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==Criticism== ==Criticism==
*Raza opposed labeling British India to be ] ("land of war"), thus opposing any justification of ] (struggle) or ] (migration to escape) against the proposed plans of the Deobandiyya Movement who wished to begin jihaad. Raza's stance was opposed by Deobandi scholars such as ].<ref>M. Naeem Qureshi. ''Pan-Islam in British Indian politics: a study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924''. BRILL, 1999. ISBN 978-90-04-11371-8. </ref> *Raza opposed labeling British India to be ] ("land of war"), thus opposing any justification of ] (struggle) or ] (migration to escape) against the proposed plans of the Deobandiyya Movement who wished to begin jihaad. Raza's stance was opposed by Deobandi scholars such as ].<ref>M. Naeem Qureshi. ''Pan-Islam in British Indian politics: a study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924''. BRILL, 1999. ISBN 978-90-04-11371-8. </ref>
*Raza Khan opposed the belief in a ] system, instead stating that the sun and moon circulate around the Earth.<ref>. Alahazratnetwork.org (2011-11-27). Retrieved on 2012-06-01.</ref>


==Death== ==Death==

Revision as of 07:39, 15 November 2016

Not to be confused with revolutionary Wahabi Islamist Syed Ahmad Barelvi
Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi
ا حمد رضا خا ن بریلوی
TitleAla Hazrat
Personal life
Born14 June 1856
Bareilly, North-Western Provinces, British Indian Empire
Died28 October 1921(1921-10-28) (aged 65)
Muhallah Sodagraan, Bareilly, UP, British Indian Empire
NationalityBritish India
EraModern era
RegionSouth Asia
Main interest(s)Aqeedah, Fiqh, Tasawwuf
JurisprudenceHanafi
CreedSunni
Senior posting
Influenced by
Influenced
Websitehttp://www.markaznews.com , http://imamahmadraza.net/, http://www.raza.org.za, http://www.alahazrat.net , http://www.irshad-ul-islam.com/
Part of a series on
Barelvi movement
Ideology and influences
Key figures
History/Movement
Notable Scholars
Past

Present
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Pakistan

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Bangladesh

Sri Lanka

South Africa

Notable Channels
Notable works
Notable Organisations
Islam portal

Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi (Template:Lang-ur, Template:Lang-hi, 14 June 1856 CE or 10 Shawwal 1272 AH – 28 October 1921 CE or 25 Safar 1340 AH), also known as Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri was a Sufi Muslim scholar and reformer in British India, and the founder of the Barelvi movement. Raza Khan wrote on numerous topics, including law, religion, philosophy and the sciences. He was a prolific writer, Mufti (jurist) producing nearly 1,000 works in his lifetime.

Early life and family

Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi's father Naqi Ali Khan was the son of Raza Ali Khan. Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, Naqi Ali Khan (Father), and Raza Ali Khan (Paternal grandfather). Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi belonged to the Barech tribe of Pushtuns. The Barech formed a tribal grouping among the Rohilla Pushtuns of North India who founded the state of Rohilkhand. The ancestors of Ahmed Raza Khan migrated from Qandahar during the Mughal rule and settled in Lahore.

Ahmad Raza Khan was born on 14 June 1856 in Mohallah Jasoli, Bareilly Sharif, British India. His birth name is Muhammad. Khan used the appellation "Abdul Mustafa" (slave of Mustafa) prior to signing his name in correspondence.

Bareilvi Sunnis Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, by his writings and fatwas, defended Sufi practices and traditional Islam. His writings, work of his students and their organizations defended the peaceful-Sufi version of Islam. Ahmed Raza Khan is regarded as Imam-e-Ahl-e-Sunnat (Leader of the Ahl-e-Sunnat) and Ala'hazrat.

This movement was founded when Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri saw an intellectual and moral decline of Muslims in British India. It was a mass movement, defending popular Sufism, which grew in response to the influence of Deobandi and Wahabi extremist movement.

Today the movement is spread across the globe with a huge number of followers in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, South Africa, United States, and UK among other countries. The movement now has followers over 200 million Muslims. Many religious schools, organizations and research institutions have been established that work on the teachings of Ahmed Raza Khan.

