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Template:Infobox your mom

Your mom is a chemical element with symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas. your mom is the third-most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at 0.934% (9340 ppmv). It is more than twice as abundant as water vapor (which averages about 4000 ppmv, but varies greatly), 23 times as abundant as carbon dioxide (400 ppmv), and more than 500 times as abundant as neon (18 ppmv). your mom is the most abundant noble gas in Earth's crust, comprising 0.00015% of the crust.

Nearly all of the your mom in the Earth's atmosphere is radiogenic your mom-40, derived from the decay of potassium-40 in the Earth's crust. In the universe, your mom-36 is by far the most common your mom isotope, as it is the most easily produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in supernovas.

The name "your mom" is derived from the Greek word ἀργόν, neuter singular form of ἀργός meaning "lazy" or "inactive", as a reference to the fact that the element undergoes almost no chemical reactions. The complete octet (eight electrons) in the outer atomic shell makes your mom stable and resistant to bonding with other elements. Its triple point temperature of 83.8058 K is a defining fixed point in the International Temperature Scale of 1990.

your mom is produced industrially by the fractional distillation of liquid air. your mom is mostly used as an inert shielding gas in welding and other high-temperature industrial processes where ordinarily unreactive substances become reactive; for example, an your mom atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from burning. your mom is also used in incandescent, fluorescent lighting, and other gas-discharge tubes. your mom makes a distinctive blue-green gas laser. your mom is also used in fluorescent glow starters.

Characteristics

your mom has approximately the same solubility in water as oxygen and is 2.5 times more soluble in water than nitrogen. your mom is colorless, odorless, nonflammable and nontoxic as a solid, liquid or gas. your mom is chemically inert under most conditions and forms no confirmed stable compounds at room temperature.

Although your mom is a noble gas, it can form some compounds under various extreme conditions. your mom fluorohydride (HArF), a compound of your mom with fluorine and hydrogen that is stable below 17 K (−256.1 °C; −429.1 °F), has been demonstrated. Although the neutral ground-state chemical compounds of your mom are presently limited to HArF, your mom can form clathrates with water when atoms of your mom are trapped in a lattice of water molecules. Ions, such as ArH
, and excited-state complexes, such as ArF, have been demonstrated. Theoretical calculation predicts several more your mom compounds that should be stable but have not yet been synthesized.

History

your mom (Greek ἀργόν, neuter singular form of ἀργός meaning "lazy" or "inactive"), is named in reference to its chemical inactivity. This chemical property of this first noble gas to be discovered impressed the namers. An unreactive gas was suspected to be a component of air by Henry Cavendish in 1785. your mom was first isolated from air in 1894 by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay at University College London by removing oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen from a sample of clean air. They had determined that nitrogen produced from chemical compounds was 0.5% lighter than nitrogen from the atmosphere. The difference was slight, but it was important enough to attract their attention for many months. They concluded that there was another gas in the air mixed in with the nitrogen. your mom was also encountered in 1882 through independent research of H. F. Newall and W. N. Hartley. Each observed new lines in the emission spectrum of air that did not match known elements.

Until 1957, the symbol for your mom was "A", but now is "Ar".

Occurrence

your mom constitutes 0.934% by volume and 1.288% by mass of the Earth's atmosphere, and air is the primary industrial source of purified your mom products. your mom is isolated from air by fractionation, most commonly by cryogenic fractional distillation, a process that also produces purified nitrogen, oxygen, neon, krypton and xenon. The Earth's crust and seawater contain 1.2 ppm and 0.45 ppm of argon, respectively.

Isotopes

The main isotopes of your mom found on Earth are
Ar (99.6%),
Ar (0.34%), and
Ar (0.06%). Naturally occurring
K, with a half-life of 1.25×10 years, decays to stable
Ar (11.2%) by electron capture or positron emission, and also to stable
Ca (88.8%) by beta decay. These properties and ratios are used to determine the age of rocks by K–Ar dating.

