| Revision as of 18:55, 21 May 2024 editBhagyaMani (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers56,116 edits →top: auto-sized img← Previous edit | Revision as of 19:05, 21 May 2024 edit undoBhagyaMani (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers56,116 edits restructured, rem unsourced textNext edit → | ||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} | ||
| {{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}} | {{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}} | ||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | ]]] | ||
| The '''Sivalik Hills''', also known as the '''Shivalik Hills''' and '''Churia Hills''', are a ] of the outer ]. | The '''Sivalik Hills''', also known as the '''Shivalik Hills''' and '''Churia Hills''', are a ] of the outer ]. | ||
| The ] of "Sivalik" is 'tresses of ]'.<ref name="Balokhra99">{{cite book |last1=Balokhra |first1= J. M. |year=1999 |title=The Wonderland of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=H. G. Publications |location=New Delhi |edition=Revised and enlarged fourth |isbn=9788184659757}}</ref> Sivalik region is home to the ] archaeological culture.<ref name="SchugWalimbe2016" /> | The ] of "Sivalik" is 'tresses of ]'.<ref name="Balokhra99">{{cite book |last1=Balokhra |first1= J. M. |year=1999 |title=The Wonderland of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=H. G. Publications |location=New Delhi |edition=Revised and enlarged fourth |isbn=9788184659757}}</ref> Sivalik region is home to the ] archaeological culture.<ref name="SchugWalimbe2016" /> | ||
| == Geography== | == Geography== | ||
| ⚫ | ]]] | ||
| The Sivalik Hills are a ] of the outer ] that stretches over about {{cvt|2400|km}} from the ] eastwards close to the ], spanning the northern parts of the ]. It is {{cvt|10|-|50|km}} wide with an average elevation of {{cvt|1500|-|2000|m}}. Between the ] and ]s in ] is a gap of about {{cvt|90|km}}.<ref name="Kohli2002">{{cite book |author=Kohli, M. S. |chapter=Shivalik Range |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage |year=2002 |pages=24–25 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&pg=PA24 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1}}</ref> | The Sivalik Hills are a ] of the outer ] that stretches over about {{cvt|2400|km}} from the ] eastwards close to the ], spanning the northern parts of the ]. It is {{cvt|10|-|50|km}} wide with an average elevation of {{cvt|1500|-|2000|m}}. Between the ] and ]s in ] is a gap of about {{cvt|90|km}}.<ref name="Kohli2002">{{cite book |author=Kohli, M. S. |chapter=Shivalik Range |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage |year=2002 |pages=24–25 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&pg=PA24 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1}}</ref> | ||
| They are well known for their ] and ] aged vertebrate fossils.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=A. P. |date=2022 |title=New fossil mammalian assemblages and first record of ostrich from the Pinjore (Pinjor) formation (2.58–0.63 Ma) of Siwalik Hills near Chandigarh, northern India |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=293 |page=107694 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107694}}</ref> | They are well known for their ] and ] aged vertebrate fossils.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=A. P. |date=2022 |title=New fossil mammalian assemblages and first record of ostrich from the Pinjore (Pinjor) formation (2.58–0.63 Ma) of Siwalik Hills near Chandigarh, northern India |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=293 |page=107694 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107694}}</ref> | ||
| ==Geology== | ==Geology== | ||
| {{multiple image |perrow=1 |image1= River Ganga meandering through the Shivalik ranges, Rishikesh.jpg |caption1=Ganges River cutting through the Sivalik hills |image2= Sunrise_over_Sukhna.jpg |caption2= View of the Sivalik hills from Sukhna lake at dawn}} | |||
| Geologically, the Sivalik Hills belong to the ] ] of the outer Himalayas.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Siwalik Hills |volume=25 |pages=163–164}}</ref> They are chiefly composed of ] and ] rock formations, which are the solidified ] of the Himalayas<ref name=EB1911/> to their north; they are poorly consolidated. The sedimentary rocks comprising the hills are believed to be 16–5.2 million years old.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gautam |first1=P. |last2=Fujiwara |first2=Y. |year=2000 |title=Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Siwalik Group sediments of Karnali River section in western Nepal |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=142 |issue=3 |pages=812–824 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00185.x |bibcode=2000GeoJI.142..812G |doi-access=free|hdl=2115/38248 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> | |||
