Revision as of 14:06, 29 August 2013 editGreyWinterOwl (talk | contribs)845 edits Adding brief descriptions to variantsTag: Visual edit← Previous edit | Revision as of 05:04, 30 August 2013 edit undoToccata quarta (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers25,929 edits Rv; the articles contain descriptions, and the formatting is faulty.Next edit → | ||
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=== Different starting position === | === Different starting position === | ||
* ] | |||
* ] ] The starting position is slightly altered to negate players' knowledge of openings. | |||
* ] | |||
* ] – Variant created by Bobby Fischer, in which the starting position of the pieces on the 1st and 8th ranks are random, resulting in 960 possible starting positions. White and black starting positions must be mirrored and king must start between rooks allowing castling. | |||
* ] | |||
* ] Similar to Chess960, except that there is no castling, starting positions are not necessarily mirrored, and bishops must start in opposite color squares. There are]8,294,400 possible starting positions. | |||
=== Different forces === | === Different forces === | ||
* ] | |||
* ] – Giving an advantage to a weaker player to allow equal chances of winning. Usually the advantage given is in material, extra moves or extra time. | |||
* ] | |||
* ] – Black starts just as in traditional chess, while white starts with only 32 pawns. Black wins by taking all the pawns while avoiding stalemate, white wins by checkmating the black king. | |||
=== Different board === | === Different board === | ||
* ] | |||
* ]Board has less squares, e.g. 3x3, 5x5, 5x6, etc. | |||
* ] |
* ] | ||
* ] | |||
* ]8x8 board with a 4x4 grid, dividing the board in 16 spaces of 2x2 squares each. Works just like traditional chess, except that a piece must cross at least one grid line at each move. | |||
* ] | |||
* ]Played on a cylinder, which results into joining the right and left sides of the board. | |||
* ] |
* ] | ||
* ] | |||
* ]Played with 2 boards, one of which starts empty. After the completion of each move, the piece that moved is transferred to the same square of the other board (after a move on the second board, the piece returns to the first board). | |||
* ] |
* ] | ||
* ] | * ] | ||
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Revision as of 05:04, 30 August 2013
See also: Glossary of chess and Index of chess articlesThe following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to chess, a two-player board game played on a chessboard (a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid). In a chess game, each player begins with sixteen pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. The object of the game is to checkmate the opponent's king, whereby the king is under immediate attack (in "check") and there is no way to remove or defend it from attack on the next move.
Definition of chess
- Game – structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment and sometimes used as an educational tool. Games are distinct from work, which is usually carried out for remuneration, and from art, which is more often an expression of aesthetic or ideological elements. However, the distinction is not clear-cut, and many games are also considered to be work (such as professional players of spectator sports/games) or art (such as jigsaw puzzles or games involving an artistic layout such as Mahjong, solitaire, or some video games).
- Board game – game in which counters or pieces are placed, removed, or moved on a premarked surface or "board" according to a set of rules. Games may be based on pure strategy, chance or a mixture of the two and usually have a goal which a player aims to achieve.
- Strategy game – game (e.g. computer, video or board game) in which the players' uncoerced, and often autonomous decision-making skills have a high significance in determining the outcome. Almost all strategy games require internal decision tree style thinking, and typically very high situation awareness.
- Two-player game – game played by just two players, usually against each other.
- Sport – organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. It is governed by a set of rules or customs. Chess is recognized as a sport by the International Olympic Committee.
- Mind sport – game where the outcome is determined mainly by mental skill, rather than by pure chance.
Chess equipment
Essential equipment
- Chess board – type of checkerboard with of 64 squares (eight rows and eight columns) arranged in two alternating colors (light and dark). The colors are called "black" and "white" although the actual colors are usually dark green and buff for boards used in competition, and often natural shades of light and dark woods for home boards. Chess boards can be built in to chess tables, or dispensed with (along with pieces) if playing mental chess, computer chess, Internet chess and sometimes correspondence chess.
- Chess set – all the pieces required to play a game of chess. Chess sets come in various materials and styles, and some are considered collectors' items and works of art.
- Chess pieces – two armies of 16 chess pieces, one army white, the other black. Each player controls one of the armies for the entire game. The pieces in each army include:
- 1 king – most important piece, and one of the weakest (until the endgame). The object of the game is checkmate, by placing the enemy king in check in a way that it cannot escape capture in the next move. On the top of the piece is a cross.
- 1 queen – most powerful piece in the game, with a relative value of 9 points. The top of the piece is crown-like.
- 2 rooks – look like castle towers and have a relative value of 5 points each.
- 2 bishops – stylized after bishop hats, and have a relative value of 3 points each.
- 2 knights – usually look like horse heads and have a relative value of 3 points each.
- 8 pawns – smallest pieces in the game, each topped by a ball. Pawns have a relative value of 1 point each.
- Staunton chess set – standard style of chess pieces, named after Howard Staunton.
- Chess pieces – two armies of 16 chess pieces, one army white, the other black. Each player controls one of the armies for the entire game. The pieces in each army include:
Specialized equipment
- Game clock – dual timer used to monitor each player's thinking time. Only the timer of the player who is to move is active. Used for speed chess, and to regulate time in tournament games.
- Score sheet and writing implement. Tournament games require scores to be kept, and many players like to record other games for later analysis.
Rules of chess
Rules of chess – rules governing the play of the game of chess.
- White and Black in chess – one set of pieces are designated "white" and the other is designated "black". White moves first.
- Chess notation – system of recording chess moves.
