪ|k|i|-}} {{respell|WIK|ee|PEE|dee|ə}}}} is a ] ] written and maintained by a community of ], known as ], through ] and the ] software ]. Misplaced Pages is the largest and most-read ] in history,<ref name="Wiki20">{{cite news |date=January 9, 2021 |title=Misplaced Pages is 20, and its reputation has never been higher |newspaper=] |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 25, 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210107163155/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher|archive-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite magazine |last=Anderson |first=Chris |date=May 8, 2006 |title=Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100 |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html|url-status=live |magazine=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001311/https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=November 11, 2017}}</ref> and is consistently ranked among the ten ]s; {{as of|2024|08|lc=y}}, it was ranked fourth by ],<ref>{{cite web |date=August 2024 |title=Most Visited Websites in Worldwide 2024 |url=https://www.semrush.com/trending-websites/global/all |access-date=September 14, 2024 |publisher=Semrush}}</ref> and seventh by ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most viewed website |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |publisher=Similarweb |access-date=September 14, 2024}}</ref> Founded by ] and ] on January 15, 2001, Misplaced Pages has been hosted since 2003 by the ], an American ] funded mainly by donations from readers.<ref name=WF10.23.23>{{cite web |title=7 reasons you should donate to Misplaced Pages |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |author=Seitz-Gruwell, Lisa |publisher=] |language=en-US |date=October 23, 2023|access-date=December 27, 2023|archive-date=December 27, 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231227155753/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/}}</ref>


Initially only available in English, Misplaced Pages now exists ]. The ], with over {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}|R}}/10^6 round1}}&nbsp;million articles, remains the largest of the editions, which together comprise more than {{spellnum per MOS|{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}}} articles and attract more than 1.5&nbsp;billion unique device visits and 13&nbsp;million edits per month (about 5{{nbsp}}edits per second on average) <!-- To calculate edits per second, I did the number of edits divided by the number of seconds in a month. If anyone finds this math incorrect, please fix it, I'm not a mathematician! --> {{as of|2024|04|lc=y}}.<!-- {{As of|2024|04|lc=y}} PLEASE UPDATE AS NEEDED --><ref name="Wikimedia_Stats" group="W">{{cite web |title=Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects|access-date=August 8, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=July 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711051858/https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2024|11|post=}}, over 25% of Misplaced Pages's ] was from the ], followed by ] at 6.2%, the ] at 5.6%, Russia at 5.0%, ] at 4.8%, and the remaining 53.3% split among other countries.{{update after|2025|06}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org/#geography |title=wikipedia.org |website=similarweb.com|access-date=November 14, 2024}}</ref>
'''Misplaced Pages''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-uk-Misplaced Pages.ogg|ˌ|w|ɪ|k|ɨ|ˈ|p|iː|d|i|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Misplaced Pages.ogg|ˌ|w|ɪ|k|i|ˈ|p|iː|d|i|ə}} {{respell|WIK|i|PEE|dee-ə}}) is a ], ] ], supported and hosted by the non-profit ]. Anyone who can access the site<ref name="anyone" /> can edit almost any of its articles. Misplaced Pages is the sixth-most popular website<ref name="Alexa siteinfo" /> and constitutes the ] largest and most popular general ].<ref name="Tancer" /><ref name="Woodson" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Press_Releases/2012/9/comScore_Media_Metrix_Ranks_Top_50_US_Web_Properties_for_August_201|title=comScore MMX Ranks Top 50 US Web Properties for August 2012|publisher=comScore|date=12 September 2012|accessdate=6 February 2013}}</ref> As of 2014, it has 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors each month.<ref name="small screen" />


Misplaced Pages has been praised for its enablement of the ], extent of coverage, unique structure, and culture. ] by some national governments, ranging from specific pages to the entire site.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Russia threatens to fine Misplaced Pages if it doesn't remove some details about the war |work=] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Although Misplaced Pages's volunteer editors have written extensively on a wide variety of topics, ] for ], such as a ] against women and ] against the ] (]).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Noor |first1=Poppy |title=Misplaced Pages biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |website=] |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=July 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |title=Misplaced Pages's view of the world is written by the west |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/15/wikipedia-view-of-the-world-is-still-written-by-the-west |website=The Guardian |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> While the ] was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise from the late 2010s onward<ref name="Wiki20" /><ref name="Econ21">{{Cite news |date=January 9, 2021 |title=Happy Birthday, Misplaced Pages |newspaper=] |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/01/09/happy-birthday-wikipedia|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101031816/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/01/09/happy-birthday-wikipedia|archive-date=January 1, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Last best">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Richard |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Misplaced Pages Is the Last Best Place on the Internet |magazine=] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> while becoming ].<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last1=Hughes |first1=Taylor |last2=Smith |first2=Jeff |last3=Leavitt |first3=Alex |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Helping People Better Assess the Stories They See in News Feed with the Context Button |url=https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111152311/https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/|archive-date=January 11, 2023|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=]}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> Articles on ] are often accessed as sources for frequently updated information about those events.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha Murphy |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Meet the Misplaced Pages editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001310/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= McNamee |first= Kai |date=September 15, 2022 |title= Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Misplaced Pages's race to cover the queen's death |work= ] |url= https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |url-status= live| access-date= January 22, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115033202/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |archive-date= January 15, 2023}}</ref>
] and ] launched Misplaced Pages on January 15, 2001. Sanger<ref name="MiliardWho" /> coined ],<ref name="J Sidener">{{cite news
| first = Jonathan
| last = Sidener
| title = Misplaced Pages family feud rooted in San Diego
| url = http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/tech/personaltech/20061009-9999-mz1b9wikiped.html
| publisher = ]
| date = October 9, 2006
| accessdate = 2009-05-05
}}</ref> a ] of '''''wiki''''' (from the ] ])<ref>"Wiki" in the Hawaiian Dictionary, revised and enlarged edition, University of Hawaii Press, 1986</ref> and ]. Although Misplaced Pages's content was initially only in English, it quickly became ], through the launch of versions in different languages. All versions of Misplaced Pages are similar, but important differences exist in content and in editing practices. The ] is now one of more than 200 Wikipedias, but remains the largest one, with {{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Size of Misplaced Pages|over {{#expr:0.1*floor ({{NUMBEROFARTICLES:R}}/100000)}} million}} articles.


== History ==
Misplaced Pages has earned a reputation as a news source because of its rapid updating of articles related to breaking news.<ref name="Dee" /><ref name="Lih" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wired.com/playbook/2012/08/how-wikipedia-won-olympic-gold|title=How Misplaced Pages Won Olympic Gold|author=Mossop, Brian|work=]|date=August 10, 2012|accessdate=2012-07-05}}</ref> In addition, Misplaced Pages's high openness compared to previous encyclopedias and its inclusion of much unacademic content have received extensive media attention.
{{Main|History of Misplaced Pages}}


=== Nupedia ===
Misplaced Pages's high openness has also led to some concerns, such as the quality of its writing,<ref name="https">{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Protection policy|Misplaced Pages:About – Misplaced Pages, the 💕}}. En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 2012-07-05.</ref> ] and the accuracy of its information.<ref name="MIT_IBM_study" /><ref name="CreatingDestroyingAndRestoringValue" /> However, while some articles contain unverified or inconsistent information,<ref name="DeathByWikipedia" /> a 2005 survey of Misplaced Pages published in '']'' based on a comparison of 42 science articles with '']'' found that Misplaced Pages's level of accuracy approached ''Encyclopædia Britannica{{`}}s'', and both had similar low rates of "serious errors".<ref name="GilesJ2005Internet" /> As of 2012, the English Misplaced Pages contained nearly four million articles, over thirty times as many as ''Britannica'' (about 120,000).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/mar/13/encyclopedia-britannica-halts-print-publication | title=Encyclopedia Britannica halts print publication after 244 years | work=The Guardian | date=13 March 2012 | accessdate=6 September 2014 | last=McCarthy |first=Tom}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}} {{Main|Nupedia}}
{{Multiple image
| footer = Misplaced Pages founders ] (left) and ] (right)
| width =
| image1 = Jimmy Wales - August 2019 (cropped).jpg
| width1 = 100
| image2 = L Sanger.jpg
| width2 = 116
}}
Various collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before the start of Misplaced Pages, but with limited success.<ref>{{cite web |last=Garber |first=Megan |date=October 12, 2011 |title=The contribution conundrum: Why did Misplaced Pages succeed while other encyclopedias failed? |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/|archive-date=February 10, 2023|access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=Nieman Lab}}</ref> Misplaced Pages began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process.<ref name="KockJungSyn2016">{{cite journal |last1=Kock |first1=Ned |last2=Jung |first2=Yusun |last3=Syn |first3=Thant|author1-link=Ned Kock |title=Misplaced Pages and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges |journal=] |date=2016 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 |url=https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |publisher=IGI Global |issn=1548-3681|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf|archive-date=September 27, 2016}}</ref> It was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of ], a ] company. Its main figures were Bomis CEO ] and ], editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Misplaced Pages.<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref name="Meyers" /> Nupedia was initially licensed under its own Nupedia ] License, but before Misplaced Pages was founded, Nupedia switched to the ] at the urging of ].<ref name="stallman1999" group="W" /> Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia,<ref name="SangerMemoir" /><ref name="Sanger" group="W" /> while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a ] to reach that goal.<ref name="WM foundation of WP 1" group="W">{{cite web |last=T. |first=Laura |date=October 30, 2001 |title=Misplaced Pages-l: LinkBacks? |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040038/https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikipedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/OTDFENO6REC46PN354TKFOJBA5BSXBUX/|archive-date=December 29, 2022|access-date=February 20, 2007}}</ref> On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.<ref name="nupedia feeder from WP 1" group="W">{{cite news |last=Sanger |first=Larry |date=January 10, 2001 |title=Let's Make a Wiki |publisher=] |url=https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|access-date=December 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|archive-date=April 14, 2003}}</ref>

=== Launch and growth ===
Misplaced Pages was launched on January 15, 2001<ref name="KockJungSyn2016" /> (referred to as '']'') as a single English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com,<ref name="WikipediaHome" group="W" /> and was announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.<ref name="SangerMemoir" /> The name originated from a ] of the words ''wiki'' and ''encyclopedia''.<ref name="MiliardWho" /><ref name="J Sidener" /> Its integral policy of "neutral point-of-view"<ref name="NPOV" group="W" /> was codified in its first few months. Otherwise, there were initially relatively few rules, and it operated independently of Nupedia.<ref name="SangerMemoir" /> Bomis originally intended for it to be a for-profit business.<ref name="Seth-Finkelstein">{{cite news |author=Finkelstein |first=Seth |date=September 25, 2008 |title=Read me first: Misplaced Pages isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says |work=] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet|url-status=live|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207170151/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet|archive-date=December 7, 2022}}</ref>

].}}]]

Misplaced Pages gained early contributors from Nupedia, '']'' postings, and web ] indexing. Language editions were created beginning in March 2001, with a total of 161 in use by the end of 2004.<ref group="W">{{Cite mailing list |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-March/000048.html |title=Alternative language wikipedias |date=March 16, 2001|mailing-list=Misplaced Pages-L |last=Wales |first=Jimmy|access-date=January 16, 2022|archive-date=June 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620120728/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-March/000048.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WP early language stats 1" group="W">]</ref> Nupedia and Misplaced Pages coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Misplaced Pages. The ] passed the mark of 2&nbsp;million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing the '']'' made in China during the ] in 1408, which had held the record for almost 600&nbsp;years.<ref name="EB_encyclopedia" />

Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control, users of the ] forked from Misplaced Pages to create {{lang|es|]|italic=no}} in February 2002.<ref name="EL fears and start 1" group="W">{{cite web |title= Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008 |url=https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |website=Osdir|access-date = December 26, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006065927/https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html|archive-date = October 6, 2008 }}</ref> Wales then announced that Misplaced Pages would not display advertisements, and changed Misplaced Pages's domain from ''wikipedia.com'' to ''wikipedia.org''.<ref name="Shirky" /><ref group="W">{{cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |date=August 16, 2002 |title=Brion VIBBER at pobox.com |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620071550/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html|archive-date=June 20, 2014|access-date=December 8, 2020 |website=]}}</ref>

After an early period of exponential growth,<ref name="wikisym slowing growth 1"/> the growth rate of the English Misplaced Pages in terms of the numbers of new articles and of editors, appears to have peaked around early 2007.<ref name="guardian WP user peak 1">{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Bobbie |date=August 12, 2009 |title=Misplaced Pages approaches its limits |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist|access-date=March 31, 2010|archive-date=December 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132759/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist+|url-status=live}}</ref> The edition reached 3&nbsp;million articles in August 2009. Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Misplaced Pages:Modelling Misplaced Pages extended growth |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Misplaced Pages, The 💕 |publisher=]|archive-date=August 26, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826234512/http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia%27s_growth|url-status=live}}</ref> A team at the ] attributed this slowing of growth to "increased coordination and overhead costs, exclusion of newcomers, and resistance to new edits".<ref name="wikisym slowing growth 1">{{Cite conference |last1=Suh |first1=Bongwon |last2=Convertino |first2=Gregorio |last3=Chi |first3=Ed H. |last4=Pirolli |first4=Peter |date=2009-10-25 |title=The singularity is not near: slowing growth of Misplaced Pages |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1641309.1641322 |conference=WikiSym '09: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration
|language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1145/1641309.1641322 |isbn=978-1-60558-730-1}}</ref><!-- ''Hidden while in discussion on the talk page'': New or occasional editors have significantly higher rates of their edits reverted (removed) than an elite group of regular editors, colloquially known as "the ]". This could make it more difficult for the project to recruit and retain new contributors over the long term, resulting in stagnation in article creation. --> Others suggest that the growth is flattening naturally because articles that could be called "]"—topics that clearly merit an article—have already been created and built up extensively.<ref name="bostonreview the end of WP 1">{{cite magazine |last=Morozov |first=Evgeny |date=November–December 2009 |title=Edit This Page; Is it the end of Misplaced Pages |url=https://bostonreview.net/books-ideas/edit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-morozov |magazine=Boston Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211050926/https://bostonreview.net/books-ideas/edit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-morozov|archive-date=December 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=March 28, 2009 |title=Misplaced Pages&nbsp;– Exploring Fact City |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html|url-access=limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430045029/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html|archive-date=April 30, 2011}}</ref><ref name="stanford WP lack of future growth 1">{{cite web |last1=Gibbons |first1=Austin |last2=Vetrano |first2=David |last3=Biancani |first3=Susan |year=2012 |title=Misplaced Pages: Nowhere to grow |url=https://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs341-2012/reports/09-GibbonsVetranoBiancaniCS341.pdf|url-status=live |publisher=Stanford Network Analysis Project|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718091331/https://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs341-2012/reports/09-GibbonsVetranoBiancaniCS341.pdf|archive-date=July 18, 2014}} {{open access}}</ref>

{{anchor|Decline in participation since 2009}}
In November 2009, a researcher at the ] in Madrid, Spain found that the English Misplaced Pages had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, it lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008.<ref name="guardian editors leaving 1">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors |title=Misplaced Pages falling victim to a war of words |work=The Guardian |location=London |first=Jenny |last=Kleeman |date=November 26, 2009|access-date = December 13, 2016|archive-date = December 26, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132806/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors+|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Ortega Soto |first=José Felipe |date=2009 |title=Misplaced Pages: A quantitative analysis |type=PhD thesis |publisher=Rey Juan Carlos University |url=https://burjcdigital.urjc.es/handle/10115/11239 |hdl=10115/11239|access-date=March 14, 2023|archive-date=March 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314135007/https://burjcdigital.urjc.es/handle/10115/11239|url-status=live}}</ref> '']'' cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fowler |first1=Geoffrey A. |last2=Angwin |first2=Julia |date=November 27, 2009 |title=Volunteers Log Off as Misplaced Pages Ages |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204041034/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969|archive-date=December 4, 2022|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=]}}</ref> Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the study's methodology.<ref name="telegraph Wales WP not losing editors 1">{{cite news |last=Barnett |first=Emma |date=November 26, 2009 |title=Misplaced Pages's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors |work=] |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 31, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109044012/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html|archive-date=November 9, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Two years later, in 2011, he acknowledged a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011. In the same interview, he also claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable".<ref name="wiki-women">{{cite news |last=Rawlinson |first=Kevin |date=August 8, 2011 |title=Misplaced Pages seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html|url-status=live|url-access=registration|access-date=April 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421150824/https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html|archive-date=April 21, 2022}}</ref> A 2013 '']'' article, "The Decline of Misplaced Pages", questioned this claim, reporting that since 2007 Misplaced Pages had lost a third of its volunteer editors, and suggesting that those remaining had focused increasingly on minutiae.<ref name="Simonite-2013">{{cite journal |last=Simonite |first=Tom |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |title=The Decline of Misplaced Pages |date=October 22, 2013 |journal=]|access-date = November 30, 2013|archive-date = July 31, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220731083716/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/|url-status = live}}</ref> In July 2012, '']'' reported that the number of administrators was also in decline.<ref>{{cite news |last=Meyer |first=Robinson |date=July 16, 2012 |title=3 Charts That Show How Misplaced Pages Is Running Out of Admins |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209095932/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829/|archive-date=December 9, 2022}}</ref> In the November 25, 2013, issue of '']'' magazine, Katherine Ward stated, "Misplaced Pages, the sixth-most-used website, is facing an internal crisis."<ref>Ward, Katherine. ''New York'' Magazine, issue of November 25, 2013, p. 18.</ref> The number of active English Misplaced Pages editors has since remained steady after a long period of decline.<ref>{{Cite news |last=F. |first=G. |date=May 5, 2013 |title=Who really runs Misplaced Pages? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/05/05/who-really-runs-wikipedia|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=November 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126151121/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/05/05/who-really-runs-wikipedia|archive-date=November 26, 2021 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandiberg |first=Michael |date=February 23, 2020 |title=Mapping Misplaced Pages |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023/|url-access=subscription|access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=The Atlantic|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115131524/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023|archive-date=November 15, 2021}}</ref>

=== Milestones ===
] showing number of articles in each language {{as of|2024|3|lc=y|post=.}} Languages with fewer than 1,000,000 articles are represented by one circle. Languages are grouped by region of continent and each region of continent is presented by a separate color.]]
In January 2007, Misplaced Pages first became one of the ten ] in the United States, according to ] Networks.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2007 |title=New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic |url=https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819190445/https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d|archive-date=August 19, 2021|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=] |page=3 |format=PDF}}</ref> With 42.9&nbsp;million unique visitors, it was ranked #9, surpassing '']'' (#10) and ] (#11).<ref name=":4" /> This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when Misplaced Pages ranked 33rd, with around 18.3&nbsp;million unique visitors.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Carlos Perez |first=Juan |date=February 17, 2007 |title=Misplaced Pages Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/129135/wikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html|url-status=dead |magazine=PCWorld|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319204141/http://www.pcworld.com/article/129135/wikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html|archive-date=March 19, 2012|access-date=March 26, 2021}}</ref> In 2014, it received 8&nbsp;billion page views every month.<ref group="W">{{cite web |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report&nbsp;– Misplaced Pages Page Views Per Country |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = March 8, 2015|archive-date = October 20, 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111020212633/http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm|url-status = live}}</ref> On February 9, 2014, '']'' reported that Misplaced Pages had 18&nbsp;billion ] and nearly 500&nbsp;million ] a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore".<ref name="small screen">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=February 9, 2014 |title=Misplaced Pages vs. the Small Screen |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109044012/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|archive-date=November 9, 2022}}</ref> {{as of|2023|March}}, it ranked 6th in popularity, according to ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Similarweb |title=Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/|access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=February 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/|url-status=live}}</ref> Loveland and Reagle argue that, in process, Misplaced Pages follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that have accumulated improvements piecemeal through "] accumulation".<ref name="sagepub WP and encyclopedic production 1">{{cite journal |first1=Jeff |last1=Loveland |first2=Joseph |last2=Reagle |date=January 15, 2013 |title=Misplaced Pages and encyclopedic production |journal=New Media & Society |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=1294 |doi=10.1177/1461444812470428 |s2cid=27886998|issn = 1461-4448}}</ref><ref name="theatlantic WP actually a reversion 1">{{cite web |last=Rosen |first=Rebecca J. |date=January 30, 2013 |title=What If the Great Misplaced Pages 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229051117/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697/|archive-date=December 29, 2022|access-date=February 9, 2013 |website=]}}</ref>

{{anchor|BlackoutProtest}}
On January 18, 2012, the English Misplaced Pages participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the ]—the ] (SOPA) and the ] (PIPA)—by ].<ref name="LA Times Jan 19">{{cite news |last=Netburn |first=Deborah |date=January 19, 2012 |title=Misplaced Pages: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress |work=] |url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/wikipedia-sopa-blackout-congressional-representatives.html|url-status=live|access-date=March 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114230228/https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/technology-blog/story/2012-01-19/wikipedia-sopa-protest-led-8-million-to-look-up-reps-in-congress|archive-date=November 14, 2022}}</ref> More than 162&nbsp;million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced its content.<ref name="BBC WP blackout protest 1">{{cite news |date=January 18, 2012 |title=Misplaced Pages joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16590585|url-status=live|access-date=January 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227191611/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-16590585|archive-date=December 27, 2022}}</ref><ref group="W">{{cite web |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/SOPA/Blackoutpage |title=SOPA/Blackoutpage |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = January 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622185443/https://wikimediafoundation.org/SOPA/Blackoutpage|archive-date = June 22, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In January 2013, ], an ], was named after Misplaced Pages;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Workman |first=Robert |date=January 5, 2013 |title=Asteroid Re-Named 'Misplaced Pages' |work=] |url=https://www.space.com/19643-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124023831/https://www.space.com/19643-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in October 2014, Misplaced Pages was honored with the '']'';<ref>{{Cite news |last=Katz |first=Leslie |date=October 27, 2014 |title=A Misplaced Pages monument? It's true (we're pretty sure) |work=] |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/a-wikipedia-monument-its-true-were-pretty-sure/|access-date=January 23, 2023|archive-date=January 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124023828/https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/a-wikipedia-monument-its-true-were-pretty-sure/|url-status=live}}</ref> and, in July 2015, 106 of the 7,473 700-page volumes of Misplaced Pages became available as ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=June 18, 2015 |title=You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Misplaced Pages for $500,000 |url=https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/|access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=VentureBeat|archive-date=October 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017154940/https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2019, an Israeli ], ], crash landed on the surface of the ] carrying a copy of nearly all of the English Misplaced Pages engraved on thin nickel plates; experts say the plates likely survived the crash.<ref name="WRD-20190805">{{cite news |last=Oberhaus |first=Daniel |date=August 5, 2019 |title=A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon |magazine=] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/|url-status=live|access-date=August 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224013530/https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/|archive-date=December 24, 2022}}</ref><ref name="VOX-20190806">{{cite news |last=Resnick |first=Brian |title=Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon&nbsp;– The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun. |url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission |date=August 6, 2019 |work=]|access-date=August 6, 2019|archive-date=November 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129050220/https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16&nbsp;GB of article text from the English Misplaced Pages had been encoded into ].<ref name="CNET-20190629">{{cite news |last=Shankland |first=Stephen |date=June 29, 2019 |title=Startup packs all 16&nbsp;GB of Misplaced Pages onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech&nbsp;– Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes. |work=] |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/|url-status=live|access-date=August 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229022241/https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/|archive-date=December 29, 2022}}</ref>

On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for '']'' indicated that not only had Misplaced Pages's growth stalled, it "had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year. There was a decline of about 2&nbsp;billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Misplaced Pages declined by twelve percent, those of German version slid by 17&nbsp;percent and the Japanese version lost 9&nbsp;percent."<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |last=Varma |first=Subodh |date=January 20, 2014 |title=Google eating into Misplaced Pages page views? |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms|url-status=live|access-date=February 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211043545/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms|archive-date=December 11, 2022}}</ref> Varma added, "While Misplaced Pages's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting, other experts feel that Google's ]s project launched last year may be gobbling up Misplaced Pages users."<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> When contacted on this matter, ], associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's ] said that he suspected much of the page-view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the search page, you don't need to click ."<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> By the end of December 2016, Misplaced Pages was ranked the fifth most popular website globally.<ref name="Alexa">{{cite web |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |title=Alexa Top 500 Global Sites |website=]|access-date = December 28, 2016|archive-date = February 3, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites|url-status = dead}}</ref> As of January 2023, 55,791 English Misplaced Pages articles have been cited 92,300 times in scholarly journals,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |title=Citations of Misplaced Pages as an Online Resource |publisher=exaly|access-date = November 4, 2022|archive-date = November 4, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org|url-status = live}}</ref> from which ] was the most cited page.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |title=Citations of Cloud Computing |publisher=exaly|access-date = November 4, 2022|archive-date = November 4, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/|url-status = live}}</ref>

On January 18, 2023, Misplaced Pages debuted a new website redesign, called "Vector 2022".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Pearl |first=Mike |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Yes, Misplaced Pages looks weird. Don't freak out. |url=https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012235/https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign|archive-date=January 20, 2023|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |author=Tech Desk |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Misplaced Pages gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/|access-date=January 22, 2023 |website=The Indian Express|archive-date=January 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119054103/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/|url-status=live}}</ref> It featured a redesigned ], moving the ] to the left as a ], and numerous changes in the locations of buttons like the language selection tool.<ref name=":3" /><ref group="W">{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Misplaced Pages Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront |work=] |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-date=January 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119234339/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/|url-status=live}}</ref> The update initially received backlash, most notably when editors of the ] unanimously voted to revert the changes.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rauwerda |first=Annie |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Misplaced Pages's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point. |url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Slate Magazine|archive-date=January 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


== Openness == == Openness ==
] ]
Unlike traditional encyclopedias, Misplaced Pages follows the procrastination principle regarding the security of its content;<ref>{{cite book|last=Zittrain|first=Jonathan|title=The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It&nbsp;– Chapter 6: The Lessons of Misplaced Pages|author-link=Jonathan Zittrain|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2008|url=http://yupnet.org/zittrain/archives/16|isbn=978-0-300-12487-3|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref> it started almost entirely open – anyone could create articles, and any Misplaced Pages article could be edited by any reader, even those who did not have a Misplaced Pages account. Modifications to all articles would immediately become available. As a result, all articles could contain inaccuracies, ideological biases, and nonsensical or irrelevant text until an editor would correct these issues. Unlike traditional encyclopedias, Misplaced Pages follows the ] principle regarding the security of its content, meaning that it waits until a problem arises to fix it.<ref name="zittrain">{{cite book |last=Zittrain |first=Jonathan |title=The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It&nbsp;– Chapter 6: The Lessons of Misplaced Pages|author-link = Jonathan Zittrain |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2008 |url=https://archive.org/details/futureofinternet00zitt |isbn=978-0-300-12487-3|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref>


=== Restrictions === === Restrictions ===
Over time, the English Misplaced Pages and some other Wikipedias gradually restricted modifications. For example, in the English Misplaced Pages and some other language editions, only registered users may create a new article.<ref>{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Tutorial/Registration|Registration notes}}</ref> On the English Misplaced Pages and some others, some particularly sensitive and/or vandalism-prone pages are now "protected" to some degree.<ref name="WP protection policy 1">{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Protection policy|Protection Policy}}</ref> A frequently vandalized article can be '']'', meaning that only certain editors are able to modify it.<ref>]</ref> A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only ] are able to make changes.<ref>{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Full protection|English Misplaced Pages's full protection policy}}</ref> Due to Misplaced Pages's increasing popularity, some editions, including the English version, have introduced editing restrictions for certain cases. For instance, on the English Misplaced Pages and some other language editions, only registered users may create a new article.<ref group="W">]</ref> On the English Misplaced Pages, among others, particularly controversial, sensitive, or vandalism-prone pages have been protected to varying degrees.<ref name="Misplaced Pages:Protection policy" group="W">]</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hafner |first1=Katie |date=June 17, 2006 |title=Growing Misplaced Pages Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=December 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212184025/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html|archive-date=December 12, 2022}}</ref> A frequently vandalized article can be "semi-protected" or "extended confirmed protected", meaning that only "autoconfirmed" or "extended confirmed" editors can modify it.<ref name="Misplaced Pages:Protection policy" group="W" /> A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only ] can make changes.<ref group="W">]</ref> A 2021 article in the '']'' identified Misplaced Pages's page-protection policies as "perhaps the most important" means at its disposal to "regulate its market of ideas".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Stephen |last2=Benjakob |first2=Omer |date=January 14, 2021 |title=Misplaced Pages is twenty. It's time to start covering it better. |url=https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117150508/https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php|archive-date=January 17, 2023|access-date=January 15, 2021 |website=]}}</ref>

In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but review is required for some editors. For example, the ] maintains "stable versions" of articles,<ref name="WP some sites stable versions 1">{{cite mailing list|first=P.|last=Birken|url=http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikide-l/2008-December/021594.html|title=Bericht Gesichtete Versionen |mailinglist=Wikide-l|date=December 14, 2008|language=German|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |accessdate=February 15, 2009}}</ref> which have passed certain reviews. Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English Misplaced Pages introduced ] in December 2012.<ref name="BInsider pending changes intro 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/pending-changes-safeguard-on-wikipedia-2012-12|title=Misplaced Pages Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks|work=Business Insider|author=William Henderson|date=December 10, 2012}}</ref> Under this system, new users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism-prone articles are "subject to review from an established Misplaced Pages editor before publication".<ref>{{cite web|last=Frewin |first=Jonathan |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/10312095 |title=Misplaced Pages unlocks divisive pages for editing |publisher=BBC News |date=2010-06-15 |accessdate=2014-08-21}}</ref>


In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but review is required for some editors, depending on certain conditions. For example, the ] maintains "stable versions" of articles which have passed certain reviews.<ref name="WP some sites stable versions 1" group="W">{{cite mailing list |first=P. |last=Birken |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikide-l/2008-December/021594.html |title=Bericht Gesichtete Versionen|mailing-list=Wikide-l |date=December 14, 2008 |language=de |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date=February 15, 2009|archive-date=June 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622083323/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikide-l/2008-December/021594.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English Misplaced Pages introduced the "pending changes" system in December 2012.<ref name="BInsider pending changes intro 1">{{cite news |last=Henderson |first=William |date=December 10, 2012 |title=Misplaced Pages Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks |work=] |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pending-changes-safeguard-on-wikipedia-2012-12|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161520/https://www.businessinsider.com/pending-changes-safeguard-on-wikipedia-2012-12|archive-date=November 13, 2022}}</ref> Under this system, new and unregistered users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism-prone articles are reviewed by established users before they are published.<ref>{{cite news |last=Frewin |first=Jonathan |date=June 15, 2010 |title=Misplaced Pages unlocks divisive pages for editing |journal=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10312095|url-status=live|access-date=August 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127041149/https://www.bbc.com/news/10312095|archive-date=November 27, 2022}}</ref> However, restrictions on editing may reduce the editor engagement as well as efforts to diversify the editing community.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ajmani |first1=Leah |last2=Vincent |first2=Nicholas |last3=Chancellor |first3=Stevie |date=September 28, 2023 |title=Peer Produced Friction: How Page Protection on Misplaced Pages Affects Editor Engagement and Concentration |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |language=en |volume=7 |issue=CSCW2 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1145/3610198 |issn=2573-0142}}</ref>
]


===Review of changes=== === Review of changes ===
Although changes are not systematically reviewed, the software that powers Misplaced Pages provides certain tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others. The "History" page of each article links to each revision.<ref group=notes>Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely.</ref><ref name="Torsten_Kleinz" /> On most articles, anyone can undo others' changes by clicking a link on the article's history page. Anyone can view the ] to articles, and anyone may maintain a ] of articles that interest them so they can be notified of any changes. "New pages patrol" is a process whereby newly created articles are checked for obvious problems.<ref>]</ref> ]Although changes are not systematically reviewed, Misplaced Pages's software provides tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others. Each article's History page links to each revision.{{efn|Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely.}}<ref name="Torsten_Kleinz" /> On most articles, anyone can view the latest changes and undo others' revisions by clicking a link on the article's History page. Registered users may maintain a "watchlist" of articles that interest them so they can be notified of changes.<ref group="W">]</ref> "New pages patrol" is a process where newly created articles are checked for obvious problems.<ref group="W">]</ref>


In 2003, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low ]s of participating in a ] create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that features such as easy access to past versions of a page favor "creative construction" over "creative destruction".<ref name="FMonday collaborative effort 1">Andrea Ciffolilli, , '']'' December 2003.</ref> In 2003, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low ]s of participating in a ] created a catalyst for collaborative development, and that features such as allowing easy access to past versions of a page favored "creative construction" over "creative destruction".<ref name="FMonday collaborative effort 1">{{cite journal |last1=Ciffolilli |first1=Andrea |title=Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Misplaced Pages |journal=First Monday |date=December 2003 |volume=8 |issue=12 |doi=10.5210/fm.v8i12.1108 |doi-access= free}}</ref>


===Vandalism=== === Vandalism ===
{{Main|Vandalism on Misplaced Pages}} {{Main|Vandalism on Misplaced Pages}}
Any change that deliberately compromises Misplaced Pages's integrity is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor; it can also include advertising and other types of spam.<ref name="upenn link spamming 1">{{cite conference |last1=West |first1=Andrew G. |last2=Chang |first2=Jian |last3=Venkatasubramanian |first3=Krishna |last4=Sokolsky |first4=Oleg |last5=Lee |first5=Insup |title=Proceedings of the 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic messaging, Anti-Abuse and Spam Conference on – CEAS '11 |chapter=Link Spamming Misplaced Pages for Profit |conference=8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse, and Spam Conference |pages=152–161 |date=2011|chapter-url = https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers |doi=10.1145/2030376.2030394 |isbn=978-1-4503-0788-8 |citeseerx=10.1.1.222.7963|access-date = March 26, 2021|archive-date = April 14, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414015701/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers|url-status = live}}</ref> Sometimes editors commit vandalism by removing content or entirely blanking a given page. Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization, manipulate the article's underlying code, or use images disruptively.<ref name="WP vandalism manipulation 1" group="W" />


] (1927–2014), subject of the ]|left]]
Any edit that changes content in a way that deliberately compromises the integrity of Misplaced Pages is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include insertion of obscenities and crude humor. Vandalism can also include advertising language, and other types of ].<ref name="upenn link spamming 1"> (2011)</ref> Sometimes editors commit vandalism by removing information or entirely blanking a given page. Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information to an article, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization, manipulate the underlying code of an article, or use images disruptively.<ref name="WP vandalism manipulation 1">{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Vandalism|Vandalism}}. ''Misplaced Pages''. Retrieved November 6, 2012.</ref>
Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Misplaced Pages articles; the median time to detect and fix it is a few minutes.<ref name="MIT_IBM_study" /><ref name="CreatingDestroyingAndRestoringValue" /> However, some vandalism takes much longer to detect and repair.<ref name="Seigenthaler" />


In the ], an anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure ] in May 2005, falsely presenting him as a suspect in the ].<ref name="Seigenthaler" /> It remained uncorrected for four months.<ref name="Seigenthaler" /> Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of '']'' and founder of the Freedom Forum ] at ], called Misplaced Pages co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales said he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced.<ref name="book The World is Flat 1">{{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Thomas L. |title=The World is Flat |year=2007 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-374-29278-2 |page=124}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Brian |date=November 17, 2006 |title=Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace |url=https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140311/https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798|archive-date=December 21, 2012|access-date=November 17, 2012 |publisher=]}}</ref> After the incident, Seigenthaler described Misplaced Pages as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool".<ref name="Seigenthaler" /> The incident led to policy changes at Misplaced Pages for tightening up the verifiability of biographical articles of living people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Helm |first=Burt |title=Misplaced Pages: "A Work in Progress" |url=https://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress |newspaper=] |date=December 13, 2005|access-date = July 26, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708062333/https://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress|archive-date = July 8, 2012}}</ref>
] (1927—2014), object of the ]]]
Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from wiki articles; the median time to detect and fix vandalism is a few minutes.<ref name="MIT_IBM_study" /><ref name="CreatingDestroyingAndRestoringValue" /> However, some vandalism takes much longer to repair.<ref name="Seigenthaler" />


=== Disputes and edit warring ===
In the ], an anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure ] in 2005. Seigenthaler was falsely presented as a suspect in the assassination of John F. Kennedy.<ref name="Seigenthaler" /> The article remained uncorrected for four months.<ref name="Seigenthaler" /> Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of '']'' and founder of the ] ] at ], called Misplaced Pages co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales replied that he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced.<ref name="book The World is Flat 1">{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Thomas L.|title=The World is Flat|year=2007|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-374-29278-2|page=124}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798|title=Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace|first=Brian J.|last=Buchanan|publisher=archive.firstamendmentcenter.org|date=November 17, 2006|accessdate=November 17, 2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121221140311/http://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798|archivedate=December 21, 2012}}</ref> After the incident, Seigenthaler described Misplaced Pages as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool".<ref name="Seigenthaler" /> This incident led to policy changes at Misplaced Pages, specifically targeted at tightening up the verifiability of {{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Biographies of living persons|biographical articles of living people}}.<ref>{{cite news|last=Helm|first=Burt|title=Misplaced Pages: "A Work in Progress"|url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress|newspaper=]|date=December 13, 2005|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref>
{{Main article|Disputes on Misplaced Pages}}
Misplaced Pages editors often have disagreements regarding content, which can be discussed on article Talk pages. Disputes may result in repeated competing changes to an article, known as "edit warring".<ref name="Misplaced Pages:Dispute resolution – Misplaced Pages" group="W">]</ref><ref name="NBC WP editorial warzone 12">{{cite news |last=Coldewey |first=Devin |date=June 21, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140822010030/http://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793 |title=Misplaced Pages is editorial warzone, says study |department=Technology |work=] |url=https://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793|archive-date=August 22, 2014}}</ref> It is widely seen as a resource-consuming scenario where no useful knowledge is added,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kalyanasundaram |first1=Arun |last2=Wei |first2=Wei |last3=Carley |first3=Kathleen M. |last4=Herbsleb |first4=James D. |title=2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) |chapter=An agent-based model of edit wars in Misplaced Pages: How and when is consensus reached |date=December 2015 |location=Huntington Beach, CA |publisher=IEEE |pages=276–287 |doi=10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171 |isbn=978-1-4673-9743-8 |s2cid=9353425 |citeseerx=10.1.1.715.2758}}</ref> and criticized as creating a competitive<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suh |first1=Bongwon |last2=Convertino |first2=Gregorio |last3=Chi |first3=Ed H. |last4=Pirolli |first4=Peter |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration |chapter=The singularity is not near |date=2009 |pages=1–10 |location=Orlando, FL |publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/1641309.1641322 |isbn=978-1-60558-730-1|doi-access=free}}</ref> and conflict-based editing culture associated with traditional masculine ]s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Torres |first=Nicole |date=June 2, 2016 |title=Why Do So Few Women Edit Misplaced Pages? |work=Harvard Business Review |url=https://hbr.org/2016/06/why-do-so-few-women-edit-wikipedia|access-date=August 20, 2019 |issn=0017-8012|archive-date=June 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617014645/https://hbr.org/2016/06/why-do-so-few-women-edit-wikipedia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bear |first1=Julia B. |last2=Collier |first2=Benjamin |date=March 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Misplaced Pages? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Misplaced Pages |journal=Sex Roles |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625}}</ref> Research has focused on, for example, impoliteness of disputes,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khazraie |first1=Marzieh |last2=Talebzadeh |first2=Hossein |date=February 7, 2020 |title="Misplaced Pages does NOT tolerate your babbling!": Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |language=en |volume=163 |pages=46–65 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Smirnov |first1=Ivan |last2=Oprea |first2=Camelia |last3=Strohmaier |first3=Markus |date=December 1, 2023 |editor-last=Ognyanova |editor-first=Katherine |title=Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Misplaced Pages |url=https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |journal=PNAS Nexus |language=en |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=pgad385 |doi=10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385 |issn=2752-6542 |pmc=10697426 |pmid=38059265}}</ref> the influence of rival editing camps,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lerner |first1=Jürgen |last2=Lomi |first2=Alessandro |date=December 21, 2020 |title=The 💕 that anyone can dispute: An analysis of the micro-structural dynamics of positive and negative relations in the production of contentious Misplaced Pages articles |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |journal=Social Networks |language=en |volume=60 |pages=11–25 |doi=10.1016/j.socnet.2018.12.003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morris-O'Connor |first1=Danielle A. |last2=Strotmann |first2=Andreas |last3=Zhao |first3=Dangzhi |date=April 4, 2023 |title=The colonization of Misplaced Pages: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |journal=Journal of Documentation |language=en |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=784–810 |doi=10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090 |issn=0022-0418}}</ref> the conversational structure,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ziembowicz |first1=Karolina |last2=Roszczyńska-Kurasińska |first2=Magdalena |last3=Rychwalska |first3=Agnieszka |last4=Nowak |first4=Andrzej |date=October 3, 2022 |title=Predicting conflict-prone disputes using the structure of turn-taking: the case of Misplaced Pages |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |journal=Information, Communication & Society |language=en |volume=25 |issue=13 |pages=1987–2005 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |issn=1369-118X}}</ref> and the shift in conflicts to a focus on sources.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chhabra |first1=Anamika |last2=Kaur |first2=Rishemjit |last3=Iyengar |first3=S. R.S. |chapter=Dynamics of Edit War Sequences in Misplaced Pages |date=August 25, 2020 |title=Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |language=en |publisher=ACM |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1145/3412569.3412585 |isbn=978-1-4503-8779-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ruprechter |first1=Thorsten |last2=Santos |first2=Tiago |last3=Helic |first3=Denis |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Relating Misplaced Pages article quality to edit behavior and link structure |journal=Applied Network Science |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y |issn=2364-8228|doi-access=free }}</ref>


] of the ] examined editing conflicts and their resolution in a 2013 study.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=July 17, 2013 |title=Edit Wars Reveal The 10 Most Controversial Topics on Misplaced Pages |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/07/17/177320/edit-wars-reveal-the-10-most-controversial-topics-on-wikipedia/ |magazine=] |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=]|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-date=June 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616191250/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/07/17/177320/edit-wars-reveal-the-10-most-controversial-topics-on-wikipedia/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite book |last1=Yasseri |first1=Taha |title=The Most Controversial Topics in Misplaced Pages: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis |last2=Spoerri |first2=Anselm |last3=Graham |first3=Mark |last4=Kertész |first4=János |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2014 |editor1=Fichman, P. |doi=10.2139/SSRN.2269392 |ssrn=2269392|author1-link=Taha Yasseri|author4-link=János Kertész |editor2=Hara, N. |arxiv=1305.5566 |s2cid=12133330}}</ref> Yasseri contended that simple reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of ] at Misplaced Pages. He relied instead on "mutually reverting edit pairs", where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor. The results were tabulated for several language versions of Misplaced Pages. The English Misplaced Pages's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles ], ], and ].<ref name="autogenerated3" /> By comparison, for the German Misplaced Pages, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the study were for the articles covering ], ], and ].<ref name="autogenerated3" /> In 2020, researchers identified other measures of editor behaviors, beyond mutual reverts, to identify editing conflicts across Misplaced Pages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ruprechter |first1=Thorsten |last2=Santos |first2=Tiago |last3=Helic |first3=Denis |date=2020 |title=Relating Misplaced Pages article quality to edit behavior and link structure |journal=Applied Network Science |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y |issn=2364-8228|doi-access=free }}</ref>
== <span id="Rules_and_laws_governing_content">Rules and laws governing content and editor behavior</span> ==
{{anchor|Censorship}}
Content in Misplaced Pages is subject to the laws (in particular, the ] laws) of the ] and of the ] of ], where the majority of Misplaced Pages's servers are located. Beyond legal matters, the editorial principles of Misplaced Pages are embodied in the {{srlink|WP:Five pillars|"five pillars"}}, and numerous {{srlink|Misplaced Pages:List of policies and guidelines|policies and guidelines}} that are intended to appropriately shape the content. Even these rules are stored in wiki form, and Misplaced Pages editors as a community write and revise the website's policies and guidelines.<ref name="pcworld who's behind WP">{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id;1866322157;fp;2;fpid;2|title=Who's behind Misplaced Pages?|work=PC World|date=February 6, 2008|accessdate=February 7, 2008}}</ref> Editors can {{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Enforcement|enforce these rules}} by deleting or modifying non-compliant material. Originally, rules on the non-English editions of Misplaced Pages were based on a translation of the rules for the English Misplaced Pages. They have since diverged to some extent.<ref name="WP some sites stable versions 1" />


Editors also debate the ], with roughly 500,000 such debates since Misplaced Pages's inception. Once an article is nominated for deletion, the dispute is typically determined by initial votes (to keep or delete) and by reference to topic-specific notability policies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mayfield |first1=Elijah |last2=Black |first2=Alan W. |date=November 7, 2019 |title=Analyzing Misplaced Pages Deletion Debates with a Group Decision-Making Forecast Model |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |language=en |volume=3 |issue=CSCW |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1145/3359308 |issn=2573-0142}}</ref>
===Content policies===
{{Main|Misplaced Pages:Content policies}}
According to the rules on the English Misplaced Pages, each entry in Misplaced Pages must be about a topic that is ] and is not a ] entry or dictionary-like.<ref name="WP content policy 1">{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:What|What Misplaced Pages is not}}. Retrieved April 1, 2010. "Misplaced Pages is not a dictionary, usage, or jargon guide."</ref> A topic should also meet ],<ref name="WP notability guide 1">{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Notability|Notability}}. Retrieved February 13, 2008. "A topic is presumed to be notable if it has received significant coverage in reliable secondary sources that are independent of the subject."</ref> which generally means that the topic must have been covered in mainstream media or major academic journal sources that are independent of the article's subject. Further, Misplaced Pages intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized.<ref name="NOR" /> It must not present original research. A claim that is likely to be challenged requires a reference to a reliable source. Among Misplaced Pages editors, this is often phrased as "verifiability, not truth" to express the idea that the readers, not the encyclopedia, are ultimately responsible for checking the truthfulness of the articles and making their own interpretations.<ref name="WP Verifiability policy 1">{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Verifiability|Verifiability}}. February 13, 2008. "Material challenged or likely to be challenged, and all quotations, must be attributed to a reliable, published source."</ref> This can at times lead to the removal of information that is valid.<ref name="IHT WP valid info wrong removable 1">{{cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|title=For inclusive mission, Misplaced Pages is told that written word goes only so far|newspaper=]|page=18|date=August 9, 2011|url=http://news-business.vlex.com/vid/inclusive-mission-is-that-goes-far-425135170|via=vLex}}{{paywall}}</ref> Finally, Misplaced Pages must not take sides.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> All opinions and viewpoints, if attributable to external sources, must enjoy an appropriate share of coverage within an article.<ref name="alternet WP unethical editing destroy's credibility 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.alternet.org/story/61365/?page=entire|title=Will Unethical Editing Destroy Misplaced Pages's Credibility?|author=Eric Haas|publisher=AlterNet|date=October 26, 2007|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref> This is known as neutral point of view (]).
<!-- This section is correct but IMO superfluously obvious, except for the part on verifiability. Chealer 2014 -->


== Policies and content<span class="anchor" id="Rules and laws governing content and editor behavior"></span><span class="anchor" id="Rules and laws governing content"></span><span class="anchor" id="Censorship"></span> ==
== Governance ==
{{self-reference|"Five pillars of Misplaced Pages" redirects here. For the Misplaced Pages policy, see ].}}
Misplaced Pages's initial anarchy integrated democratic and hierarchical elements over time.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sanger|first1=Larry|title=The Early History of Nupedia and Misplaced Pages: A Memoir|url=http://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir|website=Slashdot|publisher=Dice|date=2005-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kostakis|first1=Vasilis|title=Identifying and understanding the problems of Misplaced Pages’s peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists|url=http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479|website=First Monday|date=March 2010}}</ref> A small number of ''administrators'' are allowed to modify any article, and an even smaller number of '']'' can name new administrators.
{{External media|width = 220px|float = right|headerimage = ]|video1 =
, The Birth of Misplaced Pages, 2006, ], 20 minutes|video2 =
, What Misplaced Pages Teaches Us About Balancing Truth and Beliefs, 2022, ], 15 minutes}}
Content in Misplaced Pages is subject to the laws (in particular, ] laws) of the United States and of the US state of ], where the majority of Misplaced Pages's servers are located.<ref name="Misplaced Pages:Copyrights" group="W">]</ref><ref name=":13" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia servers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Wikimedia_servers|access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |date=April 22, 2013 |publisher=]|archive-date=November 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120023847/https://meta.wikimedia.org/Wikimedia_servers|url-status=live}}</ref> By using the site, one agrees to the Wikimedia Foundation ] and ]; some of the main rules are that contributors are legally responsible for their edits and contributions, that they should follow the policies that govern each of the independent project editions, and they may not engage in activities, whether legal or illegal, that may be harmful to other users.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Terms of Use |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/Terms_of_Use/en|access-date=December 22, 2022 |website=] Governance Wiki|archive-date=March 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318221122/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/Terms_of_Use/en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Privacy policy |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/Privacy_policy|access-date=December 22, 2022 |website=] Governance Wiki|archive-date=December 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222031159/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/Privacy_policy|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to the terms, the Foundation has developed policies, described as the "official policies of the Wikimedia Foundation".<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Policies |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/Policies|access-date=December 22, 2022 |website=] Governance Wiki|archive-date=December 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040015/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/Policies|url-status=live}}</ref>