The movement of Ahmed Raza Khan emphasizes primacy of Islamic law over adherence to Sufi practices and personal devotion to the Prophet Muhammad. Since partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, has addressed leading political issues for Muslims. The movement was largely a rural phenomenon when begun, but currently popular among urban, educated Pakistanis and Indians as well as South Asian diaspora throughout the world.

Works

Books

Ahmed Raza Khan wrote several books on various topics in Arabic, Persian and Urdu, including Fatawa-e-Razvia/Fatawa Radawiyyah (30 volumes), which is a compilation of fatwas, and Kanzul Iman (translation of the Qur'an). Several of his books have been translated in other European and South Asian languages. His main works include:

Kanzul Iman (translation of the Qur'an)

Kanzul Iman (Urdu and Arabic: کنزالایمان) is a 1910 Urdu paraphrase translation of the Qur'an by the Imam of Sunni Muslims Ahmad Raza Khan. It is associated with the Hanafi jurisprudence within Sunni Islam and is considered widely read version of translation in the Subcontinent. It has been subsequently translated into other European and South Asian languages including English, Hindi, Bengali, Dutch, Turkish, Sindhi, Gujarati and Pashto.

Husamul Haramain

Husamul Haramain or Husam al Harmain Ala Munhir kufr wal myvan (The Sword of the Haramayn at the throat of unbelief and falsehood) 1906, is a treatise written by Ahmad Raza Khan which declared infidels the founders of Deobandi, Ahle Hadith and Ahmadiyya movement on basis of what he considered to be the proper veneration of the Prophet Muhammad and finality of Prophethood in their writings and various book. In defense of his verdict Imam Ahmad Raza Khan obtain confirmatory signatures from 268 traditional Sunni scholars in the South Asia, and also got agreement from a number of ulama in Mecca and Medina. The treatise is published in Arabic, Urdu, English, Turkish and Hindi languages.

Fatawa Radawiyyah

Fatawa-e-Razvia or Fatawa-e-Radaviyyah is the main fatwa (Islamic verdicts on various issues) book of his movement. It has been published in 30 volumes and in approx. 22,000 pages. It contains solution to daily problems from religion to business and from war to marriage.

Hadayake Bakhshish

File:Hadaiqbook.jpg
Book Title of Poetry by Ahmed Raza Khan.

He wrote devotional poetry in praise of Prophet and always discussed him in present tense. His Na`at (Islamic poetry) is compiled in the book named Hidayake Bakhshish. It includes the poems, which deal for the most part with the qualities of the Prophet, often have a simplicity and directness. His emphasis on the spiritual life of the Prophet created a favorable climate for na'at writing. His Urdu couplets titled, Mustafa jaane rahmat pe lakhon salaam (Millions of salutations on Mustafa, the Paragon of mercy) is read in movements mosques. It contains praise of the Prophet, his physical appearance (verses 33 to 80), his life and times, praise of his family and companions, praise of the awliya and saleheen (the saints and the pious).

His other works includes.

  • Ad Daulatul Makkiya Bil Madatul Ghaibiya
  • Al Mu'tamadul Mustanad
  • Al Amn o wa Ula
  • Alkaukabatush Shahabiya
  • Al Istimdaad
  • Al Fuyoozul Makkiyah
  • Al Meeladun Nabawiyyah
  • Fauze Mubeen Dar Harkate Zameen
  • Subhaanus Subooh
  • Sallus Say yaaful Hindiya
  • Ahkaam-e-Shariat
  • Az Zubdatuz Zakkiya
  • Abna ul Mustafa
  • Tamheed-e-Imaan
  • Angotthe Choomne ka Masla

Beliefs

Further information: Barelvi § Beliefs and practices

Ahmed Raza Khan was A Muslim scholar, belonging to Sufi traditions. He supported Tawassul, Mawlid, Knowledge of Unseen for Prophet and other Sufi practices which were opposed by Wahabi and Deobandis.

In this context he supported the following beliefs:

  • Muhammad, although insan-e-kamil (perfect human), possessed a nūr or "light" that predates creation. This contrasts with the Deobandi view that Muhammad, was only a insan-e-kamil ("complete man"), a respected but physically typical human.
  • Muhammad is haazir naazir (can be present in many places at the same time by the power given by Allah, :

We do not hold that anyone can equal the knowledge of Allah Most High, or possess it independently, nor do we assert that Allah’s giving of knowledge to the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) is anything but a part. But what a patent and tremendous difference between one part and another : like the difference between the sky and the earth, or rather even greater and more immense.