- Algebraic chess notation – most common method of recording moves.
- Descriptive chess notation – obsolete method of recording moves.
- Punctuation – symbols used after chess moves to indicate good or bad moves, the reason for the move, etc.
- Cheating in chess – methods that have been used to gain an unfair advantage by breaking the rules.
Initial set up
- Initial set up – initial placement of the pieces on the chessboard before any moves are made.
Moves
- Capture – move of a piece to a square occupied by an opposing piece, which is removed from the board and from play.
- Check – situation in which the king would be subject to capture (but the king is never actually captured).
How each piece moves
- Moving a pawn – pawns move straight forward one space at a time, but capture diagonally (within a one-square range). On its first move, a pawn may move two squares forward instead (with no capturing allowed in a two-square move). Also, pawns are subject to the en passant and promotion movement rules (see below).
- En passant – on the very next move after a player moves a pawn two squares forward from its starting position, an opposing pawn that is guarding the skipped square may capture the pawn (taking it "as it passes"), by moving to the passed square as if the pawn had stopped there.
- Pawn promotion – when a pawn reaches its eighth rank it is exchanged for the player's choice of a queen, rook, bishop or knight (usually a queen, since it is the most powerful piece).
- Moving a knight – knights move two squares horizontally and one square vertically, or two squares vertically and one square horizontally, jumping directly to the destination while ignoring intervening spaces.
- Moving a bishop – bishops move any distance in a straight line in either direction along squares connected diagonally. One bishop in each army moves diagonally on white squares only, and the other bishop is restricted to moving along black squares.
- Moving a rook – rook may move any distance along ranks and files (forward, backward, left, or right), and can also be used for castling (see below).
- Castling – special move available to each player once in the game (with restrictions) where the king is moved two squares to the left or right and the rook on that side is moved to the other side of the king.
- Moving the queen – queen moves like both a rook and a bishop (horizontally, vertically, or diagonally), but no castling.
- Moving the king – king may move one square in any direction, but may not move into check. It may also make a special move called "castling" (see below).
- Castling – special move available to each player once in the game (with restrictions) where the king is moved two squares to the left or right and the rook on that side is moved to the other side of the king.
End of the game
- Resigning – player may resign and end the game, giving victory to his opponent.
- Checkmate – object of the game – a king is in check and has no move to get out of check, losing the game.
- Draw – neither side wins or loses. In competition this usually counts as a half-win for each player.
- Draw by agreement – players may agree that the game is a draw.
- Stalemate – if the player whose turn it is to move has no legal move and his king is not in check, the game is a draw by stalemate.
- Fifty-move rule – if within the last fifty moves by both sides, no pawn has moved and there have been no captures, a player may claim a draw.
- Threefold repetition – if the same position has occurred three times with the same player to move, a player may claim a draw.
- Perpetual check – situation in which one king cannot escape an endless series of checks but cannot be checkmated. This was formerly a rule of chess to result in a draw, and still used informally, but superseded by the threefold repetition rule and fifty-move rule, which make it implicit.
Competition rules
- Adjournment – play of a game ceases to be resumed later. This has become rare, since the advent of computer analysis of chess games.
- Chess notation – system of recording chess moves.
- Algebraic chess notation – most common method of recording moves.
- Descriptive chess notation – obsolete method of recording moves, it was used in some English- and Spanish-speaking countries.
- Draw by agreement – two players agree to call the game a draw.
- Time control – each player must complete either a specified number of moves or all of his moves before a certain time elapses on his game clock.
- Touch-move rule – if a player touches his own piece, he must move it if it has a legal move. If he touches an opponent's piece, he must capture it if he can legally.
Minor variants
- Blindfold chess – one or both players play without seeing the board and pieces.
- Chess handicap – one of the players gives a handicap to the other player, usually starting the game without a certain piece.
- Fast chess – chess played with a time control limiting the players to a specified time of 60 minutes or less (as low as 1 minute).
Gameplay
- Blunder – very bad move.
- Candidate move – move that upon initial observation of the position, warrants further analysis. Spotting these moves is the key to higher-level play.
- Compensation – having positional advantages in spite of material disadvantages.
- Chess piece relative value – relative value of chess pieces, as far as their power.
- Premove – used in fast online games, it refers to a player making his next move while his opponent is thinking about his move. After the opponent's move, the premove will be made, if legal, taking only 0.1 seconds on the game clock.
- Priyome – typical maneuver or technique in chess.
- Ply – half-turn, that is, one player's portion of a turn.
- Tempo – basically having a move to make, but a player may want to lose a tempo.
General situations
- Initiative – situational advantage in which a player can make threats that cannot be ignored, forcing the opponent to use his turns to respond to threats rather than make his own.
- Transposition – sequence of moves resulting in a position which may also be reached by another common sequence of moves. Transpositions are particularly common in openings, where a given position may be reached by different sequences of moves. Players sometimes use transpositions deliberately in order to avoid variations they dislike, lure opponents into unfamiliar or uncomfortable territory or simply to worry opponents.
- Time trouble – having little thinking time in a timed game, thereby increasing the likelihood of making weak or losing moves or overlooking strong or winning moves.
- Zugzwang – situation in which a player would prefer to pass and make no move, because he has no move that does not worsen his position.
Pawn structure
Pawn structure – describes features of the positions of the pawns. Pawn structure may be used for tactical or strategic effect, or both.
- Backward pawn – pawn that is not supported by other pawns and cannot advance.
- Connected pawns – pawns of the same color on adjacent files so that they can protect each other.
