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	This article covers the history of '''women in the United States Senate''' and various milestones achieved by female senators. It includes a list of all women who have served in the Senate, a list of current female senators, and a list of states represented by women in the Senate. The first female U.S. senator, ], represented ] for a single day in 1922, and the first woman elected to the Senate, ], was elected from ] in 1932. Since its establishment in 1789, 60 women have served in the upper house of the ]. As of December 9, 2024, there are 24 women (14 Democrats, 9 Republicans, and 1 Independent) serving as U.S. senators out of 100 possible seats. Additionally, ] as ] serves as ].		This article covers the history of '''women in the United States Senate''' and various milestones achieved by female senators. It includes a list of all women who have served in the Senate, a list of current female senators, and a list of states represented by women in the Senate. The first female U.S. senator, ], represented ] for a single day in 1922, and the first woman elected to the Senate, ], was elected from ] in 1932. Since its establishment in 1789, 60 women have served in the upper house of the ]. As of December 9, 2024, there are 24 women (14 Democrats, 9 Republicans, and 1 Independent) serving as U.S. senators out of 100 possible seats. Additionally, ] as ] serves as ].
	] (born July 29, 1932) is currently the oldest living former female member of the Senate at the age of {{age in years|1932|07|29}}.		] (born July 29, 1932) is currently the oldest living former female member of the Senate at the age of {{age in years|1932|7|29}}.
	==History==		==History==
	] (D-Georgia), the first female member of the United States Senate, who served for a single day in 1922.]]		] (D-Georgia), the first female member of the United States Senate, who served for a single day in 1922.]]
	]) was reelected and four women were ] in 1992, the "]," Left to right: Senators ], ], Mikulski, ], and ].]]		]) was reelected and four women were ] in 1992, the "]," Left to right: Senators ], ], Mikulski, ], and ].]]
	<!-- ], ], Moseley Braun, ], Mikulski, ], and Feinstein.]] -->		<!-- ], ], Moseley Braun, ], Mikulski, ], and Feinstein.]] -->
	] (2009–2011), the number of female senators had increased to 17, including 4 Republicans and 13 Democrats<!--<br/>Left to right:<br>Standing: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]<br>Seated: ], ], ], ], ]-->]]		] (2009–2011), the number of female senators had increased to 17, including 4 Republicans and 13 Democrats<!--<br/>Left to right:<br>Standing: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]<br>Seated: ], ], ], ], ]-->]]
	For its first 130 years in existence, the Senate's membership was entirely male. Until ], few women ran for the Senate. Until the 1990s, very few were elected. This paucity of women was due to many factors, including the lack of ] in many states until the ratification of the ], women's limited access to higher education until the mid-1900s, public perceptions of gender roles, and barriers to women's advancement such as ].		For its first 130 years in existence, the Senate's membership was entirely male. Until ], few women ran for the Senate. Until the 1990s, very few were elected. This paucity of women was due to many factors, including the lack of ] in many states until the ratification of the ], women's limited access to higher education until the mid-1900s, public perceptions of gender roles, and barriers to women's advancement such as ].
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	In 1978, ] became the first woman ever elected to a full term in the Senate, representing ], without her husband having previously served in Congress.<ref group="n">		In 1978, ] became the first woman ever elected to a full term in the Senate, representing ], without her husband having previously served in Congress.<ref group="n">
	Of the female senators who preceded Kassebaum:		Of the female senators who preceded Kassebaum:
	], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] were all appointed and were never elected; ] (R-SD) and ] (R-NE), were elected, but not to full terms (i.e., to complete terms where the previous senator had died or resigned, not to new six-year terms); ] and ] were both elected to full six-year terms, but their husbands had held the seat previously. ]'s (R-ME) husband never served in the Senate, but he did serve in the House. When he died, Margaret won the ensuing election. Of the appointed senators, Long, Bushfield, Humphrey, and Allen were all appointed to fill out part of the terms of their deceased husbands, while Graves and Edwards were appointed by their husbands, the governor of their states at the time. However, Kassebaum's ] was a former governor of Kansas, which means that the first woman to be elected to the Senate without any family connections was ], who was elected in 1980 to represent Florida.</ref> Since the beginning of Kassebaum's service in December 1978, there has always been at least one woman in the Senate. The first woman to be elected to the Senate without any family connections was Florida Republican ], elected in ]. She was also the first and, to date, only female member of ] elected to the United States Senate. In 1990, there were still few women in the Senate as compared to the number of women in the House. The trend of few women in the Senate began to change in the wake of the ] hearings and the subsequent election of the ] in ], which was dubbed the "]."<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.Senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/year_of_the_woman.htm|title=Year of the Woman| website=U.S. Senate}}</ref> ] was reelected and four new Democratic women were elected to the Senate. They were ] of ], ] of ], ] of ], and ] of California. ] was the first ] to serve in the Senate and the first woman to defeat an incumbent senator after she won the 1992 Democratic primary election over ]. Later in 1992, Feinstein was the first woman to defeat an incumbent senator from a different party when she defeated ] in a special election. Feinstein entered the Senate the same year as the first female Jewish senator.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://jwa.org/blog/jewesses-in-politics-represent |title=Jewesses in politics represent! |publisher=Jewish Women's Archive |date=November 5, 2002 |access-date=April 27, 2018}}</ref><ref name="congress1">{{cite web| url=https://www.congress.gov/member/dianne-feinstein/F000062 |title=Dianne Feinstein |publisher=Congress.gov |access-date=April 27, 2018}}</ref><ref name="congress2">{{cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/member/barbara-boxer/B000711 |title=Barbara Boxer |publisher=Congress.gov |access-date=April 27, 2018}}</ref>		], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] were all appointed and were never elected; ] (R-SD) and ] (R-NE), were elected, but not to full terms (i.e., to complete terms where the previous senator had died or resigned, not to new six-year terms); ] and ] were both elected to full six-year terms, but their husbands had held the seat previously. ]'s (R-ME) husband never served in the Senate, but he did serve in the House. When he died, Margaret won the ensuing election. Of the appointed senators, Long, Bushfield, Humphrey, and Allen were all appointed to fill out part of the terms of their deceased husbands, while Graves and Edwards were appointed by their husbands, the governor of their states at the time. However, Kassebaum's ] was a former governor of Kansas, which means that the first woman to be elected to the Senate without any family connections was ], who was elected in 1980 to represent Florida.</ref> Since the beginning of Kassebaum's service in December 1978, there has always been at least one woman in the Senate. The first woman to be elected to the Senate without any family connections was Florida Republican ], elected in ]. She was also the first and, to date, only female member of ] elected to the United States Senate. In 1990, there were still few women in the Senate as compared to the number of women in the House. The trend of few women in the Senate began to change in the wake of the ] hearings and the subsequent election of the ] in ], which was dubbed the "]."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.Senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/year_of_the_woman.htm |title=Year of the Woman |website=U.S. Senate}}</ref> ] was reelected and four new Democratic women were elected to the Senate. They were ] of ], ] of ], ] of ], and ] of California. ] was the first ] to serve in the Senate and the first woman to defeat an incumbent senator after she won the 1992 Democratic primary election over ]. Later in 1992, Feinstein was the first woman to defeat an incumbent senator from a different party when she defeated ] in a special election. Feinstein entered the Senate the same year as the first female Jewish senator.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=https://jwa.org/blog/jewesses-in-politics-represent |title=Jewesses in politics represent! |publisher=Jewish Women's Archive |date=November 5, 2002 |access-date=April 27, 2018}}</ref><ref name="congress1">{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/member/dianne-feinstein/F000062 |title=Dianne Feinstein |publisher=Congress.gov |access-date=April 27, 2018}}</ref><ref name="congress2">{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/member/barbara-boxer/B000711 |title=Barbara Boxer |publisher=Congress.gov |access-date=April 27, 2018}}</ref>
	Bathroom facilities for women in the Senate on the ] level were first provided in 1992.<ref name="Plaskow">		Bathroom facilities for women in the Senate on the ] level were first provided in 1992.<ref name="Plaskow">
	{{cite journal |last=Plaskow |first=Judith |date=July 8, 2008 |title=Embodiment, Elimination, and the Role of Toilets in Struggles for Social Justice |journal=Cross Currents |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=51–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1939-3881.2008.00004.x}}		{{ciejournal |last=Plaskow |first=Judith |date=July 8, 2008 |title=Embodiment, Elimination, and the Role of Toilets in Struggles for Social Justice |journal=Cross Currents |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=51–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1939-3881.2008.00004.x}}
	</ref> Women were not allowed to wear pants on the Senate floor until 1993.<ref name="chicagotribune2004">{{cite web|author=Robin Givhan| url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2004/01/21/moseley-braun-lady-in-red/ |title=Moseley Braun: Lady in red |work=Chicago Tribune |date=January 21, 2004 |access-date=July 30, 2014}}</ref><ref name="rollcall1">{{cite web|last=Cooper |first=Kent |url=http://www.rollcall.com/features/50th-Anniversary_2005/fifty_anniversary/-9592-1.html |title=The Long and Short of Capitol Style : Roll Call Special Features 50th Anniversary |publisher=Rollcall.com |date=June 9, 2005 |access-date=July 30, 2014}}</ref> In 1993, Senators ] and ] wore pants onto the floor in defiance of the rule, and female support staff followed soon after, with the rule being amended later that year by Senate Sergeant-at-Arms Martha Pope to allow women to wear pants on the floor so long as they also wore a jacket.<ref name="chicagotribune2004"/><ref name="rollcall1"/>		</ref> Women were not allowed to wear pants on the Senate floor until 1993.<ref name="chicagotribune2004">{{cite web |author=Robin Givhan |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2004/01/21/moseley-braun-lady-in-red |title=Moseley Braun: Lady in red |work=Chicago Tribune |date=January 21, 2004 |access-date=July 30, 2014}}</ref><ref name="rollcall1">{{cite web |last=Cooper |first=Kent |url=http://www.rollcall.com/features/50th-Anniversary_2005/fifty_anniversary/-9592-1.html |title=The Long and Short of Capitol Style : Roll Call Special Features 50th Anniversary |publisher=Rollcall.com |date=June 9, 2005 |access-date=July 30, 2014}}</ref> In 1993, Senators ] and ] wore pants onto the floor in defiance of the rule, and female support staff followed soon after, with the rule being amended later that year by Senate Sergeant-at-Arms Martha Pope to allow women to wear pants on the floor so long as they also wore a jacket.<ref name="chicagotribune2004"/><ref name="rollcall1"/>
	The first time two female senators from the same state served concurrently was beginning in 1993; ] and ] (both D-CA) were both elected in 1992, with Feinstein taking office that same year (as the result of a special election) and Boxer taking office in 1993; Boxer served until 2016, when she retired, and Feinstein was joined by ]. In June 1993, ] won a special election in Texas, and joined Kassebaum as a fellow female {{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}} senator. These additions significantly diminished the popular perception of the Senate as an exclusive "boys' club". Since 1992, there has been at least one new woman elected to the Senate every two years, with the exception of ] (Lisa Murkowski was elected for the first time in 2004, but had been appointed to the seat since 2002).		The first time two female senators from the same state served concurrently was beginning in 1993; ] and ] (both D-CA) were both elected in 1992, with Feinstein taking office that same year (as the result of a special election) and Boxer taking office in 1993; Boxer served until 2016, when she retired, and Feinstein was joined by ]. In June 1993, ] won a special election in Texas, and joined Kassebaum as a fellow female {{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}} senator. These additions significantly diminished the popular perception of the Senate as an exclusive "boys' club". Since 1992, there has been at least one new woman elected to the Senate every two years, with the exception of ] (Lisa Murkowski was elected for the first time in 2004, but had been appointed to the seat since 2002).
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	In 2008, ] became the first woman to unseat a female incumbent, ]. Upon the opening of the ] in 2011, New Hampshire Democrat ] was joined by newly elected Republican ], making up the first Senate delegation of two women belonging to different parties.		In 2008, ] became the first woman to unseat a female incumbent, ]. Upon the opening of the ] in 2011, New Hampshire Democrat ] was joined by newly elected Republican ], making up the first Senate delegation of two women belonging to different parties.
	In November 2022, Dianne Feinstein became the longest-serving female senator in history,<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/01/barbara-mikulski-becomes-longest-serving-female-senator/68929/|title=Barbara Mikulski Becomes Longest-Serving Female Senator| first=Garance| last=Franke-Ruta|date=January 5, 2011|website=The Atlantic}}</ref> surpassing Barbara Mikulski,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/biography|title=Biography|website=Dianne Feinstein United States Senator for California|access-date=January 24, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.marylandmatters.org/blog/capitol-meeting-room-named-in-honor-of-marylands-first-female-u-s-senator/|title=Capitol Meeting Room Named in Honor of Maryland's First Female U.S. Senator| first=Danielle E.|last=Gaines|work=Maryland Matters|date=December 17, 2020}}</ref> having served for 30 years.<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/passing-the-torch-mikulski-says-goodbye-to-the-senate-after-30-years/2016/12/12/0899821e-bbd3-11e6-91ee-1adddfe36cbe_story.html|title=Passing the torch: Mikulski says goodbye to the Senate|first=Paul| last=Schwartzman| date=December 12, 2016| newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Feinstein was retiring at the end of her last term, scheduled for January 3, 2025,<ref>{{cite web|last=Haberkorn|first=Jennifer|title=Sen. Feinstein makes it official: She will retire at the end of her current term|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2023-02-14/dianne-feinstein-retire-term-ends-california-senator|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 14, 2023|access-date=February 16, 2023|archive-date=February 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214185942/https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2023-02-14/dianne-feinstein-retire-term-ends-california-senator|url-status=live}}</ref> but died in office on September 29, 2023, before her term ended.<ref name="Early morning">{{Cite news |last1=Swan |first1=Rachel |last2=Stein |first2=Shira |last3=Fracassa |first3=Dominic |last4=Echeverria |first4=Danielle |last5=Parker |first5=Jordan |last6=Toledo |first6=Aldo |date=2023-09-29 |title=Dianne Feinstein: Senator died of natural causes Friday morning |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/dianne-feinstein-updates-18396512.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929205309/https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/dianne-feinstein-updates-18396512.php |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=San Francisco Chronicle |language=en-US}}</ref> Subsequently, Patty Murray surpassed Feinstein as the longest serving woman senator, and continues to serve.		In November 2022, Dianne Feinstein became the longest-serving female senator in history,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/01/barbara-mikulski-becomes-longest-serving-female-senator/68929/|title=Barbara Mikulski Becomes Longest-Serving Female Senator |first=Garance |last=Franke-Ruta |date=January 5, 2011 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> surpassing Barbara Mikulski,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/biography |title=Biography|website=Dianne Feinstein United States Senator for California |access-date=January 24, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marylandmatters.org/blog/capitol-meeting-room-named-in-honor-of-marylands-first-female-u-s-senator |title=Capitol Meeting Room Named in Honor of Maryland's First Female U.S. Senator |first=Danielle E. |last=Gaines |work=Maryland Matters|date=December 17, 2020}}</ref> having served for 30 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/passing-the-torch-mikulski-says-goodbye-to-the-senate-after-30-years/2016/12/12/0899821e-bbd3-11e6-91ee-1adddfe36cbe_story.html |title=Passing the torch: Mikulski says goodbye to the Senate |first=Paul |last=Schwartzman |date=December 12, 2016 |work=The Washington Post}}</ref> Feinstein was retiring at the end of her last term, scheduled for January 3, 2025,<ref>{{cite web |last=Haberkorn |first=Jennifer |title=Sen. Feinstein makes it official: She will retire at the end of her current term |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2023-02-14/dianne-feinstein-retire-term-ends-california-senator |work=Los Angeles Times |date=February 14, 2023 |access-date=February 16, 2023 |archive-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214185942/https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2023-02-14/dianne-feinstein-retire-term-ends-california-senator |url-status=live}}</ref> but died in office on September 29, 2023, before her term ended.<ref name="Early morning">{{cite web |last1=Swan |first1=Rachel |last2=Stein |first2=Shira |last3=Fracassa |first3=Dominic |last4=Echeverria |first4=Danielle |last5=Parker |first5=Jordan |last6=Toledo |first6=Aldo |date=2023-09-29 |title=Dianne Feinstein: Senator died of natural causes Friday morning |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/dianne-feinstein-updates-18396512.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929205309/https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/dianne-feinstein-updates-18396512.php |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=San Francisco Chronicle |language=en-US}}</ref> Subsequently, Patty Murray surpassed Feinstein as the longest serving woman senator, and continues to serve.