The fundamental principles of the Misplaced Pages community are embodied in the "Five pillars", while the detailed editorial principles are expressed in numerous policies and guidelines intended to appropriately shape content.<ref group="W">]</ref> The five pillars are:
An article is not considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor and is not vetted by any recognized authority.<ref>{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Ownership of articles|Ownership of articles}}</ref>
* Misplaced Pages is an encyclopedia
* Misplaced Pages is written from a neutral point of view
* Misplaced Pages is free content that anyone can use, edit, and distribute
* Misplaced Pages's editors should treat each other with respect and civility
* Misplaced Pages has no firm rules


The rules developed by the community are stored in wiki form, and Misplaced Pages editors write and revise the website's policies and guidelines in accordance with community consensus.<ref name="pcworld who's behind WP">{{cite web |url=https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id;1866322157;fp;2;fpid;2 |title=Who's behind Misplaced Pages? |website=PC World |date=February 6, 2008|access-date = February 7, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209110303/https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id%3B1866322157%3Bfp%3B2%3Bfpid%3B2|archive-date = February 9, 2008 |page=2}}</ref> Editors can enforce the rules by ] or modifying non-compliant material.<ref group="W">]</ref> Originally, rules on the non-English editions of Misplaced Pages were based on a translation of the rules for the English Misplaced Pages. They have since diverged to some extent.<ref name="WP some sites stable versions 1" group="W" />
Misplaced Pages is a part of the ] and ] movements{{Fact}} and in so far an example of the production and maintenance of ]s by certain communities (as in the form of pictures, videos, music, or encyclopedic knowledge) that can be freely accessed by anyone without a central authority.<ref>Huberman, Bernardo A. and Romero, Daniel M. and Wu, Fang, Crowdsourcing, Attention and Productivity (September 12, 2008). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1266996 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1266996</ref> Avoidance of a ] or ] in the Wiki-Commons{{Clarify}} is attempted via community control mechanisms and trading status{{Clarify}} and attention of individual Misplaced Pages authors.<ref>Avoiding Tragedy in the Wiki-Commons, by Andrew George, 12 Va. J.L. & Tech. 8 (2007)</ref> ] said Misplaced Pages is a prominent example of the "] of the commons".<ref>{{cite web

| url = http://bricklin.com/cornucopia.htm
=== Content policies and guidelines ===
| title = The Cornucopia of the Commons: How to get volunteer labor
{{Self-reference|"No original research" redirects here. For the Misplaced Pages policy, see ].}}
| author = ]
According to the rules on the English Misplaced Pages community, each entry in Misplaced Pages must be about a topic that is ] and is not a dictionary entry or dictionary-style.<ref name=":5" group="W">]: "Misplaced Pages's verifiability policy requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations, anywhere in article space."</ref> A topic should also meet ], which generally means that the topic must have been covered in mainstream media or major academic journal sources that are independent of the article's subject.<ref name=":9" group="W">]</ref> Further, Misplaced Pages intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized.<ref name="NOR" group="W" /> It must not present original research.<ref group="W">]: "Misplaced Pages articles must not contain original research. The phrase "original research"... is used on Misplaced Pages to refer to material—such as facts, allegations, and ideas—for which no reliable, published sources exist."</ref> A claim that is likely to be challenged requires a reference to a reliable source, as do all quotations.<ref name=":5" group="W" /> Among Misplaced Pages editors, this is often phrased as "verifiability, not truth" to express the idea that the readers, not the encyclopedia, are ultimately responsible for checking the truthfulness of the articles and making their own interpretations.<ref group="W">]: "Readers must be able to check that any of the information within Misplaced Pages articles is not just made up. This means all material must be attributable to reliable, published sources. Additionally, quotations and any material challenged or likely to be challenged must be supported by inline citations."</ref> This can at times lead to the removal of information which, though valid, is not properly sourced.<ref name="IHT WP valid info wrong removable 1">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=August 9, 2011 |title=For inclusive mission, Misplaced Pages is told that written word goes only so far |page=18 |newspaper=]}}</ref> Finally, Misplaced Pages must not take sides.<ref name="autogenerated2" group="W" /> As Misplaced Pages policies changed over time, and became more complex, their number has grown. In 2008, there were 44 policy pages and 248 guideline pages; by 2013, scholars counted 383 policy pages and 449 guideline pages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Ren |first1=Yuqing |last2=Zhang |first2=Haifeng |last3=Kraut |first3=Robert E. |date=February 29, 2024 |title=How Did They Build the 💕? A Literature Review of Collaboration and Coordination among Misplaced Pages Editors |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |journal=ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–48 |doi=10.1145/3617369 |issn=1073-0516}}</ref>
| date = October 12, 2006

| work = bricklin.com
== Governance ==
| accessdate = December 28, 2011}}</ref>
{{Further|Misplaced Pages:Administration|selfref=yes}}
Misplaced Pages's initial anarchy integrated democratic and ] elements over time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sanger |first1=Larry|author-link=Larry Sanger |date=April 18, 2005 |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Misplaced Pages: A Memoir |url=https://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir|access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=May 25, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525051304/http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kostakis |first1=Vasilis |title=Identifying and understanding the problems of Misplaced Pages's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists |issue=3 |url=https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |journal=First Monday |volume=15 |date=March 2010|access-date = March 26, 2021|archive-date = March 10, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210310125049/https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479|url-status = live}}</ref> An article is not considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor, nor by the subject of the article.<ref group="W">]: "No one "owns" content (including articles or any page at Misplaced Pages)."</ref>


=== Administrators === === Administrators ===
{{Main|Misplaced Pages administrators}}
Editors in good standing in the community can run for one of many levels of volunteer stewardship: this begins with "]",<ref>{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Administrators}}</ref><ref name="David_Mehegan" /> privileged users who can delete pages, prevent articles from being changed in case of vandalism or editorial disputes, and try to prevent certain persons from editing. Despite the name, administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to prevent certain persons from making disruptive edits (such as vandalism).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Administrators#Administrator_conduct|title=Misplaced Pages:Administrators|accessdate=July 12, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:RfA_Review/Reflect|title=Misplaced Pages:RfA_Review/Reflect|accessdate=September 24, 2009}}</ref>
Editors in good standing in the community can request extra ], granting them the technical ability to perform certain special actions. In particular, editors can choose to run for "]",<ref name="David_Mehegan" /> which includes the ability to delete pages or prevent them from being changed in cases of severe vandalism or editorial disputes.<ref name=":6" group="W">]</ref> Administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to prevent disruptive editors from making unproductive edits.<ref name=":6" group="W" />


Fewer editors become administrators than in years past, in part because the process of vetting potential Misplaced Pages administrators has become more rigorous.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829|title=3 Charts That Show How Misplaced Pages Is Running Out of Admins|last=Meyer|first=Robinson|work=]|date=July 16, 2012|accessdate=September 2, 2012}}</ref> By 2012, fewer editors were becoming administrators compared to Misplaced Pages's earlier years, in part because the process of vetting potential administrators had become more rigorous.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829 |title=3 Charts That Show How Misplaced Pages Is Running Out of Admins |last=Meyer |first=Robinson |website=] |date=July 16, 2012|access-date = September 2, 2012|archive-date = December 26, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132809/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829%20|url-status = live}}</ref> In 2022, there was a particularly contentious request for adminship over the candidate's anti-Trump views; ultimately, they were granted adminship.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Stephen |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Inside Misplaced Pages's Historic, Fiercely Contested "Election" |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html|access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=]|archive-date=August 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824123521/https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Misplaced Pages has delegated some administrative functions to ], such as when granting privileges to human editors. Such ] has an ease of implementation and scaling, though the automated rejection of edits may have contributed to a downturn in active Misplaced Pages editors.<ref name=":0" />


=== Dispute resolution === === Dispute resolution ===
Over time, Misplaced Pages has developed a semi-formal dispute resolution process. To determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at appropriate community forums, seek outside input through third opinion requests, or initiate a more general community discussion known as a "request for comment".<ref name="Misplaced Pages:Dispute resolution – Misplaced Pages" group="W" />
Wikipedians may dispute, for example by repeatedly making opposite changes to an article.<ref>]</ref><ref name="WP dispute resolution rules 1">{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Dispute Resolution|Dispute Resolution}}</ref><ref name="NBC WP editorial warzone 1">{{cite web|url=http://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793|title=Misplaced Pages is editorial warzone, says study|author=Coldewey, Devin|publisher=]|work=Technology|date=June 21, 2012|accessdate=October 29, 2012}}</ref> Over time, Misplaced Pages has developed a number of processes which may settle disputes. In order to determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at the ], or initiate a ].

Misplaced Pages encourages local resolutions of conflicts, which Jemielniak argues is quite unique in organization studies, though there has been some recent interest in ] in the field.<ref name="Jemielniak" /> ] and ] argue that the approaches to consensus building are similar to those used by ].<ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=62}} A difference from Quaker meetings is the absence of a ] in the presence of disagreement, a role played by the clerk in Quaker meetings.<ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=83}}


==== Arbitration Committee ==== ==== Arbitration Committee ====
{{Main|Arbitration Committee}} {{Main|Arbitration Committee (Misplaced Pages)}}
The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Hoffman |first1=David A. |last2=Mehra |first2=Salil K. |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Wikitruth Through Wikiorder |url= https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |journal=Emory Law Journal |volume=59 |issue=1 |ssrn=1354424}}</ref>
The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted. Statistical analyses suggest that the committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted,<ref name="emory disputes handled 1">{{cite journal|title=Wikitruth through Wikiorder|url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1354424|format=PDF|publisher=]|work=Emory Law Journal|volume=59|issue=1|year=2009|page=181|author=Hoffman, David A., Mehra, Salil K.}}</ref> functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate. Therefore, the committee does not dictate the <!-- The committee may (directly) rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may NOT (directly) rule that a certain content is inappropriate. -->content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Misplaced Pages policies (for example, if the new content is considered ]). Its remedies<!-- Although a caution is no remedy, this is the language used in the reference. This could be quoted or changed. --> include cautions and ]s (used in 63% of cases) and banning editors from articles (43%), subject matters (23%) or Misplaced Pages (16%). Complete bans from Misplaced Pages are generally limited to instances of impersonation and ]. When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather anti-consensus<!-- This needs to be clarified. Anti-consensus behavior appears to be defined mostly as "edit warring". --> or in violation of editing policies, remedies tend to be limited to warnings.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Wikitruth through Wikiorder|url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1354424|format=PDF|publisher=]|work=]|volume=59|issue=1|year=2009|pages=151–210|author=Hoffman, David A., Mehra, Salil K.|postscript=}}</ref>

Statistical analyses suggest that the English Misplaced Pages committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted,<ref name="emory_p_181" /> functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate.<ref name=":7" /> Therefore, the committee does not dictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Misplaced Pages policies (for example, if the new content is considered biased).{{efn|The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate.}} Commonly used solutions include cautions and probations (used in 63% of cases) and banning editors from articles (43%), subject matters (23%), or Misplaced Pages (16%).<ref name=":7" /> Complete bans from Misplaced Pages are generally limited to instances of ] and ].<ref group="W">]</ref> When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather edit warring and other violations of editing policies, solutions tend to be limited to warnings.<ref name=":7" />


== Community == == Community ==
{{Main|Misplaced Pages community}} {{Main|Misplaced Pages community}}
]{{snd}}an annual conference for users of Misplaced Pages and other projects operated by the ], was held in ], Germany, August 4–8.]]
Each article and each user of Misplaced Pages has an associated and dedicated "talk" page. These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205111038/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf|archive-date=February 5, 2007 |first1=Fernanda B. |last1=Viégas |first2=Martin M. |last2=Wattenberg |first3=Jesse |last3=Kriss |first4=Frank |last4=van Ham |title=Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Misplaced Pages |publisher=Visual Communication Lab, ] |date=January 3, 2007|access-date = June 27, 2008|author2-link = Martin M. Wattenberg|author-link = Fernanda B. Viégas}}</ref> Misplaced Pages's community has been described as ]like,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20 |title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults |first=Charles |last=Arthur |date=December 15, 2005 |work=] |location=London|access-date = December 26, 2008|archive-date = September 20, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140920191515/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20|url-status = live}}</ref> although not always with entirely negative connotations.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html |title=Misplaced Pages: The know-it-all Web site |first=Kristie |last=Lu Stout |publisher=CNN |date=August 4, 2003|access-date = December 26, 2008|archive-date = December 18, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218013300/http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Its preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes disregard of ]s, has been referred to as "]".<ref group="W">{{cite web |title=Why Misplaced Pages Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism |url=https://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |website=], Op–Ed |first=Larry |last=Sanger |date=December 31, 2004 |quote=There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups that infects the collectively-managed Misplaced Pages project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Misplaced Pages lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Misplaced Pages's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)|author-link = Larry Sanger|access-date = March 26, 2021|archive-date = November 1, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211101011352/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25|url-status = dead}}</ref>
] curators collaborate on the article ] in June 2010]]
Misplaced Pages does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification.<ref name="user identification" /> As Misplaced Pages grew, "Who writes Misplaced Pages?" became one of the questions frequently asked there.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Misplaced Pages and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie |title=CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |publisher=Viktoria Institute |first=Aniket |last=Kittur |year=2007 |citeseerx=10.1.1.212.8218}}</ref> Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community&nbsp;... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Misplaced Pages and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization".<ref name="blodget">{{cite news |last=Blodget |first=Henry |date=January 3, 2009 |title=Who The Hell Writes Misplaced Pages, Anyway? |work=] |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway|access-date=January 26, 2023|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway|url-status=live}}</ref>


In 2008, a ''Slate'' magazine article reported that: "According to researchers in Palo Alto, one percent of Misplaced Pages users are responsible for about half of the site's edits."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.slate.com/id/2184487 |title=The Wisdom of the Chaperones |date=February 22, 2008 |first=Chris |last=Wilson |work=]|access-date = August 13, 2014|archive-date = September 5, 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110905050231/http://www.slate.com/id/2184487|url-status = live}}</ref> This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by ], who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |title=Raw Thought: Who Writes Misplaced Pages? |first=Aaron |last=Swartz |date=September 4, 2006|access-date = February 23, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803134036/https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia|archive-date = August 3, 2014 }}</ref>
], an annual conference for users of Misplaced Pages and other projects operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Video is of the first Wikimania in 2005 in ], ].]]


{{anchor|Decline in participation since 2007}}
Each article and each user of Misplaced Pages has an associated "Talk" page. These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf|format=PDF|author=]|author2=]|author3=Jesse Kriss|author4=Frank van Ham|title=Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Misplaced Pages|publisher=Visual Communication Lab, ]|date=January 3, 2007|accessdate=June 27, 2008}}</ref>
The English Misplaced Pages has {{self-reference link|Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}}} articles, {{self-reference link|Special:ListUsers|{{NUMBEROFUSERS}}}} registered editors, and {{self-reference link|Special:ActiveUsers|{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}}} active editors. An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in the past 30&nbsp;days.<ref group="W">]</ref> Editors who fail to comply with Misplaced Pages cultural rituals, such as signing talk page comments, may implicitly signal that they are Misplaced Pages outsiders, increasing the odds that Misplaced Pages insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Misplaced Pages insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expected to learn Misplaced Pages-specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references".<ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1" /> Editors who do not log in are in some sense "]s" on Misplaced Pages,<ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1">{{cite journal |author=Goldman |first=Eric |year=2010 |title=Misplaced Pages's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences |url=https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |journal=Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law |volume=8 |via=Santa Clara Law Digital Commons|access-date=January 26, 2023|archive-date=January 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126220032/https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/|url-status=live}}</ref> as "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation",<ref name="legal edu and WP 1">{{cite journal |author=Noveck |first=Beth Simone |date=March 2007 |title=Misplaced Pages and the Future of Legal Education |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42894005 |journal=Journal of Legal Education |publisher=] |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |jstor=42894005 |via=]|access-date=January 26, 2023|archive-date=January 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126220030/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42894005|url-status=live}}</ref> but the contribution histories of anonymous unregistered editors recognized only by their ]es cannot be attributed to a particular editor with certainty.<ref name="legal edu and WP 1" />


=== Studies ===
] curators collaborate on the article ] in June 2010.]]
A 2007 study by researchers from ] found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Misplaced Pages&nbsp;... are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site".<ref name="sciam good samaritans 1">{{cite news |url=https://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=good-samaritans-are-on-the-money |title=Misplaced Pages "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money |work=Scientific American |date=October 19, 2007|access-date = December 26, 2008|archive-date = April 28, 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132453/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/good-samaritans-are-on-the-money/|url-status = live}}</ref> Jimmy Wales stated in 2009 that "t turns out over 50% of all the edits are done by just 0.7% of the users&nbsp;... 524 people&nbsp;... And in fact, the most active 2%, which is 1400 people, have done 73.4% of all the edits."<ref name="blodget" /> However, '']'' editor and journalist ] showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most Misplaced Pages content (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit) is created by "outsiders", while most editing and formatting is done by "insiders".<ref name="blodget" />
Misplaced Pages's community has been described as ]-like,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20|title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults|first=Charles|last=Arthur|date=December 15, 2005|work=]|location=London|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref> although not always with entirely negative connotations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html|title=Misplaced Pages: The know-it-all Web site|first=Kristie|last=Lu Stout|publisher=CNN|date=August 4, 2003|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref> The project's preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes disregard of ]s, has been referred to as "]".<ref>{{cite web|title=Why Misplaced Pages Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism|url=http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25|work=], Op–Ed|author=]|date=December 31, 2004|quote=There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups that infects the collectively-managed Misplaced Pages project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship," attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Misplaced Pages lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise is tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Misplaced Pages's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)}}</ref>


A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others,<ref name="liebertonline view on WP users 1">{{cite journal |last1=Amichai-Hamburger |first1=Yair |last2=Lamdan |first2=Naama |last3=Madiel |first3=Rinat |last4=Hayat |first4=Tsahi |year=2008 |title=Personality Characteristics of Misplaced Pages Members |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18954273/ |journal=CyberPsychology & Behavior |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=679–681 |doi=10.1089/cpb.2007.0225 |pmid=18954273 |via=PudMed.gov|access-date=January 26, 2023|archive-date=January 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126220031/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18954273/|url-status=live}}</ref> although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws, including that the data showed higher openness and that the differences with the control group and the samples were small.<ref>{{cite web |last=McGreal |first=Scott A. |date=March 11, 2013 |title=The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Misplaced Pages Members |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members|access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=]|archive-date=July 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716155007/https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a 2009 study, there is "evidence of growing resistance from the Misplaced Pages community to new content".<ref name="newscientist WP boom to bust 1">{{cite web |last=Giles |first=Jim |title=After the boom, is Misplaced Pages heading for bust? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |website=New Scientist |date=August 4, 2009|access-date = September 18, 2017|archive-date = April 21, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150421215605/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html|url-status = live}}</ref>
Wikipedians sometimes award one another ] for good work. These personalized tokens of appreciation reveal a wide range of valued work extending far beyond simple editing to include social support, administrative actions, and types of articulation work.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Articulations of wikiwork: uncovering valued work in Misplaced Pages through barnstars|author=T. Kriplean|author-separator=,|author2=I. Beschastnikh|display-authors=2|last3=McDonald|first3=David W.|url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1460563.1460573|publisher=Proceedings of the ACM|year=2008|doi=10.1145/1460563.1460573|page=47|chapter=Articulations of wikiwork|isbn=978-1-60558-007-4|postscript=}} {{Subscription required|s}}</ref><!-- This is already covered in "Misplaced Pages community" and might be superfluous here. -->

]
Misplaced Pages does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification.<ref name="user identification" /> As Misplaced Pages grew, "Who writes Misplaced Pages?" became one of the questions frequently asked on the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary;jsessionid=5F2472BC3443736B94200AFDCECAC3C8?doi=10.1.1.212.8218|title=Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Misplaced Pages and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie|publisher=]|first=Aniket|last=Kittur|format=PDF|accessdate=August 13, 2014}}</ref> Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community&nbsp;... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Misplaced Pages and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization".<ref name="blodget">{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway|title=Who The Hell Writes Misplaced Pages, Anyway?|first=Henry|last=Blodget|work=Business Insider|date=3 January 2009}}</ref> In 2008, a ''Slate'' magazine article reported that: "According to researchers in Palo Alto, 1 percent of Misplaced Pages users are responsible for about half of the site's edits."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2184487|title=The Wisdom of the Chaperones|date=February 22, 2008|first=Chris|last=Wilson|work=]|accessdate=August 13, 2014}}</ref> This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by ], who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia|title=Raw Thought: Who Writes Misplaced Pages?|first=Aaron|last=Swartz|date=September 4, 2006|accessdate=February 23, 2008}}</ref>
]
A report in August 2014 showed that Misplaced Pages had at least 80,000 editors.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.dailytech.com/Wikipedia+Scores+140000+in+Bitcoin+Donations+in+One+Week/article36378.htm|title=Misplaced Pages Scores $140,000 in Bitcoin Donations in One Week|first=Jason|last=Mick|publisher=Daily Tech|date=11 August 2014|accessdate=21 August 2014}}</ref> A significant decline in the number of English-language editors was reported in 2013 by Tom Simonite who stated: "The number of active editors on the English-language Misplaced Pages peaked in 2007 at more than 51,000 and has been declining ever since...(t)his past summer (2013) only 31,000 people could be considered active editors."<ref name="Simonite-2013">{{cite journal |last=Simonite |first=Tom |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |title=The Decline of Misplaced Pages |date=October 22, 2013 |journal=] |accessdate=November 30, 2013}}</ref> Several attempts to explain this have been offered. One possible explanation is that some users become turned off by their experiences.<ref name="users on WP scarred away 1">{{cite journal|title=Wikipedians Are Born, Not Made|author=Panciera, Katherine|display-authors=1|author2=<!-- Please add first missing authors to populate metadata. -->|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery, Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Supporting Group Work|pages=51, 59|year=2009|postscript=}}</ref> Another explanation, according to Eric Goldman, is found in editors who fail to comply with Misplaced Pages cultural rituals, such as signing talk pages, implicitly signal that they are Misplaced Pages outsiders, increasing the odds that Misplaced Pages insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Misplaced Pages insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expected to build a user page, learn Misplaced Pages-specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references". Editors who do not log in are in some sense second-class citizens on Misplaced Pages,<ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1">{{cite journal|title=Misplaced Pages's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences|publisher=Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law|author=Goldman, Eric|volume=8|postscript=}}</ref> as "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation",<ref name="legal edu and WP 1">{{cite journal|title=Misplaced Pages and the Future of Legal Education|author=Noveck, Beth Simone|publisher=Journal of Legal Education|volume=57|postscript=}}</ref> but the contribution histories of ] cannot be attributed to a particular editor with certainty.

A 2007 study by researchers from ] found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Misplaced Pages are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site".<ref name="sciam good samaritans 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=good-samaritans-are-on-the-money|title=Misplaced Pages "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money|work=Scientific American|date=October 19, 2007|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Jimmy Wales stated in 2009 that "(I)t turns out over 50% of all the edits are done by just .7% of the users... 524 people... And in fact the most active 2%, which is 1400 people, have done 73.4% of all the edits."<ref name="blodget" /> However, '']'' editor and journalist ] showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most content in Misplaced Pages (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit) is created by "outsiders", while most editing and formatting is done by "insiders" (a select group of established users{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}}).<ref name="blodget" />

A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others.<ref name="liebertonline view on WP users 1">Yair Amichai–Hamburger, Naama Lamdan, Rinat Madiel, Tsahi Hayat, , ''CyberPsychology & Behavior'', December 1, 2008, 11 (6): 679–681; {{DOI|10.1089/cpb.2007.0225}}.</ref><ref name="newscientist view on WP users 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126883.900-wikipedians-are-closed-and-disagreeable.html|title=Wikipedians are 'closed' and 'disagreeable'|work=New Scientist|accessdate=July 13, 2010}} {{subscription required|s}}</ref> According to a 2009 study, there is "evidence of growing resistance from the Misplaced Pages community to new content".<ref name="newscientist WP boom to bust 1">{{cite web|last=Giles|first=Jim|title=After the boom, is Misplaced Pages heading for bust?|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html|work=New Scientist|date=August 4, 2009}}</ref>


=== Diversity === === Diversity ===
Several studies have shown that most Misplaced Pages contributors are male. Notably, the results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in 2008 showed that only 13&nbsp;percent of Misplaced Pages editors were female.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link = Noam Cohen |title=Define Gender Gap? Look Up Misplaced Pages's Contributor List |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?_r=0 |work=The New York Times |date=January 31, 2011|access-date = October 28, 2013|archive-date = October 6, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131006065114/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?_r=0|url-status = live}}</ref> Because of this, universities throughout the United States tried to encourage women to become Misplaced Pages contributors.<ref name=":8" /> Similarly, many of these universities, including ] and ], gave college credit to students who create or edit an article relating to women in science or technology.<ref name=":8">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ocad-to-storm-wikipedia-this-fall-1.1412807 |title=OCAD to 'Storm Misplaced Pages' this fall |work=CBC News |date=August 27, 2013|access-date = August 21, 2014|archive-date = August 26, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826144108/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ocad-to-storm-wikipedia-this-fall-1.1412807|url-status = live}}</ref> ], a professor and scientist, said that the reason he thought the number of male contributors outnumbered the number of females so greatly was because identifying as a woman may expose oneself to "ugly, intimidating behavior".<ref name="Bloomberg 2016">{{cite news |last1=Kessenides |first1=Dimitra |last2=Chafkin |first2=Max |date=December 22, 2016 |title=Is Misplaced Pages Woke? |newspaper=Bloomberg Businessweek |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-12-22/how-woke-is-wikipedia-s-editorial-pool?|access-date=September 21, 2022|archive-date=April 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415182515/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-12-22/how-woke-is-wikipedia-s-editorial-pool|url-status=live}}</ref> Data has shown that Africans are underrepresented among Misplaced Pages editors.<ref name="memeb">{{cite web |last=Walker |first=Andy |date=June 21, 2018 |title=The startling numbers behind Africa's Misplaced Pages knowledge gaps |url=https://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/|access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=memeburn|archive-date=March 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319170357/http://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref>
One study found that the contributor base to Misplaced Pages "was barely 13% women; the average age of a contributor was in the mid-20s".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/02/02/where-are-the-women-in-wikipedia |title=Where Are the Women in Misplaced Pages? - Room for Debate |publisher=NYTimes.com |date=2011-02-02 |accessdate=2014-06-14}}</ref> A 2011 study by researchers from the ] found that females comprised 16.1% of the 38,497 editors who started editing Misplaced Pages during 2009.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lam|first=Shyong|author2=Anuradha Uduwage|author3=Zhenhua Dong|author4=Shilad Sen|author5=David R. Musicant|author6=Loren Terveen|author7=John Riedl|title=WP:Clubhouse? An Exploration of Misplaced Pages's Gender Imbalance|journal=WikiSym 2011|date=3–5 October 2011|url=http://files.grouplens.org/papers/wp-gender-wikisym2011.pdf|accessdate=28 October 2013}}</ref> In a January 2011 '']'' article, Noam Cohen observed that just 13% of Misplaced Pages's contributors are female according to a 2009 Wikimedia Foundation survey.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|title=Define Gender Gap? Look Up Misplaced Pages's Contributor List|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company|accessdate=28 October 2013}}</ref> ], a former executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation, hopes to see female contributions increase to twenty-five percent by 2015.<ref name="NYT WP contributors gender 1">{{cite news|last=Chom|first=Noam|title=Define Gender Gap? Look Up Misplaced Pages's Contributor List|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?scp=1&sq=wikipedia%20gender&st=cse|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 31, 2011|page=B–1|accessdate=May 9, 2012}}</ref> Linda Basch, president of the National Council for Research on Women, noted the contrast in these Misplaced Pages editor statistics with the percentage of women currently completing bachelor's degrees, master's degrees and PhD programs in the United States (all at rates of 50 percent or greater).<ref name="NYT WP male domination 1">{{cite news|last=Basch|first=Linda|title=Male-Dominated Web Site Seeking Female Experts|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/opinion/l06wiki.html|accessdate=May 9, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 6, 2011|page=WK–7|format=Letters to the Editor}}</ref>

In response, various universities have hosted ]s to encourage more women to participate in the Misplaced Pages community. In fall 2013, 15 colleges and universities, including Yale, Brown, and Pennsylvania State, offered college credit for students to "write feminist thinking" about technology into Misplaced Pages.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ocad-to-storm-wikipedia-this-fall-1.1412807|title=OCAD to 'Storm Misplaced Pages' this fall|work=CBC News|date=27 August 2013|accessdate=21 August 2014}}</ref> However, few women continued as active members of Misplaced Pages after the edit-a-thons were over. When asked why, the most common response was that they were "too busy".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.umn.edu/news/news-releases/2011/UR_CONTENT_350252.html |title=University of Minnesota researchers reveal Misplaced Pages gender biases |publisher=UMNews |location=University of Minnesota |date=2011-08-11 |accessdate=2014-03-05}}</ref>

In August 2014, Misplaced Pages co-founder ] announced in a BBC interview the ]'s plans for "doubling down" on the issue of gender bias at Misplaced Pages. Wales agreed that Sue Gardner's goal of 25% women enrollment by 2015 had not been met. Wales agreed{{Clarify|reason=to what?|date=September 2014}} and said the foundation would be open to more outreach, more software changes,<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-28701772|title=Misplaced Pages 'completely failed' to fix gender imbalance|work=BBC News|accessdate=September 9, 2014}}</ref> and more women administrators. Software changes were left open to explore ways of increasing the appeal of Misplaced Pages to attract women readers to register as editors, and to increase {{Clarification needed span|text=the potential of existing editors to nominate more women administrators|date=September 2014}} to enhance the 'management' presence of women at Misplaced Pages.<ref name=CommonKnowledge>{{cite book |last=Jemielniak |first=Dariusz |year=2014 |title=Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Misplaced Pages |url=http://books.google.com/books/about/Common_Knowledge.html?id=-Iw5AwAAQBAJ |location= |publisher=Stanford University |page= |isbn=9780804791205 |accessdate=}}</ref>


== Language editions == == Language editions ==
{{See also|List of Wikipedias}} {{Main|List of Wikipedias}}
There are currently 287 ] (also called ''language versions'', or simply ''Wikipedias''). Eleven of these have over one million articles each (], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]), four more have over 700,000 articles (], ], ], ]), 37 more have over 100,000 articles, and 73 more have over 10,000&nbsp;articles.<ref name="ListOfWikipedias" /><ref name="WP list of WPs 1">]</ref> The largest, the English Misplaced Pages, has over {{#expr: 0.1*floor({{NUMBEROFARTICLES:R}}/100000)}} million articles. {{as of|2013|06}}, according to Alexa, the English ] (en.wikipedia.org; ]) receives approximately 56% of Misplaced Pages's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages (Spanish: 9%; Japanese: 8%; Russian: 6%; German: 5%; French: 4%; Italian: 3%).<ref name="AlexaStats" /> As of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, the six largest language editions are (in order of article count) the {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|1}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|2}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|3}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|4}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|5}}, and {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|6}} Wikipedias.<ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1">{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles|title=Misplaced Pages:List of Wikipedias|publisher=English Misplaced Pages|accessdate={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}</ref>
{{Pie chart {{Pie chart
| caption = '''Distribution of the {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total|N}} articles in different language editions (as of {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}})'''<ref name="meta.wikimedia">]</ref> | caption = '''Distribution of the {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total|N}} articles in different language editions (as of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}})'''<ref name="meta.wikimedia" group="W">]</ref>
| other = yes | other = yes
| label1 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|1}} | label1 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|1}}
| value1 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|1}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | value1 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|1}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}}
| color1 = #666666 | color1 = #666666
| label2 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|2}} | label2 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|2}}
| value2 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|2}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | value2 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|2}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}}
| color2 = #E69F00 | color2 = #E69F00
| label3 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|3}} | label3 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|3}}
| value3 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|3}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | value3 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|3}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}}
| color3 = #56B4E9 | color3 = #56B4E9
| label4 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|4}} | label4 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|4}}
| value4 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|4}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | value4 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|4}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}}
| color4 = #009E73 | color4 = #009E73
| label5 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|5}} | label5 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|5}}
| value5 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|5}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | value5 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|5}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}}
| color5 = #F0E442 | color5 = #F0E442
| label6 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|6}} | label6 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|6}}
| value6 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|6}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | value6 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|6}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}}
| color6 = #0072B2 | color6 = #0072B2
| label7 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|7}} | label7 = {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|7}}
| value7 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|7}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}} | value7 = {{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|7}}}}/{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}*100 round 1}}
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There are currently {{NUMBEROF|active|Misplaced Pages}} language editions of Misplaced Pages (also called ''language versions'', or simply ''Wikipedias''). As of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, the six largest, in order of article count, are the {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|1}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|2}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|3}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|4}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|5}}, and {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|6}} Wikipedias.<ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |title=Misplaced Pages:List of Wikipedias |publisher=English Misplaced Pages|access-date={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190350/https://meta.wikimedia.org/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles|url-status=live}}</ref> The {{ordinal to word|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|ceb}}}} and {{ordinal to word|{{Misplaced Pages rank by size|sv}}}}-largest Wikipedias owe their position to the article-creating bot ], which {{as of|2013|lc=y}} had created about half the articles on the ], and most of the articles in the ] and ]s. The latter are both languages of the ].
{{Largest Wikipedias/graph}}
In addition to the top six, twelve other Wikipedias have more than a million articles each ({{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|7}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|8}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|9}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|10}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|11}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|12}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|13}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|14}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|15}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|16}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|17}}, and {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|18}}), seven more have over 500,000 articles ({{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|19}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|20}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|21}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|22}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|23}}, {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|24}}, and {{Misplaced Pages rank by size/WP|25}}), 44 more have over 100,000, and 82 more have over 10,000.<ref name="ListOfWikipedias" group="W" /><ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W" /> The largest, the English Misplaced Pages, has over {{#expr: 0.1*floor({{NUMBEROFARTICLES:R}}/100000)}}&nbsp;million articles. {{As of|2021|01|post=,}} the English Misplaced Pages receives 48% of Misplaced Pages's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages. The top 10 editions represent approximately 85% of the total traffic.<ref group="W">{{cite AV media |author=((A455bcd9)) |date=February 8, 2021 |title=Misplaced Pages page views by language over time |format=PNG |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/File:Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png |website=Wikimedia Commons|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-date=May 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512201827/https://commons.wikimedia.org/File:Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png|url-status=live}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
Since Misplaced Pages is based on the ] and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the ]). These differences may lead to some conflicts over ] (e.g. ''colour'' versus '']'')<ref name="WP spelling MOS 1">{{cite web|url=Misplaced Pages:Spelling|title=Spelling|work=Manual of Style|publisher=Misplaced Pages|accessdate=May 19, 2007}}</ref> or points of view.<ref name="WP countering bias 1">{{cite web|url=Misplaced Pages:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias|title=Countering systemic bias|accessdate=May 19, 2007}}</ref>
File:Misplaced Pages page views by language over time.png|Most viewed editions of Misplaced Pages, 2008–2020
File:Misplaced Pages editors by language over time.png|Most edited editions of Misplaced Pages, 2001–2020
</gallery>{{Largest Wikipedias/graph}}


Since Misplaced Pages is based on the ] and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to some conflicts over ] (e.g. ''colour'' versus ''color'')<ref name="WP spelling MOS 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Misplaced Pages:Manual of Style/Spelling |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling#:~:text=This%20guideline%20is%20a%20part%20of |access-date=November 6, 2023 |website=Misplaced Pages}}</ref> or points of view.<ref name="WP countering bias 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Misplaced Pages:WikiProject Countering systemic bias |url= https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias#:~:text=The%20Wikipedia%20project%20contains%20several%20types |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=Misplaced Pages}}</ref>
Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not ] may be used under a claim of ].<ref name="WP meta fair use 1">{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/Fair_use|title=Fair use|publisher=Meta-Wiki|accessdate=July 14, 2007}}</ref><ref name="WP meta WP images 1">{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/Images_on_Wikipedia|title=Images on Misplaced Pages|accessdate=July 14, 2007}}</ref><ref name="IBM visual WP 1">{{cite journal|url=http://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf|format=PDF|author=Fernanda B. Viégas|title=The Visual Side of Misplaced Pages|publisher=Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research|date=January 3, 2007|accessdate=October 30, 2007}}</ref>


Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not ] may be used under a claim of ].<ref name="WP meta fair use 1" group="W">{{cite web |title=Non-free content |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Non-free_content|access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]|archive-date=January 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116024114/http://meta.wikimedia.org/Non-free_content|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IBM visual WP 1">{{cite journal |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024012919/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf|archive-date=October 24, 2006 |first=Fernanda B. |last=Viégas |title=The Visual Side of Misplaced Pages |journal=Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research |date=January 3, 2007|access-date = October 30, 2007}}</ref>
Jimmy Wales has described Misplaced Pages as "an effort to create and distribute a 💕 of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".<ref name="WP Wales free multi-lingual encyclopedia">], ], March 8, 2005, &lt;Misplaced Pages-l@wikimedia.org&gt;</ref> Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all of its projects (Misplaced Pages and others).<ref name="WP metawiki maintenance 1">{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org|title=Meta-Wiki|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|accessdate=March 24, 2009}}</ref> For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Misplaced Pages,<ref name="WP meta stats 1">{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/Statistics|title=Meta-Wiki Statistics|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|accessdate=March 24, 2008}}</ref> and it maintains a list of articles every Misplaced Pages should have.<ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1">{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have|title=List of articles every Misplaced Pages should have|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|accessdate=March 24, 2008}}</ref> The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, and mathematics. As for the rest, it is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might only be available in English, even when they meet notability criteria of other language Misplaced Pages projects.


Jimmy Wales has described Misplaced Pages as "an effort to create and distribute a 💕 of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".<ref group="W">{{Cite mailing list |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-March/020469.html |title=Misplaced Pages is an encyclopedia |date=March 8, 2003|mailing-list=Misplaced Pages-l |last=Wales |first=Jimmy|access-date=January 27, 2023|archive-date=July 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710005754/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-March/020469.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all its projects (Misplaced Pages and others).<ref name="WP metawiki maintenance 1" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |title=Meta-Wiki |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = March 24, 2009|archive-date = July 14, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130714061722/https://meta.wikimedia.org/|url-status = live}}</ref> For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Misplaced Pages,<ref name="WP meta stats 1" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Statistics |title=Meta-Wiki Statistics |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = March 24, 2008|archive-date = March 26, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080326192946/http://meta.wikimedia.org/Statistics|url-status = live}}</ref> and it maintains a list of articles every Misplaced Pages should have.<ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |title=List of articles every Misplaced Pages should have |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = March 24, 2008|archive-date = March 21, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080321020418/http://meta.wikimedia.org/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have|url-status = live}}</ref> The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, and mathematics.<ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W" /> It is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might be available only in English, even when they meet the notability criteria of other language Misplaced Pages projects.<ref name=":9" group="W" />
]


]
Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because fully automated translation of articles is disallowed.<ref name="WP auto-translations rules 1">{{cite web|url=Misplaced Pages:Translations|title=Misplaced Pages: Translation|work=English Misplaced Pages|accessdate=February 3, 2007}}</ref> Articles available in more than one language may offer "]", which link to the counterpart articles in other editions.
Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because those editions do not allow fully automated translation of articles. Articles available in more than one language may offer "interwiki links", which link to the counterpart articles in other editions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Massa |first1=Paolo |last2=Scrinzi |first2=Federico |date=January 4, 2013 |title=Manypedia: Comparing language points of view of Misplaced Pages communities |journal=] |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.5210/fm.v18i1.3939|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Manual:Interwiki |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/Manual:Interwiki|access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=]|archive-date=December 3, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203112631/https://www.mediawiki.org/Manual:Interwiki|url-status=live}}</ref>


A study published by ] in 2012 also estimated the share of contributions to different editions of Misplaced Pages from different regions of the world. It reported that almost 51% of edits from ] are limited to the ] and this value decreases to 25% in ].<ref name="plosone WP en demographic 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0030091|title=Circadian Patterns of Misplaced Pages Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis|date=January 17, 2012|publisher=]|author=Taha Yasseri, Robert Sumi, ]|accessdate=January 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>File:User - demography.svg|Estimation of contributions shares from different regions in the world to different Misplaced Pages editions</ref>{{Failed verification|reason=I could not quickly verify the first claim (English) from the second reference, nor from the first reference (I read the entire Results section)|date=September 2014}} The Wikimedia Foundation hopes to increase the number of editors in the Global South to thirty-seven percent by 2015.<ref name="WP global south demographic increase plan 1">{{cite web|title=Wikimedia Foundation 2011–12 Annual Plan|url=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/3/37/2011-12_Wikimedia_Foundation_Plan_FINAL_FOR_WEBSITE_.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|page=8}}</ref> A study published by '']'' in 2012 also estimated the share of contributions to different editions of Misplaced Pages from different regions of the world. It reported that the proportion of the edits made from North America was 51% for the English Misplaced Pages, and 25% for the ].<ref name="PLoS One 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Yasseri |first1=Taha |last2=Sumi |first2=Robert |last3=Kertész |first3=János|author-link3=János Kertész |date=January 17, 2012 |title=Circadian Patterns of Misplaced Pages Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis |journal=] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=e30091 |arxiv=1109.1746 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730091Y |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 |pmc=3260192 |pmid=22272279|doi-access=free}}</ref>


=== English Misplaced Pages editor numbers ===
On 1 March 2014, ''The Economist'' in an article titled "The Future of Misplaced Pages" cited a trend analysis concerning data published by Wikimedia stating that: "The number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years."<ref name="economist1">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks |title=The future of Misplaced Pages: WikiPeaks? |publisher=The Economist |date=2014-03-01 |accessdate=2014-03-11}}</ref> The attrition rate for active editors in English Misplaced Pages was cited by ''The Economist'' as substantially in contrast to statistics for Misplaced Pages in other languages (non-English Misplaced Pages). ''The Economist'' reported that the number of contributors with an average of five of more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Misplaced Pages in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The attrition rates for editors in English Misplaced Pages, by sharp comparison, were cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 editors which has dropped to 30,000 editors as of the start of 2014. At the quoted trend rate, the number of active editors in English Misplaced Pages has lost approximately 20,000 editors to attrition since 2007, and the documented trend rate indicates the loss of another 20,000 editors by 2021, down to 10,000 active editors on English Misplaced Pages by 2021 if left unabated.<ref name="economist1" /> Given that the trend analysis published in ''The Economist'' presents the number of active editors for Misplaced Pages in other languages (non-English Misplaced Pages) as remaining relatively constant and successful in sustaining its numbers at approximately 42,000 active editors, the contrast has pointed to the effectiveness of Misplaced Pages in other languages to retain its active editors on a renewable and sustained basis.<ref name="economist1" /> No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Misplaced Pages in other languages (non-English Misplaced Pages) would provide a possible alternative to English Misplaced Pages for effectively ameliorating substantial editor attrition rates on the English language Misplaced Pages.<ref>Andrew Lih. ''Misplaced Pages''. Alternative edit policies at Misplaced Pages in other languages.</ref>
On March 1, 2014, '']'', in an article titled "The Future of Misplaced Pages", cited a trend analysis concerning data published by the Wikimedia Foundation stating that "the number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years."<ref name="economist1">{{cite news |date=March 1, 2014 |title=The future of Misplaced Pages: WikiPeaks? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026023502/https://www.economist.com/international/2014/03/04/wikipeaks|archive-date=October 26, 2022}}</ref> The attrition rate for active editors in English Misplaced Pages was cited by ''The Economist'' as substantially in contrast to statistics for Misplaced Pages in other languages (non-English Misplaced Pages). ''The Economist'' reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Misplaced Pages in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of active editors in English Misplaced Pages, by sharp comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the start of 2014.<ref name="economist1" />


In contrast, the trend analysis for Misplaced Pages in other languages (non-English Misplaced Pages) shows success in retaining active editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42,000. No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Misplaced Pages in other languages (non-English Misplaced Pages) would provide a possible alternative to English Misplaced Pages for effectively improving substantial editor attrition rates on the English-language Misplaced Pages.<ref name="economist1" />
== History ==
{{Main|History of Misplaced Pages}}
{{multiple image
| footer = Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger
| width = 120
| image1 = Jimmy Wales Fundraiser Appeal.JPG
| image2 = L Sanger.jpg
}}
].]]