- Doubled pawns – pawns of the same color on the same file.
- Half-open file – file that has pawns of one color only.
- Isolated pawn – pawn with no pawns of the same color on adjacent files.
- Maróczy Bind – formation with white pawns on c4 and e4, after the exchange of White's d-pawn for Black's c-pawn.
- Open file – file with void of pawns.
- Passed pawn – pawn that can advance to its eighth rank without being blocked by an opposing pawn and without the possibility of being captured by a pawn on an adjacent file.
Chess tactics
Chess tactics – chess tactic is a move or sequence of moves which may result in tangible gain or limits the opponent's options. Tactics are usually contrasted with strategy, in which advantages take longer to be realized, and the opponent is less constrained in responding.
- Anti-computer tactics - tactics used by humans in games against computers that the program cannot handle very well
- Capture – to remove an opposing piece from the board by taking it with one of your own. Except in the case of an en passant capture, the capturing man replaces the captured man on its square. Also, a move that captures. Captures can be executed offensively or defensively.
- Combination – series of moves, often with an exchange or sacrifice, to achieve some advantage.
- Exchange – capturing a piece in return for allowing another piece to be captured.
- The exchange – exchange of a bishop or knight for a rook. The rook is generally the stronger piece unless a player obtains other advantages for allowing the exchange.
- Flight square – square that the king can retreat to, if attacked.
- X-ray – (1) synonym for skewer. The term is also sometimes used to refer to a tactic where a piece either (2) indirectly attacks an enemy piece through another piece or pieces or (3) defends a friendly piece through an enemy piece.
Fundamental tactics
Fundamental tactics include:
- Battery – two or more pieces that can move and attack along a shared path, situated on the same rank, file, or diagonal. E.g., the queen and a bishop, or the queen and a rook, or both rooks, or the queen and both rooks.
- Deflection – tactic that forces an opposing piece to leave the square, rank or file it occupies, thus exposing the king or a valuable piece.
- Discovered attack – moving a piece uncovers an attack by another piece along a straight line
- Fork – attack on two or more pieces by one piece
- Interference – blocking the line along which an enemy piece is defended, leaving it vulnerable to capture.
- Overloading – giving a defensive piece an additional defensive assignment which it cannot complete without abandoning its original defensive assignment.
- Pin – piece is under attack and either cannot legally move because it would put its king in check or should not move because it will allow an attack on a more valuable piece.
- Skewer – if a piece under attack moves it will allow an attack on another piece
- Undermining – capturing a defensive piece, leaving one of the opponent's pieces undefended or underdefended. Also known as "removal of the guard".
Offensive tactics
- Battery – two or more pieces that can move and attack along a shared path, situated on the same rank, file, or diagonal. E.g., the queen and a bishop, or the queen and a rook, or both rooks, or the queen and both rooks.
- Alekhine's gun – formation named after the former World Chess Champion, Alexander Alekhine, which consists of placing the two rooks stacked one behind another and the queen at the rear.
- Cross-check – tactic in which a check played in response to a check, especially when the original check is blocked by a piece that itself either delivers check or reveals a discovered check from another piece.
- Decoy – ensnaring a piece, usually the king or queen, by forcing it to move to a poisoned square with a sacrifice on that square.
- Deflection – forces an opposing piece to leave the square, rank or file it occupies, thus exposing the king or a valuable piece.
- Discovered attack – attack revealed when one piece moves out of the way of another.
- Discovered check – discovered attack that is also a check
- Domination – occurs when a piece has a relatively wide choice of destination squares, but nevertheless cannot avoid being captured.
- Double attack – attack on two pieces at once, usually a discovered attack where the piece moving out of the way attacks another piece.
- Double check – check delivered by two pieces at the same time. In chess notation, it is sometimes symbolized by "++".
- Fork – When a piece attacks two or more enemy pieces at the same time
- Interference – interrupting the line between an attacked piece and its defender by sacrificially interposing a piece. Opportunities for interference are rare because the defended object must be more valuable than the sacrificed piece, and the interposition must itself represent a threat.
- King walk – several successive movements of the king, usually in the endgame to get it from a safe square (where it was hiding during the middlegame) to a more active position. Not to be confused with "king hunt", where a player forces his opponent's king out of safety and chases it across the board with a series of checks.
- Outpost – square where a piece can attack the opponent's position without being attacked by enemy pawns. Knights are good pieces to occupy outposts.
- Overloading – giving a defensive piece an additional defensive assignment which it cannot complete without abandoning its original defensive assignment.
- Pawn storm – several pawns are moved in rapid succession toward the opponent's defenses.
- Pin – piece is under attack and either cannot legally move because it would put its king in check or should not move because it will allow an attack on a more valuable piece.
- Sacrifice – move which deliberately allows the loss of material, either because the player can win the material back or deliver checkmate if it is taken (sham sacrifice or pseudosacrifice), or because the player judges he will have positional compensation (true or positional sacrifice).
- Queen sacrifice – sacrifice of the queen, invariably tactical in nature.
- Skewer – attack upon two pieces in a line and is similar to a pin. In fact, a skewer is sometimes described as a "reverse pin"; the difference is that in a skewer, the more valuable piece is in front of the piece of lesser or equal value.
- Absolute skewer – when the King is skewered, forcing him to move out of check, exposing the piece behind him in the line of attack.
- Relative skewer – the skewered piece can be moved, but doesn't have to be (because it is not the King in check).