	In 2012, a record five new female senators were elected. This beat the record of four new female senators from 1992 and set the record of five new women and eleven female senators in one Senate class. The five new women were Democrats ] of ], ] of ], ] of ], ] of ], and Republican ] of ]. Hirono was the first Asian-American woman and first Buddhist in the Senate, and Baldwin was the first openly gay person in the Senate.		In 2012, a record five new female senators were elected. This beat the record of four new female senators from 1992 and set the record of five new women and eleven female senators in one Senate class. The five new women were Democrats ] of ], ] of ], ] of ], ] of ], and Republican ] of ]. Hirono was the first Asian-American woman and first Buddhist in the Senate, and Baldwin was the first openly gay person in the Senate.
	In 2014, ] was elected as the first female combat veteran to serve in the Senate. In 2016, ] was elected as the first Latina senator, while ] was elected as the first female double amputee in the Senate.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_chronological.htm|title=U.S. Senate: Senators, 1789 to present|website=senate.gov|access-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> In a June 2016 primary election, as a result of California's recent establishment of the ], ] ] and U.S. Representative ] became the first women of the same party to advance to a Senate general election. In November 2016, Harris became the first woman to defeat a woman of the same party in a Senate general election.		In 2014, ] was elected as the first female combat veteran to serve in the Senate. In 2016, ] was elected as the first Latina senator, while ] was elected as the first female double amputee in the Senate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_chronological.htm |title=U.S. Senate: Senators, 1789 to present |website=senate.gov |access-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> In a June 2016 primary election, as a result of California's recent establishment of the ], ] ] and U.S. Representative ] became the first women of the same party to advance to a Senate general election. In November 2016, Harris became the first woman to defeat a woman of the same party in a Senate general election.
	In ], Hillary Clinton became the first former female senator to win a major party's nomination for President of the United States. Despite winning a plurality of the popular vote, she ultimately lost her bid to ].		In ], Hillary Clinton became the first former female senator to win a major party's nomination for President of the United States. Despite winning a plurality of the popular vote, she ultimately lost her bid to ].
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	In 2018, ] defeated ], becoming ]'s first female senator, as well as the first openly bisexual senator from any state. Two weeks later, Arizona Governor ] announced that he would appoint McSally to Arizona's other Senate seat, which was becoming vacant with the resignation of ]. Sinema and McSally have been the only concurrently serving female senators to have previously faced off against each other in a Senate election. McSally exited the Senate in late 2020 after losing that year's special election to ], a Democrat.		In 2018, ] defeated ], becoming ]'s first female senator, as well as the first openly bisexual senator from any state. Two weeks later, Arizona Governor ] announced that he would appoint McSally to Arizona's other Senate seat, which was becoming vacant with the resignation of ]. Sinema and McSally have been the only concurrently serving female senators to have previously faced off against each other in a Senate election. McSally exited the Senate in late 2020 after losing that year's special election to ], a Democrat.
	Also in 2018, ] made political history as the first female one-term outgoing U.S. representative ever elected to the Senate.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ostermeier |first=Eric |title=Jacky Rosen's Historic 2018 US Senate Bid |url=http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2017/07/27/jacky-rosens-historic-2018-us-senate-bid/ |website=Smart Politics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124143023/http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2017/07/27/jacky-rosens-historic-2018-us-senate-bid/ |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |date=July 27, 2017}}</ref>		Also in 2018, ] made political history as the first female one-term outgoing U.S. representative ever elected to the Senate.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ostermeier |first=Eric |title=Jacky Rosen's Historic 2018 US Senate Bid |url=http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2017/07/27/jacky-rosens-historic-2018-us-senate-bid |website=Smart Politics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124143023/http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2017/07/27/jacky-rosens-historic-2018-us-senate-bid/ |archive-date=November 24, 2018 |date=July 27, 2017}}</ref>
	In 2023, Patty Murray became the first woman to serve as ], a role traditionally given to the most senior member of the majority party in the United States Senate. Dianne Feinstein was the most senior Democratic senator, but declined to serve. This made Murray the third person ] to become president, after the ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/sen-patty-murray-becomes-first-female-president-tempore-rcna64088 |title=Sen. Patty Murray becomes first female president pro tempore |first=Rebecca |last=Shabad |website=NBC News |date=January 3, 2023}}</ref>		In 2023, Patty Murray became the first woman to serve as ], a role traditionally given to the most senior member of the majority party in the United States Senate. Dianne Feinstein was the most senior Democratic senator, but declined to serve. This made Murray the third person ] to become president, after the ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/sen-patty-murray-becomes-first-female-president-tempore-rcna64088 |title=Sen. Patty Murray becomes first female president pro tempore |first=Rebecca |last=Shabad |website=NBC News |date=January 3, 2023}}</ref>
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	==Election, selection, and family==		==Election, selection, and family==
	Women are much less likely than men to decide to run for election, despite generally having the same chances of winning elections as male counterparts. Research by Jennifer Lawless and Richard Fox shine light on a few possible reasons. Women report much less enthusiasm for the motions of campaigning (such as fundraising or attending rallies) than men. They are more likely than men to decide not to campaign based off of lack of resources. They are also much more likely than men to view themselves as lacking credentials, and time (even women with full-time jobs report spending more time on household chores than men). Finally, they are more likely than men to view races as competitive.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sides |first1=John |title=Campaigns and Elections |publisher=W.W. Norton and Company |pages=142 |edition=Fourth}}</ref>		Women are much less likely than men to decide to run for election, despite generally having the same chances of winning elections as male counterparts. Research by Jennifer Lawless and Richard Fox shine light on a few possible reasons. Women report much less enthusiasm for the motions of campaigning (such as fundraising or attending rallies) than men. They are more likely than men to decide not to campaign based off of lack of resources. They are also much more likely than men to view themselves as lacking credentials, and time (even women with full-time jobs report spending more time on household chores than men). Finally, they are more likely than men to view races as competitive.<ref>{{ciebook |last1=Sides |first1=John |title=Campaigns and Elections |publisher=W.W. Norton and Company |pages=142 |edition=Fourth}}</ref>
	Before 2001, a plurality of women joined the U.S. Senate through appointment following the death or resignation of a husband or father who previously held the seat. An example is ] (D-MN), the widow of former senator and ] ]; she was appointed to fill his seat until a special election was held (in which she did not run). However, with the election of three women in 2000, the balance shifted; more women have now entered service as a senator by winning elections than by being appointed.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}		Before 2001, a plurality of women joined the U.S. Senate through appointment following the death or resignation of a husband or father who previously held the seat. An example is ] (D-MN), the widow of former senator and ] ]; she was appointed to fill his seat until a special election was held (in which she did not run). However, with the election of three women in 2000, the balance shifted; more women have now entered service as a senator by winning elections than by being appointed.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}
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	Another famous name is ] (R-KS), the daughter of former Kansas governor and one-time presidential candidate ]. After retiring from the Senate, she married former senator ] (R-TN). Kassebaum has the distinction of being the first female elected senator who did not succeed her husband in Congress (] was only elected to the Senate after succeeding her husband to his House seat).		Another famous name is ] (R-KS), the daughter of former Kansas governor and one-time presidential candidate ]. After retiring from the Senate, she married former senator ] (R-TN). Kassebaum has the distinction of being the first female elected senator who did not succeed her husband in Congress (] was only elected to the Senate after succeeding her husband to his House seat).
	Among the women elected or appointed in Senate history, by stature, ] (D-CA) and ] (D-MD) are the shortest, at {{convert|4|ft|11|in|sigfig=3|m}}, whereas ] (R-GA) is the tallest, at {{convert|5|ft|11|in|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/does-height-matter-in-pol_b_73129|title=Does Height Matter in Politics?|first=Zach|last=Kanin|date=November 17, 2007|work=HuffPost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/barbara-mikulski-girl-scout-senator-things-retiring-senator/story?id=29329473|title=Barbara Mikulski: From Girl Scout to Senator, 7 Things You Might Not Know About the Retiring Senator|first=Arlette|last=Saenz|date=March 2, 2015|work=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Risk, hoops memories entice new Dream owner Loeffler |url=https://www.ajc.com/sports/risk-hoops-memories-entice-new-dream-owner-loeffler/WDPsGpIV66px3SsHgkA7FP/ |access-date=December 1, 2020 |work=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |date=June 4, 2011 |quote=A skinny 5-foot-11, her nickname on the court was NBC — 'Newborn Calf.'}}</ref>		Among the women elected or appointed in Senate history, by stature, ] (D-CA) and ] (D-MD) are the shortest, at {{convert|4|ft|11|in|sigfig=3|m}}, whereas ] (R-GA) is the tallest, at {{convert|5|ft|11|in|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/does-height-matter-in-pol_b_73129|title=Does Height Matter in Politics? |first=Zach |last=Kanin |date=November 17, 2007 |work=HuffPost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/barbara-mikulski-girl-scout-senator-things-retiring-senator/story?id=29329473 |title=Barbara Mikulski: From Girl Scout to Senator, 7 Things You Might Not Know About the Retiring Senator |first=Arlette |last=Saenz |date=March 2, 2015 |work=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Risk, hoops memories entice new Dream owner Loeffler |url=https://www.ajc.com/sports/risk-hoops-memories-entice-new-dream-owner-loeffler/WDPsGpIV66px3SsHgkA7FP/ |access-date=December 1, 2020 |work=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |date=June 4, 2011 |quote=A skinny 5-foot-11, her nickname on the court was NBC — 'Newborn Calf.'}}</ref>
	==List of female U.S. senators==		==List of female U.S. senators==
	{{sticky-header}}		{{sticky-header}}
	<div style="text-align:center">		<div style="text-align:center">
	{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi"		{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi"
	! rowspan="2" |Portrait		!rowspan=2 |Portrait
	! rowspan="2" |Name<br><small>(lifespan)</small>		!rowspan=2 |Name<br><small>(lifespan)</small>
	! rowspan="2" |State		!rowspan=2 |State
	! colspan="3" |Term		!colspan=3 |Term
	! rowspan="2" |Entered by		!rowspan=2 |Entered by
	! rowspan="2" |Left for		!rowspan=2 |Left for
	! rowspan="2" |Party		!rowspan=2 |Party
	|-		|-
	!Term start		!Term start
Line 123:		Line 125:
	|]		|]
	|{{sortname|Gladys|Pyle}}<br>{{small|(1890–1989)}}		|{{sortname|Gladys|Pyle}}<br>{{small|(1890–1989)}}
	| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|South Dakota|1909}} ]		|rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|South Dakota|1909}} ]
	|{{dts|format=mdy|1938|11|9}}		|{{dts|format=mdy|1938|11|9}}
	|{{dts|format=mdy|1939|1|3}}		|{{dts|format=mdy|1939|1|3}}
Line 152:		Line 154:
	|]		|]
	|{{sortname|Eva|Bowring}}<br>{{small|(1892–1985)}}		|{{sortname|Eva|Bowring}}<br>{{small|(1892–1985)}}
	| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} ]		|rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|Nebraska}} ]
	|{{dts|format=mdy|1954|4|16}}		|{{dts|format=mdy|1954|4|16}}
	|{{dts|format=mdy|1954|11|7}}		|{{dts|format=mdy|1954|11|7}}
Line 186:		Line 188:
	|{{nts|104}}<br>({{ayd|1972|8|1|1972|11|13}})		|{{nts|104}}<br>({{ayd|1972|8|1|1972|11|13}})
	|Appointment by ]		|Appointment by ]
	| rowspan="2" |Appointment ended		|rowspan=2 |Appointment ended
	|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	|-		|-
Line 193:		Line 195:
	|{{flagicon|Minnesota|1957}} ]		|{{flagicon|Minnesota|1957}} ]
	|{{dts|format=mdy|1978|1|25}}		|{{dts|format=mdy|1978|1|25}}
	| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=mdy|1978|11|7}}		|rowspan=2 |{{dts|format=mdy|1978|11|7}}
	|{{nts|286}}<br>({{ayd|1978|1|25|1978|11|7}})		|{{nts|286}}<br>({{ayd|1978|1|25|1978|11|7}})
	|Appointment by ]		|Appointment by ]
	|{{party shading/DFL}} |{{party shortname linked|Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	|-		|-
	|]		|]
Line 249:		Line 251:
	|]		|]
	|{{sortname|Dianne|Feinstein}}<br>{{small|(1933–2023)}}<ref group="n" name="Feinstein">First non-Christian (Jewish) woman elected to the Senate</ref>		|{{sortname|Dianne|Feinstein}}<br>{{small|(1933–2023)}}<ref group="n" name="Feinstein">First non-Christian (Jewish) woman elected to the Senate</ref>
	| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|California}} ]		|rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|California}} ]
	|{{dts|format=mdy|1992|11|04}}		|{{dts|format=mdy|1992|11|4}}
	|{{dts|format=mdy|2023|9|29}}		|{{dts|format=mdy|2023|9|29}}
	|{{nts|11286}}<br>({{ayd|1992|11|4|2023|9|29}})		|{{nts|11286}}<br>({{ayd|1992|11|4|2023|9|29}})
Line 290:		Line 292:
	|{{flagicon|Texas}} ]		|{{flagicon|Texas}} ]
	|{{dts|format=mdy|1993|6|14}}		|{{dts|format=mdy|1993|6|14}}
	| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=mdy|2013|1|3}}		|rowspan=2 |{{dts|format=mdy|2013|1|3}}
	|{{nts|7,143}}<br>({{ayd|1993|6|14|2013|1|3}})		|{{nts|7,143}}<br>({{ayd|1993|6|14|2013|1|3}})
	|]		|]
	| rowspan="2" |Retired		|rowspan=2 |Retired
	|{{party shading/Republican}} |{{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Republican}} |{{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}
	|-		|-
Line 357:		Line 359:
	|{{sortname|Jean|Carnahan}}<br>{{small|(1933-2024)}}		|{{sortname|Jean|Carnahan}}<br>{{small|(1933-2024)}}
	|{{flagicon|Missouri}} ]		|{{flagicon|Missouri}} ]
	| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=mdy|2001|1|3}}		|rowspan=2 |{{dts|format=mdy|2001|1|3}}
	|{{dts|format=mdy|2002|11|23}}		|{{dts|format=mdy|2002|11|23}}
	|{{nts|689}}<br>({{ayd|2001|1|3|2002|11|23}})		|{{nts|689}}<br>({{ayd|2001|1|3|2002|11|23}})
Line 377:		Line 379:
	|{{flagicon|Michigan}} ]		|{{flagicon|Michigan}} ]
	|{{dts|format=mdy|2001|1|3}}		|{{dts|format=mdy|2001|1|3}}
	| rowspan="2" |present		|rowspan=2 |present
	|{{age in days nts|2001|01|03}}<br>({{ayd|2001|01|03}})		|{{age in days nts|2001|1|3}}<br>({{ayd|2001|1|3}})
	|]		|]
	| rowspan="2" |Incumbent		|rowspan=2 |Incumbent
	|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	|- style="background:#ccc;"		|- style="background:#ccc;"
Line 409:		Line 411:
	|]		|]
	|Incumbent		|Incumbent
	|{{party shading/DFL}} |{{party shortname linked|Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	|-		|-
	|]		|]
Line 464:		Line 466:
	|{{sortname|Tammy|Baldwin}}<br>{{small|(born 1962)}}<ref group="n" name="Baldwin">First openly ] and ] woman elected to the Senate</ref>		|{{sortname|Tammy|Baldwin}}<br>{{small|(born 1962)}}<ref group="n" name="Baldwin">First openly ] and ] woman elected to the Senate</ref>
	|{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} ]		|{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} ]
	| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=mdy|2013|1|3}}		|rowspan=2 |{{dts|format=mdy|2013|1|3}}
	| rowspan="2" |present		|rowspan=2 |present
	|{{age in days nts|2013|1|3}}<br>({{ayd|2013|1|3}})		|{{age in days nts|2013|1|3}}<br>({{ayd|2013|1|3}})
	|]		|]
	| rowspan="2" |Incumbent		|rowspan=2 |Incumbent
	|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	|- style="background:#ccc;"		|- style="background:#ccc;"
Line 491:		Line 493:
	|{{sortname|Mazie|Hirono}}<br>{{small|(born 1947)}}<ref group="n" name="Hirono">First Asian-American woman elected to the Senate<br/>First Japanese-American woman elected to the Senate<br/>First Buddhist woman elected to the Senate</ref>		|{{sortname|Mazie|Hirono}}<br>{{small|(born 1947)}}<ref group="n" name="Hirono">First Asian-American woman elected to the Senate<br/>First Japanese-American woman elected to the Senate<br/>First Buddhist woman elected to the Senate</ref>
	|{{flagicon|Hawaii}} ]		|{{flagicon|Hawaii}} ]
	| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=mdy|2013|1|3}}		|rowspan=2 |{{dts|format=mdy|2013|1|3}}
	| rowspan="6" |present		|rowspan=6 |present
	|{{age in days nts|2013|1|3}}<br>({{ayd|2013|1|3}})		|{{age in days nts|2013|1|3}}<br>({{ayd|2013|1|3}})
	|]		|]
	| rowspan="6" |Incumbent		|rowspan=6 |Incumbent
	|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	|- style="background:#ccc;"		|- style="background:#ccc;"
Line 508:		Line 510:
	|{{sortname|Joni|Ernst}}<br>{{small|(born 1970)}}		|{{sortname|Joni|Ernst}}<br>{{small|(born 1970)}}
	|{{flagicon|Iowa}} ]		|{{flagicon|Iowa}} ]
	| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=mdy|2015|1|3}}		|rowspan=2 |{{dts|format=mdy|2015|1|3}}
	|{{age in days nts|2015|1|3}}<br>({{ayd|2015|1|3}})		|{{age in days nts|2015|1|3}}<br>({{ayd|2015|1|3}})
	|]		|]
Line 523:		Line 525:
	|{{sortname|Catherine|Cortez Masto|Catherine Cortez Masto}}<br>{{small|(born 1964)}}<ref group="n" name="Cortez Masto">First Hispanic and Latina American woman elected to the Senate</ref>		|{{sortname|Catherine|Cortez Masto|Catherine Cortez Masto}}<br>{{small|(born 1964)}}<ref group="n" name="Cortez Masto">First Hispanic and Latina American woman elected to the Senate</ref>
	|{{flagicon|Nevada}} ]		|{{flagicon|Nevada}} ]
	| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=mdy|2017|1|3}}		|rowspan=2 |{{dts|format=mdy|2017|1|3}}
	|{{age in days nts|2017|1|3}}<br>({{ayd|2017|1|3}})		|{{age in days nts|2017|1|3}}<br>({{ayd|2017|1|3}})
	|]		|]
Line 549:		Line 551:
	|{{flagicon|New Hampshire}} ]		|{{flagicon|New Hampshire}} ]
	|{{dts|format=mdy|2017|1|3}}		|{{dts|format=mdy|2017|1|3}}
	| rowspan="6" |present		|rowspan=6 |present
	|{{age in days nts|2017|1|3}}<br>({{ayd|2017|1|3}})		|{{age in days nts|2017|1|3}}<br>({{ayd|2017|1|3}})
	|]		|]
	| rowspan="6" |Incumbent		|rowspan=6 |Incumbent
	|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	|- style="background:#ccc;"		|- style="background:#ccc;"
Line 561:		Line 563:
	|{{age in days nts|2018|1|3}}<br>({{ayd|2018|1|3}})		|{{age in days nts|2018|1|3}}<br>({{ayd|2018|1|3}})
	|Appointment by ]		|Appointment by ]
	|{{party shading/DFL}} |{{party shortname linked|Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	|- style="background:#ccc;"		|- style="background:#ccc;"
	|]		|]
Line 572:		Line 574:
	|- style="background:#ccc;"		|- style="background:#ccc;"
	|]		|]
	|{{sortname|Marsha|Blackburn}}<br>{{small|(born 1952)}}<ref group="n" name="Blackburn">Blackburn was the oldest woman at the time of first election to the Senate (at {{age in years, months and days|1952|06|06|2018|11|06}}).</ref>		|{{sortname|Marsha|Blackburn}}<br>{{small|(born 1952)}}<ref group="n" name="Blackburn">Blackburn was the oldest woman at the time of first election to the Senate (at {{age in years, months and days|1952|6|6|2018|11|6}}).</ref>
	|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} ]		|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} ]
	| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=mdy|2019|1|3}}		|rowspan=3 |{{dts|format=mdy|2019|1|3}}
	|{{age in days nts|2019|1|3}}<br>({{ayd|2019|1|3}})		|{{age in days nts|2019|1|3}}<br>({{ayd|2019|1|3}})
	|]		|]
	|{{party shading/Republican}} |{{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Republican}} |{{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}
	|- style="background:#ccc;"		|- style="background:#ccc;"
	|rowspan=2|]		|rowspan=2 |]
	|rowspan=2|{{sortname|Kyrsten|Sinema}}<br>{{small|(born 1976)}}		|rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Kyrsten|Sinema}}<br>{{small|(born 1976)}}
	|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Arizona}} ]		|rowspan=2 |{{flagicon|Arizona}} ]
	|rowspan=2|{{age in days nts|2019|1|3}}<br>({{ayd|2019|1|3}})		|rowspan=2 |{{age in days nts|2019|1|3}}<br>({{ayd|2019|1|3}})
	|rowspan=2|]		|rowspan=2 |]
	|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br>{{small|(2019–2022)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}<br>{{small|(2019–2022)}}
	|-		|-
Line 622:		Line 624:
	|{{flagicon|Wyoming}} ]		|{{flagicon|Wyoming}} ]
	|{{dts|format=mdy|2021|1|3}}		|{{dts|format=mdy|2021|1|3}}
	| rowspan="2" |present		|rowspan=2 |present
	|{{age in days nts|2021|1|3}}<br>({{ayd|2021|1|3}})		|{{age in days nts|2021|1|3}}<br>({{ayd|2021|1|3}})
	|]		|]
	| rowspan="2" |Incumbent		|rowspan=2 |Incumbent
	|{{party shading/Republican}} |{{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Republican}} |{{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}
	|- style="background:#ccc;"		|- style="background:#ccc;"
Line 646:		Line 648:
	|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	|}		|}
	===Female senators-elect===		===Female senators-elect===
	{|class="wikitable sortable"		{|class="wikitable sortable"
Line 655:		Line 658:
	!Notes		!Notes
	!Party		!Party
	|-		|-
	|]		|]
	|{{sortname|Angela|Alsobrooks}}<br>{{small|(born 1971)}}		|{{sortname|Angela|Alsobrooks}}<br>{{small|(born 1971)}}
	|{{flagicon|Maryland}} ]		|{{flagicon|Maryland}} ]
	| rowspan="3" |{{dts|format=mdy|2025|1|3}}		|rowspan=3 |{{dts|format=mdy|2025|1|3}}
	| rowspan="3" |Elected on November 5, 2024		|rowspan=3 |Elected on November 5, 2024
	|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	|-		|-
Line 673:		Line 675:
	|{{flagicon|Michigan}} ]		|{{flagicon|Michigan}} ]
	|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	|-
	|}		|}
	</div>		</div>
Line 691:		Line 692:
	As of January 2023, four states (], ], ], and ]) are represented by two female U.S. senators. Eleven incumbent women in the Senate are former U.S. representatives: Senators Stabenow, Cantwell, Gillibrand, Baldwin, Hirono, Moore Capito, Duckworth, Sinema, Rosen, Blackburn, and Lummis.		As of January 2023, four states (], ], ], and ]) are represented by two female U.S. senators. Eleven incumbent women in the Senate are former U.S. representatives: Senators Stabenow, Cantwell, Gillibrand, Baldwin, Hirono, Moore Capito, Duckworth, Sinema, Rosen, Blackburn, and Lummis.
	{{sticky-header}}		{{sticky-header}}
	{| class="sortable wikitable sticky-header-multi"		{|class="sortable wikitable sticky-header-multi"
	|- valign=center		|- valign=center
	! ]		!]
	! State		!State
	! Name		!Name
	! Party		!Party
	! Prior experience		!Prior experience
	! First took<br />office		!First took<br>office
	! Born		!Born
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#fcfccf;"| 3		|style="background:#fcfccf;" |3
	| Alabama		|Alabama
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Republican}} | {{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Republican}} |{{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}
	| CEO of the Business Council of Alabama, chief of staff to predecessor ]		|CEO of the Business Council of Alabama, chief of staff to predecessor ]
	| 2023		|2023
	<small>(age 40)</small>		<small>(age 40)</small>
	| 1982		|1982
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#fcfccf;"| 3		|style="background:#fcfccf;" |3
	| Alaska		|Alaska
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Republican}} | {{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Republican}} |{{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}
	| ]		|]
	| 2002		|2002
	<small>(age 45)</small>		<small>(age 45)</small>
	| 1957		|1957
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#cfc;"| 1		|style="background:#cfc;" |1
	| Arizona		|Arizona
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Independent}} | {{party shortname linked|Independent politician}}<ref group="n" name="Sinema-Party-Switch"/>		|{{party shading/Independent}} |{{party shortname linked|Independent politician}}<ref group="n" name="Sinema-Party-Switch"/>
	| ], ], ]		|], ], ]
	| 2019		|2019
	<small>(age 42)</small>		<small>(age 42)</small>
	| 1976		|1976
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#cfc;"| 1		|style="background:#cfc;" |1
	| Hawaii		|Hawaii
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Democratic}} | {{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	| ], ], ], U.S. House of Representatives		|], ], ], U.S. House of Representatives
	| 2013		|2013
	<small>(age 65)</small>		<small>(age 65)</small>
	| 1947		|1947
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#fcfccf;"| 3		|style="background:#fcfccf;" |3
	| Illinois		|Illinois
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Democratic}} | {{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	| U.S. House of Representatives		|U.S. House of Representatives
	| 2017		|2017
	<small>(age 48)</small>		<small>(age 48)</small>
	| 1968		|1968
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#fcc;"| 2		|style="background:#fcc;" |2
	| Iowa		|Iowa
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Republican}} | {{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Republican}} |{{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}
	| ] Auditor, ]		|] Auditor, ]
	| 2015		|2015
	<small>(age 44)</small>		<small>(age 44)</small>
	| 1970		|1970
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#fcc;"| 2		|style="background:#fcc;" |2
	| Maine		|Maine
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Republican}} | {{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Republican}} |{{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}
	| Massachusetts Deputy Treasurer, ]		|Massachusetts Deputy Treasurer, ]
	| 1997		|1997
	<small>(age 44)</small>		<small>(age 44)</small>
	| 1952		|1952
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#cfc;"| 1		|style="background:#cfc;" |1
	| Massachusetts		|Massachusetts
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Democratic}} | {{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	| Special advisor to the president for the ]		|Special advisor to the president for the ]
	| 2013		|2013
	<small>(age 63)</small>		<small>(age 63)</small>
	| 1949		|1949
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#cfc;"| 1		|style="background:#cfc;" |1
	| Michigan		|Michigan
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Democratic}} | {{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	| ], ], U.S. House of Representatives		|], ], U.S. House of Representatives
	| 2001		|2001
	<small>(age 50)</small>		<small>(age 50)</small>
	| 1950		|1950
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#cfc;"| 1		|style="background:#cfc;" |1
	| rowspan="2" | Minnesota		|rowspan=2 |Minnesota
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Democratic}} | ]		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |]
	| ] Attorney		|] Attorney
	| 2007		|2007
	<small>(age 46)</small>		<small>(age 46)</small>
	| 1960		|1960
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#fcc;"| 2		|style="background:#fcc;" |2
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Democratic}} | ]		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |]
	| ]		|]
	| 2018		|2018
	<small>(age 60)</small>		<small>(age 60)</small>
	| 1958		|1958
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#fcc;"| 2		|style="background:#fcc;" |2
	| Mississippi		|Mississippi
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Republican}} | {{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Republican}} |{{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}
	| ], ]		|], ]
	| 2018		|2018
	<small>(age 58)</small>		<small>(age 58)</small>
	| 1959		|1959
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#cfc;"| 1		|style="background:#cfc;" |1
	| Nebraska		|Nebraska
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Republican}} | {{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Republican}} |{{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}
	| ]		|]
	| 2013		|2013
	<small>(age 61)</small>		<small>(age 61)</small>
	| 1951		|1951
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#fcfccf;"| 3		|style="background:#fcfccf;" |3
	| rowspan="2" | Nevada		|rowspan=2 |Nevada
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Democratic}} | {{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	| ]		|]
	| 2017		|2017
	<small>(age 52)</small>		<small>(age 52)</small>
	| 1964		|1964
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#cfc;"| 1		|style="background:#cfc;" |1
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Democratic}} | {{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	| U.S. House of Representatives		|U.S. House of Representatives
	| 2019		|2019
	<small>(age 61)</small>		<small>(age 61)</small>
	| 1957		|1957
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#fcc;"| 2		|style="background:#fcc;" |2
	| rowspan="2" | New Hampshire		|rowspan=2 |New Hampshire
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Democratic}} | {{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	| ], ]		|], ]
	| 2009		|2009
	<small>(age 61)</small>		<small>(age 61)</small>
	| 1947		|1947
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#fcfccf;"| 3		|style="background:#fcfccf;" |3
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Democratic}} | {{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	| New Hampshire Senate, Governor of New Hampshire		|New Hampshire Senate, Governor of New Hampshire
	| 2017		|2017
	<small>(age 58)</small>		<small>(age 58)</small>
	| 1958		|1958
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#cfc;"| 1		|style="background:#cfc;" |1
	| New York		|New York
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Democratic}} | {{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	| U.S. House of Representatives		|U.S. House of Representatives
	| 2009		|2009
	<small>(age 43)</small>		<small>(age 43)</small>
	| 1966		|1966
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#cfc;"| 1		|style="background:#cfc;" |1
	| Tennessee		|Tennessee
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Republican}} | {{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Republican}} |{{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}
	| ], U.S. House of Representatives		|], U.S. House of Representatives
	| 2019		|2019
	<small>(age 66)</small>		<small>(age 66)</small>
	| 1952		|1952
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#fcfccf;"| 3		|style="background:#fcfccf;" |3
	| rowspan="2" | Washington		|rowspan=2 |Washington
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Democratic}} | {{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	| ]		|]
	| 1993		|1993
	<small>(age 42)</small>		<small>(age 42)</small>
	| 1950		|1950
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#cfc;"| 1		|style="background:#cfc;" |1
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Democratic}} | {{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	| ], U.S. House of Representatives		|], U.S. House of Representatives
	| 2001		|2001
	<small>(age 42)</small>		<small>(age 42)</small>
	| 1958		|1958
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#fcc;"| 2		|style="background:#fcc;" |2
	| West Virginia		|West Virginia
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Republican}} | {{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Republican}} |{{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}
	| ], U.S. House of Representatives		|], U.S. House of Representatives
	| 2015		|2015
	<small>(age 62)</small>		<small>(age 62)</small>
	| 1953		|1953
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#cfc;"| 1		|style="background:#cfc;" |1
	| Wisconsin		|Wisconsin
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Democratic}} | {{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Democratic}} |{{party shortname linked|Democratic Party (United States)}}
	| ], U.S. House of Representatives		|], U.S. House of Representatives
	| 2013		|2013
	<small>(age 50)</small>		<small>(age 50)</small>
	| 1962		|1962
	|-		|-
	| style="background:#fcc;"| 2		|style="background:#fcc;" |2
	| Wyoming		|Wyoming
	| nowrap | ]		|nowrap |]
	| {{party shading/Republican}} | {{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}		|{{party shading/Republican}} |{{party shortname linked|Republican Party (United States)}}
	| ], ], Wyoming Treasurer, U.S. House of Representatives		|], ], Wyoming Treasurer, U.S. House of Representatives
	| 2021		|2021
	<small>(age 66)</small>		<small>(age 66)</small>
	| 1954		|1954
	|}		|}
Line 917:		Line 918:
	Thirty-three states have been represented by female senators. As of October 3, 2023, 21 states are represented by female senators.		Thirty-three states have been represented by female senators. As of October 3, 2023, 21 states are represented by female senators.
	{{sticky-header}}		{{sticky-header}}
	{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi" style="text-align:center"		{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi" style="text-align:center"
	|-		|-
	! State		!State
	! Current		!Current
	! Previous		!Previous
	! Total		!Total
	! First woman senator		!First woman senator
	! Years represented by female senators		!Years represented by female senators
	! Year first ''elected'' a female senator		!Year first ''elected'' a female senator
	|-		|-
	| ] || 1 || 2 || 3 || ] || 1937–1938, 1978, 2023–present || ]		|]
			|1
			|2
			|3
			|]
			|1937–1938, 1978, 2023–present
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 1 || 0 || 1 || ] || 2002–present || ]		|]
			|1
			|0
			|1
			|]
			|2002–present
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 1 || 1 || 2 || ] &<br> ] || 2019–present || ]		|]
			|1
			|1
			|2
			|] &<br>]
			|2019–present
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 2 || 2 || ] || 1931–1945, 1999–2011 || ]		|]
			|0
			|2
			|2
			|]
			|1931–1945, 1999–2011
			|]
	|-		|-
	<!-- shown as two streaks since California had a 4 day gap without a female senator -->		<!-- shown as two streaks since California had a 4 day gap without a female senator -->
	| ] || 0 || 4 || 4 || ] || 1992–2023, 2023–2024|| ] {{small|(special)}}		|]
			|0
			|4
			|4
			|]
			|1992–2023, 2023–2024
			|] {{small|(special)}}
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="3" |		|]
			|0
			|0
			|0
			|colspan=3 |
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="3" |		|]
			|0
			|0
			|0
			|colspan=3 |
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="3" |		|]
			|0
			|0
			|0
			|colspan=3 |
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 1 || 1 || ] || 1981–1987 || ]		|]
			|0
			|1
			|1
			|]
			|1981–1987
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 2 || 2 || ] || 1922, 2020–2021 || N / A; both women senators appointed		|]
			|0
			|2
			|2
			|]
			|1922, 2020–2021
			|N / A; both women senators appointed
	|-		|-
	| ] || 1 || 0 || 1 || ] || 2013–present || ]		|]
			|1
			|0
			|1
			|]
			|2013–present
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="3" |		|]
			|0
			|0
			|0
			|colspan=3 |
	|-		|-
	| ] || 1 || 1 || 2 || ] || 1993–1999, 2017–present || ]		|]
			|1
			|1
			|2
			|]
			|1993–1999, 2017–present
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="3" |		|]
			|0
			|0
			|0
			|colspan=3 |
	|-		|-
	| ] || 1 || 0 || 1 || ] || 2015–present || ]		|]
			|1
			|0
			|1
			|]
			|2015–present
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 2 || 2 || ] || 1978–1997 || ]		|]
			|0
			|2
			|2
			|]
			|1978–1997
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="3" |		|]
			|0
			|0
			|0
			|colspan=3 |
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 3 || 3 || ] || 1936–1937, 1972, 1997–2015 ||] {{small|(special)}}		|]
			|0
			|3
			|3
			|]
			|1936–1937, 1972, 1997–2015
			|] {{small|(special)}}
	|-		|-
	| ] || 1 || 2 || 3 || ] || 1949–1973, 1995–present || ]		|]
			|1
			|2
			|3
			|]
			|1949–1973, 1995–present
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 1 || 1 || ] || 1987–2017 || ]		|]
			|0
			|1
			|1
			|]
			|1987–2017
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 1 || 0 || 1 || ] || 2013–present || ]		|]
			|1
			|0
			|1
			|]
			|2013–present
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 1 || 0 || 1 || ] || 2001–present || ]		|]
			|1
			|0
			|1
			|]
			|2001–present
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 2 || 1 || 3 || ] || 1978, 2007–present || ]		|]
			|2
			|1
			|3
			|]
			|1978, 2007–present
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 1 || 0 || 1 || ] || 2018–present || ] {{small|(special)}}		|]
			|1
			|0
			|1
			|]
			|2018–present
			|] {{small|(special)}}
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 2 || 2 || ] || 2001–2002, 2007–2019 || ]		|]
			|0
			|2
			|2
			|]
			|2001–2002, 2007–2019
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="3" |		|]
			|0
			|0
			|0
			|colspan=3 |
	|-		|-
	| ] || 1 || 2 || 3 || ] || 1954, 2013–present || ] {{small|(special)}}		|]
			|1
			|2
			|3
			|]
			|1954, 2013–present
			|] {{small|(special)}}
	|-		|-
	| ] || 2 || 0 || 2 || ] || 2017–present || ]		|]
			|2
			|0
			|2
			|]
			|2017–present
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 2 || 1 || 3 || ] || 2009–present || ]		|]
			|2
			|1
			|3
			|]
			|2009–present
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="3" |		|]