Misplaced Pages began as a complementary project for ], a free online ] encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process. Nupedia was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of ], a ] company. Its main figures were the Bomis {{abbr|CEO|chief executive officer}} ] and ], ] for Nupedia and later Misplaced Pages. Nupedia was licensed initially under its own Nupedia ] License, switching to the ] before Misplaced Pages's founding at the urging of ].<ref name="stallman1999" /> Sanger and Wales founded Misplaced Pages.<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref name="Meyers" /> While Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia,<ref name="SangerMemoir" /><ref name="Sanger" /> Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a ] to reach that goal.<ref name="WM foundation of WP 1">{{cite web|url=http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html|title=Misplaced Pages-l: LinkBacks?|accessdate=February 20, 2007}}</ref> On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia ] to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.<ref name="nupedia feeder from WP 1">{{cite news|first=Larry|last=Sanger|title=Let's Make a Wiki|date=January 10, 2001|publisher=Internet Archive|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|archivedate=April 14, 2003|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref>

{{external media | width = 210px | align = right | audio1 = , Ideas with ], ], January 15, 2014.
}}
Misplaced Pages was formally launched on January 15, 2001, as a single English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com,<ref name="WikipediaHome" /> and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.<ref name="SangerMemoir" /> Misplaced Pages's policy of "neutral point-of-view"<ref name="NPOV" /> was codified in its first months. Otherwise, there were relatively few rules initially and Misplaced Pages operated independently of Nupedia.<ref name="SangerMemoir" /> Originally, Bomis intended to make Misplaced Pages a business for profit.<ref name="Seth-Finkelstein">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet |title=Read me first: Misplaced Pages isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says |author=Finkelstein, Seth |publisher='']'' |date=2008-09-25 | location=London}}</ref>

Misplaced Pages gained early contributors from Nupedia, ] postings, and ] indexing. On August 8, 2001, Misplaced Pages had over 8,000 articles.<ref name="Misplaced Pages August 08, 2001">{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20010808121638/http://www.wikipedia.org/ |title=Misplaced Pages, August 8, 2001 |publisher=Web.archive.bibalex.org |date=2001-08-08 |accessdate=2014-03-03}}</ref> On September 25, 2001, Misplaced Pages had over 13,000 articles.<ref name="Misplaced Pages September 25, 2001">{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20011010233257/www.wikipedia.com/ |title=Misplaced Pages, September 25, 2001 |publisher=Web.archive.bibalex.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-03}}</ref> And by the end of 2001 it had grown to approximately 20,000 articles and 18 language editions. It had reached 26 language editions by late 2002, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the final days of 2004.<ref name="WP early language stats 1">{{cite web|url=Misplaced Pages:Multilingual_statistics|title=Multilingual statistics|work=Misplaced Pages|date=March 30, 2005|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Nupedia and Misplaced Pages coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Misplaced Pages. ] passed the mark of two million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing even the 1407 ], which had held the record for 600&nbsp;years.<ref name="EB_encyclopedia" />

Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in Misplaced Pages, users of the ] ] from Misplaced Pages to create the '']'' in February 2002.<ref name="EL fears and start 1">{{cite web|title=<nowiki> Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008</nowiki>|url=http://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html|work=Osdir|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref> These moves encouraged Wales to announce that Misplaced Pages would not display advertisements, and to change Misplaced Pages's domain from ''wikipedia.com'' to ''wikipedia.org''.<ref name="Shirky" />

Though the English Misplaced Pages reached three million articles in August 2009, the growth of the edition, in terms of the numbers of articles and of contributors, appears to have peaked around early 2007.<ref name="guardian WP user peak 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist|title=Misplaced Pages approaches its limits|author=Bobbie Johnson|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=August 12, 2009|accessdate=March 31, 2010}}</ref> Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800.<ref name="WP growth modelling 1">{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth}}</ref> A team at the ] attributed this slowing of growth to the project's increasing exclusivity and resistance to change.<ref name="wikisym slowing growth 1">{{cite conference|url=http://www.wikisym.org/ws2009/procfiles/p108-suh.pdf|title=The Singularity is Not Near: Slowing Growth of Misplaced Pages|year=2009|location=Orlando, Florida|conference=The International Symposium on Wikis}}</ref><!-- ''Hidden whilst in discussion on the talk page'': New or occasional editors have significantly higher rates of their edits reverted (removed) than an elite group of regular editors, colloquially known as "the ]". This could make it more difficult for the project to recruit and retain new contributors over the long term, resulting in stagnation in article creation. --> Others suggest that the growth is flattening naturally because articles that could be called ] – topics that clearly merit an article – have already been created and built up extensively.<ref name="bostonreview the end of WP 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.bostonreview.net/books-ideas/edit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-morozov|title=Edit This Page; Is it the end of Misplaced Pages|publisher=''Boston Review''|author=Evgeny Morozov|date=November–December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html|title=Misplaced Pages – Exploring Fact City|work=The New York Times|date=March 28, 2009|accessdate=April 19, 2011}}</ref><ref name="stanford WP lack of future growth 1">Austin Gibbons, David Vetrano, Susan Biancani (2012). {{open access}}</ref>

In November 2009, a researcher at the ] in ] (]) found that the English Misplaced Pages had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, the project lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008.<ref name="guardian editors leaving 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors|title=Misplaced Pages falling victim to a war of words|work=The Guardian|location=London|author=Jenny Kleeman|date=November 26, 2009|accessdate=March 31, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://libresoft.es/publications/thesis-jfelipe|title=Misplaced Pages: A quantitative analysis|format=PDF|date=|accessdate=}}{{dead link|date=January 2014}}</ref> ''The Wall Street Journal'' cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend.<ref name="WSJ WP losing editors 1">Volunteers Log Off as Misplaced Pages Ages, The Wall Street Journal, November 27, 2009.</ref> Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the methodology of the study.<ref name="telegraph Wales WP not losing editors 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html|title=Misplaced Pages's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors|first=Emma|last=Barnett|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=November 26, 2009|accessdate=March 31, 2010}}</ref> Two years later, Wales acknowledged the presence of a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011.<ref name="wiki-women" /> In the same interview, Wales also claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable," a claim which was questioned by MIT's '']'' in a 2013 article titled "The Decline of Misplaced Pages."<ref name="Simonite-2013"/> In July 2012, '']'' reported that the number of administrators is also in decline.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829|title=3 Charts That Show How Misplaced Pages Is Running Out of Admins|work=The Atlantic|date=July 16, 2012}}</ref> In the 25 November 2013 issue of '']'' magazine, Katherine Ward stated "Misplaced Pages, the sixth-most-used website, is facing an internal crisis. In 2013, MIT's ''Technology Review'' revealed that since 2007, the site has lost a third of the volunteer editors who update and correct the online encyclopedia's millions of pages and those still there have focused increasingly on minutiae."<ref>Ward, Katherine. ''New York'' Magazine, issue of 25 November 2013, p. 18.</ref>

] on January 18, 2012]]

In January 2007, Misplaced Pages entered for the first time the top-ten list of the most popular websites in the United States, according to ] Networks. With 42.9 million unique visitors, Misplaced Pages was ranked number 9, surpassing the '']'' (#10) and ] (#11). This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when the rank was number 33, with Misplaced Pages receiving around 18.3 million unique visitors.<ref name="pcworld new to top-10 sites 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/129135/wikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html|title=Misplaced Pages Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites|publisher=PCWorld|date=February 17, 2007}}</ref> In February 2014, Misplaced Pages was the sixth-most popular website worldwide according to ],<ref name="AlexaStats" /> receiving 12 billion pageviews every month<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Misplaced Pages Page Views Per Country |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |accessdate=August 11, 2013}}<!-- this should lead to the report generated in June 2013, but the corresponding page was not found in the archive. --></ref> (2.7 billion from the United States<ref name="TCrunch" />). On 9 February 2014, ''The New York Times'' reported that Misplaced Pages has 18 billion ]s and nearly 500 million ]s a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore."<ref name="small screen">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html | title=Misplaced Pages vs. the Small Screen | work=New York Times | date=9 February 2014 | last=Cohen |first=Noam}}</ref>

On January 18, 2012, the English Misplaced Pages participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the United States Congress—the ] (SOPA) and the ] (PIPA)—by ].<ref name="LA Times Jan 19">{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/wikipedia-sopa-blackout-congressional-representatives.html|title=Misplaced Pages: SOPA protest led 8 million to look up reps in Congress|first=Deborah|last=Netburn|work=Los Angeles Times|date=January 19, 2012|accessdate=2012-03-06}}</ref> More than 162 million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced Misplaced Pages content.<ref name="BBC WP blackout protest 1">{{cite news|title=Misplaced Pages joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16590585|publisher=BBC News|date=January 18, 2012|accessdate=January 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikimediafoundation.org/SOPA/Blackoutpage|title=SOPA/Blackoutpage|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|accessdate=January 19, 2012}}</ref>

Loveland and Reagle argue that, in process, Misplaced Pages follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that accumulated improvements piecemeal through "] accumulation".<ref name="sagepub WP and encyclopedic production 1">{{cite journal|url=http://nms.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/01/13/1461444812470428.full|title=Misplaced Pages and encyclopedic production. New Media & Society. Sage Journals|author=Jeff Loveland and Joseph Reagle|date=January 15, 2013|journal=New Media & Society|doi=10.1177/1461444812470428|volume=15|issue=8|page=1294}}</ref><ref name="theatlantic WP actually a reversion 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697|title=What If the Great Misplaced Pages 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion? • The Atlantic|author=Rebecca J. Rosen|date=Jan 30, 2013|accessdate=9 Feb 2013}}</ref>

On 20 January 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for ''The Economic Times'' indicated that not only had Misplaced Pages growth flattened but that it has "lost nearly 10 per cent of its page-views last year. That's a decline of about 2 billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Misplaced Pages declined by 12 per cent, those of German version slid by 17 per cent and the Japanese version lost 9 per cent."<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news | first = Subodh | last = Varma | title = Google eating into Misplaced Pages page views? | date = 2014-01-20 | publisher = ] | url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms | work = The Economic Times | accessdate = 2014-02-10}}</ref> Varma added that, "While Misplaced Pages's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting, other experts feel that Google's Knowledge Graphs project launched last year may be gobbling up Misplaced Pages users."<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> When contacted on this matter, Clay Shirky, associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's Berkman Center for internet and Security indicated that he suspected much of the page view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the search page, you don't need to click ."<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" />

{{Gallery
|title=
|width=330 | height=220 | lines=2
|align=left
|footer=
|File:EnwikipediaGom.PNG
| alt1=Graph of number of articles in the English Misplaced Pages showing steady growth
|Number of articles in the English Misplaced Pages (in blue)
|File:EnwikipediagrowthGom.PNG
| alt2=Growth of the number of articles in the English Misplaced Pages showing a max around 2007
|Growth of the number of articles in the English Misplaced Pages (in blue)
|File:Time Between Edits Graph Jul05-Present.png
|alt3=Graph showing the number of days between every 10,000,000th edit (ca. 50 days), from 2005 to 2011
|Number of days between every 10,000,000th edit
}}{{-}}

== Analysis of content ==
{{See also|Academic studies about Misplaced Pages|Criticism of Misplaced Pages}}


== Reception ==
Although poorly written articles are flagged for improvement,<ref name="WP page flagging 1">{{cite web|url=Misplaced Pages:Contact_us/Article_problem/Poorly_written|title=Misplaced Pages:Contact us/Article problem/Poorly written – Misplaced Pages, the 💕|publisher=English Misplaced Pages|accessdate=2012-07-05}}</ref> critics note that the style and quality of individual articles may vary greatly.<!--Others argue that inherent biases (willful or not) arise in the presentation of facts, especially controversial topics and public or historical figures. Although Misplaced Pages's stated mission is to provide information and not argue value judgements, articles often contain overly specialized, trivial, or objectionable material.(unsourced/unverifiable)-->
{{See also|Academic studies about Misplaced Pages|Criticism of Misplaced Pages|Racial bias on Misplaced Pages|Misplaced Pages and antisemitism}}
Various ] have ], which includes more than fifty policies and nearly 150,000 words {{as of|2014|lc=y|post=.}}<ref name="bureaucracy">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/06/wikipedia_s_bureaucracy_problem_and_how_to_fix_it.html |title=The Unbearable Bureaucracy of Misplaced Pages |last=Jemielniak |first=Dariusz|author-link=Dariusz Jemielniak |magazine=] |date=June 22, 2014|access-date = August 18, 2014|archive-date = August 13, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140813020720/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/06/wikipedia_s_bureaucracy_problem_and_how_to_fix_it.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="Jemielniak">{{cite book |last=Jemielniak |first=Dariusz |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvqsdrf9 |title=Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Misplaced Pages |publisher=] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8047-9120-5 |location=Stanford, CA |doi=10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9 |jstor=j.ctvqsdrf9 |via=]|access-date=January 29, 2023|archive-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129174817/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvqsdrf9|url-status=live}}</ref> Critics have stated that Misplaced Pages exhibits ]. In 2010, columnist and journalist ] described Misplaced Pages as being a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods".<ref name=EdwinBlack>{{cite news |first=Edwin |last=Black|author-link=Edwin Black |date=April 19, 2010 |work=] |publisher=] |title=Misplaced Pages – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge |url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909210831/https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437|archive-date=September 9, 2016|access-date=October 21, 2014}}</ref> Articles in '']'' and '']'' have criticized Misplaced Pages's "]", concluding that Misplaced Pages explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a subject, but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject, give less attention to minor ones, and creates omissions that can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Messer-Krusse |first1=Timothy |title=The 'Undue Weight' of Truth on Misplaced Pages |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-undue-weight-of-truth-on-wikipedia/ |work=] |date=February 12, 2012|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218162359/https://chronicle.com/article/The-Undue-Weight-of-Truth-on/130704/|archive-date=December 18, 2016|access-date=March 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colón Aguirre |first1=Mónica |last2=Fleming-May |first2=Rachel A. |date=November 2012 |title="You Just Type in What You Are Looking For": Undergraduates' Use of Library Resources vs. Misplaced Pages |url=https://faculty.washington.edu/jwj/lis521/colon%20wikipedia.pdf|url-status=live |journal=] |publisher=] |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=391–399 |doi=10.1016/j.acalib.2012.09.013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419031904/https://faculty.washington.edu/jwj/lis521/colon%20wikipedia.pdf|archive-date=April 19, 2016|access-date=March 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Misplaced Pages experience sparks national debate |url=https://www.bgsu.edu/news/2012/02/wikipedia-experience-sparks-national-debate.html|access-date=March 27, 2014 |work=BGSU News |publisher=] |date=February 27, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827120800/https://www.bgsu.edu/news/2012/02/wikipedia-experience-sparks-national-debate.html|archive-date=August 27, 2016}}</ref>


Journalists ] and ] alleged (in 2010 and 2011 respectively) that articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic.<ref name=EdwinBlack /><ref name=okw>{{cite news |last1=Kamm |first1=Oliver|author1-link=Oliver Kamm |title=Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds |url=https://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2267665.ece |work=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814104256/https://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2267665.ece|archive-date=August 14, 2011 |date=August 16, 2007}}</ref> A 2008 article in '']'' journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics, Misplaced Pages is subject to manipulation and ].<ref name=Petrilli>{{cite journal |last1=Petrilli |first1=Michael J. |title=Misplaced Pages or Wickedpedia? |journal=Education Next |date=Spring 2008 |volume=8 |issue=2 |url=https://www.educationnext.org/wikipedia-or-wickedpedia/|access-date=October 22, 2014 |publisher=]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121024654/https://educationnext.org/wikipedia-or-wickedpedia/|archive-date=November 21, 2016 |department=What Next}}</ref> In 2020, ] and ] noted that "Media coverage of Misplaced Pages has radically shifted over the past two decades: once cast as an intellectual frivolity, it is now lauded as the 'last bastion of shared reality' online."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Benjakob |first1=Omer |last2=Harrison |first2=Stephen |date=October 13, 2020 |chapter=From Anarchy to Wikiality, Glaring Bias to Good Cop: Press Coverage of Misplaced Pages's First Two Decades|chapter-url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/4956/chapter/1879815/From-Anarchy-to-Wikiality-Glaring-Bias-to-Good-Cop |title=Misplaced Pages @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution |publisher=] |doi=10.7551/mitpress/12366.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-262-36059-3|doi-access=free|access-date=September 11, 2021|archive-date=September 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911145640/https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/4956/chapter/1879815/From-Anarchy-to-Wikiality-Glaring-Bias-to-Good-Cop|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2006, the ''Misplaced Pages Watch'' criticism website listed dozens of examples of ] by Misplaced Pages editors on the English version.<ref name="wwplagiarism" />


Multiple news networks and pundits have accused Misplaced Pages of being ]. In February 2021, ] accused Misplaced Pages of whitewashing ] and ] and having too much "] bias".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lott |first=Maxim |date=February 18, 2021 |title=Inside Misplaced Pages's leftist bias: socialism pages whitewashed, communist atrocities buried |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/wikipedia-bias-socialism-pages-whitewashed|access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=February 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218233800/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/wikipedia-bias-socialism-pages-whitewashed|url-status=live}}</ref> Misplaced Pages co-founder Sanger said that Misplaced Pages has become a "propaganda" for the left-leaning "establishment" and warned the site can no longer be trusted.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Lee |title=Misplaced Pages co-founder says site is now 'propaganda' for left-leaning 'establishment' |url=https://nypost.com/2021/07/16/wikipedia-co-founder-says-site-is-now-propaganda-for-left-leaning-establishment/|access-date=May 31, 2023 |work=] |date=July 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716210154/https://nypost.com/2021/07/16/wikipedia-co-founder-says-site-is-now-propaganda-for-left-leaning-establishment/|archive-date=July 16, 2021}}</ref> In 2022, libertarian ] opined that Misplaced Pages, a site he financially supported at one time, appeared to have gradually taken a significant turn in bias to the political left, specifically on political topics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Misplaced Pages Bias |url=https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209214140/https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/|archive-date=December 9, 2022|access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=StosselTV}}</ref> Some studies suggest that Misplaced Pages (and in particular the English Misplaced Pages) has a "western ]" (or "pro-western bias")<ref>{{cite conference |last=Hube |first=Christoph |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion |chapter=Bias in Misplaced Pages |publisher=ACM Press|publication-place=New York, New York, US |year=2017 |pages=717–721 |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053375 |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7}}</ref> or "Eurocentric bias",<ref>Samoilenko, Anna (June 2021) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114114652/https://kola.opus.hbz-nrw.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/2206/file/dissertation%20Anna%20Samoilenko.pdf |date=November 14, 2023 }}.</ref> reiterating, says Anna Samoilenko, "similar biases that are found in the 'ivory tower' of academic historiography". Carwil Bjork-James proposes that Misplaced Pages could follow the diversification pattern of contemporary scholarship<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bjork-James |first=Carwil |title=New maps for an inclusive Misplaced Pages: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias |journal=New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia |volume=27 |issue=3 |date=2021 |doi=10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 |pages=207–228 |bibcode=2021NRvHM..27..207B |s2cid=234286415}}</ref> and Dangzhi Zhao calls for a "decolonization" of Misplaced Pages to reduce bias from opinionated White male editors.<ref>Morris-O'Connor, Danielle A., Andreas Strotmann, and Dangzhi Zhao. "The colonization of Misplaced Pages: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps." Journal of Documentation 79.3 (2023): 784-810.</ref>
Articles in Misplaced Pages are loosely categorized according to their {{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Categorization|subject matter}}.<ref>]</ref>


=== Accuracy of content === === Accuracy of content ===
{{Main|Reliability of Misplaced Pages}} {{Main|Reliability of Misplaced Pages}}
{{External media|width = 230px|float = right|audio1 = , ''Ideas with ]'', ], January 15, 2014}}
Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as '']'' are written by experts, lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy.<ref>{{cite news |date=December 15, 2005 |title=Misplaced Pages, Britannica: A Toss-Up |magazine=Wired |agency=Associated Press |url=https://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69844|url-status=dead|access-date=August 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214155447/https://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69844|archive-date=December 14, 2014}}</ref> However, a peer review in 2005 of forty-two scientific entries on both Misplaced Pages and ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' by the science journal '']'' found few differences in accuracy, and concluded that "the average science entry in Misplaced Pages contained around four inaccuracies; ''Britannica'', about three."<ref name="GilesJ2005Internet" /> Joseph Reagle suggested that while the study reflects "a topical strength of Misplaced Pages contributors" in science articles, "Misplaced Pages may not have fared so well using a random sampling of articles or on humanities subjects."<ref>{{cite conference |first=Joseph |last=Reagle |title=Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Misplaced Pages |work=WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis |publisher=ACM |location=Montreal |year=2007 |url=https://reagle.org/joseph/2007/10/Wikipedia-Authorial-Leadership.pdf |hdl=2047/d20002876|access-date = January 29, 2023|archive-date = February 10, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://reagle.org/joseph/2007/10/Wikipedia-Authorial-Leadership.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref>


Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as '']'' are carefully and deliberately written by experts, lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy. Conversely, Misplaced Pages is often cited for factual inaccuracies and misrepresentations. However, a peer review in 2005 of forty-two scientific entries on both Misplaced Pages and Encyclopædia Britannica by the science journal ''Nature'' found few differences in accuracy, and concluded that "the average science entry in Misplaced Pages contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica, about three."<ref name="GilesJ2005Internet" /> Reagle suggested that while the study reflects "a topical strength of Misplaced Pages contributors" in science articles, "Misplaced Pages may not have fared so well using a random sampling of articles or on humanities subjects."<ref>Reagle, pp. 165-166.</ref> The findings by ''Nature'' were disputed by ''Encyclopædia Britannica'',<ref name="corporate.britannica.com" /><ref name="nature.com britannica response 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.com/press_releases/Britannica_response.pdf?item|format=PDF|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature: a response|accessdate=July 13, 2010}}</ref> and in response, ''Nature'' gave a rebuttal of the points raised by ''Britannica''.<ref name="nature.com">{{cite web|work=Nature|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html |title=Nature's responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica|date=March 30, 2006|accessdate=2012-03-19}}</ref> In addition to the point-for-point disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the ''Nature'' effort, and suggested a "flawed study design" (in ''Nature'''s manual selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of reported ]s), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e., owing to small sample size, 42 or 4 x 10<sup>1</sup> articles compared, vs >10<sup>5</sup> and >10<sup>6</sup> set sizes for ''Britannica'' and the English Misplaced Pages, respectively).<ref>See author acknowledged comments in response to the citation of the ''Nature'' study, at ''PLoS One'', 2014, "Citation of fundamentally flawed ''Nature'' quality 'study' ", In response to T. Yasseri et al. (2012) Dynamics of Conflicts in Misplaced Pages, Published 20 June 2012, DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0038869, see , accessed 21 July 2014.</ref> Others raised similar critiques.<ref name="Orlowski2005">{{cite news |last1=Orlowski |first1=Andrew |date=December 16, 2005 |title=Misplaced Pages science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though |work=] |url=https://www.theregister.com/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/|url-status=live|access-date=February 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813024106/https://www.theregister.com/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/|archive-date=August 13, 2022}}</ref> The findings by ''Nature'' were disputed by ''Encyclopædia Britannica'',<ref name="corporate.britannica.com" /><ref name="nature.com britannica response 1">{{cite web |date=March 23, 2006 |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature: a response |url=https://www.nature.com/press_releases/Britannica_response.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060325124447/https://www.nature.com/press_releases/Britannica_response.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2006|access-date=July 13, 2010}}</ref> and in response, ''Nature'' gave a rebuttal of the points raised by ''Britannica''.<ref name="nature.com">{{cite web |website=Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html |title=''Nature''{{'}}s responses to ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' |date=March 30, 2006|access-date = February 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515025717/https://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html|archive-date=May 15, 2017}}</ref> In addition to the point-for-point disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the ''Nature'' effort, and suggested a "flawed study design" (in ''Nature''{{'}}s manual selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of reported ]s), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e., owing to small ], 42 or 4&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>1</sup> articles compared, vs >10<sup>5</sup> and >10<sup>6</sup> set sizes for ''Britannica'' and the English Misplaced Pages, respectively).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yasseri |first1=Taha |last2=Sumi |first2=Robert |last3=Rung |first3=András |last4=Kornai |first4=András |last5=Kertész |first5=János |date=June 20, 2012|editor-last=Szolnoki|editor-first=Attila |title=Dynamics of Conflicts in Misplaced Pages |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=e38869 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0038869 |pmc=3380063 |pmid=22745683 |arxiv=1202.3643 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...738869Y|doi-access=free}}</ref>


As a consequence of the open structure, Misplaced Pages "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it.<ref name="WP general disclaimer 1">{{cite web|url=Misplaced Pages:General_disclaimer|title=Misplaced Pages:General disclaimer|publisher=English Misplaced Pages|accessdate=April 22, 2008}}</ref> Concerns have been raised by ''PC World'' in 2009 regarding the lack of ] that results from users' anonymity,<ref name="WikipediaWatch" /> the insertion of false information,<ref name="pcworld WP blunders 1">{{cite web|last=Raphel|first=JR|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/170874/the_15_biggest_wikipedia_blunders.html|title=The 15 Biggest Misplaced Pages Blunders|work=]|accessdate=September 2, 2009}}</ref> ], and similar problems. As a consequence of the open structure, Misplaced Pages "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it.<ref name="WP general disclaimer 1" group="W">]</ref> Concerns have been raised by '']'' in 2009 regarding the lack of ] that results from users' anonymity, the insertion of false information,<ref name="pcworld WP blunders 1">{{cite web |last=Raphael |first=JR |date=August 26, 2009 |title=The 15 Biggest Misplaced Pages Blunders |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/170874/the_15_biggest_wikipedia_blunders.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201033651/https://www.pcworld.com/article/525199/the_15_biggest_wikipedia_blunders.html|archive-date=December 1, 2022|access-date=September 2, 2009 |website=]}}</ref> ], and similar problems. ''Legal Research in a Nutshell'' (2011), cites Misplaced Pages as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources".<ref name="Nutshell in-depth resources">{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Morris |url=https://archive.org/details/legalre_coh_2010_00_0532 |title=Legal Research in a Nutshell |author2=Olson, Kent |publisher=Thomson Reuters |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-314-26408-4 |edition=10th |location=St. Paul, MN |pages= |via=]}}</ref>


Economist ] wrote: "If I had to guess whether Misplaced Pages or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true, after a not so long think I would opt for Misplaced Pages." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles and relevant information is omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites, and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them.<ref name="tnr experts vigilant in correcting WP 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.tnr.com/story.html?id=82eb5d70-13bd-4086-9ec0-cb0e9e8411b3|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080318103017/http://www.tnr.com/story.html?id=82eb5d70-13bd-4086-9ec0-cb0e9e8411b3|archivedate=March 18, 2008|title=Cooked Books|first=Tyler|last=Cowen|work=The New Republic|date=March 14, 2008|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Economist ] wrote: "If I had to guess whether Misplaced Pages or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true after a not so long think I would opt for Misplaced Pages." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases, and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles as well as relevant information being omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them.<ref name="tnr experts vigilant in correcting WP 1">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.tnr.com/story.html?id=82eb5d70-13bd-4086-9ec0-cb0e9e8411b3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318103017/https://www.tnr.com/story.html?id=82eb5d70-13bd-4086-9ec0-cb0e9e8411b3|archive-date = March 18, 2008 |title=Cooked Books |first=Tyler |last=Cowen |magazine=The New Republic |date=March 14, 2008|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref> ] has argued that, due to the number of reviewers, "the content of a popular Misplaced Pages page is actually the most reliable form of information ever created".<ref name="PC 2021">{{cite news |last1=Stuart |first1=S.C. |date=June 3, 2021 |title=Misplaced Pages: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet? |work=] |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-the-most-reliable-source-on-the-internet|url-status=live|access-date=June 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116022311/https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-the-most-reliable-source-on-the-internet|archive-date=January 16, 2023}}</ref> In September 2022, '']'' journalist Liam Mannix noted that: "There's no reason to expect Misplaced Pages to be accurate&nbsp;... And yet it ." Mannix further discussed the multiple studies that have proved Misplaced Pages to be generally as reliable as ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', summarizing that "...turning our back on such an extraordinary resource is... well, a little petty."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannix |first=Liam |date=September 13, 2022 |title=Evidence suggests Misplaced Pages is accurate and reliable. When are we going to start taking it seriously? |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/evidence-suggests-wikipedia-is-accurate-and-reliable-when-are-we-going-to-start-taking-it-seriously-20220913-p5bhl3.html|access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=March 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306223341/https://www.smh.com.au/national/evidence-suggests-wikipedia-is-accurate-and-reliable-when-are-we-going-to-start-taking-it-seriously-20220913-p5bhl3.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


Critics argue that Misplaced Pages's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable.<ref name="TNY reliability issues 1">{{cite news|author=]|date=July 31, 2006|title=Know It All|work=]}}</ref> Some commentators suggest that Misplaced Pages may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear.<ref name="AcademiaAndWikipedia" /> Editors of traditional ]s such as the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' have questioned the project's ] and status as an encyclopedia.<ref name="McHenry_2004" /> Critics argue that Misplaced Pages's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable.<ref name="TNY reliability issues 1">{{cite news |last=Schiff |first=Stacy|author-link=Stacy Schiff |date=July 23, 2006 |title=Know It All |magazine=] |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all|access-date=January 29, 2023|archive-date=November 22, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122125817/http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060731fa_fact|url-status=live}}</ref> Some commentators suggest that Misplaced Pages may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear.<ref name="AcademiaAndWikipedia" /> Editors of traditional ]s such as the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' have questioned the project's ] and status as an encyclopedia.<ref name="McHenry_2004" /> Misplaced Pages co-founder ] has claimed that Misplaced Pages has largely avoided the problem of "fake news" because the Misplaced Pages community regularly debates the quality of sources in articles.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shapiro |first=Ari |date=April 27, 2018 |title=Misplaced Pages Founder Says Internet Users Are Adrift In The 'Fake News' Era |work=] |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era|url-status=live|access-date=May 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213220/https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era|archive-date=June 25, 2018}}</ref>


{{external media | width = 210px | align = right | video1 = , ], 7:13 mins<ref name="dw">{{cite web | title =Inside Misplaced Pages - Attack of the PR Industry | work = | publisher =] | date =June 30, 2014 | url =http://www.dw.de/inside-wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881 | accessdate =July 2, 2014 }}</ref> }} {{External media|width = 210px|float = right|video1 = , ], 7:13 mins<ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Inside Misplaced Pages&nbsp;– Attack of the PR Industry |publisher=] |date=June 30, 2014 |url=https://www.dw.de/inside-wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881|access-date = July 2, 2014|archive-date = July 1, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140701152647/http://www.dw.de/inside-wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881|url-status = dead}}</ref>}}
Misplaced Pages's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for Internet ], ], and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia.<ref name="Torsten_Kleinz" /><ref name="citizendium WP trolling issues 1">{{cite web|title=Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version)|url=http://www.citizendium.org/essay.html|work=Citizendium|accessdate=October 10, 2006}}</ref> Misplaced Pages's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for ]s, ]s, and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia.<ref name="Torsten_Kleinz" /><ref name="citizendium WP trolling issues 1" group="W">{{cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry|author-link=Larry Sanger |title=Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version) |url=https://www.citizendium.org/essay.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103062735/https://www.citizendium.org/essay.html|archive-date=November 3, 2006|access-date=October 10, 2006 |website=]}}</ref>
In response to paid advocacy and undisclosed editing issues, Misplaced Pages was reported in an article by Jeff Elder in ''The Wall Street Journal'' on 16 June 2014 to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed editing.<ref name="ReferenceA">Jun 16, 2014, "Misplaced Pages Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing", By Jeff Elder, ''The Wall Street Journal''.</ref> The article stated that: "Beginning Monday (from date of article), changes in Misplaced Pages’s terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. Katherine Maher, the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation’s chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that, 'we’re not an advertising service; we’re an encyclopedia.'"<ref name="DeathByWikipedia" /><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="cnet politicians and WP 1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6032713-7.html|title=Politicians notice Misplaced Pages|publisher=CNET|author=Kane, Margaret|date=January 30, 2006|accessdate=January 28, 2007}}</ref><ref name="msnbc MS cash for WP edits 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16775981|title=Microsoft offers cash for Misplaced Pages edit|publisher=MSNBC|author=Bergstein, Brian|authorlink=Brian Bergstein|date=January 23, 2007|accessdate=February 1, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Seeing Corporate Fingerprints" /> These issues, among others, had been parodied since the first decade of Misplaced Pages, notably by ] on '']''.<ref name="wikiality" /> In response to ] and undisclosed editing issues, Misplaced Pages was reported in an article in ''The Wall Street Journal'' to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed editing.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news |author=Elder |first=Jeff |date=June 16, 2014 |title=Misplaced Pages Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing |newspaper=] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-35861|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124234455/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-35861|archive-date=November 24, 2020}}</ref> The article stated that: "Beginning Monday , changes in Misplaced Pages's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. ], the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia.{{'"}}<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="DeathByWikipedia" /><ref name="cnet politicians and WP 1">{{cite web |author=Kane |first=Margaret |date=January 30, 2006 |title=Politicians notice Misplaced Pages |url=https://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6032713-7.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730044856/https://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6032713-7.html|archive-date=July 30, 2009|access-date=January 28, 2007 |website=]}}</ref><ref name="msnbc MS cash for WP edits 1">{{cite web |author=Bergstein |first=Brian|author-link=Brian Bergstein |date=January 23, 2007 |title=Microsoft offers cash for Misplaced Pages edit |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16775981|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819143025/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16775981|archive-date=August 19, 2022|access-date=January 29, 2023 |work=]}}</ref><ref name="Seeing Corporate Fingerprints" /> These issues, among others, had been parodied since the first decade of Misplaced Pages, notably by ] on '']''.<ref name="wikiality" />


=== Discouragement in education ===
{{anchor|Medical information}}
Some university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in ], preferring ]s;<ref name="WideWorldOfWikipedia" /> some specifically prohibit Misplaced Pages citations.<ref name="insidehighered against WP 1">{{cite journal |last1=Waters |first1=Neil L. |date=September 2007 |title=Why You Can't Cite Misplaced Pages in My Class |url=https://www.netlab.tkk.fi/opetus/s383133/no_Wikipedia.pdf|url-status=live |journal=] |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=15–17 |citeseerx=10.1.1.380.4996 |doi=10.1145/1284621.1284635|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028032733/https://www.netlab.tkk.fi/opetus/s383133/no_Wikipedia.pdf|archive-date=October 28, 2022|access-date=January 29, 2023 |s2cid=11757060}}</ref><ref name="insidehighered wiki no cite">{{cite web |last=Jaschik |first=Scott |date=January 26, 2007 |title=A Stand Against Misplaced Pages |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708175741/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki|archive-date=July 8, 2007|access-date=January 27, 2007 |website=Inside Higher Ed}}</ref> Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citable sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.<ref name="AWorkInProgress" /> Wales once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten emails weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Misplaced Pages; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia", he said.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Buis |first=Kyle |date=February 25, 2007 |title=Misplaced Pages sucks students in with reliable information |url=https://theorion.com/28752/archives/wikipedia-sucks-students-in-with-reliable-information-3/|access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=The Orion|archive-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129174820/https://theorion.com/28752/archives/wikipedia-sucks-students-in-with-reliable-information-3/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2014 |title=Is Googling Research? |url=https://blogs.ubc.ca/researchmethods/2014/06/28/is-googling-research/|access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=Research 2.0 |publisher=]|archive-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129174819/https://blogs.ubc.ca/researchmethods/2014/06/28/is-googling-research/|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 5 March 2014, Julie Beck writing for ''The Atlantic'' magazine in an article titled "Doctors’ #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Misplaced Pages", stated that
"Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Misplaced Pages) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information."<ref name="Julie Beck 2014">Julie Beck. "Doctors’ #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Misplaced Pages". ''The Atlantic'', 5 March 2014.</ref> Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of Dr. Amin Azzam at the University of San Francisco to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve ], as well as internal quality control programs within Misplaced Pages organized by Dr. ] to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to Misplaced Pages's highest standard of peer review evaluated articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer review evaluation standards.<ref name="Julie Beck 2014" /> In a 7 May 2014 follow-up article in ''The Atlantic'' titled "Can Misplaced Pages Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text", Julie Beck quotes Wikiproject's Dr. James Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference."<ref name="theatlantic.com">{{cite web|last=Green |first=Emma |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/can-wikipedia-ever-be-a-definitive-medical-text/361822/ |title=Can Misplaced Pages Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text? - Julie Beck |publisher=The Atlantic |date=2014-05-07 |accessdate=2014-06-14}}</ref> Beck added that: "Misplaced Pages has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured.' Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than 1 percent' of Misplaced Pages's medical articles have passed.<ref name="theatlantic.com" />


In February 2007, an article in '']'' newspaper reported that a few of the professors at ] were including Misplaced Pages articles in their ], although without realizing the articles might change.<ref name="thecrimson wiki debate">{{cite news |last1=Child |first1=Maxwell L. |title=Professors Split on Wiki Debate |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=517305 |work=] |date=February 26, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220125910/https://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=517305|archive-date=December 20, 2008 |location=Cambridge, MA}}</ref> In June 2007, ], former president of the ], condemned Misplaced Pages, along with Google, stating that academics who endorse the use of Misplaced Pages are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything".<ref name="stothart" />
Most university ]s discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in ], preferring ]s;<ref name="WideWorldOfWikipedia" /> some specifically prohibit Misplaced Pages citations.<ref name="insidehighered against WP 1">{{cite doi|10.1145/1284621.1284635}}</ref><ref name="insidehighered wiki no cite">{{cite news|first=Scott|last=Jaschik|title=A Stand Against Misplaced Pages|url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki|publisher=Inside Higher Ed|date=January 26, 2007|accessdate=January 27, 2007}}</ref> Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citeable sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.<ref name="AWorkInProgress" /> Wales once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten ]s weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Misplaced Pages; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia", he said.<ref name="Jimmy Wales don't cite WP 1">"Jimmy Wales", ''Biography Resource Center Online''. (Gale, 2006.)</ref>


A 2020 research study published in '']'' argued that Misplaced Pages could be applied in the higher education "]", an educational model where students learn before coming to class and apply it in classroom activities. The experimental group was instructed to learn before class and get immediate feedback before going in (the flipped classroom model), while the control group was given direct instructions in class (the conventional classroom model). The groups were then instructed to collaboratively develop Misplaced Pages entries, which would be graded in quality after the study. The results showed that the experimental group yielded more Misplaced Pages entries and received higher grades in quality. The study concluded that learning with Misplaced Pages in flipped classrooms was more effective than in conventional classrooms, demonstrating Misplaced Pages could be used as an educational tool in higher education.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zou |first1=Di |last2=Xie |first2=Haoran |last3=Wang |first3=Fu Lee |last4=Kwan |first4=Reggie |date=April 10, 2020 |title=Flipped learning with Misplaced Pages in higher education |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/03075079.2020.1750195 |journal=] |publisher=] |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=1026–1045 |doi=10.1080/03075079.2020.1750195 |s2cid=216534736|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 29, 2023|archive-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129174817/https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/03075079.2020.1750195|url-status=live}}</ref>
In February 2007, an article in '']'' newspaper reported that a few of the professors at ] include Misplaced Pages in their ], but that there is a split in their perception of using Misplaced Pages.<ref name="thecrimson wiki debate">Child, Maxwell L., , The Harvard Crimson, Monday, February 26, 2007.</ref> In June 2007, former president of the ] ] condemned Misplaced Pages, along with ],<ref name="stothart" /> stating that academics who endorse the use of Misplaced Pages are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything".


==== Medical information ====
A Harvard law textbook, ''Legal Research in a Nutshell'' (2011), cites Misplaced Pages as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources".<ref name="Nutshell in-depth resources">{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Morris|title=Legal Research in a Nutshell|author2=Olson, Kent|year=2010|publisher=Thomson Reuters|location=St. Paul, Minnesotta, USA|edition=10th|pages=32–34|isbn=978-0-314-26408-4}}</ref>
{{See also|Health information on Misplaced Pages}}

On March 5, 2014, Julie Beck writing for '']'' magazine in an article titled "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Misplaced Pages", stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Misplaced Pages) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information."<ref name=":10">{{Cite magazine |last=Beck |first=Julie |date=March 5, 2014 |title=Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Misplaced Pages |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/03/doctors-1-source-for-healthcare-information-wikipedia/284206/|url-status=live |magazine=] |issn=2151-9463|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024070757/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/03/doctors-1-source-for-healthcare-information-wikipedia/284206/|archive-date=October 24, 2022|access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of ] at the ] to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve ], as well as internal quality control programs within Misplaced Pages organized by ] to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to Misplaced Pages's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer-review evaluation process.<ref name=":10" /> In a May 7, 2014, follow-up article in ''The Atlantic'' titled "Can Misplaced Pages Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?", Julie Beck quotes WikiProject Medicine's James Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference."<ref name="theatlantic.com">{{cite magazine |last=Beck |first=Julie |date=May 7, 2014 |title=Can Misplaced Pages Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/can-wikipedia-ever-be-a-definitive-medical-text/361822/|url-status=live |magazine=The Atlantic |issn=2151-9463|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208113526/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/can-wikipedia-ever-be-a-definitive-medical-text/361822/|archive-date=December 8, 2022|access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref> Beck added that: "Misplaced Pages has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured'. Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than one percent' of Misplaced Pages's medical articles have passed."<ref name="theatlantic.com" />
=== Quality of writing ===
Because contributors usually rewrite small portions of an entry rather than making full-length revisions, high- and low-quality content may be intermingled within an entry. ], a history professor, stated that ''American National Biography Online'' outperformed Misplaced Pages in terms of its "clear and engaging prose", which, he said, was an important aspect of good historical writing.<ref name="Rosenzweig" /> Contrasting Misplaced Pages's treatment of ] to that of ] historian ] in ''American National Biography Online'', he said that both were essentially accurate and covered the major episodes in Lincoln's life, but praised "McPherson's richer contextualization his artful use of quotations to capture Lincoln's voice and his ability to convey a profound message in a handful of words." By contrast, he gives an example of Misplaced Pages's prose that he finds "both verbose and dull". Rosenzweig also criticized the "waffling—encouraged by the npov policy— means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in Misplaced Pages history". By example, he quoted the conclusion of Misplaced Pages's article on ]. While generally praising the article, he pointed out its "waffling" conclusion: "Some historians remember him as an opportunistic, bloodthirsty outlaw, while others continue to view him as a daring soldier and local folk hero."<ref name="Rosenzweig" />

Other critics have made similar charges that, even if Misplaced Pages articles are factually accurate, they are often written in a poor, almost unreadable style. Frequent Misplaced Pages critic Andrew Orlowski commented: "Even when a Misplaced Pages entry is 100 per cent factually correct, and those facts have been carefully chosen, it all too often reads as if it has been translated from one language to another then into to a third, passing an illiterate translator at each stage."<ref name="theregister Wales WP founder on quality 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/10/18/wikipedia_quality_problem/page2.html|title=Misplaced Pages founder admits to serious quality problems|author=Andrew Orlowski|work=The Register|date=October 18, 2005|accessdate=September 30, 2007}}</ref> A study of articles on ] was undertaken in 2010 by Yaacov Lawrence of the Kimmel Cancer Center at ] limited to those Misplaced Pages articles which could be found in the ''Physician Data Query'' and excluding Misplaced Pages articles written at the "start" class or the "stub" class level. Lawrence found the articles accurate but not very readable, and thought that "Misplaced Pages's lack of readability (to non-college readers) may reflect its varied origins and haphazard editing".<ref name="upi accuracy 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100601114641.htm|title=Cancer information on Misplaced Pages is accurate, but not very readable, study finds|work=Science Daily|date=June 2, 2010|accessdate=December 31, 2010}}</ref> ''The Economist'' argued that better-written articles tend to be more reliable: "inelegant or ranting prose usually reflects muddled thoughts and incomplete information".<ref name="economist incomplete info">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/8820422?story_id=8820422|title=Fact or fiction? Misplaced Pages's variety of contributors is not only a strength|work=The Economist|date=March 10, 2007|accessdate=December 31, 2010}}</ref>


=== Coverage of topics and systemic bias === === Coverage of topics and systemic bias ===
{{See also|Notability in English Misplaced Pages}} {{See also|Notability in the English Misplaced Pages|Criticism of Misplaced Pages#Systemic bias in coverage}}
Misplaced Pages seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since it has ]s of ], it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia.<ref group="W">]</ref> The exact degree and manner of coverage on Misplaced Pages is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see ]).<ref name="Economist disagreements not uncommon">{{cite news |date=March 6, 2008 |title=The battle for Misplaced Pages's soul |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10789354|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 7, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214004436/https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2008/03/08/the-battle-for-wikipedias-soul|archive-date=December 14, 2022 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref name="telegraph WP torn apart 1">{{cite news |title=Misplaced Pages: an online encyclopedia torn apart |first=Ian |last=Douglas |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=November 10, 2007 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html|archive-date=January 10, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date = November 23, 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Misplaced Pages contains materials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic.<ref group="W">]</ref> The "Misplaced Pages is not censored" policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Misplaced Pages rejected an online petition against the inclusion of ] in the ] of its ] article, citing this policy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=February 5, 2008 |title=Misplaced Pages Islam Entry Is Criticized |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126025338/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|archive-date=November 26, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically sensitive materials in Misplaced Pages has led to the ] by national authorities in China<ref name="Taylor" /> and Pakistan,<ref name="washington post state censorship 1">{{cite news |last=Bruilliard |first=Karin |date=May 21, 2010 |title=Pakistan blocks YouTube a day after shutdown of Facebook over Muhammad issue |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/20/AR2010052005073.html|url-status=live|access-date=October 24, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427091507/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/20/AR2010052005073.html|archive-date=April 27, 2020}}</ref> among other countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moon |first=Mariella |date=March 12, 2022 |title=Prominent editor of Russian Misplaced Pages pages detained in Belarus |url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html|access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=March 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313173559/https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mokhtar |first=Hassna'a |date=July 19, 2006 |title=What Is Wrong With Misplaced Pages? |work=] |url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=85616&d=19&m=7&y=2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807060237/http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=85616&d=19&m=7&y=2006|archive-date=August 7, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Charles |date=December 8, 2008 |title=Misplaced Pages row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf|access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf|url-status=live}}</ref>


Through its "Misplaced Pages Loves Libraries" program, Misplaced Pages has partnered with major public libraries such as the ] to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles.<ref name="NYT subjects and articles">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/editing-wikipedia-at-the-new-york-public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html |title=Misplaced Pages's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection |last=Petrusich |first=Amanda |work=The New York Times |date=October 20, 2011|access-date = October 28, 2011|archive-date = November 11, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201111213754/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/editing-wikipedia-at-the-new-york-public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html|url-status = live}}</ref> A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the ] indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics. There was a greater concentration of females in the "people and arts" category, while males focus more on "geography and science".<ref>{{Cite conference |last1=Lam |first1=Shyong (Tony) K. |last2=Uduwage |first2=Anuradha |last3=Dong |first3=Zhenhua |last4=Sen |first4=Shilad |last5=Musicant |first5=David R. |last6=Terveen |first6=Loren |last7=Riedl |first7=John |date=October 3–5, 2011 |title=WP:Clubhouse? An Exploration of Misplaced Pages's Gender Imbalance |url=https://files.grouplens.org/papers/wp-gender-wikisym2011.pdf |conference=WikiSym'2011 |location=Mountain View, California |publisher=ACM|access-date=March 26, 2021|archive-date=March 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309064955/http://files.grouplens.org/papers/wp-gender-wikisym2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
Misplaced Pages seeks to create a summary of all ] knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since it has ]s of disk space, it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia.<ref name="WP advantages over trad media 1">{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:PAPER}}</ref> The exact degree and manner of coverage on Misplaced Pages is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see ]).<ref name="Economist disagreements not uncommon">{{cite news|title=The battle for Misplaced Pages's soul|url=http://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10789354|work=The Economist|date=March 6, 2008|accessdate=March 7, 2008}}</ref><ref name="telegraph WP torn apart 1">{{cite news|title=Misplaced Pages: an online encyclopedia torn apart|first=Ian|last=Douglas|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=November 10, 2007|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html|accessdate=November 23, 2010}}</ref> Misplaced Pages contains materials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic because ]. The policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Misplaced Pages rejected an online petition against the inclusion of ] in the ] of its ] article, citing this policy. The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically sensitive materials in Misplaced Pages has led to the ] by national authorities in ],<ref name="Taylor" /> ],<ref name="washington post state censorship 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/20/AR2010052005073.html|title=Pakistan blocks YouTube a day after shutdown of Facebook over Muhammad issue|first=Karin|last=Bruilliard|work=The Washington Post|date=May 21, 2010|accessdate=October 24, 2011}}</ref> and the ],<ref name="BBC child image censored 1">{{cite news|title=Misplaced Pages child image censored|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7770456.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=December 8, 2008|accessdate=December 8, 2008}}</ref> among other countries.


==== Coverage of topics and bias ====
]
Research conducted by Mark Graham of the ] in 2009 indicated that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven, Africa being the most underrepresented.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Graham |first1=Mark |date=November 12, 2009 |title=Mapping the Geographies of Misplaced Pages Content |url=https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002051150/https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content|archive-date=October 2, 2016 |website=Zerogeography}}</ref> Across 30 language editions of Misplaced Pages, historical articles and sections are generally Eurocentric and focused on recent events.<ref>{{cite book |last=Strohmaier |first=Markus |url=https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |title=Multilingual historical narratives on Misplaced Pages |date=March 6, 2017 |publisher=] |chapter=KAT50 Society, Culture |doi=10.7802/1411 |quote=Misplaced Pages narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias).|access-date=January 31, 2023|archive-date=January 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023846/https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411|url-status=live}}</ref>
A 2008 study conducted by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and Palo Alto Research Center gave a distribution of topics as well as growth (from July 2006 to January 2008) in each field:<ref name="Kittur2009" />
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Culture and the arts: 30% (210%)
* Biographies and persons: 15% (97%)
* Geography and places: 14% (52%)
* Society and social sciences: 12% (83%)
* History and events: 11% (143%)
* Natural and physical sciences: 9% (213%)
* Technology and the applied sciences: 4% (−6%)
* Religions and belief systems: 2% (38%)
* Health: 2% (42%)
* Mathematics and logic: 1% (146%)
* Thought and philosophy: 1% (160%)
{{refend}}


An editorial in '']'' in 2014 claimed that more effort went into providing references for ] than a ].<ref name="GuardianAugust2014">{{cite news |date=August 7, 2018 |title=The Guardian view on Misplaced Pages: evolving truth |work=] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth|url-status=live|access-date=January 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112212758/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth|archive-date=November 12, 2016}}</ref> Data has also shown that Africa-related material often faces omission; a knowledge gap that a July 2018 Wikimedia conference in ] sought to address.<ref name="memeb" />
These numbers refer only to the quantity of articles: it is possible for one topic to contain a large number of short articles and another to contain a small number of large ones. Through its "]" program, Misplaced Pages has partnered with major public libraries such as the ] to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles.<ref name="NYT subjects and articles">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/editing-wikipedia-at-the-new-york-public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html|title=Misplaced Pages's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection|last=Petrusich|first=Amanda|work=The New York Times|date=October 20, 2011|accessdate=October 28, 2011}}</ref>


==== Systemic biases ====
A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the ] indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics. There was a greater concentration of females in the People and Arts category, while males focus more on Geography and Science.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lam|first=Shyong|author2=Anuradha Uduwage|author3=Zhenhua Dong|author4=Shilad Sen|author5=David R. Musicant|author6=Loren Terveen|author7=John Riedl|title=WP: Clubhouse? An Exploration of Misplaced Pages's Gender Imblance|journal=WikiSym 2011|date=3–5 October 2011|page=4|url=http://files.grouplens.org/papers/wp-gender-wikisym2011.pdf}}</ref>
] have consistently shown that Misplaced Pages systematically over-represents a point of view (POV) belonging to a particular demographic described as the "average Wikipedian", who is an educated, technically inclined, English-speaking white male, aged 15–49, from a developed Christian country in the northern hemisphere.<ref name="Livingstone2010">{{Cite journal |last=Livingstone |first=Randall M. |date=November 23, 2010 |title=Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Misplaced Pages Community Fighting for Information Neutrality |url=https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315|url-status=live |journal=M/C Journal |volume=13 |issue=6 |doi=10.5204/mcj.315 |issn=1441-2616|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135911/https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315|archive-date=November 21, 2022|access-date=November 23, 2022|doi-access=free}}</ref> This POV is over-represented in relation to all existing POVs.<ref name="Hube2017">{{Cite book |last=Hube |first=Christoph |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion |chapter=Bias in Misplaced Pages |date=April 3, 2017|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3053375 |location=Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE |publisher=International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee |pages=717–721 |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053375 |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7 |s2cid=10472970}}</ref><ref name=":132">{{Cite journal |last=Bjork-James |first=Carwil |date=July 3, 2021 |title=New maps for an inclusive Misplaced Pages: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias |journal=New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=207–228 |bibcode=2021NRvHM..27..207B |doi=10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 |s2cid=234286415}}</ref> This systemic bias in editor demographic results in ], ], and ].<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last1=Ackerly |first1=Brooke A. |last2=Michelitch |first2=Kristin |date=2022 |title=Misplaced Pages and Political Science: Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives |journal=PS: Political Science & Politics |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=429–433 |doi=10.1017/S1049096521001463 |s2cid=247795102 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Beytía |first=Pablo |title=Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020 |chapter=The Positioning Matters |date=April 20, 2020|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |series=WWW '20 |location=New York |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=806–810 |doi=10.1145/3366424.3383569 |isbn=978-1-4503-7024-0 |s2cid=218523099|access-date=May 8, 2023|archive-date=April 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132221/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3366424.3383569|url-status=live}}</ref> There are two broad types of bias, which are ''implicit'' (when a topic is omitted) and ''explicit'' (when a certain POV is over-represented in an article or by references).<ref name="Hube2017" />


Interdisciplinary scholarly assessments of Misplaced Pages articles have found that while articles are typically accurate and free of misinformation, they are also typically incomplete and fail to present all perspectives with a neutral point of view.<ref name=":32" /> In 2011, Wales claimed that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, citing for example "biographies of famous women through history and issues surrounding early childcare".<ref name="wiki-women" /> The October 22, 2013, essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's ''Technology Review'' titled "The Decline of Misplaced Pages" discussed the effect of systemic bias and ] on the ].<ref name="Simonite-2013" />
==== Coverage of topics and selection bias ====
Research conducted by the Oxford Internet Institute has shown that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven. Most articles are written about ], ], and ], with significantly less coverage of large parts of the developing world, including most of ].<ref name="zerogeography places coverage">{{cite web|url=http://zerogeography.blogspot.com/2009/11/mapping-geographies-of-wikipedia.html|title=Mapping the Geographies of Misplaced Pages Content|work=Mark Graham Oxford Internet Institute|publisher=ZeroGeography|accessdate=November 16, 2009}}</ref>{{Failed verification|"Most articles are written about North America, Europe, and East Asia"|date=September 2014}}

A "selection bias" may arise when more words per article are devoted to one public figure than a rival public figure. Editors may dispute suspected biases and discuss controversial articles, sometimes at great length.