- Swindle – ruse by which a player in a losing position tricks his opponent, and thereby achieves a win or draw instead of the expected loss. It may also refer more generally to obtaining a win or draw from a clearly losing position.
- The exchange – see above.
- Triangulation – technique of making three moves to wind up in the same position while the opponent has to make two moves to wind up in the same position. The reason is to lose a tempo and put the opponent in zugzwang.
- Undermining – capturing a defensive piece, leaving one of the opponent's pieces undefended or underdefended. Also known as "removal of the guard".
- Windmill – repeated series of discovered checks which the opponent cannot avoid, winning large amounts of material.
- X-ray attack – indirect attack or defense of a piece through another piece.
- Zwischenzug ("Intermediate move") – To make an intermediate move before the expected move to gain an advantage.
Checkmate patterns
- Back-rank checkmate – checkmate accomplished by a rook or queen on the opponent's first rank, because the king is blocked in by its own pieces.
- Bishop and knight checkmate – fundamental checkmate with a minimum amount of material. It is notoriously difficult to achieve.
- Boden's Mate – checkmate pattern characterized by a king being mated by two bishops on criss-crossing diagonals, with possible flight squares blocked by friendly pieces.
- Fool's mate – shortest possible checkmate, on Black's second move. It is rare in practice.
- Scholar's mate – checkmate in as few as four moves by a player accomplished by a queen supported by a bishop (usually) in an attack on the f7 or f2 square. It is fairly common at the novice level.
- Smothered mate – checkmate accomplished by only a knight because the king's own pieces occupy squares to which it would be able to escape.
Defensive tactics
- Artificial castling – Taking several moves to get the king to the position it would be in if castling could have been done.
- Blockade – To block a passed pawn with a piece.
- Desperado – piece that seems determined to give itself up, typically either (1) to sell itself as dearly as possible in a situation where both sides have hanging pieces or (2) to bring about stalemate if it is captured (or in some instances, to force a draw by threefold repetition if it is not captured).
- Luft – German for "air", meaning squares available for the king to escape an attack, typically through a fortress.
Possible responses to an attack
- Capture the attacking piece
- Move the attacked piece
- Interpose another piece in between the two
- Guard the attacked piece and permit an exchange
- Pin the attacking piece so the capture becomes illegal or unprofitable
- Use a zwischenzug
- Create a counter-threat
Chess strategy
- Corresponding squares – Usually used as a tool in king and pawn endgames, a pair of corresponding squares are such that if one king is on one of them, the opposing king needs to be on the other.
- Fianchetto – Moving the pawn in front of the knight and placing the bishop on that square.
- Permanent brain – Thinking when it is the opponent's turn to move.
- Prophylaxis – move that prevents some tactical moves by the opponent.
- First-move advantage in chess – theory that White's having the first move gives him an advantage.
Schools of chess
- Modenese Masters – A school of chess thought based on teachings of 18th century Italian masters, it emphasized an attack on the opposing king.
- Hypermodernism – A school of thought based on ideas of some early 20th century masters. Rather than occupying the center of the board with pawns in the opening, control the center by attacking it with knights and bishops from the side.
Game phases
- Chess opening – The first phase of the game, where pieces are developed before the main battle begins.
- Chess middlegame – The second phase of the game, usually where the main battle is. Many games end in the middlegame.
- Chess endgame – The third and final phase of the game, where there are only a few pieces left.
Chess openings
Chess opening – group of initial moves of a chess game. Recognized sequences of opening moves are referred to as openings as finished by White or defenses, as finished by Black, but opening is also used as the general term.
- Checkmates in the opening – examples of a player being checkmated during the first few moves of the game (i.e. in the opening).
- Fool's mate – also known as the Two-Move Checkmate, it is the quickest possible checkmate in chess. A prime example consists of the moves: 1. f3 e5 2. g4 Qh4#
- Scholar's mate – checkmate achieved by the moves: 1. e4 e5 2. Qh5 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6? 4. Qxf7#. The moves might be played in a different order or in slight variation, but the basic idea is the same: the queen and bishop combine in a simple mating attack on f7 (or f2 if Black is performing the mate).
- Smothered mate – checkmate delivered by a knight in which the mated king is unable to move because he is surrounded (or smothered) by his own pieces.
- Back rank checkmate – checkmate delivered by a rook or queen along a back rank (that is, the row on which the pieces (not pawns) stand at the start of the game) in which the mated king is unable to move up the board because the king is blocked by friendly pieces (usually pawns) on the second rank (Burgess 2009:16).
- Boden's mate – checkmating pattern in chess characterized by bishops on two criss-crossing diagonals (for example, bishops on a6 and f4 delivering mate to a king on c8), with possible flight squares for the king being occupied by friendly pieces. Most often the checkmated king has castled queenside, and is mated on c8 or c1.
- Epaulette mate – checkmate where two parallel retreat squares for a checked king are occupied by his own pieces, preventing his escape. The most common Epaulette mate involves the king on his back rank, trapped between two rooks.
- Légal's mate – chess opening trap, characterized by a queen sacrifice followed by checkmate with minor pieces if Black accepts the sacrifice. The trap is named after the French player Sire de Légal (1702–1792).
- Chess Informant
- Chess opening theory table
- Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings
- Gambit – sacrifice of material (usually a pawn) to gain a positional advantage (usually faster development of pieces)
- List of chess openings
e4 Openings
- King's Pawn Game – Games that start with White moving 1.e4.
- Open Game – Games that start with 1.e4 followed by 1...e5 by Black.