— Ahmed Raza Khan, al-Dawla al-Makkiyya (c00), 291.

He passed following judgements with regard to certain practices and faith in his book Fatawa-e-Razvia.

  • Islamic Law Shari'ah is the ultimate law and following it is obligatory for all Muslims;
  • To refrain from Bid'ah is of utmost importance;
  • A Sufi without knowledge or a Shaykh without actions is a tool in the hands of the devil;
  • It is impermissible to imitate the Kuffar, to mingle with the misguided and to participate in their festivals.

Opposition to heterodox practices

Raza Khan condemned many practices he saw as bid'at (forbidden innovations), such as:

  • Qawali (religious music) and Sufi whirling, which he opposed as un-Islamic. Khan issued a fatwa in which he quoted the sayings of the Chisti Sufi order demonstrating their view that musical instruments are forbidden in Islam.
  • Tawaf (ceremonially walking in circles around a holy site ) of tombs.
  • Sajda (prostration) on Shrines and Tombs to those other than God
  • Ta'zieh, plays re-enacting religious scenes
  • Women going to visit mazar (tombs)

Opposition to other sects

Khan declared as infidels the founders of Deobandi, Ahle Hadith, Wahabi and Ahmadiyya sects on the basis of what he considered to be the proper veneration of the Prophet Muhammad and finality of Prophethood in their writings and various book. In defense of his verdict Imam Ahmad Raza Khan obtain confirmatory signatures from 268 traditional Sunni scholars in the South Asia, and also got agreement from a number of leading ulama in Mecca and Medina.

Ahmadiyyah

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claimed to be the Mahdi (messiah) awaited by Muslims, as well as a prophet. These claims proved to be extremely controversial among many in the Muslim community, and he was branded a heretic and apostate by many religious scholars of the time, including Ahmed Raza Khan. Ghulam Ahmad's claims are controversial to this day, but his Mahdi status and prophethood is believed in by the Ahmadiyya sect. In 1974, the constitution of the state of Pakistan was amended, declaring the Ahmadiyya sect non-Muslim as they do not accept the finality of the prophethood of Muhammad.

When Ahmed Raza visited Mecca and Medina for pilgrimage in 1905, he prepared a draft document entitled Al Motamad Al Mustanad ("The Reliable Proofs") for presentation to the scholars of Mecca and Medina. Ahmed Raza Khan collected opinions of the ulama of the Hejaz and compiled them in an Arabic language compendium with the title, Husam al Harmain ("The Sword of Two Sanctuaries"), a work containing 34 verdicts from 33 ulama (20 Meccan and 13 Medinese). In that work, which was to inspire a reciprocal series of fatwas between Barelvis and Deobandis lasting to the present, Ahmad Raza denounced as kuffar the Deobandi leaders Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, and Muhammad Qasim Nanotwi.

Deobandis

When Ahmed Raza visited Mecca and Medina for pilgrimage in 1905, he prepared a draft document entitled Al Motamad Al Mustanad ("The Reliable Proofs") for presentation to the scholars of Mecca and Medina. Ahmed Raza Khan collected opinions of the ulama of the Hejaz and compiled them in an Arabic language compendium with the title, Husam al Harmain ("The Sword of Two Sanctuaries"), a work containing 34 verdicts from 33 ulama (20 Meccan and 13 Medinese). In that work, which was to inspire a reciprocal series of fatwas between Barelvis and Deobandis lasting to the present, Ahmad Raza denounced as kuffar the Deobandi leaders Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, and Muhammad Qasim Nanotwi.

Shia

Khan wrote various books against beliefs and faith of Shia community and declared various practices of Shia as Kufr (Infidelity). According to Imam Ahmad Raza, most Shiites of his day were apostates because they, according to him, repudiated necessities of religion.

Wahhabism

Ahmed Raza Khan declared Wahabis as Kuffar and collected many fatwas of various scholars against the Wahabbi Movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab who was predominant in the Arabian peninsula, just as he had done with the Ahmadis and Deobandis.