			|0
			|0
			|0
			|colspan=3 |
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="3" |		|]
			|0
			|0
			|0
			|colspan=3 |
	|-		|-
	<!-- shown as two streaks since New York had a 5 day gap without a female senator -->		<!-- shown as two streaks since New York had a 5 day gap without a female senator -->
	| ] || 1 || 1 || 2 || ] || 2001–2009, 2009–present || ]		|]
			|1
			|1
			|2
			|]
			|2001–2009, 2009–present
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 2 || 2 || ] || 2003–2015 || ]		|]
			|0
			|2
			|2
			|]
			|2003–2015
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 2 || 2 || ] || 1992, 2013–2019 || ]		|]
			|0
			|2
			|2
			|]
			|1992, 2013–2019
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="3" |		|]
			|0
			|0
			|0
			|colspan=3 |
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="3" |		|]
			|0
			|0
			|0
			|colspan=3 |
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 1 || 1 || ] || 1960–1967 || ] {{small|(special)}}		|]
			|0
			|1
			|1
			|]
			|1960–1967
			|] {{small|(special)}}
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="3" |		|]
			|0
			|0
			|0
			|colspan=3 |
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="3" |		|]
			|0
			|0
			|0
			|colspan=3 |
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="3" |		|]
			|0
			|0
			|0
			|colspan=3 |
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 2 || 2 || ] || 1938–1939, 1948 || ] {{small|(special)}}		|]
			|0
			|2
			|2
			|]
			|1938–1939, 1948
			|] {{small|(special)}}
	|-		|-
	| ] || 1 || 0 || 1 || ] || 2019–present || ]		|]
			|1
			|0
			|1
			|]
			|2019–present
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 1 || 1 || ] || 1993–2013 || ] {{small|(special)}}		|]
			|0
			|1
			|1
			|]
			|1993–2013
			|] {{small|(special)}}
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="3" |		|]
			|0
			|0
			|0
			|colspan=3 |
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="3" |		|]
			|0
			|0
			|0
			|colspan=3 |
	|-		|-
	| ] || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="3" |		|]
			|0
			|0
			|0
			|colspan=3 |
	|-		|-
	| ] || 2 || 0 || 2 || ] || 1993–present || ]		|]
			|2
			|0
			|2
			|]
			|1993–present
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 1 || 0 || 1 || ] || 2015–present || ]		|]
			|1
			|0
			|1
			|]
			|2015–present
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 1 || 0 || 1 || ] || 2013–present || ]		|]
			|1
			|0
			|1
			|]
			|2013–present
			|]
	|-		|-
	| ] || 1 || 0 || 1 || ] || 2021–present || ]		|]
			|1
			|0
			|1
			|]
			|2021–present
			|]
	|-		|-
	!Total		!Total
Line 1,040:		Line 1,307:
	==Graphs==		==Graphs==
	===Histograph===		===Histograph===
	Note: In the graph below, entry dates refer to the date the senator was sworn in, not the date of the appointment, or election.		Note: In the graph below, entry dates refer to the date the senator was sworn in, not the date of the appointment, or election.
	{{sticky-header}}		{{sticky-header}}
	{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi"		{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi"
	|-		|-
	! Starting		!Starting
	! Total		!Total
	! Graph		!Graph
	! Event		!Event
	|-		|-
	| March 4, 1789 || 0 || &nbsp; || &nbsp;		|March 4, 1789
			|0
			|&nbsp;
			|&nbsp;
	|-		|-
	| November 21, 1922 || 1 || {{Composition histogram|black|1}}		|November 21, 1922
			|1
			|{{Composition histogram|black|1}}
	| {{increase}} ] appointed		|{{increase}} ] appointed
	|-		|-
	| November 23, 1922 || 0 || &nbsp;		|November 23, 1922
			|0
			|&nbsp;
	| {{decrease}} End of Rebecca Felton's appointment		|{{decrease}} End of Rebecca Felton's appointment
	|-		|-
	| December 9, 1931 || 1 || {{Composition histogram|black|1}}		|December 9, 1931
			|1
			|{{Composition histogram|black|1}}
	| {{increase}} ] appointed		|{{increase}} ] appointed
	|-		|-
	| January 31, 1936 || 2 || {{Composition histogram|black|2}}		|January 31, 1936
			|2
			|{{Composition histogram|black|2}}
	| {{increase}} ] appointed		|{{increase}} ] appointed
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 1937 || 1 || {{Composition histogram|black|1}}		|January 3, 1937
			|1
			|{{Composition histogram|black|1}}
	| {{decrease}} Rose Long retires		|{{decrease}} Rose Long retires
	|-		|-
	| August 20, 1937 || 2 || {{Composition histogram|black|2}}		|August 20, 1937
			|2
			|{{Composition histogram|black|2}}
	| {{increase}} ] appointed		|{{increase}} ] appointed
	|-		|-
	| January 10, 1938 || 1 || {{Composition histogram|black|1}}		|January 10, 1938
			|1
			|{{Composition histogram|black|1}}
	| {{decrease}} End of Dixie Graves's appointment		|{{decrease}} End of Dixie Graves's appointment
	|-		|-
	| November 9, 1938 || 2 || {{Composition histogram|black|2}}		|November 9, 1938
			|2
			|{{Composition histogram|black|2}}
	| {{increase}} ] begins service		|{{increase}} ] begins service
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 1939 || 1 || {{Composition histogram|black|1}}		|January 3, 1939
			|1
			|{{Composition histogram|black|1}}
	| {{decrease}} Gladys Pyle retires		|{{decrease}} Gladys Pyle retires
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 1945 || 0 || &nbsp;		|January 3, 1945
			|0
			|&nbsp;
	| {{decrease}} Hattie Caraway ends service		|{{decrease}} Hattie Caraway ends service
	|-		|-
	| October 6, 1948 || 1 || {{Composition histogram|black|1}}		|October 6, 1948
			|1
			|{{Composition histogram|black|1}}
	| {{increase}} ] appointed		|{{increase}} ] appointed
	|-		|-
	| December 27, 1948 || 0 || &nbsp;		|December 27, 1948
			|0
			|&nbsp;
	| {{decrease}} End of Vera C. Bushfield's appointment		|{{decrease}} End of Vera C. Bushfield's appointment
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 1949 || 1 || {{Composition histogram|black|1}}		|January 3, 1949
			|1
			|{{Composition histogram|black|1}}
	| {{increase}} ] begins service		|{{increase}} ] begins service
	|-		|-
	| April 16, 1954 || 2 || {{Composition histogram|black|2}}		|April 16, 1954
			|2
			|{{Composition histogram|black|2}}
	| {{increase}} ] appointed		|{{increase}} ] appointed
	|-		|-
	| November 7, 1954 || 1 || {{Composition histogram|black|1}}		|November 7, 1954
			|1
			|{{Composition histogram|black|1}}
	| {{decrease}} End of Eva Bowring's appointment		|{{decrease}} End of Eva Bowring's appointment
	|-		|-
	| November 8, 1954 || 2 || {{Composition histogram|black|2}}		|November 8, 1954
			|2
			|{{Composition histogram|black|2}}
	| {{increase}} ] begins service		|{{increase}} ] begins service
	|-		|-
	| December 31, 1954 || 1 || {{Composition histogram|black|1}}		|December 31, 1954
			|1
			|{{Composition histogram|black|1}}
	| {{decrease}} Hazel Abel retires		|{{decrease}} Hazel Abel retires
	|-		|-
	| November 9, 1960 || 2 || {{Composition histogram|black|2}}		|November 9, 1960
			|2
			|{{Composition histogram|black|2}}
	| {{increase}} ] begins service		|{{increase}} ] begins service
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 1967 || 1 || {{Composition histogram|black|1}}		|January 3, 1967
			|1
			|{{Composition histogram|black|1}}
	| {{decrease}} Maurine Neuberger retires		|{{decrease}} Maurine Neuberger retires
	|-		|-
	| August 1, 1972 || 2 || {{Composition histogram|black|2}}		|August 1, 1972
			|2
			|{{Composition histogram|black|2}}
	| {{increase}} ] appointed		|{{increase}} ] appointed
	|-		|-
	| November 13, 1972 || 1 || {{Composition histogram|black|1}}		|November 13, 1972
			|1
			|{{Composition histogram|black|1}}
	| {{decrease}} End of Elaine Edwards's appointment		|{{decrease}} End of Elaine Edwards's appointment
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 1973 || 0 || &nbsp;		|January 3, 1973
			|0
			|&nbsp;
	| {{decrease}} Margaret Chase Smith ends service		|{{decrease}} Margaret Chase Smith ends service
	|-		|-
	| January 25, 1978 || 1 || {{Composition histogram|black|1}}		|January 25, 1978
			|1
			|{{Composition histogram|black|1}}
	| {{increase}} ] appointed		|{{increase}} ] appointed
	|-		|-
	| June 8, 1978 || 2 || {{Composition histogram|black|2}}		|June 8, 1978
			|2
			|{{Composition histogram|black|2}}
	| {{increase}} ] appointed		|{{increase}} ] appointed
	|-		|-
	| November 7, 1978 || 0 || &nbsp;		|November 7, 1978
			|0
			|&nbsp;
	| {{decrease}}{{decrease}} End of Muriel Humphrey's and Maryon Allen's appointments		|{{decrease}}{{decrease}} End of Muriel Humphrey's and Maryon Allen's appointments
	|-		|-
	| December 23, 1978 || 1 || {{Composition histogram|black|1}}		|December 23, 1978
			|1
			|{{Composition histogram|black|1}}
	| {{increase}} ] begins service		|{{increase}} ] begins service
	|-		|-
	| January 1, 1981 || 2 || {{Composition histogram|black|2}}		|January 1, 1981
			|2
			|{{Composition histogram|black|2}}
	| {{increase}} ] begins service		|{{increase}} ] begins service
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 1987 || 2 || {{Composition histogram|black|2}}		|January 3, 1987
			|2
			|{{Composition histogram|black|2}}
	| {{increase}}{{decrease}} ] begins service; Paula Hawkins ends service		|{{increase}}{{decrease}} ] begins service; Paula Hawkins ends service
	|-		|-
	| September 16, 1992 || 3 || {{Composition histogram|black|3}}		|September 16, 1992
			|3
			|{{Composition histogram|black|3}}
	| {{increase}} ] appointed		|{{increase}} ] appointed
	|-		|-
	| November 4, 1992 || 4 || {{Composition histogram|black|4}}		|November 4, 1992
			|4
			|{{Composition histogram|black|4}}
	| {{increase}} ] begins service		|{{increase}} ] begins service
	|-		|-
	| December 14, 1992 || 3 || {{Composition histogram|black|3}}		|December 14, 1992
			|3
			|{{Composition histogram|black|3}}
	| {{decrease}} End of Jocelyn Burdick's appointment		|{{decrease}} End of Jocelyn Burdick's appointment
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 1993 || 6 || {{Composition histogram|black|6}}		|January 3, 1993
			|6
			|{{Composition histogram|black|6}}
	| {{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}} ], ], and ] begin service		|{{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}} ], ], and ] begin service
	|-		|-
	| June 14, 1993 || 7 || {{Composition histogram|black|7}}		|June 14, 1993
			|7
			|{{Composition histogram|black|7}}
	| {{increase}} ] begins service		|{{increase}} ] begins service
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 1995 || 8 || {{Composition histogram|black|8}}		|January 3, 1995
			|8
			|{{Composition histogram|black|8}}
	| {{increase}} ] begins service		|{{increase}} ] begins service
	|-		|-
	| June 11, 1996 || 9 || {{Composition histogram|black|9}}		|June 11, 1996
			|9
			|{{Composition histogram|black|9}}
	| {{increase}} ] appointed		|{{increase}} ] appointed
	|-		|-
	| November 6, 1996 || 8 || {{Composition histogram|black|8}}		|November 6, 1996
			|8
			|{{Composition histogram|black|8}}
	| {{decrease}} End of Sheila Frahm's appointment		|{{decrease}} End of Sheila Frahm's appointment
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 1997 || 9 || {{Composition histogram|black|9}}		|January 3, 1997
			|9
			|{{Composition histogram|black|9}}
	| {{increase}}{{increase}}{{decrease}} ] and ] begin service; Nancy Kassebaum retires		|{{increase}}{{increase}}{{decrease}} ] and ] begin service; Nancy Kassebaum retires
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 1999 || 9 || {{Composition histogram|black|9}}		|January 3, 1999
			|9
			|{{Composition histogram|black|9}}
	| {{increase}}{{decrease}} ] begins service; Carol Moseley-Braun ends service		|{{increase}}{{decrease}} ] begins service; Carol Moseley-Braun ends service
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 2001 || 13 || {{Composition histogram|black|13}}		|January 3, 2001
			|13
			|{{Composition histogram|black|13}}
	| {{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}} ], ], and ] begin service; ] appointed		|{{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}} ], ], and ] begin service; ] appointed
	|-		|-
	| November 23, 2002 || 12|| {{Composition histogram|black|12}}		|November 23, 2002
			|12
			|{{Composition histogram|black|12}}
	| {{decrease}} End of Jean Carnahan's appointment		|{{decrease}} End of Jean Carnahan's appointment
	|-		|-
	| December 20, 2002 || 13 || {{Composition histogram|black|13}}		|December 20, 2002
			|13
			|{{Composition histogram|black|13}}
	| {{increase}} ] appointed		|{{increase}} ] appointed
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 2003 || 14|| {{Composition histogram|black|14}}		|January 3, 2003
			|14
			|{{Composition histogram|black|14}}
	| {{increase}} ] begins service		|{{increase}} ] begins service
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 2007 || 16 || {{Composition histogram|black|16}}		|January 3, 2007
			|16
			|{{Composition histogram|black|16}}
	| {{increase}}{{increase}} ] and ] begin service		|{{increase}}{{increase}} ] and ] begin service
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 2009 || 17 || {{Composition histogram|black|17}}		|January 3, 2009
			|17
			|{{Composition histogram|black|17}}
	| {{increase}}{{increase}}{{decrease}} ] and ] begin service; Elizabeth Dole ends service		|{{increase}}{{increase}}{{decrease}} ] and ] begin service; Elizabeth Dole ends service
	|-		|-
	| January 21, 2009 || 16 || {{Composition histogram|black|16}}		|January 21, 2009
			|16
			|{{Composition histogram|black|16}}
	| {{decrease}} Hillary Clinton resigns to become Secretary of State		|{{decrease}} Hillary Clinton resigns to become Secretary of State
	|-		|-
	| January 26, 2009 || 17 || {{Composition histogram|black|17}}		|January 26, 2009
			|17
			|{{Composition histogram|black|17}}
	| {{increase}} ] appointed		|{{increase}} ] appointed
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 2011 || 17 || {{Composition histogram|black|17}}		|January 3, 2011
			|17
			|{{Composition histogram|black|17}}
	| {{increase}}{{decrease}} ] begins service; Blanche Lincoln ends service		|{{increase}}{{decrease}} ] begins service; Blanche Lincoln ends service
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 2013 || 20 || {{Composition histogram|black|20}}		|January 3, 2013
			|20
			|{{Composition histogram|black|20}}
	| {{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}}{{decrease}}{{decrease}} ], ], ], ], and ] begin service; Kay Hutchison and Olympia Snowe retire		|{{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}}{{decrease}}{{decrease}} ], ], ], ], and ] begin service; Kay Hutchison and Olympia Snowe retire
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 2015 || 20 || {{Composition histogram|black|20}}		|January 3, 2015
			|20
			|{{Composition histogram|black|20}}
	| {{increase}}{{increase}}{{decrease}}{{decrease}} ] and ] begin service; Kay Hagan and Mary Landrieu end service		|{{increase}}{{increase}}{{decrease}}{{decrease}} ] and ] begin service; Kay Hagan and Mary Landrieu end service
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 2017 || 21 || {{Composition histogram|black|21}}		|January 3, 2017
			|21
			|{{Composition histogram|black|21}}
	| {{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}}{{decrease}}{{decrease}}{{decrease}} ], ], ], and ] begin service; Barbara Boxer and Barbara Mikulski retire; Kelly Ayotte ends service		|{{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}}{{decrease}}{{decrease}}{{decrease}} ], ], ], and ] begin service; Barbara Boxer and Barbara Mikulski retire; Kelly Ayotte ends service
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 2018 || 22 || {{Composition histogram|black|22}}		|January 3, 2018
			|22
			|{{Composition histogram|black|22}}
	| {{increase}} ] appointed		|{{increase}} ] appointed
	|-		|-
	| April 9, 2018 || 23 || {{Composition histogram|black|23}}		|April 9, 2018
			|23
			|{{Composition histogram|black|23}}
	| {{increase}} ] appointed		|{{increase}} ] appointed
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 2019 || 25 || {{Composition histogram|black|25}}		|January 3, 2019
			|25
			|{{Composition histogram|black|25}}
	| {{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}}{{decrease}}{{decrease}} ], ], and ] begin service; ] appointed; Heidi Heitkamp and Claire McCaskill end service		|{{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}}{{decrease}}{{decrease}} ], ], and ] begin service; ] appointed; Heidi Heitkamp and Claire McCaskill end service
	|-		|-
	| January 6, 2020 || 26 || {{Composition histogram|black|26}}		|January 6, 2020
			|26
			|{{Composition histogram|black|26}}
	| {{increase}} ] appointed		|{{increase}} ] appointed
	|-		|-
	| December 2, 2020 || 25 || {{Composition histogram|black|25}}		|December 2, 2020
			|25
			|{{Composition histogram|black|25}}
	| {{decrease}} End of Martha McSally's appointment		|{{decrease}} End of Martha McSally's appointment
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 2021 || 26 || {{Composition histogram|black|26}}		|January 3, 2021
			|26
			|{{Composition histogram|black|26}}
	| {{increase}} ] begins service		|{{increase}} ] begins service
	|-		|-
	| January 18, 2021 || 25 || {{Composition histogram|black|25}}		|January 18, 2021
			|25
			|{{Composition histogram|black|25}}
	| {{decrease}} Kamala Harris resigns to become Vice President of the United States		|{{decrease}} Kamala Harris resigns to become Vice President of the United States
	|-		|-
	| January 20, 2021 || 24 || {{Composition histogram|black|24}}		|January 20, 2021
			|24
			|{{Composition histogram|black|24}}
	| {{decrease}} End of Kelly Loeffler's appointment		|{{decrease}} End of Kelly Loeffler's appointment
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 2023 || 25 || {{Composition histogram|black|25}}		|January 3, 2023
			|25
			|{{Composition histogram|black|25}}
	| {{increase}} ] begins service		|{{increase}} ] begins service
	|-		|-
	| September 29, 2023 || 24 || {{Composition histogram|black|24}}		|September 29, 2023
			|24
			|{{Composition histogram|black|24}}
	| {{decrease}} Death of Dianne Feinstein		|{{decrease}} Death of Dianne Feinstein
	|-		|-
	| October 3, 2023 || 25 || {{Composition histogram|black|25}}		|October 3, 2023
			|25
			|{{Composition histogram|black|25}}
	| {{increase}} ] appointed		|{{increase}} ] appointed
	|-		|-
	| December 8, 2024 || 24 || {{Composition histogram|black|24}}		|December 8, 2024
			|24
			|{{Composition histogram|black|24}}
	| {{decrease}} End of Laphonza Butler's appointment<!--		|{{decrease}} End of Laphonza Butler's appointment<!--
	|-		|-
	| January 3, 2025 || 25 || {{Composition histogram|black|25}}		|January 3, 2025
			|25
			|{{Composition histogram|black|25}}
	| {{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}}{{decrease}}{{decrease}} ], ], and ] begin service; Debbie Stabenow and Kyrsten Sinema end service		|{{increase}}{{increase}}{{increase}}{{decrease}}{{decrease}} ], ], and ] begin service; Debbie Stabenow and Kyrsten Sinema end service -->
	|- -->
	|}		|}
Line 1,251:		Line 1,645:
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Line 1,344:		Line 1,738:
	On January 3, 2019, Arizona's Kyrsten Sinema and Martha McSally became the first women from the same state to start serving in the Senate on the same date.		On January 3, 2019, Arizona's Kyrsten Sinema and Martha McSally became the first women from the same state to start serving in the Senate on the same date.
	{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"		{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
	|-		|-
	! State		!State
	! Start date		!Start date
	! End date		!End date
	! Duration		!Duration
	!colspan="2"|Senior senator		!colspan=2 |Senior senator
	!colspan="2"|Junior senator		!colspan=2 |Junior senator
	|-		|-
	|rowspan="2" | California		|rowspan=2 |California
	|rowspan="2" | {{dts|format=mdy|1993|1|3}}		|rowspan=2 |{{dts|format=mdy|1993|1|3}}