- Semi-Open Game – Games that start with 1.e4 followed by a move other than 1...e5 by Black.
King's Knight Openings
- Damiano Defence
- Elephant Gambit
- Evans Gambit
- Four Knights Game
- Giuoco Piano
- Greco Defence
- Gunderam Defense
- Halloween Gambit
- Hungarian Defense
- Inverted Hungarian Opening
- Irish Gambit
- Italian Gambit
- Italian Game
- Jerome Gambit
- Konstantinopolsky Opening
- Latvian Gambit
- Petrov's Defence
- Philidor Defence
- Ponziani Opening
- Rousseau Gambit
- Ruy Lopez
- Scotch Game
- Three Knights Opening
- Two Knights Defense
Sicilian Defense
- Chekhover Sicilian
- Sicilian Defence, Accelerated Dragon
- Sicilian Defence, Alapin Variation
- Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation
- Sicilian Defence, Najdorf Variation
- Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen Variation
- Sicilian, Dragon, Yugoslav attack, 9.Bc4
- Smith-Morra Gambit
- Wing Gambit
Other e4 opening variations
- Alapin's Opening
- Alekhine's Defence
- Bishop's Opening
- Balogh Defense
- Caro-Kann Defence
- Center Game
- Danish Gambit
- Falkbeer Countergambit
- Fischer Defense
- Frankenstein-Dracula Variation
- French Defence
- King's Gambit
- Lopez Opening
- Modern Defense
- Monkey's Bum
- Napoleon Opening
- Nimzowitsch Defence
- Owen's Defence
- Pirc Defence
- Portuguese Opening
- Rice Gambit
- Scandinavian Defense
- St. George Defence
- Vienna Game
- Wayward Queen Attack
d4 Openings
Queen's Gambit Openings
- Queen's Gambit Accepted
- Queen's Gambit Declined
- Albin Countergambit
- Baltic Defense
- Cambridge Springs Defense
- Chigorin Defense
- Marshall Defense
- Semi-Slav Defense
- Slav Defense
- Symmetrical Defense
- Tarrasch Defense
Indian Defense
- Black Knights' Tango
- Bogo-Indian Defence
- Budapest Gambit
- East Indian Defence
- Grünfeld Defence
- King's Indian Defence
- Neo-Indian Attack
- Nimzo-Indian Defence
- Old Indian Defense
- Queen's Indian Defense
- Torre Attack
- Trompowsky Attack
Other d4 opening variations
- Alapin-Diemer Gambit
- Benko Gambit
- Benoni Defense
- Blackmar-Diemer Gambit
- Blumenfeld Gambit
- Catalan Opening
- Diemer-Duhm Gambit
- Dutch Defence
- English Defence
- Englund Gambit
- Keres Defence
- London System
- Queen's Knight Defense
- Polish Defense
- Richter-Veresov Attack
- Staunton Gambit
- Wade Defence
Flank openings
- Benko's Opening
- Bird's Opening
- English Opening
- Flank opening
- Larsen's Opening
- Réti Opening
- Zukertort Opening
Irregular Openings
- Amar Opening
- Anderssen's Opening
- Barnes Opening
- Clemenz Opening
- Desprez Opening
- Dunst Opening
- Durkin Opening
- Grob's Attack
- Irregular chess opening
- Mieses Opening
- Saragossa Opening
- Sokolsky Opening
- Van 't Kruijs Opening
- Ware Opening
Openings including a trap
- Fool's mate
- Scholar's mate
- Elephant Trap
- Halosar Trap
- Kieninger Trap
- Lasker Trap
- Légal Trap
- Magnus Smith Trap
- Marshall Trap
- Monticelli Trap
- Mortimer Trap
- Noah's Ark Trap
- Rubinstein Trap
- Siberian Trap
- Tarrasch Trap
- Würzburger Trap
Endgames
Endgame – phase of the game after the middlegame when there are few pieces left on the board
- Checkmate patterns – Patterns of checkmate that occur reasonably often.
- Chess endgame literature – Literature on chess endgames.
- Endgame maneuvers
- Prokeš maneuver – maneuver from an endgame study that sometimes occurs in games.
- Endgame positions
- Endgame study – A composed position with a goal of either winning or drawing
- Réti endgame study – endgame study illustrate how a king can pursue two goals at the same time.
- Saavedra position – endgame study in which a surprising underpromotion leads to a win.
- Particular endgame situations
- Bare king – situation in which one player has only the king left on the board.
- Fortress – position in which a player with weaker material is able to keep the stronger side at bay and draw the game instead of lose it.
- King and pawn versus king endgame – fundamental endgame with a king and pawn versus a king.
- Key square – square that a player needs to occupy (usually by the king in a king and pawn endgame) to achieve some goal.
- Opposite-colored bishops endgame – Endgames in which each side has one bishop and the bishops are on opposite colors of the board.
- Opposition – When two kings face each other with one square in between (with generalizations).
- Pawnless chess endgame – Endgames without pawns.
- Queen and pawn versus queen endgame – difficult endgame with a queen and pawn versus a queen.
- Queen versus pawn endgame – fundamental endgame with a queen versus an advanced pawn protected by its king.
- Rook and bishop versus rook endgame – well-studied endgame with a rook and bishop versus a rook.
- Rook and pawn versus rook endgame – fundamental and well-studied endgame with a rook and pawn versus a rook.
- Lucena position – one of the most famous and important positions in chess endgame theory, where if the side with the pawn can reach this type of position, he can forcibly win the game.
- Philidor position – if the side without the pawn reaches the Philidor Position, he will force a draw.