| They are bounded on the south by a fault system called the Main Frontal Thrust, with steeper slopes on that side. Below this, the coarse alluvial ] zone makes the transition to the nearly level plains. Rainfall, especially during the summer ], percolates into the Bhabar, then is forced to the surface by finer alluvial layers below it in a zone of springs and marshes along the northern edge of the ] or plains.<ref name=Mani>{{cite book|title=Ecology and Biogeography in India|first=M.S.|last=Mani|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |page=690}}</ref> | They are bounded on the south by a fault system called the Main Frontal Thrust, with steeper slopes on that side. Below this, the coarse alluvial ] zone makes the transition to the nearly level plains. Rainfall, especially during the summer ], percolates into the Bhabar, then is forced to the surface by finer alluvial layers below it in a zone of springs and marshes along the northern edge of the ] or plains.<ref name=Mani>{{cite book|title=Ecology and Biogeography in India|first=M.S.|last=Mani|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |page=690}}</ref> | ||
| == Prehistory == | == Prehistory == | ||
| ⚫ | The Sivalik Hills are well known for fossils of vertebrates, spanning from the Early ], until the ], around 18 million to 600,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nanda |first=A.C. |date=November 2002 |title=Upper Siwalik mammalian faunas of India and associated events |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1367912002000135 |journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=47–58 |doi=10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00013-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Patnaik |first=R. |chapter=Indian Neogene Siwalik Mammalian Biostratigraphy. An Overview |date=2013 |doi=10.7312/wang15012-017 |title=Fossil Mammals of Asia |place=New York Chichester, West Sussex |publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref> | ||
| {{multiple image | |||
| | perrow = 1 | |||
| | image1 = River Ganga meandering through the Shivalik ranges, Rishikesh.jpg | |||
| | caption1 = Ganga river cutting through the Sivalik hills. | |||
| | image2 = Sunrise_over_Sukhna.jpg | |||
| | caption2 = View of the Sivalik hills from Sukhna lake at dawn. | |||
| | image3 = Winter morning in Terai.jpg | |||
| | caption3 = Winter morning in Terai. | |||
| }} | |||
| ⚫ | The Sivalik Hills are well known for fossils of vertebrates, spanning from the Early ], until the ], around 18 million to 600,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nanda |first=A.C. |date=November 2002 |title=Upper Siwalik mammalian faunas of India and associated events |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1367912002000135 |journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences |
||
| Remains of the ] ] culture dating to around 500,000 to 125,000 BP were found in the Sivalik region.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Is the Soanian techno-complex a Mode 1 or Mode 3 phenomenon? A morphometric assessment |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=1434–1440 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2006.11.001|year=2007|last1=Lycett|first1=S. J.}}</ref> Contemporary to the ], the Soanian culture is named after the ] in the Sivalik Hills of ]. The Soanian archaeological culture is found across Sivalik region in present-day India, Nepal and Pakistan.<ref name="SchugWalimbe2016">{{cite book|editor1=Schug, G. R. |editor2=Walimbe, S. R. |title=A Companion to South Asia in the Past |date=2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Oxford, Chichester |isbn=978-1-119-05547-1 |author=Chauhan, P. |chapter=A decade of paleoanthropology in the Indian Subcontinent. The Soanian industry reassessed |page=39 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xv-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39}}</ref> | Remains of the ] ] culture dating to around 500,000 to 125,000 BP were found in the Sivalik region.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Is the Soanian techno-complex a Mode 1 or Mode 3 phenomenon? A morphometric assessment |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=1434–1440 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2006.11.001|year=2007|last1=Lycett|first1=S. J.}}</ref> Contemporary to the ], the Soanian culture is named after the ] in the Sivalik Hills of ]. The Soanian archaeological culture is found across Sivalik region in present-day India, Nepal and Pakistan.<ref name="SchugWalimbe2016">{{cite book|editor1=Schug, G. R. |editor2=Walimbe, S. R. |title=A Companion to South Asia in the Past |date=2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Oxford, Chichester |isbn=978-1-119-05547-1 |author=Chauhan, P. |chapter=A decade of paleoanthropology in the Indian Subcontinent. The Soanian industry reassessed |page=39 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xv-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39}}</ref> | ||