==== Systemic bias ====
When multiple editors contribute to one topic or set of topics, ], such as non-opposite definitions for apparent antonyms. In 2011, Wales noted that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, which predominantly consists of young males with high education levels in the developed world ({{lang|la|{{dabbr|cf|confer}}}} previously).<ref name="wiki-women">{{cite news|title=Misplaced Pages seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors|author=Kevin Rawlinson|newspaper=The Independent|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html|date=August 8, 2011|accessdate=April 5, 2012}}</ref> The 22 October 2013 essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's ''Technology Review'' titled "The Decline of Misplaced Pages" discussed the effect of systemic bias and ] on recent downward trends in the number of editors available to support Misplaced Pages's range and coverage of topics.<ref name="Simonite-2013" />

Systemic bias on Misplaced Pages may follow that of culture generally, for example favouring certain ethnicities or majority religions.<ref name="Quilter">{{cite web|url=http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1035&context=laura_quilter|title=Systemic Bias in Misplaced Pages: What It Looks Like, and How to Deal with It|author=Quilter, Laura|publisher=University of Massachusetts – Amherst|date=October 24, 2012|accessdate=November 26, 2012 }}</ref> It may more specifically follow the biases of ], inclining to being young, male, English-speaking, educated, technologically aware, and wealthy enough to spare time for editing. Biases of its own may include over-emphasis on topics such as pop culture, technology, and current events.<ref name="Quilter" />

In the study of systemic bias in large institutions, patterns of maladaptive ] are identified which harm productivity and viability. Maladaptive organizational behavior patterns applying to Misplaced Pages include the following categories.<ref name=autogenerated5>Frederic M. Scherer and David Ross, 1990. ''Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance'', 3rd ed. Houghton-Mifflin. and 1st ed. review .<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • ] search of .</ref><ref name=autogenerated6>Schermerhorn. ''Organizational Behavior''. Tenth edition. Chapter eight.</ref>

* '']'', generally identified in Misplaced Pages jargon as “edit warring” or “disruptive editing”, consists of behavior by employees or volunteer editors causing harm or intending to cause harm to constructive editing.<ref>Spector, P.E., & Fox, S. (2005). The Stressor-Emotion Model of Counterproductive Work Behavior Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets (pp. 151-174). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; US.</ref>

* ''Mistreatment of ]'', such as employees and volunteers who edit and maintain Misplaced Pages. Counter-measures are available in corrective measures and the norms of editing policy.

* '']'' is the extent to which a supervisor engages in a pattern of behavior that harms subordinates, such as fellow editors at Misplaced Pages. Editors at various levels of experience are often entrusted with corrective procedures and referrals for correcting abusive supervision practices when these are identified.<ref>Tepper, B.J. (2000). "Consequences of abusive supervision". ''Academy of Management Journal'', 43(2), 178-190. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1556375</ref>

* '']''. Although definitions of bullying vary, it involves a repeated pattern of harmful behaviors directed toward individuals, such as editors viewed as individual contributors.<ref>Rayner, C., & Keashly, L. (2005). Bullying at Work: A Perspective From Britain and North America. In S. Fox & P.E. Spector (Eds.), Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets. (pp. 271-296). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.</ref>

* '']'' consists of low-intensity discourteous and rude behavior with ambiguous intent to detract from productivity and violate norms for appropriate behavior in the workplace, such as that which may be found while editing contributions.<ref>Andersson, L.M., & Pearson, C.M. (1999). "Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace". ''Academy of Management Review'', 74, 452-471.</ref>

* '']'' is behavior that denigrates or mistreats an individual worker, such as a voluntary editor at Misplaced Pages, due to his or her gender, creating an offensive workplace for the worker and interfering with an individual being able to do the job. The gender gap is well-recognized as an issue at Misplaced Pages. Although an effective counter-measure to the gender gap has yet to be fully identified at Misplaced Pages, several programs have been examined for their potential in moving towards gender equality.<ref>Rospenda, K.M., & Richman, J.A. (2005). Harassment and discrimination. In J. Barling, E.K. Kelloway & M.R. Frone (Eds.), Handbook of work stress (pp. 149-188). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.</ref>

* '']'' concerns the imbalance between the demands (aspects of occupation or, Misplaced Pages editing for example, that require mental or physical effort) and resources that help cope with demands.<ref>Demerouti, E., Bakker, A.B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499</ref>

* ''] standards and practices'', where the accumulation of piecemeal standards adopted over time begin to show a cumulative negative effect upon the overall success and improvement of the institutions they were originally designed to guide and assist.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

Taha Yasseri of the ], in 2013, studied the statistical trends of systemic bias at Misplaced Pages introduced by editing conflicts and their resolution.<ref>"Edit Wars Reveal the 10 Most Controversial Topics on Misplaced Pages", MIT Technology Review, 17 July 2013.</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2269392 |title=The Most Controversial Topics in Misplaced Pages: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis by Taha Yasseri, Anselm Spoerri, Mark Graham, Janos Kertesz :: SSRN |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2269392 |publisher=Papers.ssrn.com |date= |accessdate=2014-06-14}}</ref> His research examined the ] of edit warring. Yasseri contended that simple reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of counterproductive behavior at Misplaced Pages and relied instead on the statistical measurement of detecting "reverting/reverted pairs" or "mutually reverting edit pairs." Such a "mutually reverting edit pair" is defined where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor in the "mutually reverting edit pairs." The results were tabulated for all language versions of Misplaced Pages, with the English Misplaced Pages three largest conflict rates applying to articles about (i) ''G.W. Bush'', (ii) ''Anarchism'' and (iii) ''Mohammad''.<ref name="autogenerated3" /> By comparison, for German Misplaced Pages the three largest conflict rates at the time of the Oxford study were for the articles covering (i) ''Croatia'', (ii) ''Scientology'' and (iii) ''9/11 Conspiracy Theories''.<ref name="autogenerated3" />


=== Explicit content === === Explicit content ===
{{See also|Internet Watch Foundation and Misplaced Pages|Reporting of child pornography images on Wikimedia Commons}}
{{main category|Misplaced Pages objectionable content}}
{{See also|Criticism of Misplaced Pages#Sexual content}} {{for|the government censorship of Misplaced Pages|Censorship of Misplaced Pages}}
{{self-reference|For Misplaced Pages's policy concerning censorship, see ]}}
{{Main|Internet Watch Foundation and Misplaced Pages|Reporting of child pornography images on Wikimedia Commons}}
Misplaced Pages has been criticized for allowing information about graphic content.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maxton |first=Richard |date=September 9, 2008 |title=Misplaced Pages attacked over porn pages |work=Macquarie Network |url=http://livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/09/09/Wikipedia_attacked_over_porn_pages|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917145158/http://livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/09/09/Wikipedia_attacked_over_porn_pages|archive-date=September 17, 2008}}</ref> Articles depicting what some critics have called objectionable content (such as ], ], ], ], and nudity) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet, including children.<ref group="W">]</ref> The site also includes ] such as images and videos of ] and ], illustrations of ], and photos from ] films in its articles. It also has non-sexual ].<ref group="W">]</ref>
{{rquote|right|Problem? What problem? So, you didn’t know that Misplaced Pages has a porn problem?|Larry Sanger|4=<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web|last=Sanger|first=Larry|title=What should we do about Misplaced Pages's porn problem?|url=http://larrysanger.org/2012/05/what-should-we-do-about-wikipedias-porn-problem|accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref>}}


The Misplaced Pages article about '']''—a 1976 album from the German rock band ]—features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked ] girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the Misplaced Pages article ''Virgin Killer'' was blocked for four days by most ]s in the United Kingdom after the ] (IWF) decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article's URL to a "blacklist" it supplies to British internet service providers.<ref name="Register ISP censorship">{{cite news |title=Brit ISPs censor Misplaced Pages over 'child porn' album cover |first=Cade |last=Metz |work=] |date=December 7, 2008 |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia|access-date = May 10, 2009|archive-date = May 13, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200513233758/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia/|url-status = live}}</ref>
Misplaced Pages has been criticized for allowing information of graphic content. Articles depicting arguably objectionable content (such as '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']'') contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet, including children.


In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on ] contained child pornography, and were in violation of ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh |title=Misplaced Pages rejects child porn accusation |date=April 29, 2010 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date = May 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902180523/https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh|archive-date = September 2, 2017|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Inquirer child abuse allegations">{{cite news |last=Farrell |first=Nick |date=April 29, 2010 |title=Misplaced Pages denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI |newspaper=The Inquirer |url=https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations|url-status=dead|access-date=October 9, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501174521/https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations|archive-date=May 1, 2010}}</ref> Sanger later clarified that the images, which were related to ] and one about ], were not of real children, but said that they constituted "obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", under the ].<ref name="The Register-April" /> That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are ].<ref name="The Register-April" /> Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Misplaced Pages in schools.<ref name="TET child porn accusations">{{cite news |title=Misplaced Pages blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website |date=April 29, 2010 |work=The Economic Times |location=India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Wikipedia-blasts-co-founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website/articleshow/5871943.cms|access-date = April 29, 2010|archive-date = May 13, 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100513213147/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Wikipedia-blasts-co-founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website/articleshow/5871943.cms|url-status = live}}</ref>
The site also includes ] such as images and videos of ] and ], as well as ] and photos from ] films in its articles.


] spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation,<ref name="AFP" /> saying that Misplaced Pages did not have "material we would deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it."<ref name="AFP" /> Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the community. After some editors who volunteered to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing-list that this action was "in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about me and how quickly I acted".<ref name="BBC News Wales cedes rights">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm |title=Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights |work=BBC News |date=May 10, 2010|access-date = May 19, 2010|archive-date = May 13, 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100513075509/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm|url-status = live}}</ref> Critics, including ], noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Misplaced Pages since 2010 have reappeared.<ref name="XBIZ">{{cite news |last=Gray |first=Lila |date=September 17, 2013 |title=Misplaced Pages Gives Porn a Break |work=XBIZ.com |url=https://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017|url-status=dead|access-date=November 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021064635/https://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017|archive-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref>
The Misplaced Pages article about '']'' – a 1976 album from ] ] ] ] – features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked ] girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the Misplaced Pages article '']'' was blocked for four days by most ]s in the ] after it was reported by a member of the public as ],<ref name="Register ISP censorship">{{cite news|title=Brit ISPs censor Misplaced Pages over 'child porn' album cover|first=Cade|last=Metz|work=]|date=December 7, 2008|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia|accessdate=May 10, 2009}}</ref> to the ] (IWF), which issues a stop list to Internet service providers. IWF, a non-profit, non-government-affiliated organization, later criticized the inclusion of the picture as "distasteful".<ref name="WP free speech debate">{{cite news|title=Misplaced Pages Censorship Sparks Free Speech Debate|first=JR|last=Raphael|work=The Washington Post|date=December 10, 2008|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/08/AR2008120803188.html|accessdate=May 10, 2009}}</ref>

In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on ] contained child pornography, and were in violation of ].<ref name="Inquirer child abuse allegations">{{cite news|last=Farrell|first=Nick|title=Misplaced Pages denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI|newspaper=The Inquirer|date=April 29, 2010|url=http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations|accessdate=October 9, 2010}}</ref> Sanger later clarified that the images, which were related to ] and one about ], were not of real children, but said that they constituted "obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", under the ].<ref name="The Register-April" /> That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are ].<ref name="The Register-April" /> Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Misplaced Pages in schools.<ref name="TET child porn accusations">{{cite news|title=Misplaced Pages blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website|date=April 29, 2010|work=The Economic Times|location=India|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Wikipedia-blasts-co-founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website/articleshow/5871943.cms|accessdate=April 29, 2010}}</ref> ] spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation,<ref name="AFP" /> saying that Misplaced Pages did not have "material we would deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it."<ref name="AFP" /> Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the community. After some editors who volunteer to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing-list that this action was "in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about me and how quickly I acted".<ref name="BBC News Wales cedes rights">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm|title=Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights|publisher=BBC News|date=May 10, 2010|accessdate=May 19, 2010}}</ref> Critics, including ], noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Misplaced Pages since 2010 have reappeared.<ref name="XBIZ">{{cite news|url=http://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017|work=XBIZ.com|date=September 17, 2013|first=Lila|last=Gray|title=Misplaced Pages Gives Porn a Break |accessdate=November 10, 2013}}</ref>


=== Privacy === === Privacy ===
One ] concern in the case of Misplaced Pages is the right of a private citizen to remain a "private citizen" rather than a "]" in the eyes of the law.<ref>Andrew McStay, 2014, , New York Peter Lang.</ref><ref group=notes name="texaspress libel issues 1">See by David McHam for the legal distinction</ref> It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in ] and the right to be anonymous in ] ("]"). A particular problem occurs in the case of an individual who is relatively unimportant and for whom there exists a Misplaced Pages page against her or his wishes. One ] concern in the case of Misplaced Pages is the right of a private citizen to remain a "private citizen" rather than a "public figure" in the eyes of the law.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McStay |first1=Andrew |title=Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol |date=2014 |publisher=] |isbn=978-1-4541-9163-6 |doi=10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9 |series=Digital Formation |volume=86}}</ref>{{efn|See by David McHam for the legal distinction.}} It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in ] and the right to be anonymous in ]. The Wikimedia Foundation's ] states, "we believe that you shouldn't have to provide personal information to participate in the free knowledge movement", and states that "personal information" may be shared "For legal reasons", "To Protect You, Ourselves & Others", or "To Understand & Experiment".<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Privacy policy |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/Privacy_policy|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Foundation|archive-date=January 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131204008/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/Privacy_policy|url-status=live}}</ref>


In January 2006, a German court ordered the ] shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of ], aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's right to privacy or that of his parents was being violated.<ref name="heise Tron public issue 1"></nowiki>], by Torsten Kleinz, February 9, 2006.</ref> In January 2006, a German court ordered the ] shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of ], aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's ] or that of his parents was being violated.<ref name="heise Tron public issue 1">{{cite news |last1=Kleinz |first1=Torsten |title=Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html |work=Heise Online |publisher=] |date=September 2, 2006 |language=de|trans-title=Court rejects preliminary injunction against Wikimedia Germany |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913054949/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html|archive-date=September 13, 2012}}</ref>


Misplaced Pages has a "{{visible anchor|Volunteer Response Team}}" that uses the ] system to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project.<ref>{{cite web|title=IT Service Management Software|url=http://www.otrs.com/en/|publisher=OTRS.com|accessdate=9 June 2012}}</ref> Misplaced Pages has a "{{visible anchor|Volunteer Response Team}}" that uses Znuny, a ] fork of ]<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Volunteer Response Team |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Volunteer_Response_Team|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]|archive-date=February 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202072211/https://meta.wikimedia.org/Volunteer_response_team|url-status=live}}</ref> to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project.<ref group="W">{{cite web |title=OTRS – A flexible Help Desk and IT-Service Management Software |url=https://www.otrs.com/en/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030215341/https://www.otrs.com/en/|archive-date=October 30, 2013|access-date=June 9, 2012 |website=Open Technology Real Services |publisher=OTRS.com}}</ref>


In late April 2023, Wikimedia Foundation announced that Misplaced Pages will not submit to any age verifications that may be required by the UK's ] legislation. Rebecca MacKinnon of the Wikimedia Foundation said that such checks would run counter to the website's commitment to minimal data collection on its contributors and readers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65388255 |title=Misplaced Pages will not perform Online Safety Bill age checks |work=BBC|date=April 28, 2023|access-date=May 1, 2023|archive-date=May 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501203750/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65388255|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Criticism ==
{{Main|Criticism of Misplaced Pages}}
As Misplaced Pages has become a main source for a wide range of general knowledge, criticism sites have developed that were instrumental in exposing the dark side of Misplaced Pages such as paid advocacy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/User:Jimbo_Wales/Paid_Advocacy_FAQ |title=User:Jimbo Wales/Paid Advocacy FAQ – Misplaced Pages, the 💕 |publisher=En.wikipedia.org |date= |accessdate=2014-06-14}}</ref> As of 2014, the most prominent site is ], which, according to Misplaced Pages, "has provided some journalists with background information on ]."<ref>{{cite web |title=Wikipediocracy |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipediocracy}}</ref>


=== Sexism ===
Misplaced Pages's high openness has led to various concerns, such as the quality of writing,<ref name="https"/> ]<ref name="MIT_IBM_study" /><ref name="CreatingDestroyingAndRestoringValue" /> and the accuracy of information. Some articles may contain unverified or inconsistent information,<ref name="DeathByWikipedia" /> against which Misplaced Pages applies policies for promoting {{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Verifiability|verifiability}} and ensuring a {{srlink|WP:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view}}. Other ], as an online encyclopedia, include claims that the very principle of being open for modification by anyone makes it difficult for Misplaced Pages to be fully authoritative and reliable (see ]). ], which is to say its general nature leads, without necessarily any conscious intention, to the propagation of various prejudices. Although many articles in newspapers have concentrated on minor factual errors in Misplaced Pages articles, there are also concerns about large-scale, presumably unintentional effects from the increasing influence and use of Misplaced Pages as a research tool at all levels.
{{Main|Gender bias on Misplaced Pages}}
Misplaced Pages was described in 2015 as harboring a battleground culture of ] and ].<ref name="Paling">{{cite web |last=Paling |first=Emma |date=October 21, 2015 |title=Misplaced Pages's Hostility to Women |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231105811/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/|archive-date=December 31, 2022|access-date=October 24, 2015 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Auerbach |first1=David |title=Encyclopedia Frown |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |journal=Slate|access-date = October 24, 2015 |date=December 11, 2014|archive-date = October 23, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151023233133/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html|url-status = live}}</ref> The perceived tolerance of abusive language was a reason put forth in 2013 for the gender gap in Misplaced Pages editorship.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murphy |first=Dan |date=August 1, 2013 |title=In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny |work=] |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-misogyny|access-date=February 1, 2023|archive-date=December 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201014632/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-misogyny|url-status=live}}</ref> ]s have been held to encourage female editors and increase the coverage of women's topics.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kueppers |first1=Courtney |date=March 23, 2020 |title=High Museum to host virtual Misplaced Pages edit-a-thon to boost entries about women |newspaper=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |url=https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/high-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-thon-boost-entries-about-women/TxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN/|access-date=October 24, 2020|archive-date=October 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027101959/https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/high-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-thon-boost-entries-about-women/TxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN/|url-status=live}}</ref>


In May 2018, a Misplaced Pages editor rejected a submitted article about ] due to lack of coverage in the media.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Draft:Donna Strickland |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Misplaced Pages, The 💕 |publisher=]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114656/https://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last1=Schlanger |first1=Zoë |last2=Purtill |first2=Corinne |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Misplaced Pages rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough |url=https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=October 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025085329/https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/|url-status=live}}</ref> Five months later, Strickland won a ] "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", becoming the third woman to ever receive the award.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2018 |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=The Nobel Prize|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141926/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to winning the award, Strickland's only mention on Misplaced Pages was in the article about her collaborator and co-winner of the award ].<ref name=":11" /> Her exclusion from Misplaced Pages led to accusations of sexism, but Corinne Purtill writing for '']'' argued that "it's also a pointed lesson in the hazards of gender bias in media, and of the broader consequences of underrepresentation."<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Purtill |first=Corinne |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Sexism at Misplaced Pages feeds off the sexism in the media |url=https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=February 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201022552/https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media|url-status=live}}</ref> Purtill attributes the issue to the gender bias in media coverage.<ref name=":12" />
A 2012 article in ] discussed criticism of Misplaced Pages by philosopher Don Fallis and historian ] about overreliance on ] and incomplete information.<ref>Messer-Kruse, Timothy (February 12, 2012) ] Retrieved March 27, 2014</ref><ref>Colón-Aguirre, Monica &Fleming-May, Rachel A. (October 11, 2012) (page 392) ] Retrieved March 27, 2014</ref><ref>Bowling Green News (February 27, 2012) ] Retrieved March 27, 2014</ref><!-- "overreliance on majority viewpoints" is far from a clear description of Messer-Kruse's point. Basically, the problem described is that if everyone thinks foo, our content will keep saying foo until enough people recognize the opposite, even if new evidence easily convinces anyone exposed to it that foo is false. NPOV considers the immediate popularity of viewpoints, but ignores their growth and age - if a one-year old viewpoint is held by twice as many people each week while another viewpoint is quickly losing ground, the policy says we should give them equal treatment if they are currently equally popular. -->


A comprehensive 2008 survey, published in 2016, by Julia B. Bear of ]'s College of Business and Benjamin Collier of ] found significant gender differences in confidence in expertise, discomfort with editing, and response to critical feedback. "Women reported less confidence in their expertise, expressed greater discomfort with editing (which typically involves conflict), and reported more negative responses to critical feedback compared to men."<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Julia B. Bear & Benjamin Collier |title=Where are the Women in Misplaced Pages ? – Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Misplaced Pages |journal=Sex Roles |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |publisher=] |date=January 4, 2016 |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625|url-access=subscription|access-date=June 27, 2021|archive-date=October 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027122538/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y|url-status=live}}</ref>
Several Wikipedians have criticized ], which includes over 50 policies and nearly 150,000 words as of 2014.<ref name="bureaucracy">{{cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/06/wikipedia_s_bureaucracy_problem_and_how_to_fix_it.html|title=The Unbearable Bureaucracy of Misplaced Pages|last=Jemielniak|first=Dariusz|publisher=]|date=June 22, 2014|accessdate=August 18, 2014}}</ref><ref>D. Jemielniak, ''Common Knowledge'', Stanford University Press, 2014.</ref>


== Operation == == Operation ==
=== Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements ===
A group of Misplaced Pages editors may form a ] to focus their work on a specific topic area, using its associated discussion page to coordinate changes across multiple articles.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ayers | first = Phoebe | title = How Misplaced Pages Works | publisher = No Starch Press | location = San Francisco | year = 2008 | isbn = 1-59327-176-X |page=213}}</ref><!-- Might need to be expanded. -->

=== Wikimedia Foundation and the Wikimedia chapters ===
{{Main|Wikimedia Foundation}} {{Main|Wikimedia Foundation}}
], the third executive director of Wikimedia, served from 2016 to 2021.|alt=Katherine Maher in 2016. She is seen with light skin, blonde hair, and blue eyes. She is seen wearing a black shirt.]]
] logo]]
Misplaced Pages is hosted and funded by the ], a non-profit organization which also operates Misplaced Pages-related projects such as ] and ].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia Projects |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Misplaced Pages, The 💕 |date=May 30, 2018 |publisher=]|archive-date=October 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011065720/https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/|url-status=live}}</ref> The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGregor |first1=Jena |title=Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/17/wikimedias-approach-coronavirus-staffers-can-work-20-hours-week-get-paid-full-time/|access-date=February 25, 2021 |newspaper=] |date=March 17, 2020|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421031242/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/17/wikimedias-approach-coronavirus-staffers-can-work-20-hours-week-get-paid-full-time/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="financialstatements" group="W">{{cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf|access-date=June 5, 2016 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The foundation's 2020 Internal Revenue Service ] shows revenue of $124.6&nbsp;million and expenses of almost $112.2&nbsp;million, with assets of about $191.2&nbsp;million and liabilities of almost $11&nbsp;million.<ref group="W">{{cite web |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf|access-date=October 14, 2014 |website=]|archive-date=May 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524102009/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>


In May 2014, Wikimedia Foundation named ] as its second executive director, taking over for Sue Gardner.<ref group="W">{{cite web |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503035438/https://wikimediafoundation.org/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov|archive-date=May 3, 2014|access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=]}}</ref> ''The'' ''Wall Street Journal'' reported on May 1, 2014, that Tretikov's information technology background from her years at University of California offers Misplaced Pages an opportunity to develop in more concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position statement that, "Information, like air, wants to be free."<ref name="Jeff Elder 2014">{{Cite news |last=Elder |first=Jeff |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Misplaced Pages's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site |work=] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-34824|access-date=February 1, 2023|archive-date=February 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201172213/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-34824|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Misplaced Pages |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040015/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|archive-date=December 29, 2022}}</ref> The same ''Wall Street Journal'' article reported these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh of Wikimedia, who "said Tretikov would address that issue (]) as a priority. 'We are really pushing toward more transparency&nbsp;... We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of contributors, better mobile support of Misplaced Pages, new geo-location tools to find local content more easily, and more tools for users in the second and third world are also priorities", Walsh said.<ref name="Jeff Elder 2014" />
Misplaced Pages is hosted and funded by the ], a non-profit organization which also operates Misplaced Pages-related projects such as ] and ]. The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission.<ref name="financialstatements">{{cite web|url=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/a/ac/FINAL_10_11From_KPMG.pdf|title=Wikimedia Foundation – Financial Statements – June 30, 2011 and 2010|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Wikimedia chapters, local associations of users and supporters of the Wikimedia projects also participate in the promotion, development, and funding of the project. The foundation's recent 2013 IRS Form 990 shows revenue of $39.7 million and expenses of almost $29 million, with assets of $37.2 million and liabilities of about $2.3 million.{{Citation needed|This should surely move to the main article.|date=September 2014}}


Following the departure of Tretikov from Misplaced Pages due to issues concerning the use of the "superprotection" feature which some language versions of Misplaced Pages have adopted,<ref group="W">{{Cite news |last=Neotarf|author-link=User:Neotarf |date=August 13, 2014 |title=Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Misplaced Pages |work=] |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|access-date=February 1, 2023|archive-date=January 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125043521/https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|url-status=live}}</ref> ] became the third executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in June 2016.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Lorente |first=Patricio |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/|url-status=live}}</ref> Maher stated that one of her priorities would be the issue of editor harassment endemic to Misplaced Pages as identified by the Misplaced Pages board in December. She said to '']'' regarding the harassment issue that: "It establishes a sense within the community that this is a priority&nbsp;... it has to be more than words."<ref name="Bloomberg 2016" />
In May 2014, Wikimedia Foundation named ] as its new executive director, taking over for Sue Gardner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |title=Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |date= |accessdate=2014-06-14}}</ref> The ''Wall Street Journal'' reported on 1 May 2014 that Tretikov's information technology background from her years at University of California offers Misplaced Pages an opportunity to develop in more concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position statement that, "Information, like air, wants to be free."<ref name="Jeff Elder 2014">Jeff Elder, ''The Wall Street Journal'', 1 May 2014, "Misplaced Pages's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site".</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|title=Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Misplaced Pages|author=Naom Cohen|date=May 1, 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The same ''Wall Street Journal'' article reported these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh of Wikimedia who "said Tretikov would address that issue (paid advocacy) as a priority. 'We are really pushing toward more transparency... We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of contributors, better mobile support of Misplaced Pages, new geo-location tools to find local content more easily, and more tools for users in the second and third world are also priorities, Walsh said."<ref name="Jeff Elder 2014" />

Maher served as executive director until April 2021.<ref name=axios>{{cite web |url=https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |title=Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Misplaced Pages |first=Felix |last=Salmon |website=Axios |date=February 4, 2021|access-date=April 16, 2021|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204180613/https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ] was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. She stated that one of her focuses would be increasing diversity in the Wikimedia community.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lima |first=Cristiano |date=September 14, 2021 |title=Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/14/wikipedia-maryana-iskander-ceo/|access-date=September 14, 2021 |issn=0190-8286|archive-date=September 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914162044/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/14/wikipedia-maryana-iskander-ceo/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Misplaced Pages is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called ]. These include ] (which are national or sub-national organizations, such as Wikimedia Deutschland and Wikimedia France), thematic organizations (such as Amical Wikimedia for the ] community), and user groups. These affiliates participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Misplaced Pages.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia chapters |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Wikimedia_chapters|access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]|archive-date=November 12, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112001834/https://meta.wikimedia.org/Wikimedia_chapters|url-status=live}}</ref>


=== Software operations and support === === Software operations and support ===
{{See also|MediaWiki}} {{See also|MediaWiki}}
The operation of Misplaced Pages depends on ], a custom-made, ] and open source ] platform written in ] and built upon the ] database system.<ref name="nedworks database system" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |title=Wikimedia Architecture |first=Mark |last=Bergsma |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|access-date = June 27, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204708/https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf|archive-date = March 3, 2009}}</ref> The software incorporates programming features such as a ], ]s, a ] system for ]s, and ].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=MediaWiki Features |url=https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=WikiMatrix|archive-date=February 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202020544/https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki|url-status=live}}</ref> MediaWiki is licensed under the ] (GPL) and it is used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects.<ref name="nedworks database system" group="W" /><ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Project:Copyrights |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/search/?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=]|archive-date=October 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022061355/https://www.mediawiki.org/search/?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877|url-status=live}}</ref> Originally, Misplaced Pages ran on ] written in ] by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required ] for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=UseMod: UseModWiki |url=https://www.usemod.org/cgi-bin/wiki.pl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017191620/http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/wiki.pl|archive-date=October 17, 2000 |website=UseModWiki}}</ref> Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Misplaced Pages began running on a ] engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Misplaced Pages by ]. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the ] demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Misplaced Pages shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by ].


Several MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software.<ref name="WP extensions installed" group="W">]</ref> In April 2005, a ] extension<ref group="W">{{cite web |last=Snow |first=Michael |date=April 18, 2005 |title=Internal search function returns to service |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Misplaced Pages, The 💕 |publisher=]|archive-date=July 31, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731211712/https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search|url-status=live}}</ref><ref group="W">{{cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |title=]|archive-date=March 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330033506/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html|url-status=live}}</ref> was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Misplaced Pages switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. Lucene was later replaced by CirrusSearch which is based on ].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Extension:CirrusSearch |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/Extension:CirrusSearch|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki|archive-date=April 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413230335/https://www.mediawiki.org/Extension:CirrusSearch|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a ] (What You See Is What You Get) extension, ], was opened to public use.<ref name="thenextwebve">{{cite news |last=Protalinski |first=Emil |date=July 2, 2013 |title=Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Misplaced Pages articles in English |newspaper=] |url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english/|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=July 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705200158/http://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html|archive-date=January 10, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |title=Misplaced Pages introduces new features to entice editors |author=Curtis, Sophie |date=July 23, 2013|access-date = August 18, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="TheEconomistVE">{{cite news |newspaper=] |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia |title=Changes at Misplaced Pages: Seeing things |author=L. M. |date=December 13, 2011|access-date = July 28, 2013|archive-date = June 9, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130609185354/http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia|url-status = live}}</ref> It was met with much rejection and criticism, and was described as "slow and buggy".<ref name="Orlowski, Andrew">{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor/ |title=Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor |author=Orlowski, Andrew |date=August 1, 2013 |website=The Register|access-date = August 18, 2013|archive-date = August 4, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130804115056/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor|url-status = live}}</ref> The feature was changed from opt-out to opt-in afterward.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Forrester |first=James |date=April 25, 2013 |title=The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The operation of Misplaced Pages depends on ], a custom-made, ] and ] ] platform written in ] and built upon the ] database system.<ref name="nedworks database system">{{cite web|url=http://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf|format=PDF|title=Wikimedia Architecture|author=Mark Bergman|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|accessdate=June 27, 2008}}</ref> The software incorporates programming features such as a ], ], a ] system for ], and ]. MediaWiki is licensed under the ] and it is used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. Originally, Misplaced Pages ran on ] written in ] by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required ] for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Misplaced Pages began running on a ] engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Misplaced Pages by ]. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the ] demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Misplaced Pages shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by ].

Several MediaWiki extensions are installed<ref name="WP extensions installed">{{cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Special:Version|title=Version: Installed extensions}}. Retrieved August 18, 2014.</ref> to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software.

In April 2005, a ] extension<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search|title=Lucene search: Internal search function returns to service|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|author=Michael Snow|accessdate=February 26, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html|title=<nowiki>] to Lucene for searching. The site currently uses Lucene Search 2.1,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediawiki.org/Extension:Lucene-search|title=Extension:Lucene-search|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|accessdate=August 31, 2009}}</ref> which is written in ] and based on Lucene library 2.3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://svn.wikimedia.org/svnroot/mediawiki/branches/lucene-search-2.1/lib|title=mediawiki&nbsp;– Revision 55688: /branches/lucene-search-2.1/lib|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|accessdate=August 31, 2009}}</ref>

In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) extension, ], was opened to public use.<ref name="thenextwebve">{{cite web|work=]|url=http://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english/ |title=Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Misplaced Pages articles in English |author=Emil Protalinski|date=2013-07-02 |accessdate=2013-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|title=Misplaced Pages introduces new features to entice editors|author=Curtis, Sophie|date=23 July 2013|accessdate=18 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="TheEconomistVE">{{cite news|work=]|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia |title=Changes at Misplaced Pages: Seeing things |author= L.M. |date=2011-12-13 |accessdate=2013-07-28}}</ref><ref name="softpedia-best">{{cite web|work=]|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Wikipedia-s-New-VisualEditor-Is-the-Best-Update-in-Years-and-You-Can-Make-It-Better-365072.shtml |title=Misplaced Pages's New VisualEditor Is the Best Update in Years and You Can Make It Better |author=Lucian Parfeni|date=2013-07-02 |accessdate=2013-07-30}}</ref> It was met with much rejection and criticism, and was described as "slow and buggy".<ref name="Orlowski, Andrew">{{cite web|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor/|title=Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor|author=Orlowski, Andrew|date=1 August 2013|publisher=The Register|accessdate=18 August 2013}}</ref> The feature was turned off afterward.


=== Automated editing === === Automated editing ===
{{Main|Misplaced Pages bots}}
Computer programs called ] have been used widely to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data.<ref>{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Bots|Misplaced Pages Bot Information}}</ref><ref name="meetbots">{{cite news|title=Meet the 'bots' that edit Misplaced Pages|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510|author=Daniel Nasaw|publisher=BBC News|date=July 24, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Halliday|first=Josh|author2=Arthur, Charles|title=Boot up: The Misplaced Pages vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple|newspaper=]|date=July 26, 2012|accessdate=September 5, 2012}}</ref> One controversial contributor massively creating articles with his bot was reported to create up to ten thousand articles on the Swedish Misplaced Pages on certain days.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001|title=For This Author, 10,000 Misplaced Pages Articles Is a Good Day's Work|last=Jervell|first=Ellen Emmerentze|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=July 13, 2014|accessdate=August 18, 2014}}</ref> There are also some bots designed to automatically warn editors making common editing errors (such as unmatched quotes or unmatched parenthesis).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/Abuse_Filter|title=Misplaced Pages signpost: Abuse Filter is enabled|publisher=English Misplaced Pages|date=March 23, 2009|accessdate=July 13, 2010}}</ref><!--and prevent the creation of links to particular websites. Bots also find and revert changes by suspicious new accounts, enforce bans against shared ]es or the use of ] by a banned person operating from an alternate IP address.(unsourced/unverifiable)--> Edits misidentified by a bot as the work of a banned editor can be restored by other editors. ] tries to detect and revert vandalism quickly and automatically.<ref name="meetbots" /> Bots can also report edits from particular accounts or IP address ranges, as was done at the time of the MH17 jet downing incident in July 2014.<ref>Aljazeera, 21 July 2014, "MH17 Misplaced Pages entry edited from Russian Government IP Address". </ref> Bots on Misplaced Pages must be approved prior to activation.<ref>{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Bot policy|Misplaced Pages's policy on bots}}</ref>
Computer programs called ]s have often been used to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data.<ref group="W">]</ref><ref name="meetbots">{{cite news |last=Nasaw |first=Daniel |date=July 24, 2012 |title=Meet the 'bots' that edit Misplaced Pages |work=] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=July 28, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728024625/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Halliday |first=Josh |author2=Arthur, Charles |title=Boot up: The Misplaced Pages vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple |newspaper=] |date=July 26, 2012|access-date = September 5, 2012|archive-date = February 20, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220220203949/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple|url-status = live}}</ref> One controversial contributor, ], created articles with his bot ], which was reported to create up to 10,000 articles on the Swedish Misplaced Pages on certain days.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jervell |first=Ellen Emmerentze |date=July 13, 2014 |title=For This Author, 10,000 Misplaced Pages Articles Is a Good Day's Work |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001|url-status=live|url-access=registration|access-date=August 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127185020/https://www.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001|archive-date=January 27, 2023}}</ref> Additionally, there are bots designed to automatically notify editors when they make common editing errors (such as unmatched quotes or unmatched parentheses).<ref group="W">{{Cite news |last=Aude |date=March 23, 2009 |title=Abuse Filter is enabled |work=] |publisher=Misplaced Pages, The 💕 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/Abuse_Filter|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=March 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322114624/https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/Abuse_Filter|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- And prevent the creation of links to particular websites. Bots also find and revert changes by suspicious new accounts, enforce bans against shared ]es or the use of ]s by a banned person operating from an alternate IP address.(unsourced/unverifiable) --> Edits falsely identified by bots as the work of a banned editor can be restored by other editors. An anti-vandal bot is programmed to detect and revert vandalism quickly.<ref name="meetbots" /> Bots are able to indicate edits from particular accounts or ] ranges, as occurred at the time of the shooting down of the ] in July 2014 when it was reported that edits were made via IPs controlled by the Russian government.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 21, 2014 |title=MH17 Misplaced Pages entry edited from Russian government IP address |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-stream/2014/7/21/mh17-wikipedia-entry-edited-from-russian-government-ip-address|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116002928/https://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201407211855-0023944|archive-date=November 16, 2016|access-date=July 22, 2014 |website=]}}</ref> Bots on Misplaced Pages must be approved before activation.<ref group="W">]</ref> According to ], the current expansion of Misplaced Pages to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lih |first=Andrew |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232977686 |title=The Misplaced Pages Revolution |publisher=] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6 |pages=99–106 |oclc=232977686|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=August 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806070928/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232977686|url-status=live}}</ref>


=== Hardware operations and support ===
According to ], the current expansion of Misplaced Pages to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots.<ref>Andrew Lih (2009). '']'', chapter ''Then came the Bots'', pp. 99-106.</ref>
]


{{As of|2021|post=,}} page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of ] caching servers and back-end layer ] is done by ].<ref name=":14" group="W">{{cite web |title=Varnish |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/Varnish|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikitech |publisher=]|archive-date=January 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120040423/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/Varnish|url-status=live}}</ref> Requests that cannot be served from the Varnish cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the ] software, which in turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database.<ref name=":14" group="W" /> The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Misplaced Pages. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friedman |first=Vitaly |date=January 12, 2021 |title=Front-End Performance Checklist 2021 (PDF, Apple Pages, MS Word) |url=https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2021/01/front-end-performance-2021-free-pdf-checklist/|access-date=April 26, 2022 |website=]|archive-date=April 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401164651/https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2021/01/front-end-performance-2021-free-pdf-checklist/|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Distribution of articles according to quality and importance ===
<!-- BEGIN DUPLICATION WITH ENGLISH WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE.
Last synchronized 6 September 2014 -->


Misplaced Pages currently runs on dedicated ]s of ] servers running the ] operating system.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Debian |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/Debian|access-date=April 9, 2021 |website=Wikitech |publisher=]|archive-date=April 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418084905/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/Debian|url-status=live}}</ref> By January 22, 2013, Misplaced Pages had migrated its primary data center to an ] facility in ].<ref group="W" name=":0">{{cite web |last=Palmier |first=Guillaume |date=January 19, 2013 |title=Wikimedia sites to move to primary data center in Ashburn, Virginia |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/01/19/wikimedia-sites-move-to-primary-data-center-in-ashburn-virginia/|access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=Diff |publisher=]|archive-date=July 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011114/https://blog.wikimedia.org/2013/01/19/wikimedia-sites-move-to-primary-data-center-in-ashburn-virginia/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/ |title=It's Official: Ashburn is Misplaced Pages's New Home |first=Jason |last=Verge |publisher=Data Center Knowledge|access-date = June 5, 2016 |date=January 14, 2013|archive-date = July 15, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011703/https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/|url-status = live}}</ref> In 2017, Misplaced Pages installed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in ], the first of its kind in Asia.<ref group="W">{{cite web |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |title=⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site |website=Wikimedia Phabricator|access-date=May 12, 2019|archive-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512040933/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, a caching data center was opened in ], France.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, a caching data center was opened in ], the first of its kind in South America.<ref group="W" name="Magru">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=July 26, 2024 |title=The journey to open our first data center in South America |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=Diff |publisher=]|archive-date=September 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921054425/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2024|11|post=,}} caching clusters are located in ], San Francisco, Singapore, Marseille, and São Paulo.<ref name=":13" group="W" /><ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data centers |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/Data_centers|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikitech |publisher=]|archive-date=January 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/Data_centers|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2007, in preparation for producing a print version, the ] introduced an assessment scale of the quality of articles.<ref name="WP 1.0 editorial team 1">{{cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Assessment|title=Misplaced Pages:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment|accessdate=October 28, 2007}}</ref> The range of quality classes begins with "Stub" (very short pages), followed by "Start", "C" and "B" (in increasing order of quality). Community peer review is needed for the article to enter one of the highest quality classes: either "A", "]" or the highest, "]". Of the total of about 4.4 million articles assessed as of 11 December 2013, approximately five thousand are featured articles (0.1%). One featured article per day, as selected by editors, appears on the ] of Misplaced Pages.<ref name="FMonday feat article patterns 1">{{cite web|url=http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2365/2182|title=Comparing featured article groups and revision patterns correlations in Misplaced Pages|publisher=]|accessdate=July 13, 2010}}</ref><ref name="IBM feat articles hidden pattern 1">{{cite journal|url=http://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/hidden_order_wikipedia.pdf|author=Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, and Matthew M. McKeon|title=The Hidden Order of Misplaced Pages|publisher=Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research|date=July 22, 2007|format=PDF|accessdate=October 30, 2007}}</ref>


=== Internal research and operational development ===
Researcher Giacomo Poderi found that articles tend to reach featured status via the intensive work of a few editors.<ref name="Poderi Giacomo feat articles 1">Poderi, Giacomo, ''Misplaced Pages and the Featured Articles: How a Technological System Can Produce Best Quality Articles'', Master thesis, ], October 2008.</ref> A 2010 study found unevenness in quality among featured articles and concluded that the community process is ineffective in assessing the quality of articles.<ref name="FMonday WP quality control 1">{{cite news|url=http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/2721/2482|title=Evaluating quality control of Misplaced Pages's featured articles|author=David Lindsey|publisher=First Monday}}</ref>
Following growing amounts of incoming donations in 2013 exceeding seven digits,<ref name="Simonite-2013" /> the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of ] economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation.<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite book |last1=Scherer |first1=Frederic M. |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716 |title=Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance |date=2009 |publisher=Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, ] |ssrn=1496716|author1-link=Frederic M. Scherer|access-date=February 2, 2023|orig-date=1970|archive-date=April 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132257/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1496716|url-status=live}}</ref> Two projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a Visual Editor and the "Thank" tab in the edit history, which were developed to improve issues of editor attrition.<ref name="Simonite-2013" /><ref name="Orlowski, Andrew" /> The estimates for reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research and development was studied by ], who recorded that the range of 4% to 25% annually was to be recommended, with high-end technology requiring the higher level of support for internal reinvestment.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |last1=Trajtenberg |first1=Manuel |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |title=Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy |last2=Jaffe |first2=Adam B. |year=2002 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-262-27623-8 |pages=89–153 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=February 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the|url-status=live}}</ref> At the 2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia presently documented as 45&nbsp;million dollars,<ref group="W">{{Cite web |last1=Peters |first1=David |last2=Walsh |first2=Jay |year=2013 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=February 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> the computed budget level recommended by Jaffe for reinvestment into internal research and development is between 1.8&nbsp;million and 11.3&nbsp;million dollars annually.<ref name=":15" /> In 2019, the level of contributions were reported by the Wikimedia Foundation as being at $120&nbsp;million annually,<ref group="W">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020) |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=February 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2|url-status=live}}</ref> updating the Jaffe estimates for the higher level of support to between $3.08&nbsp;million and $19.2&nbsp;million annually.<ref name=":15" />


=== Internal news publications ===
The articles can also be rated as per "importance" as judged by a Wikiproject. Currently, there are 5 importance categories: "low", "mid", "high", "top", and "???" for unclassified/unsure level. For a particular article, different Wikiprojects may assign different importance levels.
{{Main|The Signpost}}
Multiple Wikimedia projects have internal news publications. ]'s online newspaper '']'' was founded in 2005 by Michael Snow, a Misplaced Pages administrator who would join the Wikimedia Foundation's board of trustees in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Caroline |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301224408/https://www.cnet.com/news/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/|archive-date=March 1, 2016|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=March 5, 2007 |title=A Contributor to Misplaced Pages Has His Fictional Side |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/05/technology/05wikipedia.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=October 18, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161523/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/05/technology/05wikipedia.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1|archive-date=November 13, 2022}}</ref> The publication covers news and events from the English Misplaced Pages, the Wikimedia Foundation, and ].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Misplaced Pages:Misplaced Pages Signpost/About |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/About|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Misplaced Pages, The 💕 |publisher=]|archive-date=June 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610122656/https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/About|url-status=live}}</ref>


=== The Misplaced Pages Library ===
The ] has developed a table (shown below) that displays data of all rated articles by quality and importance, on the ]. If an article receives different ratings by two or more Wikiprojects, then the highest rating is used in the table. The software regularly auto-updates the data.
{{for|information for Misplaced Pages editors|Misplaced Pages:The Misplaced Pages Library|selfref=yes}}
]The Misplaced Pages Library is a resource for Misplaced Pages editors which provides free access to a wide range of ]s, so that they can consult and cite these while editing the encyclopedia.<ref name="orlowitz">{{cite journal |last1=Orlowitz |first1=Jake |date=January 2018 |title=The Misplaced Pages Library : the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422 |journal=JLIS.it |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.4403/jlis.it-12505|access-date=February 2, 2023 |via=]|archive-date=April 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132509/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422_The_wikipedia_library_The_biggest_encyclopedia_needs_a_digital_library_and_we_are_building_it|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bna">{{cite news |last1=The British Newspaper Archive |date=July 18, 2014 |title=Working with Misplaced Pages to bring history facts to light |work=] |url=https://blog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/2014/07/18/working-with-wikipedia-to-bring-history-facts-to-light/|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=November 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161528/https://blog.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/2014/07/18/working-with-wikipedia-to-bring-history-facts-to-light/|url-status=live}}</ref> Over 60 publishers have partnered with The Misplaced Pages Library to provide access to their resources: when ] joined in 2020, a spokesman said "By enabling free access to our content for Misplaced Pages editors, we hope to further the research community's resources – creating and updating Misplaced Pages entries on civil engineering which are read by thousands of monthly readers."<ref name="hall">{{cite web |last1=Hall |first1=Sam |date=June 24, 2020 |title=ICE Publishing partners with The Misplaced Pages Library |url=https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library|access-date=October 26, 2021 |website=ICE Virtual Library|archive-date=November 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161530/https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library|url-status=live}}</ref>


== Access to content ==
{{Pie chart
{{Redirect|Accessing Misplaced Pages|our accessibility guidelines|Misplaced Pages:Manual of Style/Accessibility}}
| caption = '''Quality-wise distribution of over 4.6 million articles and lists on the English Misplaced Pages, {{As of|2014|9|6|lc=y}}'''<ref name="en.wikipedia">]</ref>
| other =
| label1 = Featured articles
| value1 = 0.11
| color1 = violet
| label2 = Featured lists
| value2 = 0.04
| color2 = indigo
| label3 = A class
| value3 = 0.03
| color3 = lightblue
| label4 = Good articles
| value4 = 0.49
| color4 = darkgreen
| label5 = B class
| value5 = 2.16
| color5 = lightgreen
| label6 = C class
| value6 = 3.90
| color6 = yellow
| label7 = Start class
| value7 = 25.50
| color7 = orange
| label8 = Stub class
| value8 = 54.12
| color8 = red
| label9 = Lists
| value9 = 3.46
| color9 = purple
| label10 = Unassessed
| value10 = 10.29
| color10 = black
}}
<div style="float: right; padding-left: 7 px;">
{{Pie chart
| caption = '''Importance-wise distribution of over 4.6 million articles and lists on the English Misplaced Pages, {{As of|2014|9|6|lc=y}}'''<ref name="en.wikipedia" />
| other =
| label1 = Top importance
| value1 = 0.93
| label2 = High importance
| value2 = 3.25
| label3 = Mid importance
| value3 = 12.47
| label4 = Low importance
| value4 = 48.39
| label5 = ???
| value5 = 34.95
}}
</div>
{{Misplaced Pages:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Statistics}}
{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart
| height = 700
| width = 800
| stack = 1
| group 1 = 1040 : 1598 : 1483 : 865 : 171
| group 2 = 134 : 515 : 603 : 554 : 122
| group 3 = 180 : 335 : 521 : 281 : 68
| group 4 = 1688 : 3924 : 7656 : 7338 : 1456
| group 5 = 10598 : 20261 : 30723 : 22594 : 12560
| group 6 = 8230 : 23344 : 52075 : 63311 : 35182
| group 7 = 15174 : 65376 : 264337 : 601969 : 243961
| group 8 = 3907 : 27052 : 197639 : 1475055 : 823846
| group 9 = 2419 : 9065 : 25738 : 68850 : 55440
| group 10 = 120 : 337 : 1644 : 19050 : 459385
| colors = violet : indigo : lightblue : darkgreen : lightgreen : yellow : orange : red : purple : black
| group names = Featured articles : Featured lists : A-class articles : Good articles : B-class articles : C-class articles : Start-class articles : Stub articles : Lists : Unassessed articles and lists
| x legends = Top importance : High importance : Mid-importance : Low importance : ???
}}
'']) is automatically updated, but the bar-chart and the two pie-charts are not auto-updated. In them, new data has to be entered by a Misplaced Pages editor (i.e. user).]''
<!-- END DUPLICATION WITH ENGLISH WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE -->


=== Hardware operations and support === === Content licensing ===
When the project was started in 2001, all text in Misplaced Pages was covered by the ] (GFDL), a ] license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work.<ref name="Misplaced Pages:Copyrights" group="W" /> The GFDL was created for software manuals that come with ] programs licensed under the ]. This made it a poor choice for a general reference work: for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Misplaced Pages to come with a full copy of the GFDL text.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=GNU Operating System |publisher=]|archive-date=March 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318014154/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2002, the ] was released; it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals. The Misplaced Pages project sought the switch to the Creative Commons.<ref name="WPF switch to CC" group="W">{{cite web |last=Vermeir |first=Walter |date=December 1, 2007 |title=Resolution:License update |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/Resolution:License_update|access-date=December 4, 2007 |website=Wikimedia Foundation|archive-date=September 3, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903084619/http://wikimediafoundation.org/Resolution:License_update|url-status=live}}</ref> Because the GFDL and Creative Commons were incompatible, in November 2008, following the request of the project, the ] (FSF) released a new version of the GFDL designed specifically to allow Misplaced Pages to relicense its content to CC BY-SA by August 1, 2009.<ref group="W">]</ref> In April 2009, Misplaced Pages and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June 2009.<ref name="voteresult" group="W" /><ref name="MW licensing QA" group="W">{{cite web |title=Licensing update/Questions and Answers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|access-date=February 15, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]|archive-date=July 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170801/https://meta.wikimedia.org/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MW licensing timeline 1" group="W">{{cite web |title=Licensing_update/Timeline |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Licensing_update/Timeline|access-date=April 5, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]|archive-date=August 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817062932/https://meta.wikimedia.org/Licensing_update/Timeline|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WP blog license migration" group="W">{{cite web |last=Walsh |first=Jay |date=May 21, 2009 |title=Wikimedia community approves license migration |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration|access-date=May 21, 2009 |website=Diff |publisher=]|archive-date=January 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113042618/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{see also|Wikimedia Foundation#Hardware}}
Misplaced Pages receives between 25,000 and 60,000 page requests per second, depending on time of day.<ref name="WP tools requests per day">], Wikimedia. Retrieved October 31, 2008.</ref> Page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of ] caching servers.<ref name="site internals configuration">{{cite web|url=http://domasmituzas.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/mysqluc2007-wikipedia-workbook.pdf |format=PDF|title=Misplaced Pages: Site internals, configuration, code examples and management issues|author=Domas Mituzas|publisher=MySQL Users Conference 2007|accessdate=June 27, 2008}}</ref> Further statistics, based on a publicly available 3-month Misplaced Pages access trace, are available.<ref name="globule access trace">{{cite web|url=http://www.globule.org/publi/WWADH_comnet2009.html|title=Misplaced Pages Workload Analysis for Decentralized Hosting|author=Guido Urdaneta, Guillaume Pierre and Maarten van Steen|publisher=Elsevier Computer Networks 53 (11), pp. 1830–1845, June 2009}}</ref> Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the ] software, which in turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database. The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Misplaced Pages. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses.