	|rowspan="2" | {{dts|format=mdy|2021|1|18}}		|rowspan=2 |{{dts|format=mdy|2021|1|18}}
	|align="center" rowspan="2" | {{age in days nts|1993|1|3|2021|1|18}} days<br>({{ayd|1993|1|3|2021|1|18}})		|align="center" rowspan=2 |{{age in days nts|1993|1|3|2021|1|18}} days<br>({{ayd|1993|1|3|2021|1|18}})
	|rowspan="2" {{party shading/Democratic}}|		|rowspan=2 {{party shading/Democratic}}|
	|rowspan="2" | ] (D)		|rowspan=2 |{{sortname|Dianne|Feinstein}} (D)
	|{{party shading/Democratic}}|		|{{party shading/Democratic}}|
	|] (D)<br><small>(January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2017),<br>{{age in days nts|1993|1|3|2017|1|3}} days ({{ayd|1993|1|3|2017|1|3}})</small>		|{{sortname|Barbara|Boxer}} (D)<br><small>(January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2017),<br>{{age in days nts|1993|1|3|2017|1|3}} days ({{ayd|1993|1|3|2017|1|3}})</small>
	|-		|-
	|{{party shading/Democratic}}|		|{{party shading/Democratic}}|
Line 1,368:		Line 1,762:
	|{{dts|format=mdy|1996|6|11}}		|{{dts|format=mdy|1996|6|11}}
	|{{dts|format=mdy|1996|11|6}}		|{{dts|format=mdy|1996|11|6}}
	|align="center"|{{nts|148}} days		|align="center" |{{nts|148}} days
	|{{party shading/Republican}}|		|{{party shading/Republican}}|
	|] (R)		|{{sortname|Nancy|Kassebaum}} (R)
	|{{party shading/Republican}}|		|{{party shading/Republican}}|
	|] (R)		|{{sortname|Sheila|Frahm}} (R)
	|-		|-
	|Maine		|Maine
	|{{dts|format=mdy|1997|1|3}}		|{{dts|format=mdy|1997|1|3}}
	|{{dts|format=mdy|2013|1|3}}		|{{dts|format=mdy|2013|1|3}}
	|align="center"|{{age in days nts|1997|1|3|2013|1|3}} days<br>({{ayd|1997|1|3|2013|1|3}})		|align="center" |{{age in days nts|1997|1|3|2013|1|3}} days<br>({{ayd|1997|1|3|2013|1|3}})
	|{{party shading/Republican}}|		|{{party shading/Republican}}|
	|] (R)		|{{sortname|Olympia|Snowe}} (R)
	|{{party shading/Republican}}|		|{{party shading/Republican}}|
	| ] (R)		|{{sortname|Susan|Collins}} (R)
	|-		|-
	|style="background:#ccc;"|Washington		|Washington
	|style="background:#ccc;"|{{dts|format=mdy|2001|1|3}}		|{{dts|format=mdy|2001|1|3}}
	|style="background:#ccc;" align="center"|Present		|align="center" |Present
	|style="background:#ccc;" align="center"|{{age in days nts|2001|1|3}} days<br>({{ayd|2001|1|3}})		|align="center" |{{age in days nts|2001|1|3}} days<br>({{ayd|2001|1|3}})
	|{{party shading/Democratic}}|		|{{party shading/Democratic}}|
	|style="background:#ccc;"|] (D)		|{{sortname|Patty|Murray}} (D)
	|{{party shading/Democratic}}|		|{{party shading/Democratic}}|
	|style="background:#ccc;"|] (D)		|{{sortname|Maria|Cantwell}} (D)
	|-		|-
	|rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|New Hampshire		|rowspan=2 style="background:#ccc;" |New Hampshire
	|rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|{{dts|format=mdy|2011|1|3}}		|rowspan=2 style="background:#ccc;" |{{dts|format=mdy|2011|1|3}}
	|rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#ccc;"|Present		|rowspan=2 align="center" style="background:#ccc;" |Present
	|rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#ccc;"|{{age in days nts|2011|1|3}} days<br>({{ayd|2011|1|3}})		|rowspan=2 align="center" style="background:#ccc;" |{{age in days nts|2011|1|3}} days<br>({{ayd|2011|1|3}})
	|rowspan="2" {{party shading/Democratic}}|		|rowspan=2 {{party shading/Democratic}}|
	|rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|] (D)		|rowspan=2 style="background:#ccc;" |{{sortname|Jeanne|Shaheen}} (D)
	|{{party shading/Republican}}|		|{{party shading/Republican}}|
	|] (R)<br><small>(January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2017),<br>{{age in days nts|2011|1|3|2017|1|3}} days ({{ayd|2011|1|3|2017|1|3}})</small>		|{{sortname|Kelly|Ayotte}} (R)<br><small>(January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2017),<br>{{age in days nts|2011|1|3|2017|1|3}} days ({{ayd|2011|1|3|2017|1|3}})</small>
	|-		|-
	|{{party shading/Democratic}}|		|{{party shading/Democratic}}|
	|style="background:#ccc;"|] (D)<br><small>(January 3, 2017–present),<br>{{age in days nts|2017|1|3}} days ({{ayd|2017|1|3}})</small>		|{{sortname|Maggie|Hassan}} (D)<br><small>(January 3, 2017–present),<br>{{age in days nts|2017|1|3}} days ({{ayd|2017|1|3}})</small>
	|-		|-
	|style="background:#ccc;"|Minnesota		|Minnesota
	|style="background:#ccc;"|{{dts|format=mdy|2018|1|3}}		|{{dts|format=mdy|2018|1|3}}
	|align="center" style="background:#ccc;"|Present		|align="center" style="background:#ccc;" |Present
	|align="center" style="background:#ccc;"|{{age in days nts|2018|1|3}} days<br>({{ayd|2018|1|3}})		|align="center" style="background:#ccc;" |{{age in days nts|2018|1|3}} days<br>({{ayd|2018|1|3}})
	|{{party shading/DFL}}|		|{{party shading/Democratic}}|
	|style="background:#ccc;"|] (DFL)		|{{sortname|Amy|Klobuchar}} (D)
	|{{party shading/DFL}}|		|{{party shading/Democratic}}|
	|style="background:#ccc;"|] (DFL)		|{{sortname|Tina|Smith}} (D)
	|-		|-
	|style="background:#ccc;"|Nevada		|Nevada
	|style="background:#ccc;"|{{dts|format=mdy|2019|1|3}}		|{{dts|format=mdy|2019|1|3}}
	|align="center" style="background:#ccc;"|Present		|align="center" style="background:#ccc;" |Present
	|align="center" style="background:#ccc;"|{{age in days nts|2019|1|3}} days<br>({{ayd|2019|1|3}})		|align="center" style="background:#ccc;" |{{age in days nts|2019|1|3}} days<br>({{ayd|2019|1|3}})
	|{{party shading/Democratic}}|		|{{party shading/Democratic}}|
	|style="background:#ccc;"|] (D)		|{{sortname|Catherine|Cortez Masto}} (D)
	|{{party shading/Democratic}}|		|{{party shading/Democratic}}|
	|style="background:#ccc;"|] (D)		|{{sortname|Jacky|Rosen}} (D)
	|-		|-
	|Arizona		|Arizona
Line 1,427:		Line 1,821:
	|align="center" |{{age in days nts|2019|1|3|2020|12|2}} days<br>({{ayd|2019|1|3|2020|12|2}})		|align="center" |{{age in days nts|2019|1|3|2020|12|2}} days<br>({{ayd|2019|1|3|2020|12|2}})
	|{{party shading/Democratic}}|		|{{party shading/Democratic}}|
	|] (D)		|{{sortname|Kyrsten|Sinema}} (D)
	|{{party shading/Republican}}|		|{{party shading/Republican}}|
	|] (R)		|{{sortname|Martha|McSally}} (R)
	|-
	|}		|}
	==Elections with two women major-party nominees==		==Elections with two women major-party nominees==
	Incumbent senators are in bold.		Incumbent senators are in bold.
	{| class="wikitable" border="" cellpadding="3"		{|class="wikitable" border="" cellpadding="3"
	! colspan="5" |Elections with two women major-party nominees		!colspan=5 |Elections with two women major-party nominees
	|-		|-
	! Election year		!Election year
	! State		!State
	! Winner		!Winner
	! Second-place finisher		!Second-place finisher
	! Other major female candidates		!Other major female candidates
	|-		|-
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |'''{{sortname|Margaret|Chase Smith}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Lucia|Cormier}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Barbara|Mikulski}}
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{sortname|Linda|Chavez}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''{{sortname|Patty|Murray}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{sortname|Linda|Smith|dab=American politician}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	| rowspan="2" |]		|rowspan=2 |]
	|]		|]
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''{{sortname|Mary|Landrieu}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{sortname|Suzanne|Haik Terrell}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	|] (2)		|] (2)
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |'''{{sortname|Susan|Collins}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Chellie|Pingree}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	| rowspan="2" |]		|rowspan=2 |]
	|] (3)		|] (3)
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |'''{{sortname|Olympia|Snowe}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Jean Hay Bright		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Jean|Hay Bright}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	|]		|]
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |'''{{sortname|Kay|Bailey Hutchison}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Barbara Ann|Radnofsky}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	|]		|]
	|]<ref group="n" name="Dole-Hagan" />		|]<ref group="n" name="Dole-Hagan" />
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Kay|Hagan}}
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |'''{{sortname|Elizabeth|Dole}}'''
	|		|
	|-		|-
	|]		|]
	|]		|]
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''{{sortname|Barbara|Boxer}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{sortname|Carly|Fiorina}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	| rowspan="3" |]		|rowspan=3 |]
	|] (2)		|] (2)
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''{{sortname|Dianne|Feinstein}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Elizabeth Emken		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{sortname|Elizabeth|Emken}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	|]		|]
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Mazie|Hirono}}
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{sortname|Linda|Lingle}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	|]		|]
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''{{sortname|Kirsten|Gillibrand}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{sortname|Wendy|Long}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	| rowspan="2" |]		|rowspan=2 |]
	|] (4)		|] (4)
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |'''{{sortname|Susan|Collins}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Shenna|Bellows}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	|]		|]
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{sortname|Shelley|Moore Capito}}
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Natalie|Tennant}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	| rowspan="2" |]		|rowspan=2 |]
	|] (3)		|] (3)
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Kamala|Harris}}
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Loretta|Sanchez}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	|]		|]
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Maggie|Hassan}}
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |'''{{sortname|Kelly|Ayotte}}'''
	|		|
	|-		|-
	| rowspan="6" |]		|rowspan=6 |]
	|]		|]
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Kyrsten|Sinema}}
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{sortname|Martha|McSally}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	|]		|]
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''{{sortname|Tina|Smith}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{sortname|Karin|Housley}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	|]		|]
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |'''{{sortname|Deb|Fischer}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Jane Raybould		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Jane|Raybould}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	|] (2)		|] (2)
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''{{sortname|Kirsten|Gillibrand}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Chele Farley		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{sortname|Chele|Farley}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	|] (2)		|] (2)
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''{{sortname|Maria|Cantwell}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{sortname|Susan|Hutchison}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	|]		|]
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''{{sortname|Tammy|Baldwin}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{sortname|Leah|Vukmir}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	| rowspan="4" |]		|rowspan=4 |]
	|]		|]
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |'''{{sortname|Joni|Ernst}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Theresa|Greenfield}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	|] (5)		|] (5)
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |'''{{sortname|Susan|Collins}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Sara|Gideon}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	|] (2)		|] (2)
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |'''{{sortname|Shelley|Moore Capito}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Paula Jean|Swearengin}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	|]		|]
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{sortname|Cynthia|Lummis}}
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Merav|Ben-David}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	| rowspan="3" |]		|rowspan=3 |]
	|]		|]
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |'''{{sortname|Lisa|Murkowski}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{sortname|Kelly|Tshibaka}}
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Pat Chesbro		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Pat|Chesbro}}
	|-		|-
	|]		|]
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''{{sortname|Tammy|Duckworth}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{sortname|Kathy|Salvi}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	|] (3)		|] (3)
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |'''{{sortname|Patty|Murray}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Tiffany Smiley		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |{{sortname|Tiffany|Smiley}}
	|		|
	|-		|-
	| rowspan="1" |]		|]
	|]		|]
	| {{Party shading/Republican}} | ''']'''		|{{Party shading/Republican}} |'''{{sortname|Marsha|Blackburn}}'''
	| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | ]		|{{Party shading/Democratic}} |{{sortname|Gloria|Johnson|dab=politician}}
	|		|
	|}		|}
	==Pregnancies==		==Pregnancies==
	On April 9, 2018, ], at age 50, gave birth to her daughter Maile Pearl, becoming the first sitting senator to give birth.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/09/600896586/tammy-duckworth-becomes-first-u-s-senator-to-give-birth-while-in-office| title=Tammy Duckworth Becomes First U.S. Senator To Give Birth While In Office|work=NPR|access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, the Senate's rules were changed to allow senators to bring with them to the Senate floor children under one year of age during votes, as well as explicitly allow ].<ref name="rules">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/18/politics/tammy-duckworth-senate-baby-rules/index.html| title=Babies now allowed on Senate floor after rule change |first=Sunlen| last=Serfaty| work=CNN|date=April 18, 2018}}</ref> The day after those rules were changed, Maile became the first baby on the Senate floor when Duckworth brought her.<ref name="rules"/><ref name="washingtonpost1">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/a-duckling-onesie-and-a-blazer-the-senate-floor-sees-its-first-baby-but-many-traditions-stand/2018/04/19/451ea160-43e0-11e8-ad8f-27a8c409298b_story.html |title=A duckling onesie and a blazer: The Senate floor sees its first baby, but many traditions stand |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=April 19, 2018 |access-date=April 20, 2018}}</ref>		On April 9, 2018, ], at age 50, gave birth to her daughter Maile Pearl, becoming the first sitting senator to give birth.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/09/600896586/tammy-duckworth-becomes-first-u-s-senator-to-give-birth-while-in-office |title=Tammy Duckworth Becomes First U.S. Senator To Give Birth While In Office |work=NPR |access-date=April 9, 2018}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, the Senate's rules were changed to allow senators to bring with them to the Senate floor children under one year of age during votes, as well as explicitly allow ].<ref name="rules">{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/18/politics/tammy-duckworth-senate-baby-rules/index.html |title=Babies now allowed on Senate floor after rule change |first=Sunlen |last=Serfaty |work=CNN |date=April 18, 2018}}</ref> The day after those rules were changed, Maile became the first baby on the Senate floor when Duckworth brought her.<ref name="rules"/><ref name="washingtonpost1">{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/a-duckling-onesie-and-a-blazer-the-senate-floor-sees-its-first-baby-but-many-traditions-stand/2018/04/19/451ea160-43e0-11e8-ad8f-27a8c409298b_story.html |title=A duckling onesie and a blazer: The Senate floor sees its first baby, but many traditions stand |work=The Washington Post |date=April 19, 2018 |access-date=April 20, 2018}}</ref>
	<!-- Commenting out table because there is no need for a table with only one entry. Table can be restored when a 2nd senator gives birth		<!-- Commenting out table because there is no need for a table with only one entry. Table can be restored when a 2nd senator gives birth
	{| class="wikitable" border="" cellpadding="3" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"		{|class="wikitable" border="" cellpadding="3" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
	! colspan="5" |senators who have been pregnant while in office		!colspan=5 |senators who have been pregnant while in office
	|-		|-
	! Senator		!Senator
	! State		!State
	! Date of delivery		!Date of delivery
	! Mother's age		!Mother's age
	! Notes		!Notes
	|-		|-
	|]		|]
	|Illinois		|Illinois
	|April 9, 2018		|April 9, 2018
	|align="center"|50		|align="center" |50
	|Previously Senator Duckworth had given birth while serving in the House of Representatives.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rep. Tammy Duckworth gives birth to daughter|date=November 20, 2014|publisher=Chicago Tribune|first=Katherine|last=Skiba|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-tammy-duckworth-baby-met-20141120-story.html}}</ref>		|Previously Senator Duckworth had given birth while serving in the House of Representatives.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rep. Tammy Duckworth gives birth to daughter |date=November 20, 2014 |publisher=Chicago Tribune |first=Katherine |last=Skiba |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-tammy-duckworth-baby-met-20141120-story.html}}</ref>
	|}		|} -->
	-->
	==See also==		==See also==
	* ]		*]
	* ]		*]
	* ]		*]
	* ]		*]
	*]		*]
	*]		*]
Line 1,644:		Line 2,038:
	==External links==		==External links==
	*		*
	* Center for American Women and Politics, ], ]		* Center for American Women and Politics, ], ]
	* {{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/22/us/politics/women-make-new-gains-in-the-senate.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jennifer | last=Steinhauer | date=March 21, 2013 | access-date=March 23, 2013 | title= Once Few, Women Hold More Power in Senate}}		*{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/22/us/politics/women-make-new-gains-in-the-senate.html |work=The New York Times |first=Jennifer |last=Steinhauer |date=March 21, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2013 |title=Once Few, Women Hold More Power in Senate}}
	* Maurer, Elizabeth. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423045213/https://www.nwhm.org/exhibits/legislating-history |date=April 23, 2018 }}. National Women's History Museum. 2017.		*Maurer, Elizabeth. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423045213/https://www.nwhm.org/exhibits/legislating-history |date=April 23, 2018}}. National Women's History Museum. 2017.
	{{USCongress}}		{{USCongress}}
	{{Women in U.S. Government}}		{{Women in U.S. Government}}
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	{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2012}}		{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2012}}
	]		]
	]		]
	]		]