- Two knights endgame – endgame with two knights versus a lone king cannot force checkmate, but they may be able to force a win if the defender has a pawn.
- Wrong bishop – situation in some endgames where a player's bishop is on the wrong color of square to accomplish something, i.e. the result would be different if the bishop was on the other color.
- Wrong rook pawn – And endgame situation very closely related to the wrong bishop, where having the other rook pawn would have a different result.
- Endgame study – A composed position with a goal of either winning or drawing
- Endgame principles
- Tarrasch rule – guideline that rooks should usually be placed behind passed pawns – both its own pawns and the opponent's.
- Endgame tablebase – computer database of endgame positions giving optimal moves for both sides and the result of optimal moves (a win for one player or a draw).
Venues (who and where to play)
Casual play
Chess clubs
Online chess
Correspondence chess
- Correspondence chess –
- Correspondence chess server – arguably the most convenient form of correspondence chess.
Competitive chess
- Chess around the world –
- Chess rating system – dynamic rating system based on a player's performance, with a higher number indicating a better player.
- Chess tournament – chess competition among several to many players.
- Swiss-system tournament – A tournament format designed to handle a relatively large number of players playing a small number of rounds in a relatively short time.
- Round-robin tournament – A tournament format for a small to moderate number of players in which each player plays each other table. It may be lengthy, depending on the number of rounds played.
- Knockout tournament – A tournament format of several stages in which players are paired off and half are eliminated in each stage.
- Internet Computer Chess Tournament – tournament for chess engines held over the Internet.
- FIDE World Rankings – list of the highest-rated players in the world.
- Simultaneous exhibition – demonstration in which one player plays against a large number of opponents simultaneously.
Titles
- Grandmaster – the highest title other than World Champion
- International Master – lower title than Grandmaster
- FIDE Master – lower title than International Master
- Candidate Master – Lower title than FIDE Master
- Chess expert –
- Woman Grandmaster – Available to women only, lower requirements than Grandmaster
- Woman International Master – Available to women only, lower requirements than International Master
- Woman FIDE Master – Available to women only, lower requirements than FIDE Master
- Woman Candidate Master – Available to women only, lower requirements than Candidate Master
- International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster –
- FIDE titles – lifetime titles awarded by FIDE
Computer chess
History of chess
Main article: History of chess- Shatranj – old form of chess, from which modern chess gradually developed, that came to the Western world from India via Sassanid Persia.
- Romantic chess –
- Café de la Régence –
- Human-computer chess matches –
- The Game of the Century
Famous games
Main article: List of chess games- Immortal Game
- Immortal losing game
- Immortal Zugzwang Game
- Immortal Draw
- Evergreen game
- Polish Immortal
- Peruvian Immortal
- The Game of the Century
- Lasker versus Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889
- Morphy versus the Duke of Brunswick and Count Isouard (the Opera Game)
- Kasparov versus the World
- Poole versus HAL 9000
History of chess, by period
Main article: Timeline of chessYears in chess
Chess players
- Chess prodigy – child who plays chess so well as to be able to beat Masters and even Grandmasters, often at a very young age.
- List of chess families
- List of chess grandmasters
- List of chess players
- Comparison of top chess players throughout history
- World chess championship
World Championships
- World Chess Championship 1886
- World Chess Championship 1889
- World Chess Championship 1891
- World Chess Championship 1892
- World Chess Championship 1894
- World Chess Championship 1897
- World Chess Championship 1907
- World Chess Championship 1908
- World Chess Championship 1910 (Lasker–Janowski)
- World Chess Championship 1910 (Lasker–Schlechter)
- World Chess Championship 1921
- World Chess Championship 1927
- World Chess Championship 1929
- World Chess Championship 1934
- World Chess Championship 1935
- World Chess Championship 1937
- World Chess Championship 1948
- World Chess Championship 1951
- World Chess Championship 1954
- World Chess Championship 1957
- World Chess Championship 1958
- World Chess Championship 1960
- World Chess Championship 1961
- World Chess Championship 1963
- World Chess Championship 1966
- World Chess Championship 1969
- World Chess Championship 1972
- World Chess Championship 1975
- World Chess Championship 1978
- World Chess Championship 1981
- World Chess Championship 1984
- World Chess Championship 1985
- World Chess Championship 1986
- World Chess Championship 1987
- World Chess Championship 1990
- Classical World Chess Championship 1995
- Classical World Chess Championship 2000
- Classical World Chess Championship 2004
- FIDE World Chess Championship 1996
- FIDE World Chess Championship 1998
- FIDE World Chess Championships 1998–2004
- FIDE World Chess Championship 1999
- FIDE World Chess Championship 2000
- FIDE World Chess Championship 2002
- FIDE World Chess Championship 2004
- FIDE World Chess Championship 2005
- World Chess Championship 2006
- World Chess Championship 2007
- World Chess Championship 2008
- World Chess Championship 2010
- World Chess Championship 2012
- World Chess Championship 2013
- Women's World Chess Championship
- Development of the World Chess Championship
- List of chess world championship matches
- World Amateur Chess Championship
- Candidates Tournament
- World Championship of Chess Composition
- World Computer Chess Championship
- World Computer Speed Chess Championship
- Interregnum of World Chess Champions
- Interzonal
- World Junior Chess Championship
- World Senior Chess Championship
- World Chess Solving Championship
- World Team Chess Championship
- World Youth Chess Championship
Science of chess
Psychology and chess
Chess programming
- Board representation –
- Chess engine –
- Minimax –
- Null-move heuristic –
- Portable Game Notation –
- Transposition table –
- Endgame tablebase –
Chess theory
- First-move advantage in chess –
- Chess opening theory table –
- Chess problem –
- Chess puzzle –
- Combinatorial game theory
- Solving chess –
Chess in culture
Chess media
Chess video games
Main article: Comparison of chess video gamesChess books
Main article: List of chess books- A History of Chess
- Basic Chess Endings
- Chess endgame literature
- Chess opening book
- Encyclopedia of Chess Openings
- Göttingen manuscript
- Handbuch des Schachspiels
- Lasker's Manual of Chess
- Modern Chess Openings
- My 60 Memorable Games
- My Great Predecessors
- My System
- The Game and Playe of the Chesse
- The Game of Chess
- The Oxford Companion to Chess
Periodicals
Main article: List of chess periodicals- British Chess Magazine
- Chess Informant
- Chess Life
- CHESS magazine
- EG
- New In Chess
- Shakhmatny Bulletin
- Shakhmaty v SSSR
- The Week in Chess
- 64
Chess organizations
Some influential chess persons
Main articles: List of chess players and Comparison of top chess players throughout history- Paul Morphy – (June 22, 1837 – July 10, 1884) – American chess player. He is considered to have been the greatest chess master of his era and an unofficial World Chess Champion. He was called "The Pride and Sorrow of Chess" because he had a brief and brilliant chess career, retiring from the game at the age of 21.