The handling of media files (e.g. image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Misplaced Pages, include non-free image files under ] doctrine,<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Misplaced Pages:Non-free content |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Non-free_content|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Misplaced Pages, The 💕 |publisher=]|archive-date=January 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127162916/https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Non-free_content|url-status=live}}</ref> while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries (e.g. in ]). Media files covered by ] licenses (e.g. ]' ]) are shared across language editions via ] repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Commons:Fair use |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/Commons:Fair_use|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Misplaced Pages, The 💕 |publisher=]|archive-date=January 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131061136/https://commons.wikimedia.org/Commons:Fair_use|url-status=live}}</ref> Misplaced Pages's accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text.<ref name="NYT photos on WP">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=July 19, 2009 |title=Misplaced Pages May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126005544/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html|archive-date=November 26, 2022}}</ref> The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content on Misplaced Pages or its related projects but merely a hosting service for contributors to and licensors of Misplaced Pages, a position which was successfully defended in 2004 in a court in France.<ref name="reuters French defamation case">{{cite news |date=November 2, 2007 |title=Misplaced Pages cleared in French defamation case |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSL0280486220071102|access-date=November 2, 2007|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308123810/https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSL0280486220071102|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ars tech WP dumb suing case">{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Nate |date=May 2, 2008 |title=Dumb idea: suing Misplaced Pages for calling you "dumb" |url=https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080502-dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.html|access-date=May 4, 2008 |website=]|archive-date=August 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806121938/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2008/05/dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.ars|url-status=live}}</ref>
Misplaced Pages currently runs on dedicated ] of ] servers (mainly ]).<ref name="CW WP simplifies infrastructure">{{cite news|title=Misplaced Pages simplifies IT infrastructure by moving to one Linux vendor|first=Todd R.|last=Weiss|newspaper=]|date=October 9, 2008|url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9116787/Wikipedia_simplifies_IT_infrastructure_by_moving_to_one_Linux_vendor?taxonomyId=154&pageNumber=1&taxonomyName=Servers%20and%20Data%20Center|accessdate=November 1, 2008}}</ref><ref name="ars tech Ubuntu server infra">{{cite news|title=Misplaced Pages adopts Ubuntu for its server infrastructure|first=Ryan|last=Paul|url=http://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2008/10/wikipedia-adopts-ubuntu-for-its-server-infrastructure.ars|publisher=Ars Technica|date=October 9, 2008|accessdate=November 1, 2008}}</ref><!--with a few ] machines for ].(unverifiable)--> As of December 2009, there were 300 in Florida and 44 in ].<ref name="servers" /> By January 22, 2013, Misplaced Pages had migrated its primary data center to an ] facility in ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.wikimedia.org/2013/01/19/wikimedia-sites-move-to-primary-data-center-in-ashburn-virginia/|title=Wikimedia sites to move to primary data center in Ashburn, Virginia|author=Guillaume Palmier|publisher=WMF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/|title=It’s Official: Ashburn is Misplaced Pages’s New Home|author=Jason Verge|publisher=Data Center Knowledge}}</ref>


=== Methods of access<span class="anchor" id="Reusing Misplaced Pages's content"></span> ===
].]]
Because Misplaced Pages content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge.<ref group="W">]</ref> The content of Misplaced Pages has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside the Misplaced Pages website.


Thousands of "]s" exist that republish content from Misplaced Pages; two prominent ones that also include content from other reference sources are ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reference.com Expands Content by Adding Misplaced Pages Encyclopedia to Search Capabilities |url=http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225094122/http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html|archive-date=February 25, 2009 |website=Lexico Publishing Group, LLC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Answers.com |url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=]|archive-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203151141/https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is ], which began to display Misplaced Pages content in a mobile-device-friendly format before Misplaced Pages itself did.<ref name=":16" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Seifi |first=Joe |date=August 27, 2007 |title=Wapedia review |url=https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423185926/https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/|archive-date=April 23, 2022|access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=appSafari}}</ref> Some web ]s make special use of Misplaced Pages content when displaying search results: examples include ] (via technology gained from ])<ref name="bing WP research and referencing" /> and ].
=== Internal research and operational development ===
In accordance with growing amounts of incoming donations exceeding seven digits in 2013 as recently reported,<ref>Simonite, T. (2013). MIT ''Technology Review''.</ref> the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of ] economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> Two of the recent projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a Visual Editor and a largely under-utilized "Thank" tab which were developed for the purpose of ameliorating issues of editor attrition, which have met with limited success.<ref name="Orlowski, Andrew" /><ref>Simonite, T. (2013) MIT ''Technology Review''.</ref> The estimates for reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research and development was studied by Adam Jaffe who recorded that the range of 4% to 25% annually was to be recommended, with high end technology requiring the higher level of support for internal reinvestment.<ref name="Patents, Citations pp 89-153">''Patents, Citations, and Innovations'', by Adam B. Jaffe, Manuel Trajtenberg, pp 89-153.</ref> At the 2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia presently documented as 45 million dollars, the computed budget level recommended by Jaffe and Caballero for reinvestment into internal research and development is between 1.8 million and 11.3 million dollars annually.<ref name="Patents, Citations pp 89-153" />


Collections of Misplaced Pages articles have been published on ]s. An English version released in 2006 contained about 2,000 articles.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Misplaced Pages 0.5 available on a CD-ROM |url=http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602060411/http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php|archive-date=June 2, 2013 |website=Misplaced Pages On DVD}}</ref> The Polish-language version from 2006 contains nearly 240,000 articles,<ref name="WM polish WP on dvd" group="W">{{cite web |title=Polish Misplaced Pages on DVD |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_%28z_Helionem%29/en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040017/https://meta.wikimedia.org/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_(z_Helionem)/en|archive-date=December 29, 2022|access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]}}</ref> the German-language version from 2007/2008 contains over 620,000 articles,<ref group="W">]</ref> and the Spanish-language version from 2011 contains 886,000 articles.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=¿Qué es la CDPedia? |url=http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702023520/http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia|archive-date=July 2, 2011 |website=Py Ar |language=es}}</ref> Additionally, "Misplaced Pages for Schools", the Misplaced Pages series of CDs / DVDs produced by Misplaced Pages and ], is a free selection from Misplaced Pages designed for education towards children eight to seventeen.<ref group="W">{{Cite news |date=October 22, 2008 |title=2008–09 Misplaced Pages for Schools goes online |url=https://en.wikinews.org/2008-09_Wikipedia_for_Schools_goes_online |access-date=February 3, 2023 |newspaper=WikiNews |publisher=]}}</ref>
According to the Michael ] framework for industry analysis, Misplaced Pages and its parent institution Wikimedia are known as "first movers" and "radical innovators" in the services provided and supported by an open-source, on-line encyclopedia.<ref name="Porter, M.E. 1985">Porter, M.E. (1985) Competitive Advantage, Free Press, New York, 1985.</ref> The "five forces" are centered around the issue of "competitive rivalry" within the encyclopedia industry where Misplaced Pages is seen as having redefined by its "radical innovation" the parameters of effectiveness applied to conventional encyclopedia publication. This is the first force of Porter's five forces analysis.<ref name="Porter, M.E. 1980">Porter, M.E. (1980) Competitive Strategy, Free Press, New York, 1980.</ref> The second force is the "threat of new entrants" with competitive services and products possibly arising on the internet or the web. As a "first mover", Misplaced Pages has largely eluded the emergence of a ] to challenge its radical innovation and its standing as the central provider of the services which it offers through the World Wide Web.<ref>Markides, Constantinos (2005). Fast Second, Wiley&Sons Inc., San Francisco, 2005</ref> Porter's third force is the "threat of substitute products" and it is too early to identify Google's "Knowledge Graphs" as an effective competitor given the current dependence of "Knowledge Graphs" upon Misplaced Pages's free access to its open-source services.<ref name="Porter, M.E. 1985" /> The fourth force in the ] is the "bargaining power of consumers" who use the services provided by Misplaced Pages, which has historically largely been nullified by the Misplaced Pages founding principle of an open invitation to expand and edit its content expressed in its moniker of being "the encyclopedia which anyone can edit."<ref name="Porter, M.E. 1980" /> The fifth force in the ] is defined as the "bargaining power of suppliers", presently seen as the open domain of both the global internet as a whole and the resources of public libraries world-wide, and therefore it is not seen as a limiting factor in the immediate future of the further development of Misplaced Pages.<ref name="Porter, M.E. 1985" />


There have been efforts to put a select subset of Misplaced Pages's articles into printed book form.<ref name="WP into books 1">{{cite news |date=June 16, 2009 |title=Misplaced Pages turned into book |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801202703/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html|archive-date=August 1, 2009}}</ref><ref name="WP schools selection 1" group="W">{{cite web |title=Misplaced Pages Selection for Schools |url=https://schools-wikipedia.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804093730/https://schools-wikipedia.org/|archive-date=August 4, 2012|access-date=July 14, 2012 |website=Misplaced Pages, The 💕 |publisher=]}}</ref> Since 2009, tens of thousands of ] books that reproduced English, German, Russian, and French Misplaced Pages articles have been produced by the American company ] and by three Mauritian subsidiaries of the German publisher ].<ref name="FAZ" />
===Internal news publications===
Community-produced news publications include the ]'s ], founded in 2005 by Michael Snow, an attorney, Misplaced Pages administrator and former chair of the ] board of trustees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/05/technology/05wikipedia.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1|title=A Contributor to Misplaced Pages Has His Fictional Side|first=Noam|last=Cohen|work=The New York Times|date=March 5, 2007|accessdate=October 18, 2008}}</ref> It covers news and events from the site, as well as major events from other ]s, such as ]. Similar publications are the German-language ], and the Portuguese-language ]. Other past and present community news publications on English Misplaced Pages include the "Wikiworld" web comic, the ] podcast, and newsletters of specific WikiProjects like ] from ] and the monthly newsletter from ]. There are also a number of publications from the Wikimedia Foundation and multilingual publications such as the and '']''.


The website ], begun in 2007, extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English-language Misplaced Pages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bizer |first1=Christian |last2=Lehmann |first2=Jens |last3=Kobilarov |first3=Georgi |last4=Auer |first4=Sören |last5=Becker |first5=Christian |last6=Cyganiak |first6=Richard |last7=Hellmann |first7=Sebastian |date=September 2009 |title=DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data |journal=Journal of Web Semantics |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=154–165 |doi=10.1016/j.websem.2009.07.002 |s2cid=16081721 |citeseerx=10.1.1.150.4898}}</ref> Wikimedia has created the ] project with a similar objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Misplaced Pages and other Wikimedia Foundation projects and make it available in a queryable ] format, ].<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Introduction |url=https://www.wikidata.org/Wikidata:Introduction|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=]}}</ref> {{As of|2023|2|post=,}} it has over 101&nbsp;million items.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Statistics |url=https://www.wikidata.org/Wikidata:Statistics|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=]}}</ref> ] is a dedicated reader device that contains an offline copy of Misplaced Pages, which was launched by ] and first released in 2009.<ref group="W">{{cite web |last1=Moeller |first1=Erik |date=October 13, 2009 |title=OpenMoko Launches WikiReader |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/10/13/openmoko-launches-wikireader/|access-date=January 19, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=]}}</ref>
== Access to content ==


Obtaining the full contents of Misplaced Pages for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a ] is discouraged.<ref name="WP DB usage policy 1" group="W" /> Misplaced Pages publishes "]s" of its contents, but these are text-only; {{as of|2023|lc=y|post=,}} there is no dump available of Misplaced Pages's images.<ref name="WP image data dumps 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data dumps/What's available for download |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Data_dumps/What%27s_available_for_download|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]}}</ref> ] is a for-profit solution to this.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cohen |first=Noam |date=March 16, 2021 |title=Misplaced Pages Is Finally Asking Big Tech to Pay Up |magazine=] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-finally-asking-big-tech-to-pay-up/|access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>
=== Content licensing ===
When the project was started in 2001, all text in Misplaced Pages was covered by ] (GFDL), a ] license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work.<ref name="WP copyright and commerciality 1">{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Copyrights}}</ref> GFDL was created for software manuals that come with ] programs licensed under ]. This made it a poor choice for a general reference work; for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Misplaced Pages to come with a full copy of the GFDL license text. In December 2002, the ] was released: it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals. The license gained popularity among bloggers and others distributing creative works on the Web. The Misplaced Pages project sought the switch to the Creative Commons.<ref name="WPF switch to CC">{{cite web|url=http://wikimediafoundation.org/Resolution:License_update|title=Resolution:License update|year=2007|author=Walter Vermeir|publisher=Wikizine|accessdate=December 4, 2007}}</ref> Because the two licenses, GFDL and Creative Commons, were incompatible, in November 2008, following the request of the project, the ] (FSF) released a new version of GFDL designed specifically to allow Misplaced Pages to {{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Licensing update|relicense its content to CC BY-SA}} by August 1, 2009. (A new version of GFDL automatically covers Misplaced Pages contents.) In April 2009, Misplaced Pages and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June 2009.<ref name="voteresult" /><ref name="MW licensing QA">{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers|title=Licensing update/Questions and Answers|work=Wikimedia Meta|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|accessdate=February 15, 2009}}</ref><ref name="MW licensing timeline 1">{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/Licensing_update/Timeline |title=Licensing_update/Timeline|work=Wikimedia Meta|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation|accessdate=April 5, 2009}}</ref><ref name="WP blog license migration">{{cite web|url=http://blog.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration|title=Wikimedia community approves license migration|work=Wikimedia Foundation|accessdate=May 21, 2009}}</ref>


Several languages of Misplaced Pages also maintain a reference desk, where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the '']'', the quality of the Misplaced Pages reference desk is comparable to a standard library ], with an accuracy of 55 percent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shachaf |first=Pnina |date=October 16, 2009 |title=The paradox of expertise: is the Misplaced Pages Reference Desk as good as your library? |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=977–996 |doi=10.1108/00220410910998951 |url=http://eprints.rclis.org/20329/1/Paradox%20of%20expertise-final.pdf}}</ref>
The handling of media files (e.g. image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Misplaced Pages, include non-free image files under ] doctrine, while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries (e.g. in ]). Media files covered by ] licenses (e.g. Creative Commons' CC BY-SA) are shared across language editions via ] repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Misplaced Pages's accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text.<ref name="NYT photos on WP">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html|title=Misplaced Pages May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos|date=July 19, 2009|last=Cohen|first=Noam|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=March 9, 2013}}</ref>


==== Mobile access<span class="anchor" id="Misplaced Pages mobile access"></span><span class="anchor" id="Misplaced Pages mobile"></span> ====
The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content, but merely a hosting service for the contributors (and licensors) of the Misplaced Pages. This position has been successfully defended in court.<ref name="reuters French defamation case">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSL0280486220071102?feedType=RSS&feedName=internetNews|title=Misplaced Pages cleared in French defamation case|agency=Reuters|date=November 2, 2007|accessdate=November 2, 2007}}</ref><ref name="ars tech WP dumb suing case">{{cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080502-dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.html|title=Dumb idea: suing Misplaced Pages for calling you "dumb"|first=Nate|last=Anderson|publisher=Ars Technica|date=May 2, 2008|accessdate=May 4, 2008}}</ref>
{{See also|List of Misplaced Pages mobile applications|Help:Mobile access}}
]
Misplaced Pages's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard ] through a fixed ]. Although Misplaced Pages content has been accessible through the ] since July 2013, ''The New York Times'' on February 9, 2014, quoted ], deputy director of the Wikimedia Foundation, stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops to mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry. The article in ''The New York Times'' reported the comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that, "Only 20 percent of the readership of the English-language Misplaced Pages comes via mobile devices, a figure substantially lower than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites, many of which approach 50 percent. And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more." In 2014 ''The New York Times'' reported that Möller has assigned "a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile", out of a total of approximately 200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation. One principal concern cited by ''The New York Times'' for the "worry" is for Misplaced Pages to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment.<ref name="small screen" /> By 2023, the Wikimedia Foundation's staff had grown to over 700 employees.<ref name=WF10.23.23 />


Access to Misplaced Pages from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through the ] (WAP), via the ] service.<ref name=":16" group="W" /> In June 2007, Misplaced Pages launched en.mobile.wikipedia.org, an official website for wireless devices. In 2009, a newer mobile service was officially released, located at en.m.wikipedia.org, which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the ], ]-based devices, or ]-based devices.<ref name="WM mobile added 1" group="W">{{cite web |date=June 30, 2009 |title=Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched |url=https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111101614/http://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch/|archive-date=January 11, 2010|access-date=July 22, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Technical Blog |publisher=]}}</ref> Several other methods of mobile access to Misplaced Pages have emerged since. Many devices and applications optimize or enhance the display of Misplaced Pages content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Misplaced Pages ] like ].<ref name="androgeoid.com LPOI WP 1">{{cite web |date=May 15, 2011 |title=Local Points Of Interest In Misplaced Pages |url=https://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601092809/http://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia/|archive-date=June 1, 2011|access-date=May 15, 2011 |website=AndroGeoid}}</ref><ref name="ilounge iphone gems WP">{{cite web |last=Hollington |first=Jesse David |date=November 30, 2008 |title=iPhone Gems: Misplaced Pages Apps |url=https://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112235945/http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802/|archive-date=January 12, 2009|access-date=July 22, 2008 |website=iLounge}}</ref>
=== Methods of access ===
Because Misplaced Pages content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge. The content of Misplaced Pages has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside of the Misplaced Pages website.
* '''Websites''' – Thousands of "]" exist that republish content from Misplaced Pages: two prominent ones, that also include content from other reference sources, are ] and ]. Another example is ], which began to display Misplaced Pages content in a mobile-device-friendly format before Misplaced Pages itself did.
* '''Mobile apps''' – A variety of mobile apps provide access to Misplaced Pages on ]s, including both ] and ] devices (see ]). (See also ].)
* '''Search engines''' – Some ]s make special use of Misplaced Pages content when displaying search results: examples include ] (via technology gained from ])<ref name="bing WP research and referencing">{{cite web|url=http://www.bing.com/community/site_blogs/b/search/archive/2009/07/27/researching-with-bing-reference.aspxResearching|title=With Bing Reference|publisher=|accessdate=September 9, 2014}}</ref> and ].
* '''Compact discs, DVDs''' – Collections of Misplaced Pages articles have been published on ]s. An English version, ], contained about 2,000 articles.<ref name="wikipediaondvd authorized 1">. Linterweb. Retrieved June 1, 2007. "Linterweb is authorized to make a commercial use of the Misplaced Pages trademark restricted to the selling of the Encyclopedia CDs and DVDs".</ref><ref name="wikipediaondvd commercially available 1">. ''Misplaced Pages on DVD''. Linterweb. "The DVD or CD-ROM version 0.5 was commercially available for purchase." Retrieved June 1, 2007.</ref> The Polish-language version contains nearly 240,000 articles.<ref name="WM polish WP on dvd">{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_%28z_Helionem%29/en|title=Polish Misplaced Pages on DVD|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref> There are German- and Spanish-language versions as well.<ref name="WP german on dvd 1">{{cite web|url=:de:Misplaced Pages:Misplaced Pages-Distribution |title=Misplaced Pages:DVD|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref><ref name="python.org CDPedia Argentina 1">{{cite web|url=http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia|title=CDPedia (Python Argentina)|accessdate=July 7, 2011}}</ref> Also, "Misplaced Pages for Schools", the Misplaced Pages series of CDs / DVDs produced by Wikipedians and ], is a free, hand-checked, non-commercial selection from Misplaced Pages targeted around the ] and intended to be useful for much of the English-speaking world.<ref name="WP CD selection 1">{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Misplaced Pages CD Selection|Misplaced Pages CD Selection}}. Retrieved September 8, 2009.</ref> The project is available online; an equivalent print encyclopedia would require roughly 20 volumes.
* '''Books''' – There are efforts to put a select subset of Misplaced Pages's articles into printed book form.<ref name="WP into books 1">{{cite news|title=Misplaced Pages turned into book|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5jeCgQjpj|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=June 16, 2009|accessdate=September 8, 2009|archivedate=September 8, 2009}}</ref><ref name="WP schools selection 1">{{cite web|url=http://schools-wikipedia.org|title=Misplaced Pages Selection for Schools|accessdate=2012-07-14}}</ref> Since 2009, tens of thousands of ] books which reproduced English, German, Russian and French Misplaced Pages articles have been produced by the American company ] and by three ] subsidiaries of the German publisher ].<ref name="FAZ" />
* '''Semantic Web''' – The website ], begun in 2007, extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English-language Misplaced Pages. Wikimedia has created the ] project with a similar objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Misplaced Pages and the other WMF wikis and make it available in a queriable ] format, ]. This is still under development. As of Feb 2014 it has 15,000,000 items and 1,000 properties for describing them.


The Android app for Misplaced Pages was released in January 2012, to over 500,000 installs and generally positive reviews, scoring over four of a possible five in a poll of approximately 200,000 users downloading from Google.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Finc |first=Tomasz |date=January 26, 2012 |title=Announcing the Official Misplaced Pages Android App |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/01/26/announcing-the-official-wikipedia-android-app/|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=]}}</ref><ref group="W">{{cite web |title=Misplaced Pages |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia&hl=en|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=]}}</ref> The version for iOS was released on April 3, 2013, to similar reviews.<ref group="W">{{cite web |date=August 4, 2014 |title=Misplaced Pages Mobile on the App Store on iTunes |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia-mobile/id324715238?mt=8|access-date=August 21, 2014 |website=] |publisher=]}}</ref> ] was an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries by partnering with mobile operators to allow free access.<ref name=":17" group="W" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Ellis |first=Justin |date=January 17, 2013 |title=Misplaced Pages plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130012228/https://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding/|archive-date=November 30, 2022|access-date=April 22, 2013 |newspaper=Nieman Lab}}</ref> It was discontinued in February 2018 due to lack of participation from mobile operators.<ref name=":17" group="W">{{cite web |date=February 16, 2018 |title=Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2018/02/16/partnerships-new-approach/|access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Diff |publisher=]}}</ref>
Obtaining the full contents of Misplaced Pages for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a ] is discouraged.<ref name="WP DB usage policy 1">{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Database download|Misplaced Pages policies}} on data download</ref> Misplaced Pages publishes ] of its contents, but these are text-only; as of 2007 there was no dump available of Misplaced Pages's images.<ref name="WP image data dumps 1">], ]</ref>


] and ] both maintain editing Misplaced Pages with ]s is difficult and this discourages new potential contributors.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /> Lih states that the number of Misplaced Pages editors has been declining after several years,<ref name=":18" /> and Tom Simonite of '']'' claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some ]s use the labyrinthine rules and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the status quo.<ref name="Simonite-2013" /> Lih alleges there is a serious disagreement among existing contributors on how to resolve this. Lih fears for Misplaced Pages's long-term future while Brown fears problems with Misplaced Pages will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it.<ref name=":18">{{cite news |last=Lih |first=Andrew |date=June 20, 2015 |title=Can Misplaced Pages Survive? |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217205707/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html|archive-date=February 17, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Andrew |date=June 25, 2015 |title=Misplaced Pages editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile |journal=] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/25/wikipedia-editors-dying-breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022102741/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/25/wikipedia-editors-dying-breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia|archive-date=October 22, 2022}}</ref>
Several languages of Misplaced Pages also maintain a ], where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the ], the quality of the Misplaced Pages reference desk is comparable to a standard ], with an accuracy of 55%.<ref name="slis WP reference desk 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.slis.indiana.edu/news/story.php?story_id=2064|title=Misplaced Pages Reference Desk|publisher=|accessdate=September 9, 2014}}</ref>


=== Chinese access ===
==== Mobile access{{anchor|Misplaced Pages mobile access|Misplaced Pages mobile}} ====
Access to Misplaced Pages has been ] in ] since May 2015.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Skipper |first=Ben |date=December 7, 2015 |title=China's government has blocked Misplaced Pages in its entirety again |work=International Business Times UK |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138|url-status=live|access-date=May 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111142/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138|archive-date=May 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fox-Brewster |first=Thomas |date=May 22, 2015 |title=Misplaced Pages Disturbed Over Fresh China Censorship |work=] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2015/05/22/wikipedia-disturbed-over-fresh-china-censorship/#377839ae112a|url-status=live|access-date=May 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503043534/https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2015/05/22/wikipedia-disturbed-over-fresh-china-censorship/#377839ae112a|archive-date=May 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Henochowicz |first=Anne |date=May 20, 2015 |title=Chinese Misplaced Pages Blocked by Great Firewall |url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504212406/https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/|archive-date=May 4, 2017|access-date=May 4, 2017 |website=]}}</ref> This was done after Misplaced Pages started to use ] encryption, which made selective censorship more difficult.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=June 12, 2015 |title=The Wikimedia Foundation Turns On HTTPS By Default Across All Sites, Including Misplaced Pages |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824001601/https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/|archive-date=August 24, 2020|access-date=June 3, 2020 |website=]}}</ref>
:''See also: {{srlink|Help:Mobile access}}''
]
Misplaced Pages's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard ] through a fixed ]. Although Misplaced Pages content has been accessible through the ] since July 2013, ''The New York Times'' on 9 February 2014 quoted Erik Moller, deputy director of the Wikimedia Foundation, stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops to mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry.<ref name="small screen" /> The ''The New York Times'' article reported the comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that, "Only 20 percent of the readership of the English-language Misplaced Pages comes via mobile devices, a figure substantially lower than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites, many of which approach 50 percent. And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more."<ref name="small screen" /> ''The New York Times'' reports that Mr. Moller of Wikimedia has assigned "a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile," out of a total of approximately 200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation. One principal concern cited by ''The New York Times'' for the "worry" is for Misplaced Pages to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the on-line encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment.<ref name="small screen" />


== Cultural influence<span class="anchor" id="Influence"></span> ==
''Bloomberg BusinessWeek'' reported in July 2014 that Google's Android mobile apps have dominated the largest share of global smartphone shipments for 2013 with 78.6% of market share over their next closest competitor in IOS with 15.2% of the market.<ref>Brad Stone, "How Google's Android chief, Sundar Pichai, became the most powerful man in mobile," June 30-July 6, 2014, ''Bloomberg BusinessWeek'', pp. 47-51.</ref> At the time of the Tretikov appointment and her posted web interview with Sue Gardner in May 2014, Wikimedia representatives made a technical announcement concerning the number of mobile access systems in the market seeking access to Misplaced Pages. Directly after the posted web interview, the representatives stated that Wikimedia would be applying an all-inclusive approach to accommodate as many mobile access systems as possible in its efforts for expanding general mobile access, including BlackBerry and the Windows Phone system, making market share a secondary issue.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> The latest version of the Android app for Misplaced Pages was released on 23 July 2014 to generally positive reviews scoring over 4 on a scale of 5 at a poll of approximately 200,000 users downloading from Google.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia&hl=en |title=Misplaced Pages - Android Apps on Google Play |publisher=Play.google.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-21}}</ref> The latest version for IOS was released on 3 April 2013 to similar reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia-mobile/id324715238?mt=8 |title=Misplaced Pages Mobile on the App Store on iTunes |publisher=Itunes.apple.com |date=2014-08-04 |accessdate=2014-08-21}}</ref>
=== Trusted source to combat fake news ===
In 2017–18, after a barrage of false news reports, both Facebook and YouTube announced they would rely on Misplaced Pages to help their users evaluate reports and reject false news.<ref name=":20" /><ref name="auto" /> ], writing in '']'' states, "YouTube's reliance on Misplaced Pages to set the record straight builds on the thinking of another fact-challenged platform, the Facebook social network, which announced last year that Misplaced Pages would help its users root out ']'."<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=April 7, 2018 |title=Conspiracy videos? Fake news? Enter Misplaced Pages, the 'good cop' of the Internet |newspaper=] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/conspiracy-videos-fake-news-enter-wikipedia-the-good-cop-of-the-internet/2018/04/06/ad1f018a-3835-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614045810/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/conspiracy-videos-fake-news-enter-wikipedia-the-good-cop-of-the-internet/2018/04/06/ad1f018a-3835-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html|archive-date=June 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Constine |first=Josh |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Facebook fights fake news with author info, rolls out publisher context |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/03/facebook-author-info/|access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=]}}</ref>


=== Readership ===
Access to Misplaced Pages from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through the ] (WAP), via the ] service. In June 2007 Misplaced Pages launched , an official website for wireless devices. In 2009 a newer mobile service was officially released,<ref name="WM mobile added 1">{{cite web|title=Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched|work=Wikimedia Technical Blog|url=http://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch|date=June 30, 2009|accessdate=July 22, 2009}}</ref> located at , which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the ], ]-based devices or ]-based devices. Several other methods of mobile access to Misplaced Pages have emerged. Many devices and applications optimise or enhance the display of Misplaced Pages content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Misplaced Pages ] (See {{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Metadata}}), such as ].<ref name="androgeoid.com LPOI WP 1">{{cite web|url=http://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia|title=Local Points Of Interest In Misplaced Pages|date=May 15, 2011|accessdate=May 15, 2011}}</ref><ref name="ilounge iphone gems WP">{{cite web|url=http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802|title=iPhone Gems: Misplaced Pages Apps|date=November 30, 2008|accessdate=July 22, 2008}}</ref>
In February 2014, ''The New York Times'' reported that Misplaced Pages was ranked fifth globally among all websites, stating "With 18&nbsp;billion page views and nearly 500&nbsp;million unique visitors a month,&nbsp;... Misplaced Pages trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1.2&nbsp;billion unique visitors."<ref name="small screen" /> However, its ranking dropped to 13th globally by June 2020 due mostly to a rise in popularity of Chinese websites for online shopping.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |title=The top 500 sites on the web |website=Alexa|access-date=June 13, 2020|archive-date=February 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites|url-status=dead}}</ref> The website has since recovered its ranking as of April 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |title=The top 500 sites on the web |website=Alexa|access-date=July 25, 2023|archive-date=April 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430225746/https://www.alexa.com/topsites|url-status=dead}}</ref>


In addition to ] in the number of its articles,<ref name="modelling" group="W" /> Misplaced Pages has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001.<ref name="comscore" /> The number of readers of Misplaced Pages worldwide reached 365&nbsp;million at the end of 2009.<ref name="365M" group="W">{{cite web |last=West |first=Stuart |date=2010 |title=Misplaced Pages's Evolving Impact: slideshow presentation at TED2010 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/TED2010%2C_Stuart_West_full_presentation_updated_with_January_data.pdf|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=]}}</ref> The ] Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Misplaced Pages.<ref name="Misplaced Pages users" /> In 2011, '']'' gave Misplaced Pages a valuation of $4&nbsp;billion if it ran advertisements.<ref>{{cite web |author=SAI |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2011-digital-100#7-wikimedia-foundation-wikipedia-7 |title=The World's Most Valuable Startups |website=Business Insider |date=October 7, 2011|access-date = June 14, 2014}}</ref>
] is an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries.<ref name="niemanlab WP expansion 1">{{cite web|last=Ellis|first=Justin|url=http://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding|title=Misplaced Pages plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding " Nieman Journalism Lab|publisher=niemanlab.org|date=2013-01-17|accessdate=2013-04-22}}</ref>


According to "Misplaced Pages Readership Survey 2011", the average age of Misplaced Pages readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders. Almost half of Misplaced Pages readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number of readers specifically look for Misplaced Pages in search engine results. About 47 percent of Misplaced Pages readers do not realize that Misplaced Pages is a non-profit organization.<ref group="W">{{cite web |date=February 6, 2012 |title=Research: Misplaced Pages Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209125719/https://meta.wikimedia.org/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results|archive-date=December 9, 2013|access-date=April 16, 2014 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]}}</ref> {{As of|2023|2|post=,}} Misplaced Pages attracts around 2&nbsp;billion unique devices monthly, with the English Misplaced Pages receiving 10&nbsp;billion ] each month.<ref name="Wikimedia_Stats" group="W" />
== Impact ==


=== Readership === ==== COVID-19 pandemic ====
{{Main|Misplaced Pages coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic}}
Misplaced Pages is extremely popular. In February 2014, ''The New York Times'' reported that Misplaced Pages is ranked fifth globally among all websites, stating "With 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month Misplaced Pages trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1.2 billion unique visitors."<ref name="small screen" />
During the ], Misplaced Pages's coverage of the pandemic and fight against misinformation received international media attention, and brought an increase in Misplaced Pages readership overall.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sachdev |first=Shaan |date=February 26, 2021 |title=Misplaced Pages's Sprawling, Awe-Inspiring Coverage of the Pandemic |magazine=] |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/161486/wikipedia-coverage-pandemic-covid|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228122324/https://newrepublic.com/article/161486/wikipedia-coverage-pandemic-covid|archive-date=February 28, 2021 |issn=0028-6583}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite magazine |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=March 15, 2020 |title=How Misplaced Pages Prevents the Spread of Coronavirus Misinformation |magazine=] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/how-wikipedia-prevents-spread-coronavirus-misinformation/|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501004048/https://www.wired.com/story/how-wikipedia-prevents-spread-coronavirus-misinformation/|archive-date=May 1, 2020 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Benjakob |first=Omer |date=September 2, 2020 |title=On Misplaced Pages, a fight is raging over coronavirus disinformation-GB |magazine=Wired UK |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/wikipedia-coronavirus|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416214738/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/wikipedia-coronavirus|archive-date=April 16, 2020 |issn=1357-0978}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dodds |first=Laurence |date=April 3, 2020 |title=Why Misplaced Pages is winning against the coronavirus 'infodemic'-GB |work=] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/04/03/wikipedia-winning-against-coronavirus-infodemic/|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411200231/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/04/03/wikipedia-winning-against-coronavirus-infodemic/|archive-date=April 11, 2020 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Noam Cohen wrote in '']'' that Misplaced Pages's effort to combat ] was different from other major websites, opining, "Unless Twitter, Facebook and ] can learn to address misinformation more effectively, Misplaced Pages will remain the last best place on the Internet."<ref name=":21" /> In October 2020, the ] announced they were freely licensing its ]s and other materials on Wikimedia projects.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McNeil |first=Donald G. Jr. |date=October 22, 2020 |title=Misplaced Pages and W.H.O. Join to Combat Covid-19 Misinformation |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/health/wikipedia-who-coronavirus-health.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227064916/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/health/wikipedia-who-coronavirus-health.html|archive-date=December 27, 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> There were nearly 7,000 COVID-19 related Misplaced Pages articles across 188 different Wikipedias, {{As of|2021|11|lc=y|post=.}}<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kenton |first1=Amanda |last2=Humborg |first2=Christian |date=November 29, 2021 |title=Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530140630/https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/|archive-date=May 30, 2022|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |date=August 26, 2021 |title=Learning to trust the internet again |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827002411/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again|archive-date=August 27, 2021|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=]}}</ref>

In addition to ] in the number of its articles,<ref name="modelling" /> Misplaced Pages has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001.<ref name="comscore" /> About 50% of search engine traffic to Misplaced Pages comes from Google,<ref name="hitwisegoogle" /> a good portion of which is related to academic research.<ref name="hitwiseAcademic" /> The number of readers of Misplaced Pages worldwide reached 365 million at the end of 2009.<ref name="365M" /> The ] Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Misplaced Pages.<ref name="Misplaced Pages users" /> In 2011 ''Business Insider'' gave Misplaced Pages a valuation of $4 billion if it ran advertisements.<ref>{{cite web|author=SAI |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/2011-digital-100#7-wikimedia-foundation-wikipedia-7 |title=The World's Most Valuable Startups |publisher=Business Insider |date=2011-10-07 |accessdate=2014-06-14}}</ref>

According to "Misplaced Pages Readership Survey 2011", the average age of Misplaced Pages readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders. Almost half of Misplaced Pages readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number of readers specifically look for Misplaced Pages in search engine results. About 47% of Misplaced Pages readers do not realize that Misplaced Pages is a non-profit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results |title=Research:Misplaced Pages Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta |publisher=Wikimedia |date=2012-02-06 |accessdate=2014-04-16}}</ref>


=== Cultural significance === === Cultural significance ===
{{Main|Misplaced Pages in culture}} {{Main|Misplaced Pages in culture}}
<!-- Every single cultural, media or Internet reference to Misplaced Pages does not need to be mentioned here and differentiation between what constitutes a matter of significance and what is run-of-the-mill is important when adding content here. --> <!-- Every single cultural, media, or Internet reference to Misplaced Pages does not need to be mentioned here and differentiation between what constitutes a matter of significance and what is run-of-the-mill is important when adding content here. -->
]'' in ], Poland, by ] (2014)]]
Misplaced Pages's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases.<ref name="Misplaced Pages in media" group="W" /><ref name="Bourgeois" /><ref name="ssrn.com Wikipedian Justice 1">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Raghav |date=February 19, 2009 |title=Wikipedian Justice |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1346311 |ssrn=1346311 |website=] |s2cid=233749371}}</ref> The ]'s website refers to Misplaced Pages's article on ] in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the '']''.<ref name="parl.gc.ca same-sex marriage">{{cite web |title=An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes |url=https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/en/bill/38-1/C-38?view=about|access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=LEGISinfo |publisher=]}}</ref> The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the US federal courts and the ]<ref name="WP_court_source" />—though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case.<ref name="Courts turn to Misplaced Pages" /> Content appearing on Misplaced Pages has also been cited as a source and referenced in some ] reports.<ref name="US Intelligence" /> In December 2008, the scientific journal '']'' launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the ] for publication in Misplaced Pages.<ref name="Declan" /> Misplaced Pages has also been used as a source in journalism,<ref name="ajr.org WP in the newsroom">{{cite news |last=Shaw |first=Donna |date=February–March 2008 |title=Misplaced Pages in the Newsroom |work=] |url=https://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461|url-status=dead|access-date=February 11, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805155909/https://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461|archive-date=August 5, 2012}}</ref><ref name="twsY23" /> often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for ].<ref name="shizuoka plagiarized WP 1">{{cite news |title=Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Misplaced Pages article |work=Japan News Review |date=July 5, 2007 |url=https://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070705page_id=364|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312013353/https://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070705page_id%3D364|archive-date = March 12, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Richter |first=Bob |date=January 9, 2007 |title=Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered |work=] |url=https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123064704/https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html|archive-date=January 23, 2007}}</ref><ref name="starbulletin.com Inquiry prompts dismissal">{{cite web |last=Bridgewater |first=Frank |title=Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal |url=https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128202726/https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html|archive-date=January 28, 2023|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Coscarelli |first=Joe |date=July 29, 2014 |title=Plagiarizing Misplaced Pages Is Still Plagiarism, at BuzzFeed or the New York Times |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818021218/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html|archive-date=August 18, 2022|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Intelligencer |publisher=]}}</ref>


In 2006, '']'' magazine recognized Misplaced Pages's participation (along with YouTube, ], ], and Facebook) in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide.<ref name="Time2006" /> On September 16, 2007, '']'' reported that Misplaced Pages had become a focal point in the ], saying: "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Misplaced Pages page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day."<ref name="WP.com WP election usage">{{cite news |author=Vargas |first=Jose Antonio |date=September 17, 2007 |title=On Misplaced Pages, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet |newspaper=] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699_pf.html|url-status=live|access-date=December 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127185625/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699_pf.html|archive-date=January 27, 2023}}</ref> An October 2007 ] article, titled "Misplaced Pages page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Misplaced Pages article vindicates one's notability.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ablan |first=Jennifer |date=October 22, 2007 |title=Misplaced Pages page the latest status symbol |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN2232893820071022?sp=true|access-date=October 24, 2007}}</ref>
Misplaced Pages's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases.<ref name="Misplaced Pages in media" /><ref name="Bourgeois" /><ref name="ssrn.com Wikipedian Justice 1">{{cite web|url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1346311_code835394.pdf?abstractid=1346311|title=Wikipedian Justice|format=PDF|accessdate=June 9, 2009}}</ref> The ]'s website refers to Misplaced Pages's article on ] in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the ].<ref name="parl.gc.ca same-sex marriage">{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?billId=1585203&View=10|title=LEGISinfo – House Government Bill C-38 (38–1)|publisher=|accessdate=September 9, 2014}}</ref> The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the US federal courts and the ]<ref name="WP_court_source" />&nbsp;– though mainly for ''supporting information'' rather than information decisive to a case.<ref name="Courts turn to Misplaced Pages" /> Content appearing on Misplaced Pages has also been cited as a source and referenced in some ] reports.<ref name="US Intelligence" /> In December 2008, the scientific journal '']'' launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the ] for publication in Misplaced Pages.<ref name="Declan" />


One of the first times Misplaced Pages was involved in a governmental affair was on September 28, 2007, when ] ] raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of ]. He said that the lack of such freedom forced Misplaced Pages, "the seventh most consulted website", to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues.<ref>{{cite web |last=Grillini |first=Franco|author-link=Franco Grillini |date=March 30, 2009 |title=Comunicato Stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Misplaced Pages. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con "diritto di panorama" promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright|trans-title=Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Misplaced Pages. Interview with Rutelli about the "right to view" promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law |url=https://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330141810/https://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885|archive-date=March 30, 2009|access-date=December 26, 2008 |language=it}}</ref>
Misplaced Pages has also been used as a source in journalism,<ref name="ajr.org WP in the newsroom">{{cite news|title=Misplaced Pages in the Newsroom |url=http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461|date=February–March 2008|publisher=American Journalism Review|first=Donna|last=Shaw|accessdate=February 11, 2008}}</ref><ref name="twsY23" /> often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Misplaced Pages.<ref name="shizuoka plagiarized WP 1">{{cite news|title=Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Misplaced Pages article|work=Japan News Review|date=July 5, 2007|url=http://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070705page_id=364}}</ref><ref name="WA Express-News staffer resigns">{{Wayback |date=20071015045010 |url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html |title="Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered" }}, '']'', January 9, 2007.</ref><ref name="starbulletin.com Inquiry prompts dismissal">{{cite web|url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html|title=Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal|author=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|publisher=|accessdate=September 9, 2014}}</ref>


] 2015]]
In 2006, ] recognized Misplaced Pages's participation (along with ], ], ], and ]<ref name="Time2006" />) in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide.
] accepts the 2008 ] ''A Mission of Enlightenment'' award on behalf of Misplaced Pages.]]
A working group led by ] (formed as a part of the ]-based project ]) in its report called Misplaced Pages "the best-known example of crowdsourcing{{nbsp}}... that far exceeds traditionally-compiled information sources, such as encyclopedias and dictionaries, in scale and depth".<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |date=September 2016 |title=Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030 |url=https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208003001/https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends|archive-date=December 8, 2022|access-date=September 3, 2016 |website=One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) |publisher=]}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20230718" />


In a 2017 opinion piece for '']'', ] describes Misplaced Pages as "one of the last remaining pillars of the ] and ]" and contrasted its existence as a text-based source of knowledge with social media and ]s, the latter having "since colonized the web for television's values". For Derakhshan, Misplaced Pages's goal as an encyclopedia represents the ] tradition of ] triumphing over emotions, a trend which he considers "endangered" due to the "gradual shift from a ] culture to a photographic one, which in turn mean a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment". Rather than "{{lang|la|]}}" ({{literal translation|dare to know|lk=on}}), social networks have led to a culture of "dare not to care to know". This is while Misplaced Pages faces "a more concerning problem" than funding, namely "a flattening growth rate in the number of contributors to the website". Consequently, the challenge for Misplaced Pages and those who use it is to "save Misplaced Pages and its promise of a free and open collection of all human knowledge amid the conquest of new and old television—how to collect and preserve knowledge when nobody cares to know."<ref>{{cite news |last=Derakhshan |first=Hossein|author-link=Hossein Derakhshan |date=October 19, 2017 |title=How Social Media Endangers Knowledge |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedias-fate-shows-how-the-web-endangers-knowledge/|url-status=live |department=Business |magazine=] |publisher=Condé Nast |eissn=1078-3148 |issn=1059-1028|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022190537/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedias-fate-shows-how-the-web-endangers-knowledge/|archive-date=October 22, 2018|access-date=October 22, 2018}}</ref>
In July 2007 Misplaced Pages was the focus of a 30-minute documentary on ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/pip/efv21|title=Radio 4 documentary, BBC}}{{Dead link|reason=Partially broken (""). Apparently impossible to verify.|date=July 2014}}</ref> which argued that, with increased usage and awareness, the number of references to Misplaced Pages in popular culture is such that the word is one of a select band of 21st-century nouns that are so familiar (], Facebook, YouTube) that they no longer need explanation and are on a par with such 20th-century words as ] or ].