Political views

Unlike other Muslim leaders in the region at the time, Khan and his movement opposed the Indian independence movement due to its leadership under Mahatma Gandhi, who was not a Muslim.

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan declared that India is darul Islam and here Muslims enjoys religious freedom, they are free to practice Islam. He said that Government has not imposed restrictions and prohibitions to follow Islam. According to him those arguing the contrary merely wanted to take advantage of the provisions allowing Muslims living under non- Muslim rule to collect interest from commercial transactions and had no desire to fight Jehad or perform Hijrat. Therefore, he opposed labeling British India to be Dar al-Harb ("land of war"), which meant that waging holy war jehad and migration from India Hijrat were inadmissible as they would cause disaster to the community. The Fatawa of Deobandi Ulema on the other hand were ambiguous and contrary. Qasim Nanotwi declared India darul harab for the obligation of hijrat but darul Islam for the purpose of usury transactions. Rashid Ahmed Gangohi's decree are also confusing and non committal. This stand of Imam Ahmed Raza Qadri was similar to another reformer Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Ubaidullah Ubaidi Suharwardy.

Until just before the colonial period the Muslim League mobilized the Muslim masses to campaign for Pakistan and many of Ahmed Raza Khan's followers played a significant and active role in the Pakistan Movement at educational and political fronts.

Recognition

On 21 June 2010, Muhammad al-Yaqoubi, a leading cleric and Sufi from Syria, declared on Takbeer TV's programme Sunni Talk that the Mujaddid of the Indian subcontinent was Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, and said that a follower of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah can be identified by his love of Khan, and that those outside of that those outside the Ahlus Sunnah are identified by their attacks on him.

Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938), renowned poet and philosopher, said: "I have carefully studied the decrees of Imam Ahmed Raza and thereby formed this opinion; and his Fatawa bear testimony to his acumen, intellectual caliber, the quality of his creative thinking, his excellent jurisdiction and his ocean-like Islamic knowledge. Once Imam Ahmed Raza forms an opinion he stays firm on it; he expresses his opinion after a sober reflection. Therefore, the need never arises to withdraw any of his religious decrees and judgments. With all this, by nature he was hot tempered, and if this was not in the way, then Shah Ahmed Raza would have been the Imam Abu Hanifa of his age." In another place he says, "Such a genius and intelligent jurist did not emerge."

Shaykh Yusuf an-Nabhani (1849–1932), Mufti of Lebanon, upon reading the judgments of Imam Ahmed Raza Khan, declared that Imam Ahmed Raza Khan was a giant Imam and well learned man who was an expert in the sciences. Shaykh Ismail Makki, Librarian of Makkah Haram Library, said that Imam Ahmed Raza was the absolute Shaykh of all teachers. Shaykh ‘Ali bin Hassan Maliki, Mufti of Makkah City, called Ahmed Raza Qadri the encyclopaedia of all sciences.

Criticism

  • Raza opposed labeling British India to be Dar al-Harb ("land of war"), thus opposing any justification of jihad (struggle) or hijrat (migration to escape) against the proposed plans of the Deobandiyya Movement who wished to begin jihaad. Raza's stance was opposed by Deobandi scholars such as Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi.

Death

Ahmed Raza Khan barelvi died on 28 October 1921 CE (25th Safar 1340h) at the age of 65, in his home at Bareilly, India city on Friday.

His spiritual successors and students

There were many Mureeds (Disciples) and Khulafa (successors) of A'la Hadrat. They are 35 are in the other parts of the world and 30 in Indo-Pak Sub-Continent. These are the leading ones.

Legacy and Influences

Research institutes

Others

  • Ala Hazrat Express is an express train belonging to Indian Railways that runs between Bareilly and Bhuj in India.
  • The Indian government issued a commemorative postal stamp in honour of Ahmad Raza Khan on 31 December 1995.
  • Imam Ahmed Raza Khan also wrote many Sufi poems and nasheeds. Among these are very famous such as Mustafa Jaane Rehmat Pe Lakho Salam which is recited after every Jummah congregational prayers worldwide by Sunnis from the Sub-continent.