---

Revision as of 19:28, 10 December 2024

This article is part of a series on the
United States Senate
History of the United States Senate
Members
Current members (by seniority by class) Former members Hill committees (DSCC NRSC) Women in the Senate President of the Senate (list) President pro tempore (list) Presiding officer Party leaders Party leadership of the United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference
Politics and procedure
Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session (list) Cloture Committees (list) Executive session Morning business Filibuster Journal Nuclear option Recess appointment Quorum Quorum call Salaries Saxbe fix Seal Holds Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules Traditions Unanimous consent Vice presidential tie-breaking votes
Places
United States Capitol Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings (Dirksen Hart Russell)
v t e

This article covers the history of women in the United States Senate and various milestones achieved by female senators. It includes a list of all women who have served in the Senate, a list of current female senators, and a list of states represented by women in the Senate. The first female U.S. senator, Rebecca Latimer Felton, represented Georgia for a single day in 1922, and the first woman elected to the Senate, Hattie Caraway, was elected from Arkansas in 1932. Since its establishment in 1789, 60 women have served in the upper house of the United States Congress. As of December 9, 2024, there are 24 women (14 Democrats, 9 Republicans, and 1 Independent) serving as U.S. senators out of 100 possible seats. Additionally, Kamala Harris as vice president serves as President of the Senate.

Nancy Kassebaum (born July 29, 1932) is currently the oldest living former female member of the Senate at the age of 92.

History

For its first 130 years in existence, the Senate's membership was entirely male. Until 1920, few women ran for the Senate. Until the 1990s, very few were elected. This paucity of women was due to many factors, including the lack of women's suffrage in many states until the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, women's limited access to higher education until the mid-1900s, public perceptions of gender roles, and barriers to women's advancement such as sex discrimination.

The first woman nominated for the Senate (by a party caucus before 1913 when the Seventeenth Amendment established popular elections for Senators) was in Wyoming, where women had had the vote since 1869. Mary Jane Bartlett was nominated in 1893 by the Wyoming Populists. She received six votes on a number of ballots in the legislature.

The first woman to serve in the U.S. Senate was Rebecca Latimer Felton; she represented Georgia for one day in 1922. Ten years later, Hattie Caraway became the first woman to win election to the Senate, representing Arkansas. In 1949, Margaret Chase Smith began her service in the Senate; she was the first woman to serve in both the House and Senate. Her 1960 reelection bid resulted in Chase Smith winning the nation's first-ever United States Senate election with two female major party nominees. In 1972, Elaine Edwards was appointed as the first Catholic woman in the Senate by her husband, the Governor of Louisiana, while she was Louisiana's First Lady; she retired after three months. In 1978, Muriel Humphrey became the first and only Second Lady to serve in the United States Senate, after Hubert Humphrey's unexpected death in office. Humphrey Brown was appointed by the Governor of Minnesota to fill her late husband's Senate seat; she served for less than one year and did not seek to be elected to her husband's seat.

In 1978, Nancy Kassebaum became the first woman ever elected to a full term in the Senate, representing Kansas, without her husband having previously served in Congress. Since the beginning of Kassebaum's service in December 1978, there has always been at least one woman in the Senate. The first woman to be elected to the Senate without any family connections was Florida Republican Paula Hawkins, elected in 1980. She was also the first and, to date, only female member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints elected to the United States Senate. In 1990, there were still few women in the Senate as compared to the number of women in the House. The trend of few women in the Senate began to change in the wake of the Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination hearings and the subsequent election of the 103rd United States Congress in 1992, which was dubbed the "Year of the Woman." Barbara Mikulski was reelected and four new Democratic women were elected to the Senate. They were Patty Murray of Washington, Carol Moseley Braun of Illinois, Dianne Feinstein of California, and Barbara Boxer of California. Carol Moseley Braun was the first woman of color to serve in the Senate and the first woman to defeat an incumbent senator after she won the 1992 Democratic primary election over Alan J. Dixon. Later in 1992, Feinstein was the first woman to defeat an incumbent senator from a different party when she defeated John Seymour in a special election. Feinstein entered the Senate the same year as the first female Jewish senator.

Bathroom facilities for women in the Senate on the Senate chamber level were first provided in 1992. Women were not allowed to wear pants on the Senate floor until 1993. In 1993, Senators Barbara Mikulski and Carol Moseley Braun wore pants onto the floor in defiance of the rule, and female support staff followed soon after, with the rule being amended later that year by Senate Sergeant-at-Arms Martha Pope to allow women to wear pants on the floor so long as they also wore a jacket.

The first time two female senators from the same state served concurrently was beginning in 1993; Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer (both D-CA) were both elected in 1992, with Feinstein taking office that same year (as the result of a special election) and Boxer taking office in 1993; Boxer served until 2016, when she retired, and Feinstein was joined by Kamala Harris. In June 1993, Kay Bailey Hutchison won a special election in Texas, and joined Kassebaum as a fellow female Republican senator. These additions significantly diminished the popular perception of the Senate as an exclusive "boys' club". Since 1992, there has been at least one new woman elected to the Senate every two years, with the exception of 2004 (Lisa Murkowski was elected for the first time in 2004, but had been appointed to the seat since 2002).

Olympia Snowe of Maine arrived in the Senate in 1995, having previously served in the US House of Representatives and both houses of the Maine state legislature. She and later Debbie Stabenow of Michigan, Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona, and Cynthia Lummis of Wyoming are the only women to have served in both houses of a state legislature and both houses of the federal legislature. In 2000, Stabenow and Maria Cantwell became the first women to defeat incumbent elected senators in a general election, unseating Senators Spencer Abraham and Slade Gorton respectively. Hillary Clinton is the first and only First Lady to run for or win a Senate seat. Clinton joined the Senate in 2001, becoming the first female senator from New York, and served until 2009, when she resigned to become the 67th United States Secretary of State, under President Barack Obama. She was replaced by Kirsten Gillibrand, who has been elected three times and was herself a candidate for president in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries.

In 2008, Kay Hagan became the first woman to unseat a female incumbent, Elizabeth Dole. Upon the opening of the 112th United States Congress in 2011, New Hampshire Democrat Jeanne Shaheen was joined by newly elected Republican Kelly Ayotte, making up the first Senate delegation of two women belonging to different parties.

In November 2022, Dianne Feinstein became the longest-serving female senator in history, surpassing Barbara Mikulski, having served for 30 years. Feinstein was retiring at the end of her last term, scheduled for January 3, 2025, but died in office on September 29, 2023, before her term ended. Subsequently, Patty Murray surpassed Feinstein as the longest serving woman senator, and continues to serve.

In 2012, a record five new female senators were elected. This beat the record of four new female senators from 1992 and set the record of five new women and eleven female senators in one Senate class. The five new women were Democrats Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin, Heidi Heitkamp of North Dakota, Mazie Hirono of Hawaii, Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts, and Republican Deb Fischer of Nebraska. Hirono was the first Asian-American woman and first Buddhist in the Senate, and Baldwin was the first openly gay person in the Senate.

In 2014, Joni Ernst was elected as the first female combat veteran to serve in the Senate. In 2016, Catherine Cortez Masto was elected as the first Latina senator, while Tammy Duckworth was elected as the first female double amputee in the Senate. In a June 2016 primary election, as a result of California's recent establishment of the top-two primary, Attorney General of California Kamala Harris and U.S. Representative Loretta Sanchez became the first women of the same party to advance to a Senate general election. In November 2016, Harris became the first woman to defeat a woman of the same party in a Senate general election.

In 2016, Hillary Clinton became the first former female senator to win a major party's nomination for President of the United States. Despite winning a plurality of the popular vote, she ultimately lost her bid to Donald Trump.

Starting in 2017, United States Senators Jeanne Shaheen and Maggie Hassan of New Hampshire, have held the distinction of being the first and second women elected as both the governor of a state and a United States senator from a state; both served as Governor of New Hampshire before their time in the Senate. Additionally, in 2024, former U.S. Senator Kelly Ayotte was elected Governor of New Hampshire, becoming the third woman and first Republican woman to hold this distinction.

In 2018, Kyrsten Sinema defeated Martha McSally, becoming Arizona's first female senator, as well as the first openly bisexual senator from any state. Two weeks later, Arizona Governor Doug Ducey announced that he would appoint McSally to Arizona's other Senate seat, which was becoming vacant with the resignation of Jon Kyl. Sinema and McSally have been the only concurrently serving female senators to have previously faced off against each other in a Senate election. McSally exited the Senate in late 2020 after losing that year's special election to Mark Kelly, a Democrat.

Also in 2018, Jacky Rosen made political history as the first female one-term outgoing U.S. representative ever elected to the Senate.

In 2023, Patty Murray became the first woman to serve as president pro tempore, a role traditionally given to the most senior member of the majority party in the United States Senate. Dianne Feinstein was the most senior Democratic senator, but declined to serve. This made Murray the third person in line to become president, after the vice president and the Speaker of the House.

Sixty women have served in the United States Senate since its establishment in 1789. Cumulatively, 36 female U.S. senators have been Democrats, while 23 have been Republicans and one is an independent. As of 2023, no female U.S. senator has ever won election to the House after her Senate term, resigned from a state governorship for the purpose of a Senate appointment by her successor, also won election as an independent or to represent more than one state in non-consecutive elections, served both seats of a state at different times, or represented a third party in her career. In December 2022, Senator Kyrsten Sinema became the first female senator to switch her party affiliation while in office. In September 2023, Senator Dianne Feinstein became the first female senator to die in office.

Some female U.S. senators have later run for U.S. president or vice president—see list of female United States presidential and vice presidential candidates. In 2020, Kamala Harris became the first female senator, current or past, to win her vice presidential election bid and become the first female President of the United States Senate.

Election, selection, and family

Women are much less likely than men to decide to run for election, despite generally having the same chances of winning elections as male counterparts. Research by Jennifer Lawless and Richard Fox shine light on a few possible reasons. Women report much less enthusiasm for the motions of campaigning (such as fundraising or attending rallies) than men. They are more likely than men to decide not to campaign based off of lack of resources. They are also much more likely than men to view themselves as lacking credentials, and time (even women with full-time jobs report spending more time on household chores than men). Finally, they are more likely than men to view races as competitive.

Before 2001, a plurality of women joined the U.S. Senate through appointment following the death or resignation of a husband or father who previously held the seat. An example is Muriel Humphrey (D-MN), the widow of former senator and Vice President Hubert Humphrey; she was appointed to fill his seat until a special election was held (in which she did not run). However, with the election of three women in 2000, the balance shifted; more women have now entered service as a senator by winning elections than by being appointed.

Recent examples of selection include Jean Carnahan and Lisa Murkowski. In 2000, Jean Carnahan (D-MO) was appointed to fill the Senate seat won by her recently deceased husband, Mel Carnahan. Carnahan—even though dead—defeated the incumbent senator, John Ashcroft. Carnahan's widow was named to fill his seat by Governor of Missouri Roger Wilson until a special election was held. However, she lost the subsequent 2002 special election to fill out the rest of the six-year term. In 2002, Lisa Murkowski (R-AK) was appointed by her father Governor of Alaska Frank Murkowski, who had resigned from the Senate to become governor, to serve the remaining two years of his term. Lisa Murkowski defeated former governor Tony Knowles in her election bid in 2004.

Two recent members of the Senate brought with them a combination of name recognition resulting from the political careers of their famous husbands and their own substantial experience in public affairs. The first, former senator Elizabeth Dole (R-NC), was married to former Senate Majority Leader and 1996 Republican presidential candidate Bob Dole (R-KS) and served as United States Secretary of Transportation under President Ronald Reagan and Secretary of Labor under President George H.W. Bush; she later ran a losing bid for the Republican presidential nomination in 2000. The other, former senator Hillary Clinton (D-NY), wife of former president Bill Clinton, was First Lady of the United States and First Lady of Arkansas before taking her seat in 2000. She too ran an unsuccessful campaign for her party's presidential nomination in 2008; she resigned in 2009 to become the secretary of state for the eventual victor of that election, Barack Obama. In 2016, she ran a successful campaign for her party's presidential nomination, eventually losing in the general election to Republican nominee Donald Trump.