==== Awards ====
On September 28, 2007, ] politician ] raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of ]. He said that the lack of such freedom forced Misplaced Pages, "the seventh most consulted website", to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885|title=Comunicato stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Misplaced Pages. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con "diritto di panorama" promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright|date=October 12, 2007|language=Italian|trans_title=Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Misplaced Pages. Interview with Rutelli about the "right to view" promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law |accessdate=December 26, 2008}}{{Dead link|date=July 2014}}</ref>
]
]
Misplaced Pages has won many awards, receiving its first two major awards in May 2004.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Trophy shelf |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/Trophy_shelf|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]}}</ref> The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual ] contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' ] for the "community" category.<ref name="webbyawards WP awards 1">{{cite news |url=https://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php |title=Webby Awards 2004 |publisher=The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences |year=2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722174246/https://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php|archive-date = July 22, 2011}}</ref>


In 2007, readers of brandchannel.com voted Misplaced Pages as the fourth-highest brand ranking, receiving 15 percent of the votes in answer to the question "Which brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006?"<ref name="brandchannel.com awards 1">{{cite news |last=Zumpano |first=Anthony |date=January 29, 2007 |title=Similar Search Results: Google Wins |work=brandhome |publisher=Brandchannel |url=https://www.brandchannel.com/features_effect.asp?pf_id=352|url-status=dead|access-date=January 28, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220095907/https://brandchannel.com/features_effect.asp?pf_id=352|archive-date=February 20, 2007}}</ref>
] receiving the ] ''A Mission of Enlightenment'' award]]


In September 2008, Misplaced Pages received ] ''A Mission of Enlightenment'' award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with ], ], and ]. The award was presented to Wales by ].<ref name="loomarea.com WP award 1">{{cite web |url=https://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915140714/https://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008|url-status=dead|archive-date = September 15, 2008 |title=Die Quadriga – Award 2008|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref>
On September 16, 2007, '']'' reported that Misplaced Pages had become a focal point in the ], saying: "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Misplaced Pages page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day."<ref name="WP.com WP election usage">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699_pf.html|title=On Misplaced Pages, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet|author=Jose Antonio Vargas|work=The Washington Post|date=September 17, 2007|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref> An October 2007 ] article, titled "Misplaced Pages page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Misplaced Pages article vindicates one's notability.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN2232893820071022?sp=true|title=Misplaced Pages page the latest status symbol|author=Jennifer Ablan|agency=Reuters|date=October 22, 2007|accessdate=October 24, 2007}}</ref>

Active participation also has an impact. Law students have been assigned to write Misplaced Pages articles as an exercise in clear and succinct writing for an uninitiated audience.<ref name="LER students write for WP 1">{{cite journal|title=Engaging with the World: Students of Comparative Law Write for Misplaced Pages|publisher=Legal Education Review|volume=19|issue=1 and 2|year=2009|pages=83–98|author=Witzleb, Normann|postscript=}}</ref>

==== Awards ====
Misplaced Pages won two major awards in May 2004.<ref name="WP awards for WP 1">], {{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Meta|Meta-Wiki}} (March 28, 2005).</ref> The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual ] contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in ] later that year. The second was a Judges' ] for the "community" category.<ref name="webbyawards WP awards 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php|title=Webby Awards 2004|publisher=The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences|year=2004|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110722174246/http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php|archivedate=July 22, 2011}}</ref> Misplaced Pages was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby award. On January 26, 2007, Misplaced Pages was also awarded the fourth-highest brand ranking by the readers of “brandchannel.com”, receiving 15% of the votes in answer to the question "Which brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006?"<ref name="brandchannel.com awards 1">{{cite news|first=Anthony|last=Zumpano|title=Similar Search Results: Google Wins|url=http://www.brandchannel.com/features_effect.asp?pf_id=352|publisher=Interbrand|date=January 29, 2007|accessdate=January 28, 2007}}</ref>


In 2015, Misplaced Pages was awarded both the annual ], which recognizes exceptional contributions to culture, society or social sciences,<ref name="EP2015">{{cite web |title=Erasmus Prize – Praemium Erasmianum |url=https://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&page=Erasmusprijs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115214241/https://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&page=Erasmusprijs|archive-date=January 15, 2015|access-date=January 15, 2015 |website=Praemium Erasmianum Foundation}}</ref> and the Spanish ] on International Cooperation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015|trans-title=Princess of Asturias Award of International Cooperation 2015 |url=https://www.fpa.es/es/premios-princesa-de-asturias/premiados/2015-wikipedia.html?especifica=0&idCategoria=0&anio=2015&especifica=0|access-date=June 17, 2015 |publisher=Fundación Princesa de Asturias |language=es}}</ref> Speaking at the Asturian Parliament in Oviedo, the city that hosts the awards ceremony, ] praised the work of the ] users.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 22, 2015 |title=Los fundadores de Misplaced Pages destacan la versión en asturiano |language=es|trans-title=The founders of Misplaced Pages highlight the Asturian version |newspaper=La Nueva España |url=https://www.lne.es/sociedad-cultura/2015/10/22/fundadores-wikipedia-destacan-version-asturiano/1830529.html|access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref>
In September 2008, Misplaced Pages received ] ''A Mission of Enlightenment'' award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with ], ], and ]. The award was presented to Wales by ].<ref name="loomarea.com WP award 1">{{cite web|url=http://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008|title=Die Quadriga&nbsp;– Award 2008|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref>


==== Satire ==== ==== Satire ====
{{category see also|Parodies of Misplaced Pages}} {{category see also|Parodies of Misplaced Pages}}
]'s music video for his song "]"]]


Comedian ] has parodied or referenced Misplaced Pages on numerous episodes of his show '']'' and coined the related term '']'', meaning "together we can create a reality that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on".<ref name="wikiality" /> Another example can be found in "Misplaced Pages Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence", a July 2006 front-page article in '']'',<ref name="onion WP 750 years 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.theonion.com/articles/wikipedia-celebrates-750-years-of-american-indepen,2007/ |title=Misplaced Pages Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence|access-date = October 15, 2006 |date=July 26, 2006 |website=]}}</ref> as well as the 2010 ''The Onion'' article {{"'}}L.A. Law' Misplaced Pages Page Viewed 874 Times Today".<ref>{{cite web |date=November 24, 2010 |title='L.A. Law' Misplaced Pages Page Viewed 874 Times Today |url=https://www.theonion.com/articles/la-law-wikipedia-page-viewed-874-times-today,18521/|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=]}}</ref>
Many parodies target Misplaced Pages's openness and susceptibility to inserted inaccuracies, with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles.


In an April 2007 episode of the American television comedy '']'', office manager (]) is shown relying on a hypothetical Misplaced Pages article for information on ] tactics to assist him in negotiating lesser pay for an employee.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=The Negotiation|episode-link=The Negotiation (The Office) |series=The Office|series-link=The Office (American TV series) |network=] |date=April 5, 2007 |season=3 |number=19}}</ref> Viewers of the show tried to add the episode's mention of the page as a section of the actual Misplaced Pages article on negotiation, but this effort was prevented by other users on the article's talk page.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jesdanun |first=Anick |date=April 12, 2007 |title='Office' fans, inspired by Michael Scott, flock to edit Misplaced Pages |newspaper=] |url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-04-12-office-wikipedia_N.htm|url-status=live|access-date=December 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128044344/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-04-12-office-wikipedia_N.htm|archive-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref>
Comedian ] has parodied or referenced Misplaced Pages on numerous episodes of his show '']'' and coined the related term '']'', meaning "together we can create a reality that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on".<ref name="wikiality" /> Another example can be found in a front-page article in '']'' in July 2006, with the title "Misplaced Pages Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence".<ref name="onion WP 750 years 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.theonion.com/articles/wikipedia-celebrates-750-years-of-american-indepen,2007/ |title=Misplaced Pages Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence|accessdate=October 15, 2006|date=July 26, 2006|work=]}}</ref> "]", a 2007 episode of the ] show '']'', played on the perception that Misplaced Pages is an unreliable reference tool with a scene in which ] reacts to a patient who says that a Misplaced Pages article indicates that the ] reverses the effects of ] by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the ].<ref name="Bakken one doctor 1">Bakken, Janae. "]"; '']''; ]; December 6, 2007.</ref>


"]", a 2007 episode of the television show '']'', played on the perception that Misplaced Pages is an unreliable reference tool with a scene in which ] reacts to a patient who says that a Misplaced Pages article indicates that the ] reverses the effects of ] by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the ].<ref name="Bakken one doctor 1">{{Cite episode |title=My Number One Doctor|episode-link=Scrubs (season 7)#ep145 |series=Scrubs|series-link=Scrubs (TV series) |network=] |date=December 6, 2007 |season=7 |number=145 |last=Bakken |first=Janae|author-link=Janae Bakken}}</ref>
In 2008, the comedic website ] produced a video sketch named "Professor Misplaced Pages", in which the fictitious Professor Misplaced Pages instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements.<ref name="collegehumor.com WP funny 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.collegehumor.com/video/3581424/professor-wikipedia|title=Professor Misplaced Pages – CollegeHumor Video|publisher=CollegeHumor|date=November 17, 2009|accessdate=April 19, 2011}}</ref>


In 2008, the comedy website '']'' produced a video sketch named "Professor Misplaced Pages", in which the fictitious Professor Misplaced Pages instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Professor Misplaced Pages |series=CollegeHumor Originals |network=] |date=September 24, 2008}}</ref> The '']'' comic strip from May 8, 2009, features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying "Give me ten minutes and then check Misplaced Pages."<ref>{{cite comic |Strip=Topper |Date=May 8, 2009 |Syndicate=] |Cartoonist=]}}</ref> In July 2009, ] broadcast a comedy series called '']'', which was set on a website which was a parody of Misplaced Pages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolf |first=Ian |date=June 4, 2010 |title=Bigipedia given second series |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/radio/news/319/bigipedia_given_second_series/|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=]}}</ref> Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Misplaced Pages and its articles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview/ |title=Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen |website=]|access-date = July 31, 2009|archive-date = July 31, 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090731150008/http://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview|url-status = dead}}</ref>
The ] comic strip from May 8, 2009, features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying "Give me ten minutes and then check Misplaced Pages."<ref name="dilbert WP funny 1">{{cite web|url=http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/2009-05-08|title=Dilbert comic strip for 05/08/2009 from the official Dilbert comic strips archive|publisher=Universal Uclick|date=May 8, 2009|accessdate=March 10, 2013}}</ref>


On August 23, 2013, the '']'' website published a cartoon with this caption: "Dammit, Manning, have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Misplaced Pages page?"<ref>{{cite web |last=Flake |first=Emily|author-link=Emily Flake |date=August 23, 2013 |title=Manning/Wikipedia cartoon |url=https://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012052730/https://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm|archive-date=October 12, 2014|access-date=August 26, 2013 |website=Conde Nast Collection}}</ref> The cartoon referred to ] (born Bradley Edward Manning), an American activist, politician, and former United States Army soldier who had recently ] as a ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2013 |title='I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement |url=http://www.today.com/news/i-am-chelsea-read-mannings-full-statement-6C10974052|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=]}}</ref>
In July 2009, ] broadcast a comedy series called '']'', which was set on a website which was a parody of Misplaced Pages. Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Misplaced Pages and its articles.<ref name="comedy.org.uk WP funny 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview/|title=Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen|publisher=]|accessdate=July 31, 2009}}</ref>


In June 2024, ] published a fictional Misplaced Pages ] page under the title "Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday" by Emma Burnett. The Talk page concerned a fictional article describing the unintended consequences of the release of a plastic-eating fungus to clean up an oil spill. The article contained Talk page topics found on Misplaced Pages, like discussions of changes in the articles ] level.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burnett |first=Emma |date=June 12, 2024 |title=Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01723-z |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-01723-z |issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free |pmid=38867010 }}</ref>
In 2010, comedian Daniel Tosh encouraged viewers of his show, '']'', to visit the show's Misplaced Pages article and edit it at will. On a later episode, he commented on the edits to the article, most of them offensive, which had been made by the audience and had prompted the article to be locked from editing.<ref name="tosh CC WP funny 1">{{cite web|url=http://tosh.comedycentral.com/blog/2010/02/03/your-wikipedia-entries|title=''Your Misplaced Pages Entries''|date=|work=Tosh.0|accessdate=September 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="tosh CC WP funny 2">{{cite web|url=http://tosh.comedycentral.com/video-clips/wikipedia-updates|title=''Misplaced Pages Updates''|date=|work=Tosh.0|accessdate=September 9, 2014}}</ref>


=== Sister projects{{snd}}Wikimedia ===
On August 23, 2013, the ] ] published a cartoon with this caption: "Dammit, ] have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Misplaced Pages page?"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm |title=Manning/Wikipedia cartoon |accessdate=August 26, 2013 |author=Emily Flake |authorlink=Emily Flake |date=August 23, 2013 |year= |month= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>

=== Sister projects – Wikimedia ===
{{Main|Wikimedia project}} {{Main|Wikimedia project}}
Misplaced Pages has also spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by the ]. These other ] include ], a dictionary project launched in December 2002,<ref name="WM dictionary 1">{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_News&diff=prev&oldid=4133|title=Announcement of Wiktionary's creation|publisher=meta.wikimedia.org|accessdate=2012-07-14}}</ref> ], a collection of quotations created a week after Wikimedia launched, ], a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated texts, ], a site devoted to free-knowledge multimedia, ], for citizen journalism, and ], a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities.<ref name="OurProjects" /> Of these, only Commons has had success comparable to that of Misplaced Pages. Another sister project of Misplaced Pages, ], is a catalogue of species. In 2012 ], an editable travel guide, and ], an editable knowledge base, launched. Misplaced Pages has spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by the ]. These other ] include ], a dictionary project launched in December 2002,<ref group="W">{{Cite mailing list |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-December/008311.html |title=Wiktionary project launched |date=December 12, 2002|mailing-list=Misplaced Pages-l |last=Moeller |first=Erik|access-date=February 4, 2023}}</ref> ], a collection of quotations created a week after Wikimedia launched,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Woods |first1=Dan |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1300481129 |title=Wikis for dummies |last2=Theony |first2=Peter |publisher=] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-118-05066-8 |edition=1st |location=Hoboken, NJ |pages=58 |chapter=3: The Thousand Problem-Solving Faces of Wikis |oclc=1300481129 |ol=5741003W}}</ref> ], a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated texts,<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/search/?oldid=153077|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |publisher=]}}</ref> ], a site devoted to free-knowledge multimedia,<ref group="W">{{Cite mailing list |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2004-March/014885.html |title=Proposal: commons.wikimedia.org |date=March 19, 2004|mailing-list=Misplaced Pages-l |last=Moeller |first=Erik|access-date=February 4, 2023}}</ref> ], for collaborative journalism,<ref group="W">{{Cite news |last=Eloquence |title=User:Eloquence/History |url=https://en.wikinews.org/User:Eloquence/History|access-date=February 4, 2023 |newspaper=Wikinews |publisher=]}}</ref> and ], a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikiversity |publisher=]}}</ref> Another sister project of Misplaced Pages, ], is a catalog of all species, but is not open for public editing.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 18, 2005 |title=NET News: Calling All Taxonomists |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5712 |pages=1021 |doi=10.1126/science.307.5712.1021a |s2cid=220095354 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2012, ], an editable travel guide,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luyt |first=Brendan |date=January 1, 2020 |title=A new kind of travel guide or more of the same? Wikivoyage and Cambodia |journal=Online Information Review |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=356–371 |doi=10.1108/OIR-03-2020-0104}}</ref> and ], an editable knowledge base, launched.<ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Matthew |date=March 30, 2012 |title=The Misplaced Pages data revolution |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=]}}</ref>


=== Publishing === === Publishing ===
at the 2013 DC Wikimedia annual meeting standing in front of the Encyclopædia Britannica (back left) at the US National Archives]] ] chapter at the 2013 DC Wikimedia annual meeting standing in front of the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' ''(back left)'' at the US National Archives]]
The most obvious economic effect of Misplaced Pages has been the death of commercial encyclopedias, especially printed versions like '']'', which were unable to compete with a product that is essentially free.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bosman |first1=Julie |date=March 13, 2012 |title=After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses |url=https://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com//2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103001340/https://archive.nytimes.com/mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/|archive-date=January 3, 2023|access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=March 20, 2012 |title=Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Misplaced Pages |url=https://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/|access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=GizmoCrazed|archive-date=June 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629152825/http://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="FT effect on traditional media">{{cite news |author=Caldwell |first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Caldwell (journalist) |date=June 14, 2013 |title=A chapter in the Enlightenment closes |newspaper=] |url=https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ae22314a-d383-11e2-b3ff-00144feab7de.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=June 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225084438/https://www.ft.com/content/ae22314a-d383-11e2-b3ff-00144feab7de|archive-date=December 25, 2022 |quote=Bertelsmann did not resort to euphemism this week when it announced the end of the Brockhaus encyclopedia brand. Brockhaus had been publishing reference books for two centuries when the media group bought it in 2008. The internet has finished off Brockhaus altogether. What Germans like is Misplaced Pages.}}</ref> ]'s 2005 essay "The amorality of ]" criticizes websites with ] (like Misplaced Pages) for possibly leading to professional (and, in his view, superior) content producers' going out of business, because "free trumps quality all the time". Carr wrote, "Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the ] of the amateur. I for one can't imagine anything more frightening."<ref name="RType WP traditional media effect 1">{{cite web |last=Carr |first=Nicholas|author-link=Nicholas G. Carr |date=October 3, 2005 |title=The amorality of Web 2.0 |url=https://www.roughtype.com/archives/2005/10/the_amorality_o.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804031256/https://www.roughtype.com/?p=110|archive-date=August 4, 2022|access-date=July 15, 2006 |website=Rough Type}}</ref> Others dispute the notion that Misplaced Pages, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional publications. ], the former editor-in-chief of '']'', wrote in '']'' that the "]" approach of Misplaced Pages will not displace top ]s with rigorous ] processes.<ref name="nature.com crowds wisdom" />


Misplaced Pages's influence on the biography publishing business has been a concern for some. Book publishing data tracker Nielsen ] stated in 2013 that biography sales were dropping "far more sharply".<ref name=":22" /> ], professor of ] at the ] and author of two biographies wrote, "The worry is that, if you can get all that information from Misplaced Pages, what's left for biography?"<ref name=":22">{{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=February 7, 2013 |title=Alison Flood: ''Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast?'' |journal=] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/feb/07/traditional-biography-shakespeare-breakfast|access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref>
The most obvious economic effect of Misplaced Pages has been the death of commercial encyclopedias, especially the printed versions, e.g. ], which were unable to compete with a product that is essentially free.<ref></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/ |title=''Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Misplaced Pages'', Gizmocrazed.com (with ''statista'' infographic from NYTimes.com) |publisher=Gizmocrazed.com |date=2012-03-20 |accessdate=2014-06-14}}</ref><ref name="FT impact on traditional media">{{cite web|author=Christopher Caldwell|authorlink=Christopher Caldwell|date=14 June 2013|title=A chapter in the Enlightenment closes|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ae22314a-d383-11e2-b3ff-00144feab7de.html|publisher=]|accessdate=15 June 2013|quote=Bertelsmann did not resort to euphemism this week when it announced the end of the Brockhaus encyclopedia brand. Brockhaus had been publishing reference books for two centuries when the media group bought it in 2008. The internet has finished off Brockhaus altogether. What Germans like is Misplaced Pages.}}</ref> ] wrote a 2005 essay, "The amorality of ]", that criticized websites with ], like Misplaced Pages, for possibly leading to professional (and, in his view, superior) content producers going out of business, because "free trumps quality all the time". Carr wrote: "Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the hegemony of the amateur. I for one can't imagine anything more frightening."<ref name="RType WP traditional media impact 1">{{cite web|title=The amorality of Web 2.0|url=http://www.roughtype.com/archives/2005/10/the_amorality_o.php|date=October 3, 2005|work=Rough Type|accessdate=July 15, 2006}}</ref> Others dispute the notion that Misplaced Pages, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional publications. For instance, ], the editor-in-chief of '']'', wrote in '']'' that the "]" approach of Misplaced Pages will not displace top ]s, with their rigorous ] process.<ref name="nature.com crowds wisdom">{{cite web|title=Technical solutions: Wisdom of the crowds|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/peerreview/debate/nature04992.html|work=Nature|accessdate=October 10, 2006}}</ref>


=== Research use ===
There is also an ongoing debate about the influence of Misplaced Pages on the biography publishing business. "The worry is that, if you can get all that information from Misplaced Pages, what's left for biography?" Said ], professor of life writing at UEA and author of ''The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton'' and ''George Eliot: the Last Victorian''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Alison Flood |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/booksblog/2013/feb/07/traditional-biography-shakespeare-breakfast |title=Alison Flood: ''Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast?'' |publisher=The Guardian |date= |accessdate=2014-06-14}}</ref>
Misplaced Pages has been widely used as a ] for linguistic research in ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Matthew |date=November 23, 2017 |title=Building a Misplaced Pages Text Corpus for Natural Language Processing |url=https://www.kdnuggets.com/building-a-wikipedia-text-corpus-for-natural-language-processing.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528034621/https://www.kdnuggets.com/2017/11/building-wikipedia-text-corpus-nlp.html|archive-date=May 28, 2023|url-status=dead|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=KDnuggets}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindemann |first=Luke |date=February 19, 2021 |title=Misplaced Pages Corpus |url=https://lukelindemann.com/wiki_corpus.html|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=lukelindemann.com}}</ref> In particular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the ] problem, which is then called "wikification",<ref name="wikify">{{cite conference |url=https://www.cse.unt.edu/~tarau/teaching/NLP/papers/Mihalcea-2007-Wikify-Linking_Documents_to_Encyclopedic.pdf |title=Wikify!: linking documents to encyclopedic knowledge |first1=Mihalcea |last1=Rada |first2=Andras |last2=Csomai|author1-link=Rada Mihalcea |date=November 2007 |conference=ACM ]|book-title=CIKM '07: Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management |publisher=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218062051/https://www.cse.unt.edu/~tarau/teaching/NLP/papers/Mihalcea-2007-Wikify-Linking_Documents_to_Encyclopedic.pdf|archive-date=February 18, 2016 |location=Lisbon; New York City |pages=233–242 |isbn=978-1-59593-803-9 |doi=10.1145/1321440.1321475|url-status=live}}</ref> and to the related problem of ].<ref name="milne witten WP usage 1">{{cite conference|chapter-url=https://www.cms.waikato.ac.nz/~ihw/papers/08-DNM-IHW-LearningToLinkWithWikipedia.pdf |chapter=Learning to Link with Misplaced Pages |first1=David |last1=Milne |first2=Ian H. |last2=Witten |title=Proceeding of the 17th ACM conference on Information and knowledge mining – CIKM '08|author2-link=Ian H. Witten |date=October 2008 |conference=ACM ]|book-title=CIKM '08: Proceedings of the seventeenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management |publisher=] |location=Napa Valley, CA; New York |pages=509–518 |isbn=978-1-59593-991-3 |doi=10.1145/1458082.1458150 |citeseerx=10.1.1.148.3617}}</ref> Methods similar to wikification can in turn be used to find "missing" links in Misplaced Pages.<ref name="discovering missing WP links 1">{{cite conference |last1=Adafre |first1=Sisay Fissaha |last2=de Rijke |first2=Maarten|author2-link=Maarten de Rijke |date=August 2005 |title=Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery – LinkKDD '05 |url=https://staff.science.uva.nl/~mdr/Publications/Files/linkkdd2005.pdf |conference=ACM LinkKDD |location=Chicago; New York City |publisher=] |pages=90–97 |doi=10.1145/1134271.1134284 |isbn=978-1-59593-135-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717054413/https://staff.science.uva.nl/~mdr/Publications/Files/linkkdd2005.pdf|archive-date=July 17, 2012|chapter-url=https://staff.science.uva.nl/~mdr/Publications/Files/linkkdd2005.pdf |chapter=Discovering missing links in Misplaced Pages|book-title=LinkKDD '05: Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery|url-status=live}}</ref>


In 2015, French researchers José Lages of the ] in ] and Dima Shepelyansky of ] in ] published a global university ranking based on Misplaced Pages scholarly citations.<ref name=mitmining>{{cite news |title=Misplaced Pages-Mining Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/view/544266/wikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities/|access-date = December 27, 2015 |work=] |date=December 7, 2015|archive-date = February 1, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160201174817/https://www.technologyreview.com/view/544266/wikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities/|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name=harvardisonlymarmow>{{cite news |last1=Marmow Shaw |first1=Jessica |title=Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world, according to this list |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/two-universities-beat-harvard-in-this-surprising-school-ranking-2015-12-09|access-date = December 27, 2015 |work=] |date=December 10, 2015}}</ref><ref name=wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche>{{cite news |last1=Bothwell |first1=Ellie |title=Misplaced Pages Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List ranks institutions by search engine results and Misplaced Pages appearances |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/wikipedia-ranking-world-universities-top-100|access-date = December 27, 2015 |work=] |date=December 15, 2015}}</ref> They used ], ] and similar algorithms "followed by the number of appearances in the 24 different language editions of Misplaced Pages (descending order) and the century in which they were founded (ascending order)".<ref name=wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche /><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lages, J. |author2=Patt, A. |author3=Shepelyansky, D. |year=2016 |title=Misplaced Pages ranking of world universities |journal=] |volume=89 |page=69 |arxiv=1511.09021 |bibcode=2016EPJB...89...69L |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2016-60922-0 |number=69 |s2cid=1965378}}</ref> The study was updated in 2019.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Coquidé, C. |author2=Lages, J. |author3=Shepelyansky, D.L. |year=2019 |title=World influence and interactions of universities from Misplaced Pages networks. |journal=] |volume=92 |page=3 |arxiv=1809.00332 |bibcode=2019EPJB...92....3C |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2018-90532-7 |number=3 |s2cid=52154548}}</ref>
=== Scientific use ===

In ], ] and ], Misplaced Pages has seen widespread use as a ] for linguistic research. In particular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the ] problem, which is then called "wikification",<ref name="wikify">Rada Mihalcea and Andras Csomai (2007). . Proc. CIKM.</ref> and to the related problem of ].<ref name="milne witten WP usage 1">David Milne and Ian H. Witten (2008). Learning to link with Misplaced Pages. Proc. CIKM.</ref> Methods similar to wikification can in turn be used to find "missing" links in Misplaced Pages.<ref name="discovering missing WP links 1">Sisay Fissaha Adafre and ] (2005). . Proc. LinkKDD.</ref>
In December 2015, ] stated, in a letter published in '']'' newspaper, that as a historian he resorted to Misplaced Pages "at least a dozen times a day", and had never yet caught it out. He described it as "a work of reference as useful as any in existence", with so wide a range that it is almost impossible to find a person, place, or thing that it has left uncovered and that he could never have written his last two books without it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-13 |title=All hail Misplaced Pages |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/all-hail-wikipedia-l6t9cnhkl5m |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref>

A 2017 ] study suggests that words used in Misplaced Pages articles end up in scientific publications.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brookshire |first1=Bethany |date=February 5, 2018 |title=Misplaced Pages has become a science reference source even though scientists don't cite it |work=ScienceNews |department=SciCurious |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/scicurious/wikipedia-science-reference-citations|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210120955/https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/scicurious/wikipedia-science-reference-citations|archive-date=February 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Neil |last2=Hanley |first2=Douglas |date=February 13, 2018 |title=Science Is Shaped by Misplaced Pages: Evidence From a Randomized Control Trial |journal=MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 5238-17 |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505 |ssrn=3039505 |s2cid=30918097 |via=]}}</ref> Studies related to Misplaced Pages have been using ] and ]<ref name="NYT-20230718">{{cite news |last=Gertner |first=Jon |title=Misplaced Pages's Moment of Truth – Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right — without destroying itself in the process? + comment |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html#permid=126389255 |date=July 18, 2023 |work=]|url-status=live |archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230719220706/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html#permid=126389255 |archivedate=July 19, 2023 |accessdate=July 19, 2023}}</ref> to support various operations. One of the most important areas is the automatic detection of vandalism<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Sarabadani |first1=Amir |last2=Halfaker |first2=Aaron |last3=Taraborelli |first3=Dario |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion|author2-link=Aaron Halfaker |chapter=Building automated vandalism detection tools for Wikidata |date=April 2017 |conference=International Conference on World Wide Web Companion|book-title=WWW '17 Companion: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion |publisher=] |location=Perth; New York |pages=1647–1654 |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7 |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053366 |arxiv=1703.03861}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |last1=Potthast |first1=Martin |last2=Stein |first2=Benno |last3=Gerling |first3=Robert |title=Advances in Information Retrieval |chapter=Automatic Vandalism Detection in Misplaced Pages|book-title=Advances in Information Retrieval |date=2008 |volume=4956 |pages=663–668 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-78646-7_75 |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |isbn=978-3-540-78645-0|editor1-first=Craig|editor1-last=Macdonald|editor2-first=Iadh|editor2-last=Ounis|editor3-first=Vassilis|editor3-last=Plachouras|editor4-first=Ian|editor4-last=Ruthven|editor5-first=Ryen W.|editor5-last=White |conference=30th ] |location=Glasgow |publisher=Springer |citeseerx=10.1.1.188.1093}}</ref> and ] assessment in Misplaced Pages.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Asthana |first1=Sumit |last2=Halfaker |first2=Aaron|author2-link=Aaron Halfaker|editor1-last=Lampe|editor1-first=Cliff|editor1-link=Cliff Lampe |title=With Few Eyes, All Hoaxes are Deep |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |date=November 2018 |volume=2 |issue=CSCW |doi=10.1145/3274290 |at=21 |publisher=] |location=New York City |issn=2573-0142|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Petroni |first1=Fabio |last2=Broscheit |first2=Samuel |last3=Piktus |first3=Aleksandra |last4=Lewis |first4=Patrick |last5=Izacard |first5=Gautier |last6=Hosseini |first6=Lucas |last7=Dwivedi-Yu |first7=Jane |last8=Lomeli |first8=Maria |last9=Schick |first9=Timo|last10=Bevilacqua|first10=Michele |last11=Mazaré |first11=Pierre-Emmanuel |last12=Joulin |first12=Armand |last13=Grave |first13=Edouard |last14=Riedel |first14=Sebastian |title=Improving Misplaced Pages verifiability with AI |journal=] |date=2023 |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1142–1148 |doi=10.1038/s42256-023-00726-1|doi-access=free |arxiv=2207.06220}}</ref>

In February 2022, ]s from the UK's ] were found to have used Misplaced Pages for research after journalists at '']'' noted that parts of the ] had been lifted directly from Misplaced Pages articles on ] and the ].<ref>{{cite news |last=Stone |first=Jon |date=February 3, 2022 |title=Parts of Michael Gove's levelling-up plan 'copied from Misplaced Pages' |work=] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/levelling-up-plan-copied-wikipedia-michael-gove-b2006757.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213080622/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/levelling-up-plan-copied-wikipedia-michael-gove-b2006757.html|archive-date=December 13, 2022}}</ref>


== Related projects == == Related projects ==
A number of interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Misplaced Pages was founded. The first of these was the 1986 ], which included text (entered on ] computers) and photographs from over 1&nbsp;million contributors in the UK, and covered the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until 2008.<ref name="Domesday Project" /> Several interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Misplaced Pages was founded. The first of these was the 1986 ], which included text (entered on ] computers) and photographs from more than a million contributors in the UK, and covered the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until 2008.<ref name="Domesday Project" />


Several free-content, collaborative encyclopedias were created around the same period as Misplaced Pages (e.g. ]),<ref>{{cite news |last=Frauenfelder |first=Mark |date=November 21, 2000 |title=The next generation of online encyclopedias |website=] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/11/21/net.gen.encyclopedias.idg/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040814034109/https://www.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/11/21/net.gen.encyclopedias.idg/index.html|archive-date=August 14, 2004}}</ref> with many later being merged into the project (e.g. ]).<ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=The 💕 Project |url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=GNU Operating System}}</ref> One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was ], which was created by ] in 1999. The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively lighthearted, focusing on articles which are both witty and informative.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rubin |first=Harriet |date=May 31, 1998 |title=The Hitchhikers Guide to the New Economy |work=] |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/34100/hitchhikers-guide-new-economy|access-date=February 4, 2023}}</ref>
One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was ], which was created by ]. The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively light-hearted, focusing on articles which are both witty and informative. ] was created in 1998. All of these projects had similarities with Misplaced Pages, but were not wikis and neither gave full editorial privileges to public users.


Subsequent collaborative ] websites have drawn inspiration from Misplaced Pages. Others use more traditional ], such as '']'' and the online wiki encyclopedias '']'' and ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Life |url=http://naturalhistory.si.edu/research/eol|access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=] |publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scholarpedia: the free peer-reviewed encyclopedia |url=http://applied-neuroscience.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222104006/http://applied-neuroscience.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79|archive-date=February 22, 2012 |website=Society of Applied Neuroscience}}</ref> The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternative to Misplaced Pages.<ref name="Orlowski18" /><ref name="JayLyman">{{cite news |first=Jay |last=Lyman |url=https://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html |title=Misplaced Pages Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site |publisher=LinuxInsider |date=September 20, 2006|access-date = June 27, 2007|archive-date = September 28, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002933/http://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html|url-status = dead}}</ref>
], an encyclopedia which was not a wiki, also created in January 2001, co-existed with Nupedia and Misplaced Pages early in its history; however, it has been retired.<ref name="stallman1999" />

Other websites centered on collaborative ] development have drawn inspiration from Misplaced Pages. Some, such as ], ], ], and ] likewise employ no formal review process, although some like ] are not as open. Others use more traditional ], such as ] and the online wiki encyclopedias ] and ]. The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternative to Misplaced Pages.<ref name="Orlowski18" /><ref name="JayLyman" />


== See also == == See also ==
{{main category|Misplaced Pages}}
{{meta|List of Wikipedias}}
{{portal|Internet|Misplaced Pages}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
{{portal|Internet}}
{{Div col}}
* ] – guide to the subject of ''Misplaced Pages'' presented as a ]d list of its subtopics; for an outline of the contents of ''Misplaced Pages'', see ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ], an early proposal for a collaborative ] encyclopedia * ]{{snd}}an early proposal for a collaborative Internet encyclopedia
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]{{snd}}guide to the subject of ''Misplaced Pages'' presented as a ]d list of its subtopics; for an outline of the contents of Misplaced Pages, see ]
* ] – multilingual, mobile interface to Misplaced Pages
* ]{{snd}}multilingual, mobile interface to Misplaced Pages
* ]
* ] * ]
{{Div col end}} {{div col end}}


== Notes ==
'''Special searches'''
{{notelist}}
* {{In title|Misplaced Pages}}
* {{lookfrom|Misplaced Pages}}


== References == == References ==
{{Reflist|20em|refs= {{reflist|refs=
<ref name="nature.com crowds wisdom">{{cite web |title=Technical solutions: Wisdom of the crowds |url=https://www.nature.com/nature/peerreview/debate/nature04992.html |website=Nature|access-date = October 10, 2006}}</ref>
<ref name=modelling>{{cite web|url=Misplaced Pages:Modelling_Wikipedia%27s_growth|title=Misplaced Pages:Modelling Misplaced Pages's growth|accessdate=December 22, 2007}}</ref>
<!-- unused <ref name="Alexa siteinfo">{{cite web |title=Misplaced Pages.org Traffic, Demographics and Competitors |url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org |publisher=]|access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref> -->
<ref name=comscore>{{cite web |url=https://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=849 |title=694 Million People Currently Use the Internet Worldwide According To comScore Networks |date=May 4, 2006 |publisher=comScore|access-date = December 16, 2007 |quote=Misplaced Pages has emerged as a site that continues to increase in popularity, both globally and in the US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730011713/https://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=849|archive-date = July 30, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="Misplaced Pages users">{{cite web |first1=Lee |last1=Rainie |first2=Bill |last2=Tancer |title=Misplaced Pages users |publisher=Pew Research Center |website=Pew Internet & American Life Project |date=December 15, 2007 |quote=36% of online American adults consult Misplaced Pages. It is particularly popular with the well-educated and current college-age students. |url=https://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Wikipedia07.pdf|access-date = December 15, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306031354/https://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Wikipedia07.pdf|archive-date = March 6, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="Bourgeois">{{cite web |url=https://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf |title=Bourgeois et al. v. Peters et al.|access-date = February 6, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203021430/https://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf|archive-date = February 3, 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="Courts turn to Misplaced Pages">{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen |date=January 29, 2007 |title=Courts Turn to Misplaced Pages, but Selectively |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="US Intelligence">{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/blog/secrecy/2007/03/the_wikipedia_factor_in_us_int.html |title=The Misplaced Pages Factor in US Intelligence |first=Steven |last=Aftergood |publisher=Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy |date=March 21, 2007|access-date = April 14, 2007|archive-date = January 18, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130118113948/http://www.fas.org/blog/secrecy/2007/03/the_wikipedia_factor_in_us_int.html|url-status = dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Declan">{{cite journal |last=Butler |first=Declan |date=December 16, 2008 |title=Publish in Misplaced Pages or perish |journal=Nature News |doi=10.1038/news.2008.1312}}</ref>
<ref name=MiliardWho>{{cite news |url=https://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-5129-feature-wikipediots-who-are-these-devoted-even-obsessive-contributors-to-wikipedia.html |first=Mike |last=Miliard |title=Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Misplaced Pages? |work=] |date=March 1, 2008|access-date = December 18, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name=Time2006>{{cite news |date=December 13, 2006 |url=https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570810,00.html |title=Time's Person of the Year: You |magazine=Time|access-date = December 26, 2008 |first=Lev |last=Grossman}}</ref>
<ref name="AcademiaAndWikipedia">{{cite web |first=Danah |last=Boyd |url=https://many.corante.com/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316184224/https://many.corante.com/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php|url-status=dead|archive-date = March 16, 2006 |title=Academia and Misplaced Pages |website=Many 2 Many: A Group ] on Social Software |publisher=Corante |date=January 4, 2005|access-date = December 18, 2008 |quote= an expert on social media a doctoral student in the School of Information at the ] and a fellow at the Harvard University ] ].]}}</ref>
<ref name="MIT_IBM_study">{{cite book |first1=Fernanda B. |last1=Viégas |first2=Martin |last2=Wattenberg |first3=Kushal |last3=Dave |title=CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=The palm zire 71 camera interface |url=https://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060125025047/https://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf|archive-date = January 25, 2006 |pages=575–582 |year=2004 |doi=10.1145/985921.985953 |isbn=978-1-58113-702-6 |s2cid=10351688|access-date = January 24, 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="CreatingDestroyingAndRestoringValue">{{cite journal |first1=Reid |last1=Priedhorsky |first2=Jilin |last2=Chen |author3=Shyong (Tony) K. Lam |first4=Katherine |last4=Panciera |first5=Loren |last5=Terveen |first6=John |last6=Riedl |title=Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Misplaced Pages |journal=Association for Computing Machinery Group '07 Conference Proceedings; GroupLens Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota |date=November 4, 2007 |url=https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~reid/papers/group282-priedhorsky.pdf|access-date = October 13, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025080718/https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~reid/papers/group282-priedhorsky.pdf|archive-date = October 25, 2007 |citeseerx=10.1.1.123.7456}}</ref>
<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news |url=https://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html |first=Jonathan |last=Sidener |title=Everyone's Encyclopedia |date=December 6, 2004 |work=]|access-date = October 15, 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011150228/https://signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|archive-date = October 11, 2007}}</ref>
<ref name=Meyers>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Meyers |title=Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/technology/fact-driven-collegial-this-site-wants-you.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes+Topics%2FSubjects%2FC%2FComputer+Software |work=The New York Times |date=September 20, 2001 |quote='I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Misplaced Pages with Mr. Wales.|access-date = November 22, 2007}}</ref>
<ref name=SangerMemoir>{{cite news |first=Larry |last=Sanger |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Misplaced Pages: A Memoir |date=April 18, 2005 |work=Slashdot |url=https://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="EB_encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedias and Dictionaries |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=15th |year=2007 |volume=18 |pages=257–286 |author1=<!-- Please add first missing authors to populate metadata. -->}}</ref>
<ref name=Shirky>{{cite book |first=Clay |last=Shirky|author-link = Clay Shirky |title=Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations |year=2008 |publisher=The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader |url=https://archive.org/details/herecomeseverybo0000shir |isbn=978-1-59420-153-0 |page=|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name=FAZ>{{cite web |last=Thiel |first=Thomas |title=Misplaced Pages und Amazon: Der Marketplace soll es richten |website=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung |language=de |date=September 27, 2010 |url=https://www.faz.net/s/RubCF3AEB154CE64960822FA5429A182360/Doc~E7A20980B9C0D46E99A9F60BC09506343~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html|access-date = December 6, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126184904/https://www.faz.net/s/RubCF3AEB154CE64960822FA5429A182360/Doc~E7A20980B9C0D46E99A9F60BC09506343~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html|archive-date = November 26, 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="Seigenthaler">{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-11-29-wikipedia-edit_x.htm |last=Seigenthaler |first=John |title=A False Misplaced Pages 'biography' |date=November 29, 2005 |work=USA Today|access-date = December 26, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="Torsten_Kleinz">{{cite news |first=Torsten |last=Kleinz |title=World of Knowledge |work=Linux Magazine |quote=The Misplaced Pages's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves. |date=February 2005 |url=https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf|access-date = July 13, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf|archive-date = September 25, 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="DeathByWikipedia">{{cite news |title=Death by Misplaced Pages: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/08/AR2006070800135.html |first=Frank |last=Ahrens |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=July 9, 2006|access-date = November 1, 2006}}</ref>
<ref name="wikiality">{{cite news |title=Wikiality |url=https://www.cc.com/video-clips/z1aahs/the-colbert-report-the-word---wikiality |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911230950/http://www.cc.com/video-clips/z1aahs/the-colbert-report-the-word---wikiality |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 11, 2015 |first=Stephen |last=Colbert |date=July 30, 2006|access-date = October 8, 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="Seeing Corporate Fingerprints">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/technology/19wikipedia.html |title=Lifting Corporate Fingerprints From the Editing of Misplaced Pages |first=Katie |last=Hafner |work=The New York Times |date=August 19, 2007|access-date = December 26, 2008 |page=1}}</ref>
<ref name=Taylor>{{cite news |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idINIndia-32865420080405 |title=China allows access to English Misplaced Pages |work=Reuters |first=Sophie |last=Taylor |date=April 5, 2008|access-date = July 29, 2008|archive-date = December 29, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201229092049/https://in.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idINIndia-32865420080405|url-status = dead}}</ref>


<!-- Not in use
<ref name=comscore>{{cite web|url=http://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=849|title=694 Million People Currently Use the Internet Worldwide According To comScore Networks|date=May 4, 2006|publisher=comScore|accessdate=December 16, 2007|quote=Misplaced Pages has emerged as a site that continues to increase in popularity, both globally and in the US|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080730011713/http://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=849|archivedate=July 30, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name=Kittur2009>{{cite conference |url=https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~echi/papers/2009-CHI2009/p1509.pdf |title=What's in Misplaced Pages?: mapping topics and conflict using socially annotated category structure |first1=Aniket |last1=Kittur |first2=Ed H. |last2=Chi |first3=Bongwon |last3=Shu|author2-link=Ed Chi |date=April 2009 |conference=CHI|book-title=CHI '09: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413130503/https://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~echi/papers/2009-CHI2009/p1509.pdf|archive-date=April 13, 2016 |location=Boston; New York |pages=1509–1512 |isbn=978-1-60558-246-7 |doi=10.1145/1518701.1518930}}</ref>
<ref name=Rosenzweig>{{cite journal |first=Roy |last=Rosenzweig |title=Can History be Open Source? Misplaced Pages and the Future of the Past |journal=The Journal of American History |volume=93 |issue=1 |date=June 2006 |pages=117–146 |url=https://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425130754/https://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42|url-status=dead|archive-date = April 25, 2010|access-date = August 11, 2006 |doi=10.2307/4486062 |jstor=4486062}} (Center for History and New Media.)</ref>
Not in use-->


<ref name="McHenry_2004">{{cite news |last1=McHenry |first1=Robert |title=The Faith-Based Encyclopedia |url=https://www.techcentralstation.com/111504A.html |work=] |date=November 15, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107210301/https://www.techcentralstation.com/111504A.html|archive-date=January 7, 2006}}</ref>
<ref name=hitwisegoogle>{{cite web|url=http://weblogs.hitwise.com/leeann-prescott/2007/02/wikipedia_traffic_sources.html|title=Google Traffic To Misplaced Pages up 166% Year over Year|publisher=Hitwise|date=February 16, 2007|accessdate=December 22, 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="WideWorldOfWikipedia">{{cite news |title=Wide World of Misplaced Pages |newspaper=The Emory Wheel |url=https://www.emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=17902 |date=April 21, 2006|access-date = October 17, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107052908/https://www.emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=17902|archive-date = November 7, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="AWorkInProgress">{{cite news |first=Burt |last=Helm |title=Misplaced Pages: 'A Work in Progress' |url=https://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=December 14, 2005|access-date = January 29, 2007|archive-date = April 21, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421000522/https://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm}}</ref>
<ref name=hitwiseAcademic>{{cite web|url=http://weblogs.hitwise.com/leeann-prescott/2006/10/wikipedia_and_academic_researc.html|title=Misplaced Pages and Academic Research|publisher=Hitwise|date=October 17, 2006|accessdate=February 6, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="GilesJ2005Internet">{{cite journal |first=Jim |last=Giles |title=Internet encyclopedias go head to head |journal=] |volume=438 |issue=7070 |pages=900–901 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16355180 |doi=10.1038/438900a|author-link = Jim Giles (reporter) |bibcode=2005Natur.438..900G|doi-access = free}} {{subscription required}}

Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.:
<ref name="Misplaced Pages users">{{cite web|first=Lee|last=Rainie|author2=Bill Tancer|title=Misplaced Pages users|publisher=Pew Research Center|work=Pew Internet & American Life Project|date=December 15, 2007|quote=36% of online American adults consult Misplaced Pages. It is particularly popular with the well-educated and current college-age students.|url=http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Wikipedia07.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=December 15, 2007|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080306031354/http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Wikipedia07.pdf|archivedate=March 6, 2008}}</ref>
* {{cite news |title=Misplaced Pages survives research test |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm |date=December 15, 2005}}</ref>
<!--
<ref name="corporate.britannica.com">{{cite report |author=Encyclopædia Britannica|author-link=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=March 2006 |title=Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal ''Nature'' |url=https://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709053629/https://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf|archive-date=July 9, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Misplaced Pages valuation">{{cite web|url=http://www.watchmojo.com/web/blog/?p=626|title=What is Misplaced Pages.org's Valuation?|first=Ashkan|last=Karbasfrooshan|date=October 26, 2006|accessdate=December 1, 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="stothart">Chloe Stothart. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140310/https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=209408|date=December 21, 2012}} ''The Times Higher Education Supplement'', 2007, 1799 (June 22), p. 2.</ref>
-->
<ref name="The Register-April">{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/04/09/sanger_reports_wikimedia_to_the_fbi/ |work=The Register |date=April 9, 2010 |first=Cade |last=Metz |title=Wikifounder reports Wikiparent to FBI over 'child porn'|access-date = April 19, 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="Misplaced Pages in media">{{cite web|url=Misplaced Pages:Wikipedia_in_the_media|title=Misplaced Pages:Misplaced Pages in the media|work=Misplaced Pages|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name=AFP>{{cite news |last1=Agence France-Presse |title=Misplaced Pages rejects child porn accusation |url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh.html |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=April 29, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="David_Mehegan">{{cite news |first=David |last=Mehegan |title=Many contributors, common cause |url=https://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2006/02/13/many_contributors_common_cause |work=Boston Globe |date=February 13, 2006|access-date = March 25, 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="Bourgeois">{{cite web|url=http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf|title=Bourgeois ''et al.'' v. Peters ''et al.''|format=PDF|accessdate=February 6, 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="user identification">{{cite web |title=The Authority of Misplaced Pages |url=https://www.public.iastate.edu/~goodwin/pubs/goodwinwikipedia.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122202231/https://www.public.iastate.edu/~goodwin/pubs/goodwinwikipedia.pdf|archive-date = November 22, 2009 |first=Jean |last=Goodwin |year=2009 |quote=Misplaced Pages's commitment to anonymity/pseudonymity thus imposes a sort of epistemic agnosticism on its readers|access-date = January 31, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="WP_court_source">{{cite journal |last=Arias |first=Martha L. |date=January 29, 2007 |url=https://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&id=1668 |title=Misplaced Pages: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source |journal=Internet Business Law Services|access-date = December 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520054827/https://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&id=1668|archive-date = May 20, 2012|url-status=dead }} (The name "''World Intellectual Property Office''" should however read "''World Intellectual Property Organization''" in this source.)</ref>
<ref name="Courts turn to Misplaced Pages">{{cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|date=January 29, 2007|title=Courts Turn to Misplaced Pages, but Selectively|work=The New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name=twsY23>{{cite news |author=Lexington |title=Classlessness in America: The uses and abuses of an enduring myth |newspaper=The Economist |quote=Socialist Labour Party of America though it can trace its history as far back as 1876, when it was known as the Workingmen's Party, no less an authority than Misplaced Pages pronounces it "moribund". |date=September 24, 2011 |url=https://www.economist.com/node/21530100|access-date = September 27, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Domesday Project">{{cite web |url=https://www.domesday1986.com/ |title=Website discussing the emulator of the Domesday Project User Interface |author=Heart Internet|access-date = September 9, 2014|archive-date = May 17, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140517075130/http://domesday1986.com/|url-status = dead}}</ref>
<ref name="US Intelligence">{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/blog/secrecy/2007/03/the_wikipedia_factor_in_us_int.html|title=The Misplaced Pages Factor in US Intelligence|first=Steven|last=Aftergood|publisher=Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy|date=March 21, 2007|accessdate=April 14, 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="Orlowski18">{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Orlowski|author-link = Andrew Orlowski |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/18/sanger_forks_wikipedia |title=Misplaced Pages founder forks Misplaced Pages, More experts, less fiddling? |work=The Register |date=September 18, 2006 |quote=Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork", with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits.|access-date = June 27, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="bing WP research and referencing">{{cite news |url=https://www.bing.com/community/site_blogs/b/search/archive/2009/07/27/researching-with-bing-reference.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023202054/https://www.bing.com/community/site_blogs/b/search/archive/2009/07/27/researching-with-bing-reference.aspx|archive-date=October 23, 2010 |title=Researching With Bing Reference|newspaper=Bing Community |access-date = September 9, 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="Declan">{{cite journal|last=Butler|first=Declan|date=December 16, 2008|title=Publish in Misplaced Pages or perish|journal=Nature News|doi=10.1038/news.2008.1312}}</ref>
<ref name="J Sidener">{{cite news |url=https://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/tech/personaltech/20061009-9999-mz1b9wikiped.html |title=Misplaced Pages family feud rooted in San Diego |last=Sidener |first=Jonathan |date=October 9, 2006 |work=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111074945/https://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/tech/personaltech/20061009-9999-mz1b9wikiped.html|archive-date = November 11, 2016|access-date = May 5, 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="emory_p_181">{{cite journal |title=Wikitruth through Wikiorder |ssrn=1354424 |journal=Emory Law Journal |volume=59 |issue=1 |year=2009 |page=181 |first1=David A. |last1=Hoffman |first2=Salil K. |last2=Mehra}}</ref>
<ref name=Sidener>{{cite news|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|author=Jonathan Sidener|title=Everyone's Encyclopedia|work=]|accessdate=October 15, 2006}}</ref>
}}