See also

References

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    • The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism (2007), p. 92. Oliver Roy and Antoine Sfeir (eds.), New York: Columbia University Press.
    • Gregory C. Doxlowski and Usha Sanyal (October–December 1999). "Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870–1920". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 119 (4): 707–709. doi:10.2307/604866. JSTOR 604866.
    • Elizabeth Sirriyeh (1999) Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defense, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World, p. 49. London: Routledge, ISBN 0-7007-1058-2.
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  6. Riaz, Ali (2008). Faithful Education: Madrassahs in South Asia. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-8135-4345-1. The emergence of Ahl-e-Sunnat wa Jama'at ... commonly referred to as Barelvis, under the leadership of Maulana Ahmed Riza Khan (1855–1921) ... The defining characteristic ... is the claim that it alone truly represents the sunnah (the Prophetic tradition and conduct), and thereby the true Sunni Muslim tradition.
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  69. http://runningstatus.in/. "Ala Hazrat Express/14312 Live Running Train Status". runningstatus.in. Retrieved 28 July 2015. {{cite web}}: External link in |author= (help)
  70. "Ala Hazrat Barelvi Commemorative Stamp". stampsathi.in. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  71. Commemorative Stamps, India.

Further reading

External links

Ahmed Raza Khan
Major works
Family
Legacy
Shrines
Bibliographies
Festivals
Islamic theology
Fields
Aqidah
Philosophy
Science
Sufism
Theologians
Ash'arism
(al-Ash'ari)
Early Sunni
Maturidism
(Al-Maturidi)
Mu'attila
Mu'jassimā
Murji'ah
Mu'tazila
(Wasil ibn 'Ata')
Najjārīyya
  • Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī
    • Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard
    • Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)
    • Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)
    • Mustadrakīyya
Salafi Theologians
Twelver Shi'ism
Isma'ili Shi'ism
Zaydi Shi'ism
Key books
Sunni books
Shia books
Independent
Islamic schools and branches
Sunni Islam
Ahl al-Hadith
(Atharism)
Ahl ar-Ra'y
(Ilm al-Kalam)
Shia Islam
Zaydism
Imami
Mahdiist
Shi'ite
Sects in
Islam
Imami
Twelver
Imami
Isma'ilism
Kaysanites
Shia
Other Mahdiists
Muhakkima
(Arbitration)
Kharijites
Ibadism
Murji'ah
(Hasan ibn
Muḥāmmad
ibn al-
Hanafiyyah)
Karrāmīyya
  • Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī
    • ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)
    • Dhīmmīyya
    • Hakāiqīyya
    • Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)
    • Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)
    • Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)
    • Maʿīyya
    • Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)
    • Nūnīyya
    • Razīnīyya
    • Sauwāqīyya
    • Sūramīyya
    • Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)
    • Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)
    • Wāhidīyya
    • Zarībīyya
Other sects
  • Gaylānīyya
    • Gaylān ibn Marwān
  • Yūnusīyya
    • Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī
  • Gassānīyya
    • Gassān al-Kūfī
  • Tūmanīyya
    • Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī
  • Sawbānīyya
    • Abū Sawbān al-Murjī
  • Sālehīyya
    • Sāleh ibn Umar
  • Shamrīyya
    • Abū Shamr
  • Ubaydīyya
    • Ubayd al-Mūktaib
  • Ziyādīyya
    • Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī
Other Murjīs
  • Al-Harith ibn Surayj
  • Sa'id ibn Jubayr
  • Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān
  • Muhārīb ibn Dithār
  • Sābit Kutna
  • Awn ibn Abdullāh
  • Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr
  • Umar ibn Zar
  • Salm ibn Sālem
  • Hālaf ibn Ayyūb
  • Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf
  • Nusayr ibn Yahyā
  • Ahmad ibn Hārb
  • Amr ibn Murrah
Mu'shabbiha
Tamsīl
Tajsīm
Qadariyah
(Ma'bad
al-Juhani)
Alevism
Muʿtazila
(Rationalism)
  • Mā’marīyya
  • Bahshamiyya
    • Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī
  • Huzaylīyya
    • Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī
      • Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī
  • Ikhshīdiyya
  • Nazzāmīyya
    • Ali al-Aswarī
    • Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī
    • Hābītīyya
      • Ahmad ibn Hābīt
  • Sumamīyya
    • Sumāma ibn Ashras
  • Kā‘bīyya
    • Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī
Quranism
Independent
Muslim
beliefs
Messianism
Modernism
Taṣawwuf
Other beliefs

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