- Wilhelm (later William) Steinitz (May 17, 1836 – August 12, 1900) – Austrian and then American chess player and the first undisputed world chess champion from 1886 to 1894. From the 1870s onwards, commentators have debated whether Steinitz was effectively the champion earlier.
- Emanuel Lasker (December 24, 1868 – January 11, 1941) – was a German chess player, mathematician, and philosopher who was the second formally recognized World Chess Champion, a position from which he dominated chess for 27 years (from 1894 to 1921).
- José Raúl Capablanca (19 November 1888 – 8 March 1942) – Cuban chess player who was world chess champion from 1921 to 1927. Nicknamed the "Human Chess Machine" due to his mastery over the board and his relatively simple style of play, he was renowned for his exceptional endgame skill and speed of play, and is widely regarded as the most naturally talented chess player in history.
- 15 Founders of FIDE – established FIDE on July 20, 1924, at the 1st unofficial Chess Olympiad.
- Alexander Alekhine (October 31 1892 – March 24, 1946) – in 1927, he became the fourth World Chess Champion by defeating Capablanca, widely considered invincible, in what would stand as the longest chess championship match held until 1985. Alekhine is highly regarded as a chess writer and theoretician, producing innovations in a wide range of chess openings, and giving his name to Alekhine's Defence and several other opening variations.
- Mikhail Botvinnik (August 4, 1911 – May 5, 1995) – Soviet and Russian International Grandmaster and three-time World Chess Champion. Working as an electrical engineer and computer scientist at the same time, he was one of the very few famous chess players who achieved distinction in another career while playing top-class competitive chess. He was also a pioneer of computer chess. He was World Champion from 1948 to 1963, with 2 interruptions. He briefly lost the World Championship to Vasily Smyslov and then to Mikhail Tal, but won it back from both of them in rematches.
- Mikhail Tal (November 9, 1936 – June 28, 1992) – Soviet-Latvian chess Grandmaster and the eighth World Chess Champion, widely regarded as a creative genius and the best attacking player of all time, known above all for improvisation and unpredictability. Every game, he once said, was as inimitable and invaluable as a poem.
- Vasily Smyslov – Soviet and Russian chess grandmaster, and World Chess Champion (from 1957 to 1958) known for his positional style, and, in particular, his precise handling of the endgame, but many of his games featured spectacular tactical shots as well. He made enormous contributions to chess opening theory in many openings, including the English Opening, Grünfeld Defence, and the Sicilian Defence.
- Tigran Petrosian (June 17, 1929 – August 13, 1984) – Soviet Armenian grandmaster, and World Chess Champion from 1963 to 1969. He was nicknamed "Iron Tigran" due to his almost impenetrable defensive playing style, which emphasized safety above all else.
- Boris Spassky (born January 30, 1937) - the 10tn World Chess Champion and a promient Soviet and, later, French player.
- Bobby Fischer (March 9, 1943 – January 17, 2008) – American chess Grandmaster and the 11th World Chess Champion. He is widely considered the greatest chess player of all time. Fischer was also a best-selling chess author.
- Anatoly Karpov (born May 23, 1951) – Russian chess grandmaster and former World Champion, a position he held from 1975 to 1985 and from 1993 to 1999, when he resigned his title in protest against FIDE's new world championship rules.
- Garry Kasparov – (born 13 April 1963) – Russian (formerly Soviet) chess grandmaster, a former World Chess Champion, writer and political activist, considered by many to be the greatest chess player of all time. He held the official FIDE world title from 1985 until 1993, when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association.
- Viswanathan Anand (born 11 December 1969) – Indian chess Grandmaster and the current World Chess Champion. Anand has won the World Chess Championship five times (2000, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012), and has been the undisputed World Champion since 2007.
- Magnus Carlsen (born 30 November 1990) – Norwegian chess Grandmaster and former chess prodigy who is the number-one ranked player in the world. His peak rating is 2872, the highest in history.
Chess variants
Chess variant – Games similar to chess but with different rules or pieces.
- Fairy chess piece – Pieces used in chess variants other than the usual pieces.
