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==Irrigation== ==Irrigation==

Revision as of 18:14, 16 June 2018

For other uses, see Kaveri (disambiguation).
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Kaveri (anglicized as Cauvery), also referred as Ponni, is an Indian river flowing through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. It is the third largest after Godavari and Krishna in south india and the largest in Tamil Nadu which on its course, bisects the state into North and South. Originating in the foothills of Western Ghats at Talakaveri, Kodagu in Karnataka it flows generally south and east through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and across the southern Deccan plateau through the southeastern lowlands, emptying into the Bay of Bengal through two principal mouths in Poompuhar, Tamil Nadu. Amongst the river valleys, the Kaveri delta forms one of the most fertile regions in the country.

The Kaveri basin is estimated to be 81,155 square kilometres (31,334 sq mi) with many tributaries including Harangi, Hemavati, Kabini, Bhavani, Arkavathy, Lakshmana Tirtha, Noyyal and Arkavati. The river's basin covers three states and a Union Territory as follows: Tamil Nadu, 43,856 square kilometres (16,933 sq mi); Karnataka, 34,273 square kilometres (13,233 sq mi); Kerala, 2,866 square kilometres (1,107 sq mi), and Puducherry, 160 square kilometres (62 sq mi). Rising in southwestern Karnataka, it flows southeast some 800 kilometres (500 mi) to enter the Bay of Bengal. In Mandya district it forms the island of Shivanasamudra, on either side of which are the scenic Shivanasamudra Falls that descend about 100 metres (330 ft). The river is the source for an extensive irrigation system and for hydroelectric power. The river has supported irrigated agriculture for centuries and served as the lifeblood of the ancient kingdoms and modern cities of South India. Access to the river's waters has pitted Indian states against each other for decades.

River course

After the river leaves the Kodagu hills and flows onto the Deccan plateau, it forms two islands Srirangapatna and Shivanasamudra in Mandya district. At Shivanasamudra the river drops 98 metres (320 ft), forming the famous Shivanasamudra Falls known separately as Gagana Chukki and Bhara Chukki. Asia's first hydroelectric plant was built in 1902 on the left falls and supplied power to the city of Bangalore.

In its course through Karnataka, the channel is interrupted by 12 check dams for the purpose of irrigation. From the dam at Madadkatte, an artificial channel is diverted at a distance of 116 kilometres (72 mi), irrigating an area of 4,000 hectares (10,000 acres), and ultimately bringing its water supply to the town of Mandya. Three kilometres away from Srirangapatna, the Kaveri is the basis for the Ranganthittu Bird Sanctuary and an aqueduct called Bangara Doddi Nala, constructed in the 17th century.The kabini river joins Kaveri at Tirumakudal Narasipura. Moyar River is an east flowing river that originates in the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu and joins the Kaveri River.

The river enters Tamil Nadu through Dharmapuri district leading to the flat plains where it meanders. It drops into the Hogenakkal Falls just before it arrives in the town of Hogenakkal in Tamil Nadu. The three minor tributaries, Palar, Chinnar and Thoppar join the Kaveri on her course before forming the Stanley Reservoir in Mettur, where a dam has been constructed. It then flows further through the length of Erode district where it joins with the largest tributary Bhavani. The confluence of the rivers Kaveri and Bhavani at Kooduthurai or Tiriveni Sangamam near Bhavani. After passing through Erode, Thirumani Mutharu joins it in Kududurai in Namakkal district. Noyyal and Amaravathi rivers join near Karur before it enters Tiruchirapalli. Here the river becomes wide, with a sandy bed, and flows in an eastern direction until it splits into two at upper Anicut about 14 kilometres (9 mi) west of Tiruchirappalli. The northern branch of the river is called the Kollidam while the southern branch retains the name Kaveri and then goes directly eastwards into Thanjavur district. These two branches form the Srirangam island. One of the oldest functional dams, Grand Anicut blocks the river near Tiruchirapalli. After Thanjavur, the Kaveri river flows through Kumbakonam and Mayiladuthurai before draining into the Bay of Bengal near the port town of Poompuhar while the Kollidam rives flows north-east to form the Pichavaram mangrove forests before joining the sea near Parangipettai in Cuddalore district.

Tributaries

Irrigation

The primary uses of Kaveri is providing water for irrigation, water for household consumption and the generation of electricity.

An estimate at the time of the first Five Year Plan puts the total flow of the Kaveri at 15 cubic kilometres (12,000,000 acre⋅ft), of which 60 percent was used for irrigation.

The Torekadanahalli pumpstation sends 540 million litres (19,000,000 cu ft) per day of water from Kaveri 100 kilometres (62 mi) to Bangalore.

Stanley Reservoir formed by Mettur Dam, the largest dam in Tamil Nadu

The water for the Kaveri is primarily supplied by monsoon rains. Dams, such as the Krishna Raja Sagara Dam, Mettur Dam, and those on its tributaries such as Gorur dam, Harangi dam, Kabini dam, Amaravati dam and Banasura Sagar Dam store water from monsoon periods and release the water during the dry months. Even so, during the months of February–May, water levels are often quite low, and some channels and distributaries riverbeds may become dry. Flow generally begins to increase in June or July. However, in some years when rains are light, the low river level can lead to agricultural distress in areas dependent upon the Kaveri for irrigation.

The hydroelectric plant built on the left of Sivanasamudra Falls on the Kaveri in 1902 was the first hydroelectric plant in Asia.

The Krishna Raja Sagara Dam has a capacity of 49 tmc ft. and the Mettur Dam which creates Stanley Reservoir has a capacity of 93.4 tmc ft. (thousand million cubic ft)

In August 2003, inflow into reservoirs in Karnataka was at a 29-year low, with a 58% shortfall. Water stored in Krishna Raja Sagara amounted to only 4.6 tmc ft.

Water sharing

Further information: Kaveri River water dispute

As per Supreme Court order (16 feb 2018) Karnataka will get 284.75 tmc ft,Tamil Nadu 177.25 tmc ft,Kerala 30 tmc ft and Puducherry 7 tmc ft, and 14 tmc ft will be reserved for environmental protection..

Gallery

See also

References

  1. "INTEGRATED HYDROLOGICAL DATA BOOK" (PDF). Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  2. ^ "World Waterfall Database". Retrieved 9 November 2006.
  3. "Shivasamudram Falls". cauvery.com. Retrieved 11 November 2006.
  4. The Cauvery Trail : Kaveri has many religious and tourism spots between KRS and Mettur Archived 2 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  5. http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/1st/1planch26.html
  6. "PINCHme: Try products from leading brands for FREE!".
  7. http://www.tce.co.in/infra/watersupply/bangalore.pdf#search=%22halli%20pipeline%20Bangalore%22
  8. "Corporation urged to chalk out water policy for Mysore city". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 March 2006.
  9. ^ "Cauvery reservoirs' inflow hits record low". Deccan Herald. Bangalore. 2 August 2003. Retrieved 18 March 2011.

14 Journey with River Kaveri - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Evul2SL4XKI&t=172s

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