Another famous name is Nancy Kassebaum (R-KS), the daughter of former Kansas governor and one-time presidential candidate Alf Landon. After retiring from the Senate, she married former senator Howard Baker (R-TN). Kassebaum has the distinction of being the first female elected senator who did not succeed her husband in Congress (Margaret Chase Smith was only elected to the Senate after succeeding her husband to his House seat).

Among the women elected or appointed in Senate history, by stature, Barbara Boxer (D-CA) and Barbara Mikulski (D-MD) are the shortest, at 4 feet 11 inches (1.50 m), whereas Kelly Loeffler (R-GA) is the tallest, at 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m).

List of female U.S. senators

Portrait	Name (lifespan)	State	Term			Entered by	Left for	Party
			Term start	Term end	Length of service (days)
	Rebecca Felton (1835–1930)	Georgia	November 21, 1922	November 21, 1922	1 (0 days)	Appointment by Thomas W. Hardwick	Appointment ended	Democratic
	Hattie Caraway (1878–1950)	Arkansas	November 13, 1931	January 3, 1945	4,800 (13 years, 51 days)	Appointment by Harvey Parnell	Lost renomination	Democratic
	Rose Long (1892–1970)	Louisiana	January 31, 1936	January 3, 1937	338 (338 days)	Appointment by James Noe	Retired	Democratic
	Dixie Graves (1882–1965)	Alabama	August 20, 1937	January 10, 1938	143 (143 days)	Appointment by Bibb Graves	Appointment ended	Democratic
	Gladys Pyle (1890–1989)	South Dakota	November 9, 1938	January 3, 1939	55 (55 days)	Special election	Retired	Republican
	Vera C. Bushfield (1889–1976)		October 6, 1948	December 26, 1948	81 (81 days)	Appointment by George Mickelson	Appointment ended	Republican
	Margaret Chase Smith (1897–1995)	Maine	January 3, 1949	January 3, 1973	8,766 (24 years, 0 days)	Election	Lost reelection	Republican
	Eva Bowring (1892–1985)	Nebraska	April 16, 1954	November 7, 1954	205 (205 days)	Appointment by Robert B. Crosby	Appointment ended	Republican
	Hazel Abel (1888–1966)		November 8, 1954	December 31, 1954	53 (53 days)	Special election	Retired and resigned early	Republican
	Maurine Neuberger (1907–2000)	Oregon	November 9, 1960	January 3, 1967	2,246 (6 years, 55 days)	Special election	Retired	Democratic
	Elaine Edwards (1929–2018)	Louisiana	August 1, 1972	November 13, 1972	104 (104 days)	Appointment by Edwin Edwards	Appointment ended	Democratic
	Muriel Humphrey (1912–1998)	Minnesota	January 25, 1978	November 7, 1978	286 (286 days)	Appointment by Rudy Perpich		Democratic
	Maryon Allen (1925–2018)	Alabama	June 8, 1978		152 (152 days)	Appointment by George Wallace	Lost nomination to finish term	Democratic
	Nancy Kassebaum (born 1932)	Kansas	December 23, 1978	January 3, 1997	6,586 (18 years, 11 days)	Election	Retired	Republican
	Paula Hawkins (1927–2009)	Florida	January 1, 1981	January 3, 1987	2,193 (6 years, 2 days)	Election	Lost reelection	Republican
	Barbara Mikulski (born 1936)	Maryland	January 3, 1987	January 3, 2017	10,959 (30 years, 0 days)	Election	Retired	Democratic
	Jocelyn Burdick (1922–2019)	North Dakota	September 12, 1992	December 14, 1992	93 (93 days)	Appointment by George Sinner	Appointment ended	Democratic–NPL
	Dianne Feinstein (1933–2023)	California	November 4, 1992	September 29, 2023	11,286 (30 years, 329 days)	Special election	Died in office	Democratic
	Barbara Boxer (born 1940)		January 3, 1993	January 3, 2017	8,767 (24 years, 0 days)	Election	Retired	Democratic
	Carol Moseley-Braun (born 1947)	Illinois	January 3, 1993	January 3, 1999	2,191 (6 years, 0 days)	Election	Lost reelection	Democratic
	Patty Murray (born 1950)	Washington	January 3, 1993	present	11,695 (32 years, 7 days)	Election	Incumbent	Democratic
	Kay Hutchison (born 1943)	Texas	June 14, 1993	January 3, 2013	7,143 (19 years, 203 days)	Special election	Retired	Republican
	Olympia Snowe (born 1947)	Maine	January 3, 1995		6,576 (18 years, 0 days)	Election		Republican
	Sheila Frahm (born 1945)	Kansas	June 11, 1996	November 6, 1996	148 (148 days)	Appointment by Bill Graves	Lost nomination to finish term	Republican
	Susan Collins (born 1952)	Maine	January 3, 1997	present	10,234 (28 years, 7 days)	Election	Incumbent	Republican
	Mary Landrieu (born 1955)	Louisiana	January 3, 1997	January 3, 2015	6,575 (18 years, 0 days)	Election	Lost reelection	Democratic
	Blanche Lincoln (born 1960)	Arkansas	January 3, 1999	January 3, 2011	4,383 (12 years, 0 days)	Election	Lost reelection	Democratic
	Maria Cantwell (born 1958)	Washington	January 3, 2001	present	8,773 (24 years, 7 days)	Election	Incumbent	Democratic
	Jean Carnahan (1933-2024)	Missouri	January 3, 2001	November 23, 2002	689 (1 year, 324 days)	Appointment by Roger B. Wilson	Lost election to finish term	Democratic
	Hillary Clinton (born 1947)	New York		January 21, 2009	2,940 (8 years, 18 days)	Election	Resigned to become United States Secretary of State	Democratic
	Debbie Stabenow (born 1950)	Michigan	January 3, 2001	present	8,773 (24 years, 7 days)	Election	Incumbent	Democratic
	Lisa Murkowski (born 1957)	Alaska	December 20, 2002		8,057 (22 years, 21 days)	Appointment by Frank Murkowski		Republican
	Elizabeth Dole (born 1936)	North Carolina	January 3, 2003	January 3, 2009	2,192 (6 years, 0 days)	Election	Lost reelection	Republican
	Amy Klobuchar (born 1960)	Minnesota	January 3, 2007	present	6,582 (18 years, 7 days)	Election	Incumbent	Democratic
	Claire McCaskill (born 1953)	Missouri	January 3, 2007	January 3, 2019	4,383 (12 years, 0 days)	Election	Lost reelection	Democratic
	Jeanne Shaheen (born 1947)	New Hampshire	January 3, 2009	present	5,851 (16 years, 7 days)	Election	Incumbent	Democratic
	Kay Hagan (1953–2019)	North Carolina	January 3, 2009	January 3, 2015	2,191 (6 years, 0 days)	Election	Lost reelection	Democratic
	Kirsten Gillibrand (born 1966)	New York	January 26, 2009	present	5,828 (15 years, 350 days)	Appointment by David Paterson	Incumbent	Democratic
	Kelly Ayotte (born 1968)	New Hampshire	January 3, 2011	January 3, 2017	2,192 (6 years, 0 days)	Election	Lost reelection	Republican
	Tammy Baldwin (born 1962)	Wisconsin	January 3, 2013	present	4,390 (12 years, 7 days)	Election	Incumbent	Democratic
	Deb Fischer (born 1951)	Nebraska			4,390 (12 years, 7 days)	Election		Republican
	Heidi Heitkamp (born 1955)	North Dakota	January 3, 2013	January 3, 2019	2,191 (6 years, 0 days)	Election	Lost reelection	Democratic–NPL
	Mazie Hirono (born 1947)	Hawaii	January 3, 2013	present	4,390 (12 years, 7 days)	Election	Incumbent	Democratic
	Elizabeth Warren (born 1949)	Massachusetts			4,390 (12 years, 7 days)	Election		Democratic
	Joni Ernst (born 1970)	Iowa	January 3, 2015		3,660 (10 years, 7 days)	Election		Republican
	Shelley Moore Capito (born 1953)	West Virginia			3,660 (10 years, 7 days)	Election		Republican
	Catherine Cortez Masto (born 1964)	Nevada	January 3, 2017		2,929 (8 years, 7 days)	Election		Democratic
	Tammy Duckworth (born 1968)	Illinois			2,929 (8 years, 7 days)	Election		Democratic
	Kamala Harris (born 1964)	California	January 3, 2017	January 18, 2021	1,476 (4 years, 15 days)	Election	Resigned to become Vice President of the United States	Democratic
	Maggie Hassan (born 1958)	New Hampshire	January 3, 2017	present	2,929 (8 years, 7 days)	Election	Incumbent	Democratic
	Tina Smith (born 1958)	Minnesota	January 3, 2018		2,564 (7 years, 7 days)	Appointment by Mark Dayton		Democratic
	Cindy Hyde-Smith (born 1959)	Mississippi	April 2, 2018		2,475 (6 years, 283 days)	Appointment by Phil Bryant		Republican
	Marsha Blackburn (born 1952)	Tennessee	January 3, 2019		2,199 (6 years, 7 days)	Election		Republican
	Kyrsten Sinema (born 1976)	Arizona			2,199 (6 years, 7 days)	Election		Democratic (2019–2022)
								Independent (since 2022)
	Martha McSally (born 1966)	Arizona	January 3, 2019	December 2, 2020	699 (1 year, 334 days)	Appointment by Doug Ducey	Lost election to finish term	Republican
	Jacky Rosen (born 1957)	Nevada	January 3, 2019	present	2,199 (6 years, 7 days)	Election	Incumbent	Democratic
	Kelly Loeffler (born 1970)	Georgia	January 6, 2020	January 20, 2021	380 (1 year, 14 days)	Appointment by Brian Kemp	Lost election to finish term	Republican
	Cynthia Lummis (born 1954)	Wyoming	January 3, 2021	present	1,468 (4 years, 7 days)	Election	Incumbent	Republican
	Katie Britt (born 1982)	Alabama	January 3, 2023		738 (2 years, 7 days)	Election		Republican
	Laphonza Butler (born 1979)	California	October 1, 2023	December 8, 2024	434 (1 year, 68 days)	Appointment by Gavin Newsom	Appointment ended	Democratic

Female senators-elect

Image	Name (lifespan)	State	Term expected to commence	Notes	Party
	Angela Alsobrooks (born 1971)	Maryland	January 3, 2025	Elected on November 5, 2024	Democratic
	Lisa Blunt Rochester (born 1962)	Delaware			Democratic
	Elissa Slotkin (born 1976)	Michigan			Democratic

Currently serving female U.S. senators

There are 24 women currently serving in the United States Senate. This is the second-highest number of women to have served concurrently in the Senate in U.S. history. Fifteen are Democrats, nine are Republicans, and one is an independent.

In January 2019, four new female senators (Blackburn, McSally, Rosen, and Sinema) were seated, but two others (Heitkamp and McCaskill) lost reelection bids, so the number of female senators reached 25, with 17 being Democrats and 8 being Republicans. In January 2020, Kelly Loeffler was appointed to the Senate from Georgia, increasing the number of women in the Senate to 26, the highest proportion of women serving as U.S. senators in history.

Martha McSally lost an election to finish John McCain's unexpired term on November 3, 2020, and left the Congress on December 2, which reduced the number of female senators to 25. On January 3, 2021, Cynthia Lummis, the first female senator from Wyoming, began her term, so the number of female senators reached 26 once again. Meanwhile, Kamala Harris was elected Vice President of the United States; she resigned her Senate seat on January 18 in anticipation of the scheduled commencement of her term as vice president (and thus president of the Senate) on January 20, which reduced the number of female senators to 25. In addition, Loeffler lost the January 5 special election runoff for the remainder of the term to which she had been appointed, and she left office also on January 20, which further reduced the number of women serving in the Senate to 24. On December 9, 2022, Sinema defected from the Democratic Party to become a registered independent, leaving 15 of her fellow female senators from her former party, and, on January 3, 2023, Katie Britt, the first female Republican senator from Alabama and also the first woman ever elected to the Senate from her state, began her term as well, increasing the number to 25 again. The death of Dianne Feinstein on September 29, 2023, brought the number back down to 24. The seating of Feinstein's replacement, appointed senator Laphonza Butler, on October 3 returned the figure to 25.

As of January 2023, four states (Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, and Washington) are represented by two female U.S. senators. Eleven incumbent women in the Senate are former U.S. representatives: Senators Stabenow, Cantwell, Gillibrand, Baldwin, Hirono, Moore Capito, Duckworth, Sinema, Rosen, Blackburn, and Lummis.

Class	State	Name	Party	Prior experience	First took office	Born
3	Alabama	Katie Britt	Republican	CEO of the Business Council of Alabama, chief of staff to predecessor Richard Shelby	2023 (age 40)	1982
3	Alaska	Lisa Murkowski	Republican	Alaska House of Representatives	2002 (age 45)	1957
1	Arizona	Kyrsten Sinema	Independent	Arizona House of Representatives, Arizona Senate, U.S. House of Representatives	2019 (age 42)	1976
1	Hawaii	Mazie Hirono	Democratic	Hawaii House of Representatives, Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii, gubernatorial nominee, U.S. House of Representatives	2013 (age 65)	1947
3	Illinois	Tammy Duckworth	Democratic	U.S. House of Representatives	2017 (age 48)	1968
2	Iowa	Joni Ernst	Republican	Montgomery County Auditor, Iowa Senate	2015 (age 44)	1970
2	Maine	Susan Collins	Republican	Massachusetts Deputy Treasurer, gubernatorial nominee	1997 (age 44)	1952
1	Massachusetts	Elizabeth Warren	Democratic	Special advisor to the president for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau	2013 (age 63)	1949
1	Michigan	Debbie Stabenow	Democratic	Michigan House of Representatives, Michigan Senate, U.S. House of Representatives	2001 (age 50)	1950
1	Minnesota	Amy Klobuchar	Democratic-Farmer-Labor	Hennepin County Attorney	2007 (age 46)	1960
2		Tina Smith	Democratic-Farmer-Labor	Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota	2018 (age 60)	1958
2	Mississippi	Cindy Hyde-Smith	Republican	Mississippi Senate, Mississippi Commissioner of Agriculture and Commerce	2018 (age 58)	1959
1	Nebraska	Deb Fischer	Republican	Nebraska Legislature	2013 (age 61)	1951
3	Nevada	Catherine Cortez Masto	Democratic	Nevada Attorney General	2017 (age 52)	1964
1		Jacky Rosen	Democratic	U.S. House of Representatives	2019 (age 61)	1957
2	New Hampshire	Jeanne Shaheen	Democratic	New Hampshire Senate, Governor of New Hampshire	2009 (age 61)	1947
3		Maggie Hassan	Democratic	New Hampshire Senate, Governor of New Hampshire	2017 (age 58)	1958
1	New York	Kirsten Gillibrand	Democratic	U.S. House of Representatives	2009 (age 43)	1966
1	Tennessee	Marsha Blackburn	Republican	Tennessee Senate, U.S. House of Representatives	2019 (age 66)	1952
3	Washington	Patty Murray	Democratic	Washington Senate	1993 (age 42)	1950
1		Maria Cantwell	Democratic	Washington House of Representatives, U.S. House of Representatives	2001 (age 42)	1958
2	West Virginia	Shelley Moore Capito	Republican	West Virginia House of Delegates, U.S. House of Representatives	2015 (age 62)	1953
1	Wisconsin	Tammy Baldwin	Democratic	Wisconsin State Assembly, U.S. House of Representatives	2013 (age 50)	1962
2	Wyoming	Cynthia Lummis	Republican	Wyoming House of Representatives, Wyoming Senate, Wyoming Treasurer, U.S. House of Representatives	2021 (age 66)	1954

List of states represented by women

Thirty-three states have been represented by female senators. As of October 3, 2023, 21 states are represented by female senators.