Different starting position
Different forces
Different board
- Minichess
- Los Alamos chess
- Grid chess
- Cylinder chess
- Circular chess
- Alice chess
- Hexagonal chess
- Three-dimensional chess
- Cubic chess
- Flying chess
- Dragonchess
Unusual rules
- Antichess
- Atomic chess
- Three checks chess
- Extinction chess
- Crazyhouse
- Knight relay chess
- Andernach chess
- Checkless chess
- Circe chess
- Legan chess
- Madrasi chess
- Monochromatic chess
- Patrol chess
- PlunderChess
Incomplete information and elements of chance
Multimove variants
Multiplayer variants
Unusual pieces
- Fairy chess piece
- Hippogonal
- Grasshopper
- Grasshopper chess
- Berolina chess
- Maharajah and the Sepoys
- Omega Chess
- Stealth Chess
- Pocket mutation chess
- Baroque chess
- Butterfly chess
- Chess with different armies
- Duell
- Gess
- Wildebeest Chess
Variants with bishop+knight and rook+knight compounds
- Seirawan chess
- Janus chess
- Capablanca chess
- Capablanca random chess
- Gothic Chess
- Embassy Chess
- Modern chess
- Grand chess
Games inspired by chess
Historical variants
- History of chess
- Cox-Forbes theory
- Liubo
- Chaturanga
- Sessa
- Chaturaji
- Shatranj
- Abu Bakr bin Yahya al-Suli
- Tamerlane chess
- Hiashatar
- Senterej
- Lewis chessmen
Xiangqi and variants
Shogi and variants
- Shogi
- Shogi strategy and tactics
- History of shogi
- Meijin
- Ryu-oh
- Computer shogi
- Shogi variant
- Micro shogi
- Minishogi
- Kyoto shogi
- Judkins shogi
- Whale shogi
- Tori shogi
- Yari shogi
- Heian shogi
- Sho shogi
- Cannon shogi
- Hasami shogi
- Hand shogi
- Annan shogi
- Unashogi
- Wa shogi
- Chu shogi
- Heian dai shogi
- Akuro
- Dai shogi
- Tenjiku shogi
- Dai dai shogi
- Maka dai dai shogi
- Ko shogi
- Tai shogi
- Taikyoku shogi
- Sannin shogi
- Yonin shogi
- Edo-era shogi sources
Template:Multicol-break Template:Multicol-end
Other national variants
Chess combined with other sports and pastimes
Chess variants software
Fictional variants
See also
- Index of chess articles
- Glossary of chess
- ChessX
- Chess game collection
- Chess handicap
- Chess in early literature
- Chess in the arts and literature
- Chess libraries
- Hippogonal
- Morphy number
References
- Recognized Sports of the International Olympic Committee International Olympic Committee official website. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
- FIDE rules (En Passant is rule 3.7, part d)
- Mark Weeks. "Chess Opening Tutorial : Introduction to 1.d4". about.com.
- Soltis, A. (2007). Transpo Tricks in Chess. Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-9051-9. See review at "Transpo Tricks in Chess - review". chessville.com.
- Edward R. Brace, Illustrated Dictionary of Chess (Fodor's Travel Publications, 1978) ISBN 978-0-679-50814-4
- Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992). The Oxford Companion to Chess (second ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866164-9Template:Inconsistent citations
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: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - Discovered Attack Article at Chesscorner.com
- Hooper, David (1992). The Oxford Companion to Chess (second ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 113. ISBN 0-19-866164-9Template:Inconsistent citations
{{cite book}}
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(help)CS1 maint: postscript (link) - Golombek, Harry (1977). Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess. Crown Publishing. p. 88. ISBN 0-517-53146-1Template:Inconsistent citations
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - Pandolfini, Bruce (1995). Chess thinking. Simon and Schuster. p. 179. ISBN 0-671-79502-3.
- Edward R. Brace, An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess, McKay, 1977, p. 276. ISBN 0-679-50814-7.
- Byrne J. Horton, Dictionary of Modern Chess, Philosophical Library, 1959, p. 199.
- I. A. Horowitz and Fred Reinfeld, Chess Traps, Pitfalls and Swindles, Simon and Schuster, 1954, p. 12. ISBN 0-671-21041-6.
- Walter Korn, The Brilliant Touch in Chess, Dover Publications, 1966, p. 4. SBN 486-21615-2.
- Graham Burgess, The Mammoth Book of Chess, Carroll & Graf, 1997, p. 489. ISBN 0-7867-0431-4.
- See, e.g., Ali Mortazavi, The Fine Art of Swindling, Cadogan Books, 1996, p. 44. ISBN 1-85744-105-2 (referring to Em. Lasker-Ed. Lasker, New York 1924, as a "celebrated swindle").
External links
Listen to this article(2 parts, 1 hour and 13 minutes) These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated Error: no date provided, and do not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles)
- This outline displayed as a mindmap, at wikimindmap.com
- Predator at the Chessboard - A Field Guide to Chess Tactics - Learn chess tactics
- The Blue Book of Chess; "Teaching the Rudiments of the Game, and Giving an Analysis of All the Recognized Openings" by Howard Staunton
- Chess Strategy, free lessons on basic elements.
- ChessGames.com – online chess database and community
- Chess records -details of longest game, most passed pawns, fewest captures etc.
- A sample chess game
- The Chess Encyclopedia
- International organizations
- News
- Online play
- Chess.com Play Online Against Human Players
- ChessFriends.com
- Sparkchess
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