| '']'' (a kind of ], formerly known as ''Ramapithecus'') is among many ] finds in the Sivalik region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kelley |first1= |
'']'' (a kind of ], formerly known as ''Ramapithecus'') is among many ] finds in the Sivalik region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kelley |first1=J. |title=A new large species of Sivapithecus from the Siwaliks of Pakistan |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=1988 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=305–324 |doi=10.1016/0047-2484(88)90073-5}}</ref> | ||
| A number of fossil ] were reported from the Sivalik Hills, including the extinct ], ''] sivalensis'' and '']''. However, the latter two species were named only from toe bones that have since been identified as belonging to an ] mammal and a ], respectively.<ref name='Lowe'>{{cite journal |last=Lowe |first=P. R. |year=1929 |title=Some remarks on ''Hypselornis sivalensis'' Lydekker. |journal=] |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=571–576 |doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1929.tb08775.x}}</ref> | A number of fossil ] were reported from the Sivalik Hills, including the extinct ], ''] sivalensis'' and '']''. However, the latter two species were named only from toe bones that have since been identified as belonging to an ] mammal and a ], respectively.<ref name='Lowe'>{{cite journal |last=Lowe |first=P. R. |year=1929 |title=Some remarks on ''Hypselornis sivalensis'' Lydekker. |journal=] |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=571–576 |doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1929.tb08775.x}}</ref> | ||
| ==In culture== | |||
| The ]'s ] is named after these ranges.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 55: | Line 44: | ||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| ⚫ | {{Reflist}} | ||
| == External links == | |||
| {{Commons category|Shivalik Hills}} | {{Commons category|Shivalik Hills}} | ||
| {{EB1911 poster|Siwalik Hills}} | {{EB1911 poster|Siwalik Hills}} | ||
| ⚫ | {{Reflist}} | ||
| {{coord|27|46|N|82|24|E|source:kolossus-fiwiki|display=title}} | {{coord|27|46|N|82|24|E|source:kolossus-fiwiki|display=title}} | ||
| {{PunjabGeography}} | {{PunjabGeography}} | ||
| {{GeoSouthAsia}} | {{GeoSouthAsia}} | ||
| {{Darjeeling}} | {{Darjeeling}} | ||
| ⚫ | {{Authority control}} | ||
| {{Uttarakhand}} | {{Uttarakhand}} | ||
| ⚫ | {{Authority control}} | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 19:05, 21 May 2024
Mountain range in India and Nepal
The Sivalik Hills, also known as the Shivalik Hills and Churia Hills, are a mountain range of the outer Himalayas. The literal translation of "Sivalik" is 'tresses of Shiva'. Sivalik region is home to the Soanian archaeological culture.
Geography
The Sivalik Hills are a mountain range of the outer Himalayas that stretches over about 2,400 km (1,500 mi) from the Indus River eastwards close to the Brahmaputra River, spanning the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent. It is 10–50 km (6.2–31.1 mi) wide with an average elevation of 1,500–2,000 m (4,900–6,600 ft). Between the Teesta and Raidāk Rivers in Assam is a gap of about 90 km (56 mi). They are well known for their Neogene and Pleistocene aged vertebrate fossils.
Geology
Ganges River cutting through the Sivalik hills
View of the Sivalik hills from Sukhna lake at dawn
Geologically, the Sivalik Hills belong to the Tertiary deposits of the outer Himalayas. They are chiefly composed of sandstone and conglomerate rock formations, which are the solidified detritus of the Himalayas to their north; they are poorly consolidated. The sedimentary rocks comprising the hills are believed to be 16–5.2 million years old.
They are bounded on the south by a fault system called the Main Frontal Thrust, with steeper slopes on that side. Below this, the coarse alluvial Bhabar zone makes the transition to the nearly level plains. Rainfall, especially during the summer monsoon, percolates into the Bhabar, then is forced to the surface by finer alluvial layers below it in a zone of springs and marshes along the northern edge of the Terai or plains.
Prehistory
The Sivalik Hills are well known for fossils of vertebrates, spanning from the Early Miocene, until the Middle Pleistocene, around 18 million to 600,000 years ago.