State	Current	Previous	Total	First woman senator	Years represented by female senators	Year first elected a female senator
Alabama	1	2	3	Dixie Graves	1937–1938, 1978, 2023–present	2022
Alaska	1	0	1	Lisa Murkowski	2002–present	2004
Arizona	1	1	2	Kyrsten Sinema & Martha McSally	2019–present	2018
Arkansas	0	2	2	Hattie Caraway	1931–1945, 1999–2011	1932
California	0	4	4	Dianne Feinstein	1992–2023, 2023–2024	1992 (special)
Colorado	0	0	0
Connecticut	0	0	0
Delaware	0	0	0
Florida	0	1	1	Paula Hawkins	1981–1987	1980
Georgia	0	2	2	Rebecca Felton	1922, 2020–2021	N / A; both women senators appointed
Hawaii	1	0	1	Mazie Hirono	2013–present	2012
Idaho	0	0	0
Illinois	1	1	2	Carol Moseley-Braun	1993–1999, 2017–present	1992
Indiana	0	0	0
Iowa	1	0	1	Joni Ernst	2015–present	2014
Kansas	0	2	2	Nancy Kassebaum	1978–1997	1978
Kentucky	0	0	0
Louisiana	0	3	3	Rose Long	1936–1937, 1972, 1997–2015	1936 (special)
Maine	1	2	3	Margaret Chase Smith	1949–1973, 1995–present	1948
Maryland	0	1	1	Barbara Mikulski	1987–2017	1986
Massachusetts	1	0	1	Elizabeth Warren	2013–present	2012
Michigan	1	0	1	Debbie Stabenow	2001–present	2000
Minnesota	2	1	3	Muriel Humphrey	1978, 2007–present	2006
Mississippi	1	0	1	Cindy Hyde-Smith	2018–present	2018 (special)
Missouri	0	2	2	Jean Carnahan	2001–2002, 2007–2019	2006
Montana	0	0	0
Nebraska	1	2	3	Eva Bowring	1954, 2013–present	1954 (special)
Nevada	2	0	2	Catherine Cortez Masto	2017–present	2016
New Hampshire	2	1	3	Jeanne Shaheen	2009–present	2008
New Jersey	0	0	0
New Mexico	0	0	0
New York	1	1	2	Hillary Clinton	2001–2009, 2009–present	2000
North Carolina	0	2	2	Elizabeth Dole	2003–2015	2002
North Dakota	0	2	2	Jocelyn Burdick	1992, 2013–2019	2012
Ohio	0	0	0
Oklahoma	0	0	0
Oregon	0	1	1	Maurine Neuberger	1960–1967	1960 (special)
Pennsylvania	0	0	0
Rhode Island	0	0	0
South Carolina	0	0	0
South Dakota	0	2	2	Gladys Pyle	1938–1939, 1948	1938 (special)
Tennessee	1	0	1	Marsha Blackburn	2019–present	2018
Texas	0	1	1	Kay Hutchison	1993–2013	1993 (special)
Utah	0	0	0
Vermont	0	0	0
Virginia	0	0	0
Washington	2	0	2	Patty Murray	1993–present	1992
West Virginia	1	0	1	Shelley Moore Capito	2015–present	2014
Wisconsin	1	0	1	Tammy Baldwin	2013–present	2012
Wyoming	1	0	1	Cynthia Lummis	2021–present	2020
Total	24	36	60	Rebecca Felton	1922, 1931–1945, 1948–1973, 1978–present	1932

Graphs

Histograph

Note: In the graph below, entry dates refer to the date the senator was sworn in, not the date of the appointment, or election.

Starting	Total	Graph	Event
March 4, 1789	0
November 21, 1922	1		Rebecca Felton appointed
November 23, 1922	0		End of Rebecca Felton's appointment
December 9, 1931	1		Hattie Caraway appointed
January 31, 1936	2		Rose Long appointed
January 3, 1937	1		Rose Long retires
August 20, 1937	2		Dixie Graves appointed
January 10, 1938	1		End of Dixie Graves's appointment
November 9, 1938	2		Gladys Pyle begins service
January 3, 1939	1		Gladys Pyle retires
January 3, 1945	0		Hattie Caraway ends service
October 6, 1948	1		Vera C. Bushfield appointed
December 27, 1948	0		End of Vera C. Bushfield's appointment
January 3, 1949	1		Margaret Chase Smith begins service
April 16, 1954	2		Eva Bowring appointed
November 7, 1954	1		End of Eva Bowring's appointment
November 8, 1954	2		Hazel Abel begins service
December 31, 1954	1		Hazel Abel retires
November 9, 1960	2		Maurine Neuberger begins service
January 3, 1967	1		Maurine Neuberger retires
August 1, 1972	2		Elaine Edwards appointed
November 13, 1972	1		End of Elaine Edwards's appointment
January 3, 1973	0		Margaret Chase Smith ends service
January 25, 1978	1		Muriel Humphrey appointed
June 8, 1978	2		Maryon Allen appointed
November 7, 1978	0		End of Muriel Humphrey's and Maryon Allen's appointments
December 23, 1978	1		Nancy Kassebaum begins service
January 1, 1981	2		Paula Hawkins begins service
January 3, 1987	2		Barbara Mikulski begins service; Paula Hawkins ends service
September 16, 1992	3		Jocelyn Burdick appointed
November 4, 1992	4		Dianne Feinstein begins service
December 14, 1992	3		End of Jocelyn Burdick's appointment
January 3, 1993	6		Barbara Boxer, Carol Moseley Braun, and Patty Murray begin service
June 14, 1993	7		Kay Hutchison begins service
January 3, 1995	8		Olympia Snowe begins service
June 11, 1996	9		Sheila Frahm appointed
November 6, 1996	8		End of Sheila Frahm's appointment
January 3, 1997	9		Susan Collins and Mary Landrieu begin service; Nancy Kassebaum retires
January 3, 1999	9		Blanche Lincoln begins service; Carol Moseley-Braun ends service
January 3, 2001	13		Maria Cantwell, Hillary Clinton, and Debbie Stabenow begin service; Jean Carnahan appointed
November 23, 2002	12		End of Jean Carnahan's appointment
December 20, 2002	13		Lisa Murkowski appointed
January 3, 2003	14		Elizabeth Dole begins service
January 3, 2007	16		Amy Klobuchar and Claire McCaskill begin service
January 3, 2009	17		Jeanne Shaheen and Kay Hagan begin service; Elizabeth Dole ends service
January 21, 2009	16		Hillary Clinton resigns to become Secretary of State
January 26, 2009	17		Kirsten Gillibrand appointed
January 3, 2011	17		Kelly Ayotte begins service; Blanche Lincoln ends service
January 3, 2013	20		Tammy Baldwin, Deb Fischer, Heidi Heitkamp, Mazie Hirono, and Elizabeth Warren begin service; Kay Hutchison and Olympia Snowe retire
January 3, 2015	20		Shelley Moore Capito and Joni Ernst begin service; Kay Hagan and Mary Landrieu end service
January 3, 2017	21		Catherine Cortez Masto, Tammy Duckworth, Kamala Harris, and Maggie Hassan begin service; Barbara Boxer and Barbara Mikulski retire; Kelly Ayotte ends service
January 3, 2018	22		Tina Smith appointed
April 9, 2018	23		Cindy Hyde Smith appointed
January 3, 2019	25		Marsha Blackburn, Kyrsten Sinema, and Jacky Rosen begin service; Martha McSally appointed; Heidi Heitkamp and Claire McCaskill end service
January 6, 2020	26		Kelly Loeffler appointed
December 2, 2020	25		End of Martha McSally's appointment
January 3, 2021	26		Cynthia Lummis begins service
January 18, 2021	25		Kamala Harris resigns to become Vice President of the United States
January 20, 2021	24		End of Kelly Loeffler's appointment
January 3, 2023	25		Katie Britt begins service
September 29, 2023	24		Death of Dianne Feinstein
October 3, 2023	25		Laphonza Butler appointed
December 8, 2024	24		End of Laphonza Butler's appointment

Timeline

Concurrently serving women from the same state

On January 3, 2019, Arizona's Kyrsten Sinema and Martha McSally became the first women from the same state to start serving in the Senate on the same date.

State	Start date	End date	Duration	Senior senator		Junior senator
California	January 3, 1993	January 18, 2021	10,242 days (28 years, 15 days)		Dianne Feinstein (D)		Barbara Boxer (D) (January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2017), 8,766 days (24 years, 0 days)
							Kamala Harris (D) (January 3, 2017 – January 18, 2021), 1,476 days (4 years, 15 days)
Kansas	June 11, 1996	November 6, 1996	148 days		Nancy Kassebaum (R)		Sheila Frahm (R)
Maine	January 3, 1997	January 3, 2013	5,844 days (16 years, 0 days)		Olympia Snowe (R)		Susan Collins (R)
Washington	January 3, 2001	Present	8,773 days (24 years, 7 days)		Patty Murray (D)		Maria Cantwell (D)
New Hampshire	January 3, 2011	Present	5,121 days (14 years, 7 days)		Jeanne Shaheen (D)		Kelly Ayotte (R) (January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2017), 2,192 days (6 years, 0 days)
							Maggie Hassan (D) (January 3, 2017–present), 2,929 days (8 years, 7 days)
Minnesota	January 3, 2018	Present	2,564 days (7 years, 7 days)		Amy Klobuchar (D)		Tina Smith (D)
Nevada	January 3, 2019	Present	2,199 days (6 years, 7 days)		Catherine Cortez Masto (D)		Jacky Rosen (D)
Arizona	January 3, 2019	December 2, 2020	699 days (1 year, 334 days)		Kyrsten Sinema (D)		Martha McSally (R)

Elections with two women major-party nominees

Incumbent senators are in bold.

Elections with two women major-party nominees
Election year	State	Winner	Second-place finisher	Other major female candidates
1960	Maine	Margaret Chase Smith	Lucia Cormier
1986	Maryland	Barbara Mikulski	Linda Chavez
1998	Washington	Patty Murray	Linda Smith
2002	Louisiana	Mary Landrieu	Suzanne Haik Terrell
	Maine (2)	Susan Collins	Chellie Pingree
2006	Maine (3)	Olympia Snowe	Jean Hay Bright
	Texas	Kay Bailey Hutchison	Barbara Ann Radnofsky
2008	North Carolina	Kay Hagan	Elizabeth Dole
2010	California	Barbara Boxer	Carly Fiorina
2012	California (2)	Dianne Feinstein	Elizabeth Emken
	Hawaii	Mazie Hirono	Linda Lingle
	New York	Kirsten Gillibrand	Wendy Long
2014	Maine (4)	Susan Collins	Shenna Bellows
	West Virginia	Shelley Moore Capito	Natalie Tennant
2016	California (3)	Kamala Harris	Loretta Sanchez
	New Hampshire	Maggie Hassan	Kelly Ayotte
2018	Arizona	Kyrsten Sinema	Martha McSally
	Minnesota	Tina Smith	Karin Housley
	Nebraska	Deb Fischer	Jane Raybould
	New York (2)	Kirsten Gillibrand	Chele Farley
	Washington (2)	Maria Cantwell	Susan Hutchison
	Wisconsin	Tammy Baldwin	Leah Vukmir
2020	Iowa	Joni Ernst	Theresa Greenfield
	Maine (5)	Susan Collins	Sara Gideon
	West Virginia (2)	Shelley Moore Capito	Paula Jean Swearengin
	Wyoming	Cynthia Lummis	Merav Ben-David
2022	Alaska	Lisa Murkowski	Kelly Tshibaka	Pat Chesbro
	Illinois	Tammy Duckworth	Kathy Salvi
	Washington (3)	Patty Murray	Tiffany Smiley
2024	Tennessee	Marsha Blackburn	Gloria Johnson

Pregnancies

On April 9, 2018, Tammy Duckworth, at age 50, gave birth to her daughter Maile Pearl, becoming the first sitting senator to give birth. Shortly thereafter, the Senate's rules were changed to allow senators to bring with them to the Senate floor children under one year of age during votes, as well as explicitly allow breastfeeding. The day after those rules were changed, Maile became the first baby on the Senate floor when Duckworth brought her.

See also

• Women in the United States House of Representatives
• Widow's succession
• List of female governors in the United States
• Party leaders of the United States Senate
• Politics of the United States
• Sexism in American political elections

Notes

1. Of the female senators who preceded Kassebaum: Rebecca Latimer Felton, Rose McConnell Long, Dixie Bibb Graves, Vera C. Bushfield, Eva Bowring, Elaine S. Edwards, Muriel Humphrey, and Maryon Pittman Allen were all appointed and were never elected; Gladys Pyle (R-SD) and Hazel Abel (R-NE), were elected, but not to full terms (i.e., to complete terms where the previous senator had died or resigned, not to new six-year terms); Hattie Caraway and Maurine Brown Neuberger were both elected to full six-year terms, but their husbands had held the seat previously. Margaret Chase Smith's (R-ME) husband never served in the Senate, but he did serve in the House. When he died, Margaret won the ensuing election. Of the appointed senators, Long, Bushfield, Humphrey, and Allen were all appointed to fill out part of the terms of their deceased husbands, while Graves and Edwards were appointed by their husbands, the governor of their states at the time. However, Kassebaum's father was a former governor of Kansas, which means that the first woman to be elected to the Senate without any family connections was Paula Hawkins, who was elected in 1980 to represent Florida.
2. Bob Krueger and John F. Seymour, defeated by Kay Bailey Hutchison and Dianne Feinstein respectively, were appointed to the Senate by the governors of their states.
3. Latimer Felton was the oldest woman appointed to the Senate (at age 87)
   Shortest-serving woman in the Senate
4. Succeeded her late husband
   First woman in the Senate to succeed her spouse
   First woman re-elected to the Senate
5. Succeeded her late husband
6. Succeeded her late husband
7. Abel resigned 3 days before the end of her term, a common practice to give her successor seniority advantage.
8. Followed her late husband (although she did not directly succeed him)
9. Succeeded her late husband
10. Succeeded her late husband
11. ^ Predecessor resigned early to give successor seniority advantage, so the senator was appointed for the few days prior to the commencement of the elected term
12. Succeeded her late husband
13. First non-Christian (Jewish) woman elected to the Senate
14. First African-American woman elected to the Senate
15. Lincoln was the first youngest woman to hold the distinction of "youngest member of the Senate" (at age 38)
    Lincoln was also the youngest woman elected to the Senate (at age 38)
16. Succeeded her father
    First woman in the Senate to succeed a living parent
17. Married to Bob Dole
18. ^ When Kay Hagan defeated Elizabeth Dole, it was the first time in history a woman candidate defeated an incumbent woman.
19. First openly LGBT and lesbian woman elected to the Senate
20. First Asian-American woman elected to the Senate
    First Japanese-American woman elected to the Senate
    First Buddhist woman elected to the Senate
21. First Hispanic and Latina American woman elected to the Senate
22. First woman with a disability elected to the Senate
    First Southeast Asian-American (Thai) woman elected to the Senate
    First Amerasian or Eurasian woman elected to the Senate
23. First South Asian-American (Indian) woman elected to the Senate
    First Jamaican American woman elected to the Senate
    First woman of African-American and South Asian descent elected to the Senate
24. Blackburn was the oldest woman at the time of first election to the Senate (at 66 years and 5 months).
25. ^ Sinema was elected as a Democrat in 2018, but switched to an independent in December 2022.
26. First openly LGBT woman of color appointed to the Senate
    First LGBT African American woman appointed to the Senate

References

1. https://places.wyo.gov/explore-more/exhibits/statehood-celebration/speeches/mrs-i-s-bartlett-final "Mrs. I. S. Bartlett", Wyoming Places, Wyoming State Library
2. History of Wyoming, Volume I, Ichabod S. Bartlett (editor), Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1918, p. 222.
3. "Year of the Woman". U.S. Senate.
4. "Jewesses in politics represent!". Jewish Women's Archive. November 5, 2002. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
5. "Dianne Feinstein". Congress.gov. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
6. "Barbara Boxer". Congress.gov. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
7. Template:Ciejournal
8. ^ Robin Givhan (January 21, 2004). "Moseley Braun: Lady in red". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
9. ^ Cooper, Kent (June 9, 2005). "The Long and Short of Capitol Style : Roll Call Special Features 50th Anniversary". Rollcall.com. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
10. Franke-Ruta, Garance (January 5, 2011). "Barbara Mikulski Becomes Longest-Serving Female Senator". The Atlantic.
11. "Biography". Dianne Feinstein United States Senator for California. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
12. Gaines, Danielle E. (December 17, 2020). "Capitol Meeting Room Named in Honor of Maryland's First Female U.S. Senator". Maryland Matters.
13. Schwartzman, Paul (December 12, 2016). "Passing the torch: Mikulski says goodbye to the Senate". The Washington Post.
14. Haberkorn, Jennifer (February 14, 2023). "Sen. Feinstein makes it official: She will retire at the end of her current term". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
15. Swan, Rachel; Stein, Shira; Fracassa, Dominic; Echeverria, Danielle; Parker, Jordan; Toledo, Aldo (September 29, 2023). "Dianne Feinstein: Senator died of natural causes Friday morning". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
16. "U.S. Senate: Senators, 1789 to present". senate.gov. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
17. Ostermeier, Eric (July 27, 2017). "Jacky Rosen's Historic 2018 US Senate Bid". Smart Politics. Archived from the original on November 24, 2018.
18. Shabad, Rebecca (January 3, 2023). "Sen. Patty Murray becomes first female president pro tempore". NBC News.
19. "Women in the U.S. Senate 1922–2015" (PDF). Center for American Women and Politics. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 3, 2015.
20. Template:Ciebook
21. Kanin, Zach (November 17, 2007). "Does Height Matter in Politics?". HuffPost.
22. Saenz, Arlette (March 2, 2015). "Barbara Mikulski: From Girl Scout to Senator, 7 Things You Might Not Know About the Retiring Senator". ABC News.
23. "Risk, hoops memories entice new Dream owner Loeffler". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. June 4, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2020. A skinny 5-foot-11, her nickname on the court was NBC — 'Newborn Calf.'
24. "Tammy Duckworth Becomes First U.S. Senator To Give Birth While In Office". NPR. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
25. ^ Serfaty, Sunlen (April 18, 2018). "Babies now allowed on Senate floor after rule change". CNN.
26. "A duckling onesie and a blazer: The Senate floor sees its first baby, but many traditions stand". The Washington Post. April 19, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018.

External links

• U.S. Senate History: Women in the Senate
• "Women in the U.S. Senate 1922–2010" Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
• Steinhauer, Jennifer (March 21, 2013). "Once Few, Women Hold More Power in Senate". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
• Maurer, Elizabeth. "Legislating History: 100 Years of Women in Congress" Archived April 23, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. National Women's History Museum. 2017.

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