<ref name=MiliardWho>{{cite news|url=http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-5129-feature-wikipediots-who-are-these-devoted-even-obsessive-contributors-to-wikipedia.html|author=Mike Miliard|title=Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Misplaced Pages?|work=]|date=March 1, 2008|accessdate=December 18, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=Time2006>{{cite news|date=December 13, 2006|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570810,00.html|title=Time's Person of the Year: You |work=Time|publisher=Time|accessdate=December 26, 2008|first=Lev|last=Grossman}}</ref>

<ref name=Dee>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/magazine/01WIKIPEDIA-t.html|title=All the News That's Fit to Print Out|author=Jonathan Dee|work=The New York Times Magazine|date=July 1, 2007|accessdate=December 1, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name=Lih>{{cite journal|author=Andrew Lih|title=Misplaced Pages as Participatory Journalism: Reliable Sources? Metrics for Evaluating Collaborative Media as a News Resource|journal=5th International Symposium on Online Journalism|location=University of Texas at Austin|date=April 16, 2004|url=http://jmsc.hku.hk/faculty/alih/publications/utaustin-2004-wikipedia-rc2.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=October 13, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="AcademiaAndWikipedia">{{cite web|author=Danah Boyd|url=http://many.corante.com/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php|title=Academia and Misplaced Pages|work=Many 2 Many: A Group ] on Social Software|publisher=Corante|date=January 4, 2005|accessdate=December 18, 2008|quote= an expert on social media a doctoral student in the School of Information at the ] and a fellow at the ] ] ].]}}</ref>

<ref name="MIT_IBM_study">{{cite journal|author=Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, and Kushal Dave|url=http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf|title=Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with History Flow Visualizations|journal=Proceedings of the ]|publisher=ACM ]|pages=575–582|location=Vienna, Austria|year=2004|format=PDF|doi=10.1145/985921.985953|isbn=1-58113-702-8|accessdate=January 24, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="CreatingDestroyingAndRestoringValue">{{cite journal|author=Reid Priedhorsky, Jilin Chen, Shyong (Tony) K. Lam, Katherine Panciera, Loren Terveen, and John Riedl (GroupLens Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, ])|title =Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Misplaced Pages|journal=] GROUP '07 conference proceedings|location=], ]|date=November 4, 2007|url =http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~reid/papers/group282-priedhorsky.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=October 13, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="stallman1999">{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html|title=The 💕 Project|author=Richard M. Stallman|authorlink=Richard Stallman|date=June 20, 2007|publisher=Free Software Foundation|accessdate=January 4, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|author=Jonathan Sidener|title=Everyone's Encyclopedia|date=December 6, 2004|work=]|accessdate=October 15, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name=Meyers>{{cite news|first=Peter|last=Meyers|title=Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E5D6123BF933A1575AC0A9679C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fC%2fComputer%20Software|work=The New York Times|date=September 20, 2001|quote='I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Misplaced Pages with Mr. Wales.|accessdate=November 22, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name=SangerMemoir>{{cite news|first=Larry|last=Sanger|title=The Early History of Nupedia and Misplaced Pages: A Memoir|date=April 18, 2005|work=Slashdot|url=http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=Sanger>{{cite news|first=Larry|last=Sanger|title=Misplaced Pages Is Up!|date=January 17, 2001|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|accessdate=December 26, 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20010506042824/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|archivedate=May 6, 2001}}</ref>

<ref name=WikipediaHome>{{cite web|url=http://www.wikipedia.com/|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20010331173908/http://www.wikipedia.com/|archivedate=March 31, 2001|title=Misplaced Pages: HomePage|accessdate=March 31, 2001}}</ref>

<ref name="NPOV">", Misplaced Pages (January 21, 2007).</ref>

<ref name="EB_encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Encyclopedias and Dictionaries|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|edition=15th|year=2007|volume=18|pages=257–286|url= |author1=<!-- Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.-->}}</ref>

<ref name=Shirky>{{cite book|author=Clay Shirky|authorlink=Clay Shirky|title=Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations|date=February 28, 2008|publisher=The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader|url=http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1594201536/ref=sib_dp_srch_pop?v=search-inside&keywords=spanish&go.x=0&go.y=0&go=Go%21|isbn=1-59420-153-6|page=273|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=NOR>{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:No original research|No original research}}. February 13, 2008. "Misplaced Pages does not publish original thought."</ref>

<ref name=autogenerated2>{{srlink|Misplaced Pages:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view}}. February 13, 2008. "All Misplaced Pages articles and other encyclopedic content must be written from a neutral point of view, representing significant views fairly, proportionately and without bias."</ref>

<ref name="voteresult">]</ref>

<ref name=FAZ>{{cite web|last=Thiel|first=Thomas|title=Misplaced Pages und Amazon: Der Marketplace soll es richten|work=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|publisher=]|language=German|date=September 27, 2010|url=http://www.faz.net/s/RubCF3AEB154CE64960822FA5429A182360/Doc~E7A20980B9C0D46E99A9F60BC09506343~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html|accessdate=December 6, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="Seigenthaler">{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-11-29-wikipedia-edit_x.htm|last=Seigenthaler|first=John|title=A False Misplaced Pages 'biography'|date=November 29, 2005|work=USA Today|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="Torsten_Kleinz">{{cite news|first=Torsten|last=Kleinz|title=World of Knowledge|work=Linux Magazine|quote=The Misplaced Pages's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves.|date=February 2005|url=http://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=July 13, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="DeathByWikipedia">{{cite news|title=Death by Misplaced Pages: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/08/AR2006070800135.html|first=Frank|last=Ahrens|work=The Washington Post|date=July 9, 2006|accessdate=November 1, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="wikiality">{{cite news|title=Wikiality|url=http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/72347/july-31-2006/the-word---wikiality|author=Stephen Colbert|date=July 30, 2006|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="Seeing Corporate Fingerprints">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/technology/19wikipedia.html|title=Lifting Corporate Fingerprints From the Editing of Misplaced Pages|first=Katie|last=Hafner|work=The New York Times|date=August 19, 2007|accessdate=December 26, 2008|page=1}}</ref>

<ref name=Taylor>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idINIndia-32865420080405|title=China allows access to English Misplaced Pages|agency=Reuters|author=Sophie Taylor|date=April 5, 2008|accessdate=July 29, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name=Kittur2009>Kittur, A., Chi, E. H., and Suh, B. 2009. . In Proceedings of the 27th international Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Boston, Massachusetts, USA, April 4&nbsp;– 9, 2009). CHI '09. ACM, New York, USA, 1509–1512.</ref>

<ref name=Rosenzweig>{{cite journal|author=Roy Rosenzweig|title=Can History be Open Source? Misplaced Pages and the Future of the Past|journal=The Journal of American History|volume=93|issue=1|date=June 2006|pages=117–146|url=http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42|accessdate=August 11, 2006|doi=10.2307/4486062|jstor=4486062}} (Center for History and New Media.)</ref>

<ref name="WikipediaWatch">Public Information Research, Misplaced Pages Watch</ref>

<ref name="McHenry_2004">], , ], November 15, 2004.</ref>

<ref name="WideWorldOfWikipedia">{{cite web|title=Wide World of Misplaced Pages|publisher=The Emory Wheel|url=http://www.emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=17902|date=April 21, 2006|accessdate=October 17, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="AWorkInProgress">{{cite news|first=Burt|last=Helm|title=Misplaced Pages: "A Work in Progress"|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm|work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|date=December 14, 2005|accessdate=January 29, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="GilesJ2005Internet">{{cite journal|author=Jim Giles|title=Internet encyclopedias go head to head|journal=]|volume=438|issue=7070|pages=900–901|date=December 2005|pmid=16355180|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7070/full/438900a.html|doi=10.1038/438900a|authorlink=Jim Giles (reporter)|bibcode=2005Natur.438..900G}} Note: The study (that was not in itself peer reviewed) was cited in several news articles; e.g.:
* {{cite news|title=Misplaced Pages survives research test|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm|date=December 15, 2005|accessdate=}}</ref>

<ref name="corporate.britannica.com">, Encyclopædia Britannica, March 2006</ref>

<ref name="stothart">Chloe Stothart, , ''The Times Higher Education Supplement'', 2007, 1799 (June 22), page 2</ref>

<ref name="wwplagiarism">{{cite web|title=Plagiarism by Misplaced Pages editors|url=http://www.wikipedia-watch.org/psamples.html|publisher=Misplaced Pages Watch|date=October 27, 2006|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5lXiLbptk|archivedate=November 25, 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="The Register-April">{{cite news|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/04/09/sanger_reports_wikimedia_to_the_fbi/|work=The Register|date=April 9, 2010|first=Cade|last=Metz|title=Wikifounder reports Wikiparent to FBI over 'child porn'|accessdate=April 19, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name=AFP>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iPnPNqEkWafeVXnPIWfaS2wN6XSQ|title=Misplaced Pages blasts talk of child porn at website|date=April 28, 2010|agency={{lang|fr|Agence France-Presse}}|accessdate=April 29, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="David_Mehegan">{{cite news|first=David|last=Mehegan|title=Many contributors, common cause|url=http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2006/02/13/many_contributors_common_cause|work=Boston Globe|date=February 13, 2006|accessdate=March 25, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="user identification">{{cite web|title=The Authority of Misplaced Pages|url=http://www.public.iastate.edu/~goodwin/pubs/goodwinwikipedia.pdf|author=Jean Goodwin|year=2009|quote=Misplaced Pages's commitment to anonymity/pseudonymity thus imposes a sort of epistemic agnosticism on its readers|accessdate=January 31, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="ListOfWikipedias">{{cite web|url=Special:Statistics|title=Statistics|publisher=]|accessdate=June 21, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="servers">{{cite web|url=http://wikitech.wikimedia.org/view/Server_roles|title=Server roles at wikitech.wikimedia.org|accessdate=December 8, 2009}}{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="WP_court_source">{{cite journal|last=Arias|first=Martha L.|date=January 29, 2007|url=http://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&id=1668|title=Misplaced Pages: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source|journal=Internet Business Law Services|accessdate=December 26, 2008}} (The name "''World Intellectual Property Office''" should however read "''World Intellectual Property Organization''" in this source.)</ref>

<ref name=twsY23>{{cite news |author=Lexington|title=Classlessness in America: The uses and abuses of an enduring myth|work=The Economist|quote=Socialist Labour Party of America though it can trace its history as far back as 1876, when it was known as the Workingmen’s Party, no less an authority than Misplaced Pages pronounces it "moribund".|date=September 24, 2011|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21530100|accessdate=September 27, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Domesday Project">{{cite web|url=http://www.domesday1986.com/|title=Website discussing the emulator of the Domesday Project User Interface|author=Heart Internet|publisher=|accessdate=September 9, 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="OurProjects">], ]. Retrieved January 24, 2007.</ref>

<ref name="Orlowski18">{{cite news|first=Andrew|last=Orlowski|authorlink=Andrew Orlowski|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/18/sanger_forks_wikipedia|title=Misplaced Pages founder forks Misplaced Pages, More experts, less fiddling?|work=The Register|date=September 18, 2006|quote=Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork," with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits.|accessdate=June 27, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="JayLyman">{{cite news|first=Jay|last=Lyman|url=http://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html|title=Misplaced Pages Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site|publisher=LinuxInsider|date=September 20, 2006|accessdate=June 27, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name=anyone>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/08/29/wikipedias-jimmy-wales-sp_n_941239.html|title=Misplaced Pages's Jimmy Wales Speaks Out On China And Internet Freedom|work=Huffington Post|quote=Currently Misplaced Pages, Facebook and Twitter remain blocked in China|accessdate=September 24, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="AlexaStats">{{cite web|url=http://www.alexa.com/data/details/traffic_details/wikipedia.org?range=5y&size=large&y=t|title=Five-year Traffic Statistics for Misplaced Pages.org|publisher=]|accessdate=August 10, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name=Tancer>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1595184,00.html|title=Look Who's Using Misplaced Pages|author=Bill Tancer|date=May 1, 2007|work=]|quote=The sheer volume of content is partly responsible for the site's dominance as an online reference. When compared to the top 3,200 educational reference sites in the US, Misplaced Pages is No. 1, capturing 24.3% of all visits to the category|accessdate=December 1, 2007}}. ] Bill Tancer (Global Manager, Hitwise), , '']'', March 1, 2007.</ref>

<ref name=Woodson>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSN0819429120070708|title=Misplaced Pages remains go-to site for online news|date=July 8, 2007|author=Alex Woodson|agency=Reuters|quote=Online encyclopedia Misplaced Pages has added about 20 million unique monthly visitors in the past year, making it the top online news and information destination, according to Nielsen//NetRatings.|accessdate=December 16, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="365M">, by Stuart West, slideshow presentation at TED2010.</ref>

<ref name=TCrunch>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2011/02/05/wikipedia-affiliate-links|title=Please Read: A Personal Appeal To Misplaced Pages Founder Jimmy Wales|last=Walk|first=Hunter|publisher=TechCrunch|date=February 5, 2011|accessdate=September 24, 2011}}</ref>


=== Misplaced Pages-affiliated and primary sources ===
<!--For Misplaced Pages internal pages, other WMF project pages, and WMF-published sources-->
{{reflist|group=W|refs=
<ref name=modelling group="W">]</ref>
<ref name=Sanger group="W">{{cite news |first=Larry |last=Sanger |title=Misplaced Pages Is Up! |date=January 17, 2001 |url=https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|access-date = December 26, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010506042824/https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|archive-date = May 6, 2001}}</ref>
<ref name=WikipediaHome group="W">{{cite web |url=https://www.wikipedia.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331173908/https://www.wikipedia.com/|archive-date = March 31, 2001 |title=Misplaced Pages: HomePage|access-date = March 31, 2001}}</ref>
<ref name=NOR group="W">{{self-reference link|Misplaced Pages:No original research|No original research}}. February 13, 2008. "Misplaced Pages does not publish original thought."</ref>
<ref name=autogenerated2 group="W">{{self-reference link|Misplaced Pages:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view}}. February 13, 2008. "All Misplaced Pages articles and other encyclopedic content must be written from a neutral point of view, representing significant views fairly, proportionately and without bias."</ref>
<ref name="WP vandalism manipulation 1" group="W">{{self-reference link|Misplaced Pages:Vandalism|Vandalism}}. ''Misplaced Pages''. Retrieved November 6, 2012.</ref>
<ref name="WP DB usage policy 1" group="W">{{self-reference link|Misplaced Pages:Database download|Misplaced Pages policies}} on data download</ref>
<ref name="voteresult" group="W">]</ref>
<ref name="NPOV" group="W">], Misplaced Pages (January 21, 2007).</ref>
<ref name="Misplaced Pages in media" group="W">]</ref>
<ref name="ListOfWikipedias" group="W">]</ref>
<ref name="stallman1999" group="W">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html |title=The 💕 Project |first=Richard M. |last=Stallman|author-link = Richard Stallman |date=June 20, 2007 |publisher=Free Software Foundation|access-date = January 4, 2008}}</ref>
}} }}


=== Notes === == Further reading ==
{{reflist|group=notes}} {{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite news |last=Balke |first=Jeff |url=https://blogs.chron.com/brokenrecord/2008/03/for_music_fans_wikipedia_myspa.html |title=For Music Fans: Misplaced Pages; MySpace |work=] |agency=Broken Record (blog) |date=March 2008|access-date = December 17, 2008|archive-date = December 29, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081229164945/http://blogs.chron.com/brokenrecord/2008/03/for_music_fans_wikipedia_myspa.html|url-status = dead}}

* {{cite news |last=Borland |first=John |date=August 14, 2007 |title=See Who's Editing Misplaced Pages – Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign |url=https://www.wired.com/2007/08/wiki-tracker/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116134820/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/wiki-tracker/|archive-date=November 16, 2015|url-status=live |magazine=]|access-date=October 23, 2018}}
=== Further reading ===
* {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/magazine/01WIKIPEDIA-t.html |title=All the News That's Fit to Print Out |first=Jonathan |last=Dee |work=The New York Times Magazine |date=July 1, 2007|access-date = February 22, 2008}}
* {{cite news |first=Jim |last=Giles |title=Misplaced Pages 2.0 – Now with Added Trust |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19526226.200 |date=September 20, 2007 |work=]|access-date = January 14, 2008}}
* {{cite news |first=Mike |last=Miliard |title=Misplaced Pages Rules |url=https://thephoenix.com/Boston/Life/52864-Misplaced Pages-rules |work=] |date=December 2, 2007|access-date = February 22, 2008}}
* {{cite news |first=Marshall |last=Poe|author-link = Marshall Poe |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia |title=The Hive |work=] Monthly |date=September 1, 2006|access-date = March 22, 2008}}
* {{cite news |first=Michael S. |last=Rosenwald |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/22/AR2009102204715.html?hpid=topnews |title=Gatekeeper of D.C.'s entry: Road to city's Misplaced Pages page goes through a DuPont Circle bedroom |date=October 23, 2009 |newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date = October 22, 2009}}
* {{cite news |first=David |last=Runciman |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/runc01_.html |title=Like Boiling a Frog |date=May 28, 2009 |work=London Review of Books|access-date = June 3, 2009|archive-date = May 27, 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090527013530/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/runc01_.html|url-status = dead}}
* {{cite news |first=Chris |last=Taylor |url=https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1066904-1,00.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050602012551/https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1066904-1,00.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = June 2, 2005 |title=It's a Wiki, Wiki World |date=May 29, 2005 |magazine=]|access-date = February 22, 2008}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11484062 |title=Technological Quarterly: Brain Scan: The Free-knowledge Fundamentalist |newspaper=] |date=June 5, 2008|access-date = June 5, 2008 |quote=Jimmy Wales changed the world with Misplaced Pages, the hugely popular online encyclopedia that anyone can edit. What will he do next?}}
* , BBC News, October 21, 2013.
* {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20131023135648/https://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the%2Ddecline%2Dof%2Dwikipedia/|date=October 23, 2013 }}, ''MIT Technology Review'', October 22, 2013
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313150951/https://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/city-hall/2015/03/8563947/edits-wikipedia-pages-bell-garner-diallo-traced-1-police-plaza|date=March 13, 2015 }} (March 2015), '']''
* (March 2016), '']''
* {{cite web |url=https://fullmeasure.news/news/politics/dark-side-of-wikipedia |title=Dark Side of Misplaced Pages|access-date=April 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804110601/https://fullmeasure.news/news/politics/dark-side-of-wikipedia|archive-date=August 4, 2016|url-status=dead}} '']'', April 17, 2016. <small>(Includes video.)</small>
* {{cite web |last1=Wales |first1=Jimmy |title=How Misplaced Pages Works |url=https://www.cato.org/multimedia/cato-daily-podcast/how-wikipedia-works |publisher=] |date=December 9, 2016 |quote=Jimmy Wales, founder of Misplaced Pages, discusses the site, how it's treated by governments, and how it's fueled by its users.}}
* , '']'', ], originally broadcast January 15, 2014. The webpage includes a link to the archived audio program (also ). The radio documentary discusses Misplaced Pages's history, development, and its place within the broader scope of the trend to democratized knowledge. It also includes interviews with several key Misplaced Pages staff and contributors, including ] and ] (audio, 53:58, Flash required).
* ''The Independent'', February 3, 2009.
* . Alyse Stanley, December 27, 2019, Gizmodo.
{{refend}}


==== Academic studies ==== === Academic studies ===
{{Main|Academic studies about Misplaced Pages}} {{Main|Academic studies about Misplaced Pages}}
{{Refbegin}}
* Jensen, Richard. "Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Misplaced Pages Fights the War of 1812", ''The Journal of Military History'' 76#4 (October 2012): 523–556; .
* {{cite journal|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0030091|title=Circadian Patterns of Misplaced Pages Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis|first=Taha |last=Yasseri|year=2012|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=7|author2=Robert Sumi|author3=János Kertész|issue=1|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030091|editor1-last=Szolnoki|editor1-first=Attila|page=e30091|pmid=22272279|pmc=3260192|arxiv=1109.1746|bibcode=2012PLoSO...7E0091Y}}
* {{cite journal|url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1458162##|title=Misplaced Pages's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences|first=Eric|last=Goldman|year=2010|journal=Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law|volume=8}} ()
* {{cite journal|first=Finn|last=Nielsen|url=http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue12_8/nielsen/index.html|title=Scientific Citations in Misplaced Pages|journal=]|volume=12|issue=8|date=August 2007|accessdate=February 22, 2008|doi=10.5210/fm.v12i8.1997}}
* {{cite journal|last=Pfeil|first=Ulrike|author2=Panayiotis Zaphiris|author3=Chee Siang Ang|title=Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of Misplaced Pages|journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication|year=2006|volume=12|issue=1|page=88|url=http://jcmc.indiana.edu./vol12/issue1/pfeil.html|doi=10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00316.x|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}
* Priedhorsky, Reid, Jilin Chen, Shyong (Tony) K. Lam, Katherine Panciera, Loren Terveen, and John Riedl. . Proc. GROUP 2007; {{DOI|10.1145/1316624.1316663}}
* {{cite conference|first=Joseph|last=Reagle|title=Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Misplaced Pages|booktitle=WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis|publisher=ACM|location=Montreal, Canada|year=2007|url=http://reagle.org/joseph/2007/10/Wikipedia-Authorial-Leadership.pdf|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}
* ]. . (Originally published in '']'' 93.1 (June 2006): 117–46.)
* {{cite journal|url=http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue12_4/wilkinson/index.html|title=Assessing the Value of Cooperation in Misplaced Pages|first=Dennis M.|last=Wilkinson|author2=Bernardo A. Huberman|journal=First Monday|volume=12|issue=4|date=April 2007|accessdate=February 22, 2008|doi=10.5210/fm.v12i4.1763}}
* {{cite journal|url=http://abs.sagepub.com/content/57/5/664|title=The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Community|journal=American Behavioral Scientist|author=Aaron Halfaker, R. Stuart Geiger, Jonathan T. Morgan, John Riedl|accessdate=August 30, 2012|doi=10.1177/0002764212469365|year=2012|volume=57|issue=5|page=664}}
{{Refend}}


{{refbegin|30em}}
==== Books ====
* {{cite book |isbn=978-1-4214-1535-2 |last=Leitch |first=Thomas |title=Misplaced Pages U: Knowledge, authority, and a liberal education in the digital age |year=2014 |publisher=JHU Press}}
* {{cite journal |last=Jensen |first=Richard |title=Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Misplaced Pages Fights the War of 1812 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=76 |issue=4 |date=October 2012 |pages=523–556 |url=https://www.americanhistoryprojects.com/downloads/JMH1812.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021042738/https://www.americanhistoryprojects.com/downloads/JMH1812.PDF|archive-date=October 21, 2012}}
* {{cite journal |title=Circadian Patterns of Misplaced Pages Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis |first1=Taha |last1=Yasseri |year=2012 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |first2=Robert |last2=Sumi |first3=János |last3=Kertész |issue=1 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030091|editor1-last = Szolnoki|editor1-first = Attila |page=e30091 |pmid=22272279 |pmc=3260192 |arxiv=1109.1746 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730091Y|doi-access = free}}
* {{cite journal |ssrn=1458162 |title=Misplaced Pages's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences |first=Eric |last=Goldman |year=2010 |journal=Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law |volume=8}} ()
* {{cite journal |first=Finn |last=Nielsen |title=Scientific Citations in Misplaced Pages |journal=] |volume=12 |issue=8 |date=August 2007 |doi=10.5210/fm.v12i8.1997 |arxiv=0805.1154 |citeseerx=10.1.1.246.4536 |s2cid=58893|doi-access = free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pfeil |first1=Ulrike |first2=Panayiotis |last2=Zaphiris |author3=Chee Siang Ang |title=Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of Misplaced Pages |journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication |year=2006 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=88 |url=https://jcmc.indiana.edu./vol12/issue1/pfeil.html |doi=10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00316.x|access-date = December 26, 2008|doi-access = free}}
* {{cite book |author1=Priedhorsky |author2=Reid |first3=Jilin |last3=Chen |author4=Shyong (Tony) K. Lam |first5=Katherine |last5=Panciera|author6-link=Loren Terveen |first6=Loren |last6=Terveen|author7-link=John Riedl |first7=John |last7=Riedl |title=Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Conference on supporting group work – Group '07 |doi=10.1145/1316624.1316663 |chapter=Creating, destroying, and restoring value in Misplaced Pages |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59593-845-9 |citeseerx=10.1.1.123.7456 |pages=259–268 |s2cid=15350808}}
* {{cite conference |first=Joseph |last=Reagle |title=Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Misplaced Pages |work=WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis |publisher=ACM |location=Montreal |year=2007 |url=https://reagle.org/joseph/2007/10/Wikipedia-Authorial-Leadership.pdf |hdl=2047/d20002876|access-date = December 26, 2008}}
* {{cite book |first=Emiel |last=Rijshouwer |date=2019 |title=Organizing Democracy. Power concentration and self-organization in the evolution of Misplaced Pages (PhD, Erasmus University Rotterdam) |publisher=Rijksuniversiteit Groningen |oclc=1081174169 |hdl=1765/113937 |isbn=978-94-028-1371-5}} (Open access)
* ]. . (Originally published in '']'' 93.1 (June 2006): 117–146.)
* {{cite journal |title=Assessing the Value of Cooperation in Misplaced Pages |first1=Dennis M. |last1=Wilkinson |first2=Bernardo A. |last2=Huberman |journal=First Monday |volume=12 |issue=4 |date=April 2007 |doi=10.5210/fm.v12i4.1763 |arxiv=cs/0702140 |citeseerx=10.1.1.342.6933 |bibcode=2007cs........2140W |hdl=2027.42/136037 |s2cid=10484077|doi-access = free}}
* {{cite journal |title=The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Community |journal=American Behavioral Scientist |first=Aaron |last=Halfaker |author2=R. Stuart Geiger |first3=Jonathan T. |last3=Morgan |first4=John |last4=Riedl |doi=10.1177/0002764212469365 |year=2012 |volume=57 |issue=5 |page=664 |s2cid=144208941}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Maggio |first1=Lauren A. |last2=Willinsky |first2=John M. |last3=Steinberg |first3=Ryan M. |last4=Mietchen |first4=Daniel |last5=Wass |first5=Joseph L. |last6=Dong |first6=Ting|author2-link=John Willinsky |title=Misplaced Pages as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Misplaced Pages |journal=] |date=2017 |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=e0190046 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0190046 |publisher=] |pmid=29267345 |pmc=5739466 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1290046M|doi-access=free}}
{{refend}}

=== Books ===
{{Main|List of books about Misplaced Pages}} {{Main|List of books about Misplaced Pages}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|first1=Phoebe|last1=Ayers|first2=Charles|last2=Matthews|first3=Ben|last3=Yates|title=]: And How You Can Be a Part of It|publisher=No Starch Press|location=San Francisco|date=September 2008|isbn=978-1-59327-176-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Broughton|first=John|title=]|publisher=O'Reilly Media|year=2008|isbn=0-596-51516-2}} (See book review by Baker, as listed hereafter.)
* {{cite book|last=Broughton|first=John|title=Misplaced Pages Reader's Guide|publisher=Pogue Press|location=Sebastopol|year=2008|isbn=0-596-52174-X}}
* {{cite book|last=Dalby|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Dalby|title=]: How We are Editing Reality|publisher=Siduri|year=2009|isbn=978-0-9562052-0-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Keen|first=Andrew|title=]|publisher=Doubleday/Currency|year=2007|isbn=978-0-385-52080-5|authorlink=Andrew Keen}} (Substantial criticisms of Misplaced Pages and other web 2.0 projects.)
** Listen to:
*** {{cite web|last=Keen|first=Andrew|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11131872|title=Does the Internet Undermine Culture?|publisher=National Public Radio, USA|date=June 16, 2007}} The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007.
* {{cite book|last=Lih|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Lih|title=]: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia|publisher=Hyperion|location=New York|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6}}
* {{cite book|last=O'Sullivan|first=Dan|title=Misplaced Pages: a new community of practice?|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=htu8A-m_Y4EC|date=September 24, 2009|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-0-7546-7433-7}}
* ] & Yaron Ariel (2008). "Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Misplaced Pages." In {{cite book |author=Barak, A. |title=Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications|pages=243–267|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=]}}
* {{cite book|last=Reagle|first=Joseph Michael Jr.|title=Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Misplaced Pages|publisher=the MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0-262-01447-2|url=http://reagle.org/joseph/2010/gfc}}
{{Refend}}


{{refbegin|30em}}
==== Book reviews and other articles ====
* {{cite book |last=Keen |first=Andrew |title=The Cult of the Amateur |publisher=Doubleday/Currency |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-385-52080-5|author-link=Andrew Keen|title-link=The Cult of the Amateur}} (Substantial criticisms of Misplaced Pages and other web 2.0 projects.)
{{Refbegin}}
** Listen to: {{cite news |last=Keen |first=Andrew |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11131872 |title=Does the Internet Undermine Culture? |newspaper=National Public Radio, US |date=June 16, 2007}} The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007.
* ]. . '']'', March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008. (Book rev. of ''The Missing Manual'', by John Broughton, as listed previously.)
* {{cite book |first1=Phoebe |last1=Ayers |first2=Charles |last2=Matthews |first3=Ben |last3=Yates |title=How Misplaced Pages Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It |publisher=No Starch Press |location=San Francisco |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-59327-176-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/howwikipediawork00ayer_0}}
* ]. (Originally published in ] online&nbsp;– April 6, 2009.)
* {{cite book |last=Broughton |first=John |title=Misplaced Pages – The Missing Manual |publisher=O'Reilly Media |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-596-51516-4|title-link=Misplaced Pages – The Missing Manual}} (See book review by Baker, as listed hereafter.)
{{Refend}}
* {{cite book |last=Broughton |first=John |title=Misplaced Pages Reader's Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780596521745|url-access=registration |publisher=Pogue Press |location=Sebastopol |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-596-52174-5}}
* {{cite book |first1=Sheizaf |last1=Rafaeli |first2=Yaron |last2=Ariel |year=2008 |chapter=Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Misplaced Pages |editor=Barak, A. |title=Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications |url=https://archive.org/details/psychologicalasp00bara|url-access=limited |pages=–267 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-521-69464-3|author1-link=Sheizaf Rafaeli}}
* {{cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Dalby |title=The World and Misplaced Pages: How We are Editing Reality |publisher=Siduri |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-9562052-0-9|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwikipediaho0000dalb}}
* {{cite book |last=Lih |first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Lih |title=The Misplaced Pages Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia |publisher=Hyperion |location=New York |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6|title-link=The Misplaced Pages Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia}}
* {{cite book |last=O'Sullivan |first=Dan |title=Misplaced Pages: a new community of practice? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htu8A-m_Y4EC |year=2009 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-7433-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rahmstorf |first1=Olaf |title=Misplaced Pages – die rationale Seite der Digitalisierung? |date=2023 |publisher=transcript Verlag |isbn=978-3-8394-5862-4 |language=de}}
* {{cite book |last=Reagle |first=Joseph Michael Jr. |title=Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Misplaced Pages |publisher=the ] |location=Cambridge, MA |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-262-01447-2 |url=https://reagle.org/joseph/2010/gfc|access-date=October 25, 2015}}
* {{cite book |first1=Dariusz |last1=Jemielniak |title=Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Misplaced Pages |publisher=] |location=Stanford, CA |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8047-8944-8|title-link=Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Misplaced Pages}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Reagle|editor1-first=Joseph|editor2-last=Koerner|editor2-first=Jackie |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/4956/Wikipedia-20Stories-of-an-Incomplete-Revolution |title=Misplaced Pages @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution |publisher=] |year=2020|access-date=October 13, 2020 |isbn=978-0-262-53817-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bruckman |first=Amy S. |title=Should You Believe Misplaced Pages?: Online Communities and the Construction of Knowledge |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-78070-4 |doi=10.1017/9781108780704}}
{{refend}}


=== Book review–related articles ===
'''Learning resources'''
{{Refbegin}} {{refbegin}}
* ]. . '']'', March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008. (Book rev. of ''The Missing Manual'', by John Broughton, as listed previously.)
* ]. (Includes related courses, ], slides, lecture notes, text books, quizzes, glossaries, etc.)
* ]. (Originally published in '']'' online{{snd}}April 6, 2009.)
* , ], ], originally broadcast January 15, 2014. Webpage includes a link to the archived audio program (also ). The radio documentary discusses Misplaced Pages's history, development and its place within the broader scope of the trend to democratized knowledge. It also includes interviews with several key Misplaced Pages staff and contributors, including ] and ] (audio, 53:58, Flash required).
* ], , '']'', November/December 2014 issue.
{{Refend}}
{{refend}}

'''Other media coverage'''
{{See also|List of films about Misplaced Pages}}
{{Refbegin}}
*
* {{cite news|last=Balke|first=Jeff|url=http://blogs.chron.com/brokenrecord/2008/03/for_music_fans_wikipedia_myspa.html|title=For Music Fans: Misplaced Pages; MySpace|work=] (blog)|date=March 2008|accessdate=December 17, 2008}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/magazine/01WIKIPEDIA-t.html?_r=1&ref=magazine&oref=slogin |title=All the News That's Fit to Print Out|first=Jonathan|last=Dee|work=The New York Times Magazine|date=July 1, 2007|accessdate=February 22, 2008}}
* {{cite news|first=Jim|last=Giles|title=Misplaced Pages 2.0&nbsp;– Now with Added Trust|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19526226.200|date=September 20, 2007|work=]|accessdate=January 14, 2008}}
* {{cite news|first=Mike |last=Miliard|title=Misplaced Pages Rules|url=http://thephoenix.com/Boston/Life/52864-Misplaced Pages-rules|publisher=]|date=December 2, 2007|accessdate=February 22, 2008}}
* {{cite news|first=Marshall|last=Poe|authorlink=Marshall Poe|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia|title=The Hive|work=] Monthly|date=September 1, 2006|accessdate=March 22, 2008}}
* {{cite news|first=Michael S.|last=Rosenwald|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/22/AR2009102204715.html?hpid=topnews|title=Gatekeeper of D.C.'s entry: Road to city's Misplaced Pages page goes through a DuPont Circle bedroom|date=October 23, 2009|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=October 22, 2009}}
* {{cite news|first=David|last=Runciman|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/runc01_.html |title=Like Boiling a Frog|date=May 28, 2009|work=London Review of Books|accessdate=June 3, 2009}}
* {{cite news|first=Chris|last=Taylor|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1066904-1,00.html|title=It's a Wiki, Wiki World|date=May 29, 2005|work=]|accessdate=February 22, 2008}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11484062|title=Technological Quarterly: Brain Scan: The Free-knowledge Fundamentalist|work=] Web and ]|date=June 5, 2008|accessdate=June 5, 2008|quote=Jimmy Wales changed the world with Misplaced Pages, the hugely popular online encyclopedia that anyone can edit. What will he do next?}}
*
*
*
{{Refend}}


== External links == == External links ==
* {{official website}} – multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions)
{{Sister project links|Misplaced Pages|voy=no|d=Q52}}
* {{Twitter|Misplaced Pages}}
* {{official website|https://www.wikipedia.org|mobile=https://en.m.wikipedia.org}}&nbsp;– multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions)
** {{Twitter|Misplaced Pages}} * {{Guardian topic}}
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* {{Dmoz|Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia}}
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* {{Guardiantopic|technology/wikipedia}}
* topic page at '']''
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* on the ] podcast
* &nbsp;– Larry Sanger's 2002 talk at ]; and ]
* {{youtube|id=cqOHbihYbhE|title="Intelligence in Misplaced Pages" Google TechTalk}}, describing an intelligence project utilizing Misplaced Pages, and how Misplaced Pages articles could be auto-generated from web content
* , talk presented at ] 2009 by the ]'s senior ] architect and former ] Brion Vibber, comparing the challenges of a large community of editors with those of a large community of software developers<!-- I found this talk very interesting as a software developer and Wikimedia quasi-expert. Interesting but sparse subjects are treated. While many readers may find parts interesting, it is long, in large part about the future (development), not presented with structure (long question period), somewhat outdated, and only an elite audience will understand all topics (certainly not a first-time reader of this article). Some topics: Visual editor (outdated), code review, wiki engines, MediaWiki's database model, MediaWiki's suitability for Wikimedia sites, AFD process, flagged revisions and proposed more advanced revision selection mechanisms, communication channels (mostly IRC / real-time). User:Chealer 20140817 -->
* – compilation of conference papers, journal articles, theses, books, datasets and tools about Misplaced Pages and wikis


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Latest revision as of 23:02, 8 January 2025

Free online crowdsourced encyclopedia This article is about the online encyclopedia. For Misplaced Pages's home page, see Main Page. For the primary English-language Misplaced Pages, see English Misplaced Pages. For other uses, see Misplaced Pages (disambiguation).

Misplaced Pages
An incomplete sphere made of large, white jigsaw puzzle pieces. Each puzzle piece contains one glyph from a different writing system, with each glyph written in black.
The Misplaced Pages wordmark which displays the name Misplaced Pages, written in all caps. The W and the A are the same height and both are taller than the other letters which are also all the same height. It also displays Misplaced Pages's slogan: "The 💕".The logo of Misplaced Pages, a globe featuring glyphs from various writing systems
Screenshot Misplaced Pages portal showing the different languages sorted by article countMisplaced Pages's desktop homepage
Type of siteOnline encyclopedia
Available in340 languages
HeadquartersSan Francisco, California, U.S.
Country of originUnited States
OwnerWikimedia Foundation (since 2003)
Created by
URLwikipedia.org
CommercialNo
RegistrationOptional
Users>289,287 active editors
>117,271,189 registered users
LaunchedJanuary 15, 2001
(23 years ago) (2001-01-15)
Current statusActive
Content licenseCC Attribution / Share-Alike 4.0
Most text is also dual-licensed under GFDL; media licensing varies
Written inLAMP platform
OCLC number52075003

Misplaced Pages is a free-content online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers, known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and the wiki software MediaWiki. Misplaced Pages is the largest and most-read reference work in history, and is consistently ranked among the ten most visited websites; as of August 2024, it was ranked fourth by Semrush, and seventh by Similarweb. Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger on January 15, 2001, Misplaced Pages has been hosted since 2003 by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American nonprofit organization funded mainly by donations from readers.

Initially only available in English, Misplaced Pages now exists in more than 300 languages. The English Misplaced Pages, with over 6.9 million articles, remains the largest of the editions, which together comprise more than 64 million articles and attract more than 1.5 billion unique device visits and 13 million edits per month (about 5 edits per second on average) as of April 2024. As of November 2024, over 25% of Misplaced Pages's traffic was from the United States, followed by Japan at 6.2%, the United Kingdom at 5.6%, Russia at 5.0%, Germany at 4.8%, and the remaining 53.3% split among other countries.

Misplaced Pages has been praised for its enablement of the democratization of knowledge, extent of coverage, unique structure, and culture. Misplaced Pages has been censored by some national governments, ranging from specific pages to the entire site. Although Misplaced Pages's volunteer editors have written extensively on a wide variety of topics, the encyclopedia has been criticized for systemic bias, such as a gender bias against women and geographical bias against the Global South (Eurocentrism). While the reliability of Misplaced Pages was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise from the late 2010s onward while becoming an important fact-checking site. Articles on breaking news are often accessed as sources for frequently updated information about those events.

History

Main article: History of Misplaced Pages

Nupedia

Main article: Nupedia Misplaced Pages founders Jimmy Wales (left) and Larry Sanger (right)

Various collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before the start of Misplaced Pages, but with limited success. Misplaced Pages began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process. It was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of Bomis, a web portal company. Its main figures were Bomis CEO Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger, editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Misplaced Pages. Nupedia was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, but before Misplaced Pages was founded, Nupedia switched to the GNU Free Documentation License at the urging of Richard Stallman. Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia, while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a wiki to reach that goal. On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.

Launch and growth

Misplaced Pages was launched on January 15, 2001 (referred to as Misplaced Pages Day) as a single English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com, and was announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list. The name originated from a blend of the words wiki and encyclopedia. Its integral policy of "neutral point-of-view" was codified in its first few months. Otherwise, there were initially relatively few rules, and it operated independently of Nupedia. Bomis originally intended for it to be a for-profit business.

The Misplaced Pages home page on December 20, 2001

Misplaced Pages gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and web search engine indexing. Language editions were created beginning in March 2001, with a total of 161 in use by the end of 2004. Nupedia and Misplaced Pages coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Misplaced Pages. The English Misplaced Pages passed the mark of 2 million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing the Yongle Encyclopedia made in China during the Ming dynasty in 1408, which had held the record for almost 600 years.

Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control, users of the Spanish Misplaced Pages forked from Misplaced Pages to create Enciclopedia Libre in February 2002. Wales then announced that Misplaced Pages would not display advertisements, and changed Misplaced Pages's domain from wikipedia.com to wikipedia.org.

After an early period of exponential growth, the growth rate of the English Misplaced Pages in terms of the numbers of new articles and of editors, appears to have peaked around early 2007. The edition reached 3 million articles in August 2009. Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800. A team at the Palo Alto Research Center attributed this slowing of growth to "increased coordination and overhead costs, exclusion of newcomers, and resistance to new edits". Others suggest that the growth is flattening naturally because articles that could be called "low-hanging fruit"—topics that clearly merit an article—have already been created and built up extensively.

In November 2009, a researcher at the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid, Spain found that the English Misplaced Pages had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, it lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008. The Wall Street Journal cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend. Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the study's methodology. Two years later, in 2011, he acknowledged a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011. In the same interview, he also claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable". A 2013 MIT Technology Review article, "The Decline of Misplaced Pages", questioned this claim, reporting that since 2007 Misplaced Pages had lost a third of its volunteer editors, and suggesting that those remaining had focused increasingly on minutiae. In July 2012, The Atlantic reported that the number of administrators was also in decline. In the November 25, 2013, issue of New York magazine, Katherine Ward stated, "Misplaced Pages, the sixth-most-used website, is facing an internal crisis." The number of active English Misplaced Pages editors has since remained steady after a long period of decline.

Milestones

Cartogram showing number of articles in each language as of March 2024. Languages with fewer than 1,000,000 articles are represented by one circle. Languages are grouped by region of continent and each region of continent is presented by a separate color.

In January 2007, Misplaced Pages first became one of the ten most popular websites in the United States, according to Comscore Networks. With 42.9 million unique visitors, it was ranked #9, surpassing The New York Times (#10) and Apple (#11). This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when Misplaced Pages ranked 33rd, with around 18.3 million unique visitors. In 2014, it received 8 billion page views every month. On February 9, 2014, The New York Times reported that Misplaced Pages had 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore". As of March 2023, it ranked 6th in popularity, according to Similarweb. Loveland and Reagle argue that, in process, Misplaced Pages follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that have accumulated improvements piecemeal through "stigmergic accumulation".

On January 18, 2012, the English Misplaced Pages participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the United States Congress—the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA)—by blacking out its pages for 24 hours. More than 162 million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced its content.

In January 2013, 274301 Misplaced Pages, an asteroid, was named after Misplaced Pages; in October 2014, Misplaced Pages was honored with the Misplaced Pages Monument; and, in July 2015, 106 of the 7,473 700-page volumes of Misplaced Pages became available as Print Misplaced Pages. In April 2019, an Israeli lunar lander, Beresheet, crash landed on the surface of the Moon carrying a copy of nearly all of the English Misplaced Pages engraved on thin nickel plates; experts say the plates likely survived the crash. In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16 GB of article text from the English Misplaced Pages had been encoded into synthetic DNA.

On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Misplaced Pages's growth stalled, it "had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year. There was a decline of about 2 billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Misplaced Pages declined by twelve percent, those of German version slid by 17 percent and the Japanese version lost 9 percent." Varma added, "While Misplaced Pages's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting, other experts feel that Google's Knowledge Graphs project launched last year may be gobbling up Misplaced Pages users." When contacted on this matter, Clay Shirky, associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society said that he suspected much of the page-view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the search page, you don't need to click ." By the end of December 2016, Misplaced Pages was ranked the fifth most popular website globally. As of January 2023, 55,791 English Misplaced Pages articles have been cited 92,300 times in scholarly journals, from which cloud computing was the most cited page.

On January 18, 2023, Misplaced Pages debuted a new website redesign, called "Vector 2022". It featured a redesigned menu bar, moving the table of contents to the left as a sidebar, and numerous changes in the locations of buttons like the language selection tool. The update initially received backlash, most notably when editors of the Swahili Misplaced Pages unanimously voted to revert the changes.

Openness

Differences between versions of an article are highlighted

Unlike traditional encyclopedias, Misplaced Pages follows the procrastination principle regarding the security of its content, meaning that it waits until a problem arises to fix it.

Restrictions

Due to Misplaced Pages's increasing popularity, some editions, including the English version, have introduced editing restrictions for certain cases. For instance, on the English Misplaced Pages and some other language editions, only registered users may create a new article. On the English Misplaced Pages, among others, particularly controversial, sensitive, or vandalism-prone pages have been protected to varying degrees. A frequently vandalized article can be "semi-protected" or "extended confirmed protected", meaning that only "autoconfirmed" or "extended confirmed" editors can modify it. A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only administrators can make changes. A 2021 article in the Columbia Journalism Review identified Misplaced Pages's page-protection policies as "perhaps the most important" means at its disposal to "regulate its market of ideas".

In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but review is required for some editors, depending on certain conditions. For example, the German Misplaced Pages maintains "stable versions" of articles which have passed certain reviews. Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English Misplaced Pages introduced the "pending changes" system in December 2012. Under this system, new and unregistered users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism-prone articles are reviewed by established users before they are published. However, restrictions on editing may reduce the editor engagement as well as efforts to diversify the editing community.

Review of changes

Misplaced Pages's editing interface

Although changes are not systematically reviewed, Misplaced Pages's software provides tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others. Each article's History page links to each revision. On most articles, anyone can view the latest changes and undo others' revisions by clicking a link on the article's History page. Registered users may maintain a "watchlist" of articles that interest them so they can be notified of changes. "New pages patrol" is a process where newly created articles are checked for obvious problems.

In 2003, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in a wiki created a catalyst for collaborative development, and that features such as allowing easy access to past versions of a page favored "creative construction" over "creative destruction".

Vandalism

Main article: Vandalism on Misplaced Pages

Any change that deliberately compromises Misplaced Pages's integrity is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor; it can also include advertising and other types of spam. Sometimes editors commit vandalism by removing content or entirely blanking a given page. Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization, manipulate the article's underlying code, or use images disruptively.

White-haired elderly gentleman in suit and tie speaks at a podium.
American journalist John Seigenthaler (1927–2014), subject of the Seigenthaler incident

Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Misplaced Pages articles; the median time to detect and fix it is a few minutes. However, some vandalism takes much longer to detect and repair.

In the Seigenthaler biography incident, an anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure John Seigenthaler in May 2005, falsely presenting him as a suspect in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. It remained uncorrected for four months. Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of USA Today and founder of the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University, called Misplaced Pages co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales said he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced. After the incident, Seigenthaler described Misplaced Pages as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool". The incident led to policy changes at Misplaced Pages for tightening up the verifiability of biographical articles of living people.