Remains of the Lower Paleolithic Soanian culture dating to around 500,000 to 125,000 BP were found in the Sivalik region. Contemporary to the Acheulean, the Soanian culture is named after the Soan Valley in the Sivalik Hills of Pakistan. The Soanian archaeological culture is found across Sivalik region in present-day India, Nepal and Pakistan.
Sivapithecus (a kind of ape, formerly known as Ramapithecus) is among many fossil finds in the Sivalik region.
A number of fossil ratites were reported from the Sivalik Hills, including the extinct Asian ostrich, Dromaius sivalensis and Hypselornis. However, the latter two species were named only from toe bones that have since been identified as belonging to an ungulate mammal and a crocodilian, respectively.
See also
- Subranges of Sivalik (from north to south)
- Geological subdivisions of Himalayas (from north to south)
- Indus-Yarlung suture zone
- Karakoram fault system
- Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains
- Main Himalayan Thrust
- Lower/Lesser Himalaya
- Geographical subdivisions of Himalayas (from east to west)
- Eastern Himalaya
- Indian Himalayan Region, Geology of Bhutan and Geology of Nepal
- Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), Geography of Ladakh, Gilgit-Baltistan and Geology of Pakistan
References
- Balokhra, J. M. (1999). The Wonderland of Himachal Pradesh (Revised and enlarged fourth ed.). New Delhi: H. G. Publications. ISBN 9788184659757.
- ^ Chauhan, P. (2016). "A decade of paleoanthropology in the Indian Subcontinent. The Soanian industry reassessed". In Schug, G. R.; Walimbe, S. R. (eds.). A Companion to South Asia in the Past. Oxford, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-119-05547-1.
- Kohli, M. S. (2002). "Shivalik Range". Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage. Indus Publishing. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-81-7387-135-1.
- Kaur, A. P. (2022). "New fossil mammalian assemblages and first record of ostrich from the Pinjore (Pinjor) formation (2.58–0.63 Ma) of Siwalik Hills near Chandigarh, northern India". Quaternary Science Reviews. 293: 107694. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107694.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Siwalik Hills" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 163–164.
- Gautam, P.; Fujiwara, Y. (2000). "Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Siwalik Group sediments of Karnali River section in western Nepal". Geophysical Journal International. 142 (3): 812–824. Bibcode:2000GeoJI.142..812G. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00185.x. hdl:2115/38248.
- Mani, M.S. (2012). Ecology and Biogeography in India. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 690.
- Nanda, A.C. (November 2002). "Upper Siwalik mammalian faunas of India and associated events". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 21 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00013-5.
- Patnaik, R. (2013). "Indian Neogene Siwalik Mammalian Biostratigraphy. An Overview". Fossil Mammals of Asia. New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/wang15012-017.
- Lycett, S. J. (2007). "Is the Soanian techno-complex a Mode 1 or Mode 3 phenomenon? A morphometric assessment". Journal of Archaeological Science. 34 (9): 1434–1440. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.11.001.
- Kelley, J. (1988). "A new large species of Sivapithecus from the Siwaliks of Pakistan". Journal of Human Evolution. 17 (3): 305–324. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(88)90073-5.
- Lowe, P. R. (1929). "Some remarks on Hypselornis sivalensis Lydekker". Ibis. 71 (4): 571–576. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1929.tb08775.x.
External links
27°46′N 82°24′E / 27.767°N 82.400°E / 27.767; 82.400
| Geography of South Asia | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mountains |
| ||||||||
| Plateaus |
| ||||||||
| Deserts | |||||||||
| Lowlands |
| ||||||||
| Water-bodies |
| ||||||||
| Islands | |||||||||
| By country | |||||||||
| By region | |||||||||
| State of Uttarakhand | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State capitals: legislative: Dehradun (winter); Bhararisain (summer); judicial: Nainital | |||||||||||||||||||
| Government |
| ||||||||||||||||||
| History |
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Geography and ecology |
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Demographics |
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Administrative divisions |
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Politics | |||||||||||||||||||
| Tourism |
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Sports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other topics | |||||||||||||||||||
| Districts |
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Major cities | |||||||||||||||||||