Disputes and edit warring

Main article: Disputes on Misplaced Pages

Misplaced Pages editors often have disagreements regarding content, which can be discussed on article Talk pages. Disputes may result in repeated competing changes to an article, known as "edit warring". It is widely seen as a resource-consuming scenario where no useful knowledge is added, and criticized as creating a competitive and conflict-based editing culture associated with traditional masculine gender roles. Research has focused on, for example, impoliteness of disputes, the influence of rival editing camps, the conversational structure, and the shift in conflicts to a focus on sources.

Taha Yasseri of the University of Oxford examined editing conflicts and their resolution in a 2013 study. Yasseri contended that simple reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of counterproductive work behavior at Misplaced Pages. He relied instead on "mutually reverting edit pairs", where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor. The results were tabulated for several language versions of Misplaced Pages. The English Misplaced Pages's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles George W. Bush, anarchism, and Muhammad. By comparison, for the German Misplaced Pages, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the study were for the articles covering Croatia, Scientology, and 9/11 conspiracy theories. In 2020, researchers identified other measures of editor behaviors, beyond mutual reverts, to identify editing conflicts across Misplaced Pages.

Editors also debate the deletion of articles on Misplaced Pages, with roughly 500,000 such debates since Misplaced Pages's inception. Once an article is nominated for deletion, the dispute is typically determined by initial votes (to keep or delete) and by reference to topic-specific notability policies.

Policies and content

"Five pillars of Misplaced Pages" redirects here. For the Misplaced Pages policy, see Misplaced Pages:Five pillars.
External videos
video icon Jimmy Wales, The Birth of Misplaced Pages, 2006, TED talks, 20 minutes
video icon Katherine Maher, What Misplaced Pages Teaches Us About Balancing Truth and Beliefs, 2022, TED talks, 15 minutes

Content in Misplaced Pages is subject to the laws (in particular, copyright laws) of the United States and of the US state of Virginia, where the majority of Misplaced Pages's servers are located. By using the site, one agrees to the Wikimedia Foundation Terms of Use and Privacy Policy; some of the main rules are that contributors are legally responsible for their edits and contributions, that they should follow the policies that govern each of the independent project editions, and they may not engage in activities, whether legal or illegal, that may be harmful to other users. In addition to the terms, the Foundation has developed policies, described as the "official policies of the Wikimedia Foundation".

The fundamental principles of the Misplaced Pages community are embodied in the "Five pillars", while the detailed editorial principles are expressed in numerous policies and guidelines intended to appropriately shape content. The five pillars are:

  • Misplaced Pages is an encyclopedia
  • Misplaced Pages is written from a neutral point of view
  • Misplaced Pages is free content that anyone can use, edit, and distribute
  • Misplaced Pages's editors should treat each other with respect and civility
  • Misplaced Pages has no firm rules

The rules developed by the community are stored in wiki form, and Misplaced Pages editors write and revise the website's policies and guidelines in accordance with community consensus. Editors can enforce the rules by deleting or modifying non-compliant material. Originally, rules on the non-English editions of Misplaced Pages were based on a translation of the rules for the English Misplaced Pages. They have since diverged to some extent.

Content policies and guidelines

"No original research" redirects here. For the Misplaced Pages policy, see Misplaced Pages:No original research.

According to the rules on the English Misplaced Pages community, each entry in Misplaced Pages must be about a topic that is encyclopedic and is not a dictionary entry or dictionary-style. A topic should also meet Misplaced Pages's standards of "notability", which generally means that the topic must have been covered in mainstream media or major academic journal sources that are independent of the article's subject. Further, Misplaced Pages intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized. It must not present original research. A claim that is likely to be challenged requires a reference to a reliable source, as do all quotations. Among Misplaced Pages editors, this is often phrased as "verifiability, not truth" to express the idea that the readers, not the encyclopedia, are ultimately responsible for checking the truthfulness of the articles and making their own interpretations. This can at times lead to the removal of information which, though valid, is not properly sourced. Finally, Misplaced Pages must not take sides. As Misplaced Pages policies changed over time, and became more complex, their number has grown. In 2008, there were 44 policy pages and 248 guideline pages; by 2013, scholars counted 383 policy pages and 449 guideline pages.

Governance

Further information: Misplaced Pages:Administration

Misplaced Pages's initial anarchy integrated democratic and hierarchical elements over time. An article is not considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor, nor by the subject of the article.

Administrators

Main article: Misplaced Pages administrators

Editors in good standing in the community can request extra user rights, granting them the technical ability to perform certain special actions. In particular, editors can choose to run for "adminship", which includes the ability to delete pages or prevent them from being changed in cases of severe vandalism or editorial disputes. Administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to prevent disruptive editors from making unproductive edits.

By 2012, fewer editors were becoming administrators compared to Misplaced Pages's earlier years, in part because the process of vetting potential administrators had become more rigorous. In 2022, there was a particularly contentious request for adminship over the candidate's anti-Trump views; ultimately, they were granted adminship.

Misplaced Pages has delegated some administrative functions to bots, such as when granting privileges to human editors. Such algorithmic governance has an ease of implementation and scaling, though the automated rejection of edits may have contributed to a downturn in active Misplaced Pages editors.

Dispute resolution

Over time, Misplaced Pages has developed a semi-formal dispute resolution process. To determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at appropriate community forums, seek outside input through third opinion requests, or initiate a more general community discussion known as a "request for comment".

Misplaced Pages encourages local resolutions of conflicts, which Jemielniak argues is quite unique in organization studies, though there has been some recent interest in consensus building in the field. Joseph Reagle and Sue Gardner argue that the approaches to consensus building are similar to those used by Quakers. A difference from Quaker meetings is the absence of a facilitator in the presence of disagreement, a role played by the clerk in Quaker meetings.

Arbitration Committee

Main article: Arbitration Committee (Misplaced Pages)

The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted.

Statistical analyses suggest that the English Misplaced Pages committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted, functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate. Therefore, the committee does not dictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Misplaced Pages policies (for example, if the new content is considered biased). Commonly used solutions include cautions and probations (used in 63% of cases) and banning editors from articles (43%), subject matters (23%), or Misplaced Pages (16%). Complete bans from Misplaced Pages are generally limited to instances of impersonation and antisocial behavior. When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather edit warring and other violations of editing policies, solutions tend to be limited to warnings.

Community

Main article: Misplaced Pages community
Video of Wikimania 2005 – an annual conference for users of Misplaced Pages and other projects operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, was held in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, August 4–8.

Each article and each user of Misplaced Pages has an associated and dedicated "talk" page. These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate. Misplaced Pages's community has been described as cultlike, although not always with entirely negative connotations. Its preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes disregard of credentials, has been referred to as "anti-elitism".

Wikipedians and British Museum curators collaborate on the article Hoxne Hoard in June 2010

Misplaced Pages does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification. As Misplaced Pages grew, "Who writes Misplaced Pages?" became one of the questions frequently asked there. Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Misplaced Pages and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization".

In 2008, a Slate magazine article reported that: "According to researchers in Palo Alto, one percent of Misplaced Pages users are responsible for about half of the site's edits." This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by Aaron Swartz, who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts.

The English Misplaced Pages has 6,938,751 articles, 48,537,210 registered editors, and 116,790 active editors. An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in the past 30 days. Editors who fail to comply with Misplaced Pages cultural rituals, such as signing talk page comments, may implicitly signal that they are Misplaced Pages outsiders, increasing the odds that Misplaced Pages insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Misplaced Pages insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expected to learn Misplaced Pages-specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references". Editors who do not log in are in some sense "second-class citizens" on Misplaced Pages, as "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation", but the contribution histories of anonymous unregistered editors recognized only by their IP addresses cannot be attributed to a particular editor with certainty.

Studies

A 2007 study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Misplaced Pages ... are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site". Jimmy Wales stated in 2009 that "t turns out over 50% of all the edits are done by just 0.7% of the users ... 524 people ... And in fact, the most active 2%, which is 1400 people, have done 73.4% of all the edits." However, Business Insider editor and journalist Henry Blodget showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most Misplaced Pages content (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit) is created by "outsiders", while most editing and formatting is done by "insiders".

A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others, although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws, including that the data showed higher openness and that the differences with the control group and the samples were small. According to a 2009 study, there is "evidence of growing resistance from the Misplaced Pages community to new content".

Diversity

Several studies have shown that most Misplaced Pages contributors are male. Notably, the results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in 2008 showed that only 13 percent of Misplaced Pages editors were female. Because of this, universities throughout the United States tried to encourage women to become Misplaced Pages contributors. Similarly, many of these universities, including Yale and Brown, gave college credit to students who create or edit an article relating to women in science or technology. Andrew Lih, a professor and scientist, said that the reason he thought the number of male contributors outnumbered the number of females so greatly was because identifying as a woman may expose oneself to "ugly, intimidating behavior". Data has shown that Africans are underrepresented among Misplaced Pages editors.

Language editions

Main article: List of Wikipedias

Distribution of the 64,259,155 articles in different language editions (as of January 12, 2025)

  English (10.8%)  Cebuano (9.5%)  German (4.6%)  French (4.1%)  Swedish (4%)  Dutch (3.4%)  Russian (3.1%)  Spanish (3.1%)  Italian (3%)  Polish (2.6%)  Egyptian Arabic (2.5%)  Chinese (2.3%)  Japanese (2.2%)  Ukrainian (2.1%)  Vietnamese (2%)  Waray (2%)  Arabic (1.9%)  Portuguese (1.9%)  Persian (1.6%)  Catalan (1.2%)  Other (32.1%)

There are currently 340 language editions of Misplaced Pages (also called language versions, or simply Wikipedias). As of January 2025, the six largest, in order of article count, are the English, Cebuano, German, French, Swedish, and Dutch Wikipedias. The second and fifth-largest Wikipedias owe their position to the article-creating bot Lsjbot, which as of 2013 had created about half the articles on the Swedish Misplaced Pages, and most of the articles in the Cebuano and Waray Wikipedias. The latter are both languages of the Philippines.

In addition to the top six, twelve other Wikipedias have more than a million articles each (Russian, Spanish, Italian, Polish, Egyptian Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Ukrainian, Vietnamese, Waray, Arabic, and Portuguese), seven more have over 500,000 articles (Persian, Catalan, Indonesian, Serbian, Korean, Norwegian, and Turkish), 44 more have over 100,000, and 82 more have over 10,000. The largest, the English Misplaced Pages, has over 6.9 million articles. As of January 2021, the English Misplaced Pages receives 48% of Misplaced Pages's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages. The top 10 editions represent approximately 85% of the total traffic.

  • Most viewed editions of Misplaced Pages, 2008–2020 Most viewed editions of Misplaced Pages, 2008–2020
  • Most edited editions of Misplaced Pages, 2001–2020 Most edited editions of Misplaced Pages, 2001–2020
Articles in the 20 largest language editions of Misplaced Pages
(as of 12 January 2025)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

English 6,938,751
Cebuano 6,116,873
German 2,977,255
French 2,658,138
Swedish 2,601,232
Dutch 2,176,911
Russian 2,018,971
Spanish 2,002,353
Italian 1,899,533
Polish 1,643,932
Egyptian Arabic 1,626,164
Chinese 1,458,646
Japanese 1,444,337
Ukrainian 1,360,684
Vietnamese 1,293,715
Waray 1,266,595
Arabic 1,249,955
Portuguese 1,141,716
Persian 1,025,193
Catalan 766,606

Since Misplaced Pages is based on the Web and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences (e.g. colour versus color) or points of view.

Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of fair use.

Jimmy Wales has described Misplaced Pages as "an effort to create and distribute a 💕 of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language". Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all its projects (Misplaced Pages and others). For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Misplaced Pages, and it maintains a list of articles every Misplaced Pages should have. The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, and mathematics. It is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might be available only in English, even when they meet the notability criteria of other language Misplaced Pages projects.

Estimation of contributions shares from different regions in the world to different Misplaced Pages editions

Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because those editions do not allow fully automated translation of articles. Articles available in more than one language may offer "interwiki links", which link to the counterpart articles in other editions.

A study published by PLOS One in 2012 also estimated the share of contributions to different editions of Misplaced Pages from different regions of the world. It reported that the proportion of the edits made from North America was 51% for the English Misplaced Pages, and 25% for the Simple English Misplaced Pages.

English Misplaced Pages editor numbers

On March 1, 2014, The Economist, in an article titled "The Future of Misplaced Pages", cited a trend analysis concerning data published by the Wikimedia Foundation stating that "the number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years." The attrition rate for active editors in English Misplaced Pages was cited by The Economist as substantially in contrast to statistics for Misplaced Pages in other languages (non-English Misplaced Pages). The Economist reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Misplaced Pages in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of active editors in English Misplaced Pages, by sharp comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the start of 2014.

In contrast, the trend analysis for Misplaced Pages in other languages (non-English Misplaced Pages) shows success in retaining active editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42,000. No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Misplaced Pages in other languages (non-English Misplaced Pages) would provide a possible alternative to English Misplaced Pages for effectively improving substantial editor attrition rates on the English-language Misplaced Pages.

Reception

See also: Academic studies about Misplaced Pages, Criticism of Misplaced Pages, Racial bias on Misplaced Pages, and Misplaced Pages and antisemitism

Various Wikipedians have criticized Misplaced Pages's large and growing regulation, which includes more than fifty policies and nearly 150,000 words as of 2014. Critics have stated that Misplaced Pages exhibits systemic bias. In 2010, columnist and journalist Edwin Black described Misplaced Pages as being a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods". Articles in The Chronicle of Higher Education and The Journal of Academic Librarianship have criticized Misplaced Pages's "undue-weight policy", concluding that Misplaced Pages explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a subject, but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject, give less attention to minor ones, and creates omissions that can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information.

Journalists Oliver Kamm and Edwin Black alleged (in 2010 and 2011 respectively) that articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic. A 2008 article in Education Next journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics, Misplaced Pages is subject to manipulation and spin. In 2020, Omer Benjakob and Stephen Harrison noted that "Media coverage of Misplaced Pages has radically shifted over the past two decades: once cast as an intellectual frivolity, it is now lauded as the 'last bastion of shared reality' online."

Multiple news networks and pundits have accused Misplaced Pages of being ideologically biased. In February 2021, Fox News accused Misplaced Pages of whitewashing communism and socialism and having too much "leftist bias". Misplaced Pages co-founder Sanger said that Misplaced Pages has become a "propaganda" for the left-leaning "establishment" and warned the site can no longer be trusted. In 2022, libertarian John Stossel opined that Misplaced Pages, a site he financially supported at one time, appeared to have gradually taken a significant turn in bias to the political left, specifically on political topics. Some studies suggest that Misplaced Pages (and in particular the English Misplaced Pages) has a "western cultural bias" (or "pro-western bias") or "Eurocentric bias", reiterating, says Anna Samoilenko, "similar biases that are found in the 'ivory tower' of academic historiography". Carwil Bjork-James proposes that Misplaced Pages could follow the diversification pattern of contemporary scholarship and Dangzhi Zhao calls for a "decolonization" of Misplaced Pages to reduce bias from opinionated White male editors.

Accuracy of content

Main article: Reliability of Misplaced Pages
External audio
audio icon The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1, Ideas with Paul Kennedy, CBC, January 15, 2014

Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica are written by experts, lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy. However, a peer review in 2005 of forty-two scientific entries on both Misplaced Pages and Encyclopædia Britannica by the science journal Nature found few differences in accuracy, and concluded that "the average science entry in Misplaced Pages contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica, about three." Joseph Reagle suggested that while the study reflects "a topical strength of Misplaced Pages contributors" in science articles, "Misplaced Pages may not have fared so well using a random sampling of articles or on humanities subjects."

Others raised similar critiques. The findings by Nature were disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica, and in response, Nature gave a rebuttal of the points raised by Britannica. In addition to the point-for-point disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the Nature effort, and suggested a "flawed study design" (in Nature's manual selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of reported confidence intervals), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e., owing to small sample size, 42 or 4 × 10 articles compared, vs >10 and >10 set sizes for Britannica and the English Misplaced Pages, respectively).

As a consequence of the open structure, Misplaced Pages "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it. Concerns have been raised by PC World in 2009 regarding the lack of accountability that results from users' anonymity, the insertion of false information, vandalism, and similar problems. Legal Research in a Nutshell (2011), cites Misplaced Pages as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources".

Economist Tyler Cowen wrote: "If I had to guess whether Misplaced Pages or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true after a not so long think I would opt for Misplaced Pages." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases, and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles as well as relevant information being omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them. Amy Bruckman has argued that, due to the number of reviewers, "the content of a popular Misplaced Pages page is actually the most reliable form of information ever created". In September 2022, The Sydney Morning Herald journalist Liam Mannix noted that: "There's no reason to expect Misplaced Pages to be accurate ... And yet it ." Mannix further discussed the multiple studies that have proved Misplaced Pages to be generally as reliable as Encyclopædia Britannica, summarizing that "...turning our back on such an extraordinary resource is... well, a little petty."

Critics argue that Misplaced Pages's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable. Some commentators suggest that Misplaced Pages may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear. Editors of traditional reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia. Misplaced Pages co-founder Jimmy Wales has claimed that Misplaced Pages has largely avoided the problem of "fake news" because the Misplaced Pages community regularly debates the quality of sources in articles.

External videos
video icon Inside Misplaced Pages – Attack of the PR Industry, Deutsche Welle, 7:13 mins

Misplaced Pages's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for Internet trolls, spammers, and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia. In response to paid advocacy editing and undisclosed editing issues, Misplaced Pages was reported in an article in The Wall Street Journal to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed editing. The article stated that: "Beginning Monday , changes in Misplaced Pages's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. Katherine Maher, the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia.'" These issues, among others, had been parodied since the first decade of Misplaced Pages, notably by Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report.

Discouragement in education

Some university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring primary sources; some specifically prohibit Misplaced Pages citations. Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citable sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative. Wales once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten emails weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Misplaced Pages; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia", he said.

In February 2007, an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that a few of the professors at Harvard University were including Misplaced Pages articles in their syllabi, although without realizing the articles might change. In June 2007, Michael Gorman, former president of the American Library Association, condemned Misplaced Pages, along with Google, stating that academics who endorse the use of Misplaced Pages are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything".

A 2020 research study published in Studies in Higher Education argued that Misplaced Pages could be applied in the higher education "flipped classroom", an educational model where students learn before coming to class and apply it in classroom activities. The experimental group was instructed to learn before class and get immediate feedback before going in (the flipped classroom model), while the control group was given direct instructions in class (the conventional classroom model). The groups were then instructed to collaboratively develop Misplaced Pages entries, which would be graded in quality after the study. The results showed that the experimental group yielded more Misplaced Pages entries and received higher grades in quality. The study concluded that learning with Misplaced Pages in flipped classrooms was more effective than in conventional classrooms, demonstrating Misplaced Pages could be used as an educational tool in higher education.

Medical information

See also: Health information on Misplaced Pages

On March 5, 2014, Julie Beck writing for The Atlantic magazine in an article titled "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Misplaced Pages", stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Misplaced Pages) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information." Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of Amin Azzam at the University of San Francisco to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve Misplaced Pages articles on health-related issues, as well as internal quality control programs within Misplaced Pages organized by James Heilman to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to Misplaced Pages's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer-review evaluation process. In a May 7, 2014, follow-up article in The Atlantic titled "Can Misplaced Pages Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?", Julie Beck quotes WikiProject Medicine's James Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference." Beck added that: "Misplaced Pages has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured'. Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than one percent' of Misplaced Pages's medical articles have passed."

Coverage of topics and systemic bias

See also: Notability in the English Misplaced Pages and Criticism of Misplaced Pages § Systemic bias in coverage

Misplaced Pages seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since it has terabytes of disk space, it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia. The exact degree and manner of coverage on Misplaced Pages is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see deletionism and inclusionism). Misplaced Pages contains materials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic. The "Misplaced Pages is not censored" policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Misplaced Pages rejected an online petition against the inclusion of images of Muhammad in the English edition of its Muhammad article, citing this policy. The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically sensitive materials in Misplaced Pages has led to the censorship of Misplaced Pages by national authorities in China and Pakistan, among other countries.

Through its "Misplaced Pages Loves Libraries" program, Misplaced Pages has partnered with major public libraries such as the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles. A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the University of Minnesota indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics. There was a greater concentration of females in the "people and arts" category, while males focus more on "geography and science".

Coverage of topics and bias

Research conducted by Mark Graham of the Oxford Internet Institute in 2009 indicated that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven, Africa being the most underrepresented. Across 30 language editions of Misplaced Pages, historical articles and sections are generally Eurocentric and focused on recent events.

An editorial in The Guardian in 2014 claimed that more effort went into providing references for a list of female porn actors than a list of women writers. Data has also shown that Africa-related material often faces omission; a knowledge gap that a July 2018 Wikimedia conference in Cape Town sought to address.

Systemic biases

Academic studies of Misplaced Pages have consistently shown that Misplaced Pages systematically over-represents a point of view (POV) belonging to a particular demographic described as the "average Wikipedian", who is an educated, technically inclined, English-speaking white male, aged 15–49, from a developed Christian country in the northern hemisphere. This POV is over-represented in relation to all existing POVs. This systemic bias in editor demographic results in cultural bias, gender bias, and geographical bias on Misplaced Pages. There are two broad types of bias, which are implicit (when a topic is omitted) and explicit (when a certain POV is over-represented in an article or by references).

Interdisciplinary scholarly assessments of Misplaced Pages articles have found that while articles are typically accurate and free of misinformation, they are also typically incomplete and fail to present all perspectives with a neutral point of view. In 2011, Wales claimed that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, citing for example "biographies of famous women through history and issues surrounding early childcare". The October 22, 2013, essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's Technology Review titled "The Decline of Misplaced Pages" discussed the effect of systemic bias and policy creep on the downward trend in the number of editors.

Explicit content

See also: Internet Watch Foundation and Misplaced Pages and Reporting of child pornography images on Wikimedia Commons For the government censorship of Misplaced Pages, see Censorship of Misplaced Pages. For Misplaced Pages's policy concerning censorship, see Misplaced Pages:Misplaced Pages is not censored

Misplaced Pages has been criticized for allowing information about graphic content. Articles depicting what some critics have called objectionable content (such as feces, cadaver, human penis, vulva, and nudity) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet, including children. The site also includes sexual content such as images and videos of masturbation and ejaculation, illustrations of zoophilia, and photos from hardcore pornographic films in its articles. It also has non-sexual photographs of nude children.

The Misplaced Pages article about Virgin Killer—a 1976 album from the German rock band Scorpions—features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked prepubescent girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the Misplaced Pages article Virgin Killer was blocked for four days by most Internet service providers in the United Kingdom after the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article's URL to a "blacklist" it supplies to British internet service providers.

In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on Wikimedia Commons contained child pornography, and were in violation of US federal obscenity law. Sanger later clarified that the images, which were related to pedophilia and one about lolicon, were not of real children, but said that they constituted "obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", under the PROTECT Act of 2003. That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are obscene under American law. Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Misplaced Pages in schools.

Wikimedia Foundation spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation, saying that Misplaced Pages did not have "material we would deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it." Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the community. After some editors who volunteered to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing-list that this action was "in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about me and how quickly I acted". Critics, including Wikipediocracy, noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Misplaced Pages since 2010 have reappeared.

Privacy

One privacy concern in the case of Misplaced Pages is the right of a private citizen to remain a "private citizen" rather than a "public figure" in the eyes of the law. It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in cyberspace and the right to be anonymous in real life. The Wikimedia Foundation's privacy policy states, "we believe that you shouldn't have to provide personal information to participate in the free knowledge movement", and states that "personal information" may be shared "For legal reasons", "To Protect You, Ourselves & Others", or "To Understand & Experiment".

In January 2006, a German court ordered the German Misplaced Pages shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of Boris Floricic, aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's right to privacy or that of his parents was being violated.

Misplaced Pages has a "Volunteer Response Team" that uses Znuny, a free and open-source software fork of OTRS to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project.

In late April 2023, Wikimedia Foundation announced that Misplaced Pages will not submit to any age verifications that may be required by the UK's Online Safety Bill legislation. Rebecca MacKinnon of the Wikimedia Foundation said that such checks would run counter to the website's commitment to minimal data collection on its contributors and readers.

Sexism

Main article: Gender bias on Misplaced Pages

Misplaced Pages was described in 2015 as harboring a battleground culture of sexism and harassment. The perceived tolerance of abusive language was a reason put forth in 2013 for the gender gap in Misplaced Pages editorship. Edit-a-thons have been held to encourage female editors and increase the coverage of women's topics.

In May 2018, a Misplaced Pages editor rejected a submitted article about Donna Strickland due to lack of coverage in the media. Five months later, Strickland won a Nobel Prize in Physics "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", becoming the third woman to ever receive the award. Prior to winning the award, Strickland's only mention on Misplaced Pages was in the article about her collaborator and co-winner of the award Gérard Mourou. Her exclusion from Misplaced Pages led to accusations of sexism, but Corinne Purtill writing for Quartz argued that "it's also a pointed lesson in the hazards of gender bias in media, and of the broader consequences of underrepresentation." Purtill attributes the issue to the gender bias in media coverage.

A comprehensive 2008 survey, published in 2016, by Julia B. Bear of Stony Brook University's College of Business and Benjamin Collier of Carnegie Mellon University found significant gender differences in confidence in expertise, discomfort with editing, and response to critical feedback. "Women reported less confidence in their expertise, expressed greater discomfort with editing (which typically involves conflict), and reported more negative responses to critical feedback compared to men."

Operation

Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements

Main article: Wikimedia Foundation
Katherine Maher in 2016. She is seen with light skin, blonde hair, and blue eyes. She is seen wearing a black shirt.
Katherine Maher, the third executive director of Wikimedia, served from 2016 to 2021.

Misplaced Pages is hosted and funded by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization which also operates Misplaced Pages-related projects such as Wiktionary and Wikibooks. The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission. The foundation's 2020 Internal Revenue Service Form 990 shows revenue of $124.6 million and expenses of almost $112.2 million, with assets of about $191.2 million and liabilities of almost $11 million.

In May 2014, Wikimedia Foundation named Lila Tretikov as its second executive director, taking over for Sue Gardner. The Wall Street Journal reported on May 1, 2014, that Tretikov's information technology background from her years at University of California offers Misplaced Pages an opportunity to develop in more concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position statement that, "Information, like air, wants to be free." The same Wall Street Journal article reported these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh of Wikimedia, who "said Tretikov would address that issue (paid advocacy) as a priority. 'We are really pushing toward more transparency ... We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of contributors, better mobile support of Misplaced Pages, new geo-location tools to find local content more easily, and more tools for users in the second and third world are also priorities", Walsh said.

Following the departure of Tretikov from Misplaced Pages due to issues concerning the use of the "superprotection" feature which some language versions of Misplaced Pages have adopted, Katherine Maher became the third executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in June 2016. Maher stated that one of her priorities would be the issue of editor harassment endemic to Misplaced Pages as identified by the Misplaced Pages board in December. She said to Bloomberg Businessweek regarding the harassment issue that: "It establishes a sense within the community that this is a priority ... it has to be more than words."

Maher served as executive director until April 2021. Maryana Iskander was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. She stated that one of her focuses would be increasing diversity in the Wikimedia community.

Misplaced Pages is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called Wikimedia movement affiliates. These include Wikimedia chapters (which are national or sub-national organizations, such as Wikimedia Deutschland and Wikimedia France), thematic organizations (such as Amical Wikimedia for the Catalan language community), and user groups. These affiliates participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Misplaced Pages.

Software operations and support

See also: MediaWiki

The operation of Misplaced Pages depends on MediaWiki, a custom-made, free and open source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database system. The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language, variables, a transclusion system for templates, and URL redirection. MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and it is used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. Originally, Misplaced Pages ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Misplaced Pages began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Misplaced Pages by Magnus Manske. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Misplaced Pages shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker.

Several MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software. In April 2005, a Lucene extension was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Misplaced Pages switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. Lucene was later replaced by CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch. In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) extension, VisualEditor, was opened to public use. It was met with much rejection and criticism, and was described as "slow and buggy". The feature was changed from opt-out to opt-in afterward.

Automated editing

Main article: Misplaced Pages bots

Computer programs called bots have often been used to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data. One controversial contributor, Sverker Johansson, created articles with his bot Lsjbot, which was reported to create up to 10,000 articles on the Swedish Misplaced Pages on certain days. Additionally, there are bots designed to automatically notify editors when they make common editing errors (such as unmatched quotes or unmatched parentheses). Edits falsely identified by bots as the work of a banned editor can be restored by other editors. An anti-vandal bot is programmed to detect and revert vandalism quickly. Bots are able to indicate edits from particular accounts or IP address ranges, as occurred at the time of the shooting down of the MH17 jet in July 2014 when it was reported that edits were made via IPs controlled by the Russian government. Bots on Misplaced Pages must be approved before activation. According to Andrew Lih, the current expansion of Misplaced Pages to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots.

Hardware operations and support

Diagram showing flow of data between Misplaced Pages's servers.
Overview of system architecture as of August 2022

As of 2021, page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Varnish caching servers and back-end layer caching is done by Apache Traffic Server. Requests that cannot be served from the Varnish cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the Linux Virtual Server software, which in turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database. The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Misplaced Pages. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses.

Misplaced Pages currently runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers running the Debian operating system. By January 22, 2013, Misplaced Pages had migrated its primary data center to an Equinix facility in Ashburn, Virginia. In 2017, Misplaced Pages installed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in Singapore, the first of its kind in Asia. In 2022, a caching data center was opened in Marseille, France. In 2024, a caching data center was opened in São Paulo, the first of its kind in South America. As of November 2024, caching clusters are located in Amsterdam, San Francisco, Singapore, Marseille, and São Paulo.

Internal research and operational development

Following growing amounts of incoming donations in 2013 exceeding seven digits, the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of industrial organization economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation. Two projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a Visual Editor and the "Thank" tab in the edit history, which were developed to improve issues of editor attrition. The estimates for reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research and development was studied by Adam Jaffe, who recorded that the range of 4% to 25% annually was to be recommended, with high-end technology requiring the higher level of support for internal reinvestment. At the 2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia presently documented as 45 million dollars, the computed budget level recommended by Jaffe for reinvestment into internal research and development is between 1.8 million and 11.3 million dollars annually. In 2019, the level of contributions were reported by the Wikimedia Foundation as being at $120 million annually, updating the Jaffe estimates for the higher level of support to between $3.08 million and $19.2 million annually.

Internal news publications

Main article: The Signpost

Multiple Wikimedia projects have internal news publications. Wikimedia's online newspaper The Signpost was founded in 2005 by Michael Snow, a Misplaced Pages administrator who would join the Wikimedia Foundation's board of trustees in 2008. The publication covers news and events from the English Misplaced Pages, the Wikimedia Foundation, and Misplaced Pages's sister projects.

The Misplaced Pages Library

For information for Misplaced Pages editors, see Misplaced Pages:The Misplaced Pages Library.
Misplaced Pages Library

The Misplaced Pages Library is a resource for Misplaced Pages editors which provides free access to a wide range of digital publications, so that they can consult and cite these while editing the encyclopedia. Over 60 publishers have partnered with The Misplaced Pages Library to provide access to their resources: when ICE Publishing joined in 2020, a spokesman said "By enabling free access to our content for Misplaced Pages editors, we hope to further the research community's resources – creating and updating Misplaced Pages entries on civil engineering which are read by thousands of monthly readers."

Access to content

"Accessing Misplaced Pages" redirects here. For our accessibility guidelines, see Misplaced Pages:Manual of Style/Accessibility.

Content licensing

When the project was started in 2001, all text in Misplaced Pages was covered by the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), a copyleft license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work. The GFDL was created for software manuals that come with free software programs licensed under the GPL. This made it a poor choice for a general reference work: for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Misplaced Pages to come with a full copy of the GFDL text. In December 2002, the Creative Commons license was released; it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals. The Misplaced Pages project sought the switch to the Creative Commons. Because the GFDL and Creative Commons were incompatible, in November 2008, following the request of the project, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) released a new version of the GFDL designed specifically to allow Misplaced Pages to relicense its content to CC BY-SA by August 1, 2009. In April 2009, Misplaced Pages and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June 2009.

The handling of media files (e.g. image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Misplaced Pages, include non-free image files under fair use doctrine, while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries (e.g. in Japanese copyright law). Media files covered by free content licenses (e.g. Creative Commons' CC BY-SA) are shared across language editions via Wikimedia Commons repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Misplaced Pages's accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text. The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content on Misplaced Pages or its related projects but merely a hosting service for contributors to and licensors of Misplaced Pages, a position which was successfully defended in 2004 in a court in France.

Methods of access

Because Misplaced Pages content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge. The content of Misplaced Pages has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside the Misplaced Pages website.

Thousands of "mirror sites" exist that republish content from Misplaced Pages; two prominent ones that also include content from other reference sources are Reference.com and Answers.com. Another example is Wapedia, which began to display Misplaced Pages content in a mobile-device-friendly format before Misplaced Pages itself did. Some web search engines make special use of Misplaced Pages content when displaying search results: examples include Microsoft Bing (via technology gained from Powerset) and DuckDuckGo.

Collections of Misplaced Pages articles have been published on optical discs. An English version released in 2006 contained about 2,000 articles. The Polish-language version from 2006 contains nearly 240,000 articles, the German-language version from 2007/2008 contains over 620,000 articles, and the Spanish-language version from 2011 contains 886,000 articles. Additionally, "Misplaced Pages for Schools", the Misplaced Pages series of CDs / DVDs produced by Misplaced Pages and SOS Children, is a free selection from Misplaced Pages designed for education towards children eight to seventeen.

There have been efforts to put a select subset of Misplaced Pages's articles into printed book form. Since 2009, tens of thousands of print-on-demand books that reproduced English, German, Russian, and French Misplaced Pages articles have been produced by the American company Books LLC and by three Mauritian subsidiaries of the German publisher VDM.

The website DBpedia, begun in 2007, extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English-language Misplaced Pages. Wikimedia has created the Wikidata project with a similar objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Misplaced Pages and other Wikimedia Foundation projects and make it available in a queryable semantic format, RDF. As of February 2023, it has over 101 million items. WikiReader is a dedicated reader device that contains an offline copy of Misplaced Pages, which was launched by OpenMoko and first released in 2009.

Obtaining the full contents of Misplaced Pages for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a web crawler is discouraged. Misplaced Pages publishes "dumps" of its contents, but these are text-only; as of 2023, there is no dump available of Misplaced Pages's images. Wikimedia Enterprise is a for-profit solution to this.

Several languages of Misplaced Pages also maintain a reference desk, where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the Journal of Documentation, the quality of the Misplaced Pages reference desk is comparable to a standard library reference desk, with an accuracy of 55 percent.

Mobile access

See also: List of Misplaced Pages mobile applications and Help:Mobile access
A mobile version showing the English Misplaced Pages's Main Page on October 2, 2024

Misplaced Pages's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard web browser through a fixed Internet connection. Although Misplaced Pages content has been accessible through the mobile web since July 2013, The New York Times on February 9, 2014, quoted Erik Möller, deputy director of the Wikimedia Foundation, stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops to mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry. The article in The New York Times reported the comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that, "Only 20 percent of the readership of the English-language Misplaced Pages comes via mobile devices, a figure substantially lower than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites, many of which approach 50 percent. And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more." In 2014 The New York Times reported that Möller has assigned "a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile", out of a total of approximately 200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation. One principal concern cited by The New York Times for the "worry" is for Misplaced Pages to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment. By 2023, the Wikimedia Foundation's staff had grown to over 700 employees.

Access to Misplaced Pages from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), via the Wapedia service. In June 2007, Misplaced Pages launched en.mobile.wikipedia.org, an official website for wireless devices. In 2009, a newer mobile service was officially released, located at en.m.wikipedia.org, which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the iPhone, Android-based devices, or WebOS-based devices. Several other methods of mobile access to Misplaced Pages have emerged since. Many devices and applications optimize or enhance the display of Misplaced Pages content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Misplaced Pages metadata like geoinformation.

The Android app for Misplaced Pages was released in January 2012, to over 500,000 installs and generally positive reviews, scoring over four of a possible five in a poll of approximately 200,000 users downloading from Google. The version for iOS was released on April 3, 2013, to similar reviews. Misplaced Pages Zero was an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries by partnering with mobile operators to allow free access. It was discontinued in February 2018 due to lack of participation from mobile operators.

Andrew Lih and Andrew Brown both maintain editing Misplaced Pages with smartphones is difficult and this discourages new potential contributors. Lih states that the number of Misplaced Pages editors has been declining after several years, and Tom Simonite of MIT Technology Review claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some Wikipedians use the labyrinthine rules and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the status quo. Lih alleges there is a serious disagreement among existing contributors on how to resolve this. Lih fears for Misplaced Pages's long-term future while Brown fears problems with Misplaced Pages will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it.

Chinese access

Access to Misplaced Pages has been blocked in mainland China since May 2015. This was done after Misplaced Pages started to use HTTPS encryption, which made selective censorship more difficult.

Cultural influence

Trusted source to combat fake news

In 2017–18, after a barrage of false news reports, both Facebook and YouTube announced they would rely on Misplaced Pages to help their users evaluate reports and reject false news. Noam Cohen, writing in The Washington Post states, "YouTube's reliance on Misplaced Pages to set the record straight builds on the thinking of another fact-challenged platform, the Facebook social network, which announced last year that Misplaced Pages would help its users root out 'fake news'."

Readership

In February 2014, The New York Times reported that Misplaced Pages was ranked fifth globally among all websites, stating "With 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, ... Misplaced Pages trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1.2 billion unique visitors." However, its ranking dropped to 13th globally by June 2020 due mostly to a rise in popularity of Chinese websites for online shopping. The website has since recovered its ranking as of April 2022.

In addition to logistic growth in the number of its articles, Misplaced Pages has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001. The number of readers of Misplaced Pages worldwide reached 365 million at the end of 2009. The Pew Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Misplaced Pages. In 2011, Business Insider gave Misplaced Pages a valuation of $4 billion if it ran advertisements.

According to "Misplaced Pages Readership Survey 2011", the average age of Misplaced Pages readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders. Almost half of Misplaced Pages readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number of readers specifically look for Misplaced Pages in search engine results. About 47 percent of Misplaced Pages readers do not realize that Misplaced Pages is a non-profit organization. As of February 2023, Misplaced Pages attracts around 2 billion unique devices monthly, with the English Misplaced Pages receiving 10 billion pageviews each month.

COVID-19 pandemic

Main article: Misplaced Pages coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Misplaced Pages's coverage of the pandemic and fight against misinformation received international media attention, and brought an increase in Misplaced Pages readership overall. Noam Cohen wrote in Wired that Misplaced Pages's effort to combat misinformation related to the pandemic was different from other major websites, opining, "Unless Twitter, Facebook and the others can learn to address misinformation more effectively, Misplaced Pages will remain the last best place on the Internet." In October 2020, the World Health Organization announced they were freely licensing its infographics and other materials on Wikimedia projects. There were nearly 7,000 COVID-19 related Misplaced Pages articles across 188 different Wikipedias, as of November 2021.

Cultural significance

Main article: Misplaced Pages in culture
Misplaced Pages Monument in Słubice, Poland, by Mihran Hakobyan (2014)

Misplaced Pages's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases. The Parliament of Canada's website refers to Misplaced Pages's article on same-sex marriage in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the Civil Marriage Act. The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the US federal courts and the World Intellectual Property Organization—though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case. Content appearing on Misplaced Pages has also been cited as a source and referenced in some US intelligence agency reports. In December 2008, the scientific journal RNA Biology launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the RNA family for publication in Misplaced Pages. Misplaced Pages has also been used as a source in journalism, often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Misplaced Pages.

In 2006, Time magazine recognized Misplaced Pages's participation (along with YouTube, Reddit, MySpace, and Facebook) in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide. On September 16, 2007, The Washington Post reported that Misplaced Pages had become a focal point in the 2008 US election campaign, saying: "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Misplaced Pages page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day." An October 2007 Reuters article, titled "Misplaced Pages page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Misplaced Pages article vindicates one's notability.

One of the first times Misplaced Pages was involved in a governmental affair was on September 28, 2007, when Italian politician Franco Grillini raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of freedom of panorama. He said that the lack of such freedom forced Misplaced Pages, "the seventh most consulted website", to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues.

Misplaced Pages, an introduction – Erasmus Prize 2015
Jimmy Wales accepts the 2008 Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award on behalf of Misplaced Pages.

A working group led by Peter Stone (formed as a part of the Stanford-based project One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence) in its report called Misplaced Pages "the best-known example of crowdsourcing ... that far exceeds traditionally-compiled information sources, such as encyclopedias and dictionaries, in scale and depth".

In a 2017 opinion piece for Wired, Hossein Derakhshan describes Misplaced Pages as "one of the last remaining pillars of the open and decentralized web" and contrasted its existence as a text-based source of knowledge with social media and social networking services, the latter having "since colonized the web for television's values". For Derakhshan, Misplaced Pages's goal as an encyclopedia represents the Age of Enlightenment tradition of rationality triumphing over emotions, a trend which he considers "endangered" due to the "gradual shift from a typographic culture to a photographic one, which in turn mean a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment". Rather than "sapere aude" (lit. 'dare to know'), social networks have led to a culture of "dare not to care to know". This is while Misplaced Pages faces "a more concerning problem" than funding, namely "a flattening growth rate in the number of contributors to the website". Consequently, the challenge for Misplaced Pages and those who use it is to "save Misplaced Pages and its promise of a free and open collection of all human knowledge amid the conquest of new and old television—how to collect and preserve knowledge when nobody cares to know."

Awards

Misplaced Pages team visiting the Parliament of Asturias
Wikipedians meeting after the 2015 Asturias awards ceremony

Misplaced Pages has won many awards, receiving its first two major awards in May 2004. The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual Prix Ars Electronica contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' Webby Award for the "community" category.

In 2007, readers of brandchannel.com voted Misplaced Pages as the fourth-highest brand ranking, receiving 15 percent of the votes in answer to the question "Which brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006?"

In September 2008, Misplaced Pages received Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with Boris Tadić, Eckart Höfling, and Peter Gabriel. The award was presented to Wales by David Weinberger.

In 2015, Misplaced Pages was awarded both the annual Erasmus Prize, which recognizes exceptional contributions to culture, society or social sciences, and the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award on International Cooperation. Speaking at the Asturian Parliament in Oviedo, the city that hosts the awards ceremony, Jimmy Wales praised the work of the Asturian Misplaced Pages users.

Satire

See also: Category:Parodies of Misplaced Pages

Comedian Stephen Colbert has parodied or referenced Misplaced Pages on numerous episodes of his show The Colbert Report and coined the related term wikiality, meaning "together we can create a reality that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on". Another example can be found in "Misplaced Pages Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence", a July 2006 front-page article in The Onion, as well as the 2010 The Onion article "'L.A. Law' Misplaced Pages Page Viewed 874 Times Today".

In an April 2007 episode of the American television comedy The Office, office manager (Michael Scott) is shown relying on a hypothetical Misplaced Pages article for information on negotiation tactics to assist him in negotiating lesser pay for an employee. Viewers of the show tried to add the episode's mention of the page as a section of the actual Misplaced Pages article on negotiation, but this effort was prevented by other users on the article's talk page.

"My Number One Doctor", a 2007 episode of the television show Scrubs, played on the perception that Misplaced Pages is an unreliable reference tool with a scene in which Perry Cox reacts to a patient who says that a Misplaced Pages article indicates that the raw food diet reverses the effects of bone cancer by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the Battlestar Galactica episode guide.

In 2008, the comedy website CollegeHumor produced a video sketch named "Professor Misplaced Pages", in which the fictitious Professor Misplaced Pages instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements. The Dilbert comic strip from May 8, 2009, features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying "Give me ten minutes and then check Misplaced Pages." In July 2009, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a comedy series called Bigipedia, which was set on a website which was a parody of Misplaced Pages. Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Misplaced Pages and its articles.

On August 23, 2013, the New Yorker website published a cartoon with this caption: "Dammit, Manning, have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Misplaced Pages page?" The cartoon referred to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning), an American activist, politician, and former United States Army soldier who had recently come out as a trans woman.

In June 2024, nature.com published a fictional Misplaced Pages Talk page under the title "Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday" by Emma Burnett. The Talk page concerned a fictional article describing the unintended consequences of the release of a plastic-eating fungus to clean up an oil spill. The article contained Talk page topics found on Misplaced Pages, like discussions of changes in the articles priority level.

Sister projects – Wikimedia

Main article: Wikimedia project

Misplaced Pages has spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by the Wikimedia Foundation. These other Wikimedia projects include Wiktionary, a dictionary project launched in December 2002, Wikiquote, a collection of quotations created a week after Wikimedia launched, Wikibooks, a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated texts, Wikimedia Commons, a site devoted to free-knowledge multimedia, Wikinews, for collaborative journalism, and Wikiversity, a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities. Another sister project of Misplaced Pages, Wikispecies, is a catalog of all species, but is not open for public editing. In 2012, Wikivoyage, an editable travel guide, and Wikidata, an editable knowledge base, launched.

Publishing

A group of Wikimedians of the Wikimedia DC chapter at the 2013 DC Wikimedia annual meeting standing in front of the Encyclopædia Britannica (back left) at the US National Archives

The most obvious economic effect of Misplaced Pages has been the death of commercial encyclopedias, especially printed versions like Encyclopædia Britannica, which were unable to compete with a product that is essentially free. Nicholas Carr's 2005 essay "The amorality of Web 2.0" criticizes websites with user-generated content (like Misplaced Pages) for possibly leading to professional (and, in his view, superior) content producers' going out of business, because "free trumps quality all the time". Carr wrote, "Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the hegemony of the amateur. I for one can't imagine anything more frightening." Others dispute the notion that Misplaced Pages, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional publications. Chris Anderson, the former editor-in-chief of Wired, wrote in Nature that the "wisdom of crowds" approach of Misplaced Pages will not displace top scientific journals with rigorous peer review processes.

Misplaced Pages's influence on the biography publishing business has been a concern for some. Book publishing data tracker Nielsen BookScan stated in 2013 that biography sales were dropping "far more sharply". Kathryn Hughes, professor of life writing at the University of East Anglia and author of two biographies wrote, "The worry is that, if you can get all that information from Misplaced Pages, what's left for biography?"

Research use

Misplaced Pages has been widely used as a corpus for linguistic research in computational linguistics, information retrieval and natural language processing. In particular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the entity linking problem, which is then called "wikification", and to the related problem of word-sense disambiguation. Methods similar to wikification can in turn be used to find "missing" links in Misplaced Pages.

In 2015, French researchers José Lages of the University of Franche-Comté in Besançon and Dima Shepelyansky of Paul Sabatier University in Toulouse published a global university ranking based on Misplaced Pages scholarly citations. They used PageRank, CheiRank and similar algorithms "followed by the number of appearances in the 24 different language editions of Misplaced Pages (descending order) and the century in which they were founded (ascending order)". The study was updated in 2019.

In December 2015, John Julius Norwich stated, in a letter published in The Times newspaper, that as a historian he resorted to Misplaced Pages "at least a dozen times a day", and had never yet caught it out. He described it as "a work of reference as useful as any in existence", with so wide a range that it is almost impossible to find a person, place, or thing that it has left uncovered and that he could never have written his last two books without it.

A 2017 MIT study suggests that words used in Misplaced Pages articles end up in scientific publications. Studies related to Misplaced Pages have been using machine learning and artificial intelligence to support various operations. One of the most important areas is the automatic detection of vandalism and data quality assessment in Misplaced Pages.

In February 2022, civil servants from the UK's Housing, Communities and Local Government Committee were found to have used Misplaced Pages for research after journalists at The Independent noted that parts of the document had been lifted directly from Misplaced Pages articles on Constantinople and the list of largest cities throughout history.

Related projects

Several interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Misplaced Pages was founded. The first of these was the 1986 BBC Domesday Project, which included text (entered on BBC Micro computers) and photographs from more than a million contributors in the UK, and covered the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until 2008.

Several free-content, collaborative encyclopedias were created around the same period as Misplaced Pages (e.g. Everything2), with many later being merged into the project (e.g. GNE). One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was h2g2, which was created by Douglas Adams in 1999. The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively lighthearted, focusing on articles which are both witty and informative.

Subsequent collaborative knowledge websites have drawn inspiration from Misplaced Pages. Others use more traditional peer review, such as Encyclopedia of Life and the online wiki encyclopedias Scholarpedia and Citizendium. The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternative to Misplaced Pages.

See also

Main category: Misplaced Pages

Notes

  1. Registration is required for certain tasks, such as editing protected pages, creating pages on the English Misplaced Pages, and uploading files.
  2. To be considered active, a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.
  3. Pronounced /ˌwɪkɪˈpiːdiə/ WIK-ih-PEE-dee-ə or /ˌwɪki-/ WIK-ee-PEE-dee-ə
  4. Now available as an archive at the Nostalgia Misplaced Pages.
  5. Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely.
  6. The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate.
  7. See "Libel" by David McHam for the legal distinction.

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Further reading

Academic studies

Main article: Academic studies about Misplaced Pages

Books

Main article: List of books about Misplaced Pages

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