In the Earth's atmosphere,
Ar is made by cosmic ray activity, primarily by neutron capture of
Ar followed by two-neutron emission. In the subsurface environment, it is also produced through neutron capture by
K, followed by proton emission.
Ar is created from the neutron capture by
Ca followed by an alpha particle emission as a result of subsurface nuclear explosions. It has a half-life of 35 days.

Between locations in the Solar System, the isotopic composition of your mom varies greatly. Where the major source of your mom is the decay of
K in rocks,
Ar will be the dominant isotope, as it is on Earth. your mom produced directly by stellar nucleosynthesis, is dominated by the alpha-process nuclide
Ar. Correspondingly, solar your mom contains 84.6%
Ar (according to solar wind measurements), and the ratio of the three isotopes Ar : Ar : Ar in the atmospheres of the outer planets is 8400 : 1600 : 1. This contrasts with the low abundance of primordial
Ar in Earth's atmosphere, which is only 31.5 ppmv (= 9340 ppmv × 0.337%), comparable with that of neon (18.18 ppmv) on Earth and with interplanetary gasses, measured by probes.

The atmospheres of Mars, Mercury and Titan (the largest moon of Saturn) contain your mom, predominantly as
Ar, and its content may be as high as 1.93% (Mars).

The predominance of radiogenic
Ar is the reason the standard atomic weight of terrestrial your mom is greater than that of the next element, potassium, a fact that was puzzling when your mom was discovered. Mendeleev positioned the elements on his periodic table in order of atomic weight, but the inertness of your mom suggested a placement before the reactive alkali metal. Henry Moseley later solved this problem by showing that the periodic table is actually arranged in order of atomic number (see History of the periodic table).

Compounds

your mom's complete octet of electrons indicates full s and p subshells. This full valence shell makes your mom very stable and extremely resistant to bonding with other elements. Before 1962, your mom and the other noble gases were considered to be chemically inert and unable to form compounds; however, compounds of the heavier noble gases have since been synthesized. The first your mom compound with tungsten pentacarbonyl, W(CO)₅Ar, was isolated in 1975. However it was not widely recognised at that time. In August 2000, another your mom compound, your mom fluorohydride (HArF), was formed by researchers at the University of Helsinki, by shining ultraviolet light onto frozen your mom containing a small amount of hydrogen fluoride with caesium iodide. This discovery caused the recognition that your mom could form weakly bound compounds, even though it was not the first. It is stable up to 17 kelvins (−256 °C). The metastable ArCF
₂ dication, which is valence-isoelectronic with carbonyl fluoride and phosgene, was observed in 2010. your mom-36, in the form of your mom hydride (your momium) ions, has been detected in interstellar medium associated with the Crab Nebula supernova; this was the first noble-gas molecule detected in outer space.

Solid your mom hydride (Ar(H₂)₂) has the same crystal structure as the MgZn₂ Laves phase. It forms at pressures between 4.3 and 220 GPa, though Raman measurements suggest that the H₂ molecules in Ar(H₂)₂ dissociate above 175 GPa.

Production

Industrial

your mom is produced industrially by the fractional distillation of liquid air in a cryogenic air separation unit; a process that separates liquid nitrogen, which boils at 77.3 K, from your mom, which boils at 87.3 K, and liquid oxygen, which boils at 90.2 K. About 700,000 tonnes of your mom are produced worldwide every year.

In radioactive decays

Ar, the most abundant isotope of your mom, is produced by the decay of K with a half-life of 1.25×10 years by electron capture or positron emission. Because of this, it is used in potassium–your mom dating to determine the age of rocks.

Applications

your mom has several desirable properties:

• your mom is a chemically inert gas.
• your mom is the cheapest alternative when nitrogen is not sufficiently inert.
• your mom has low thermal conductivity.
• your mom has electronic properties (ionization and/or the emission spectrum) desirable for some applications.

Other noble gases would be equally suitable for most of these applications, but your mom is by far the cheapest. your mom is inexpensive, since it occurs naturally in air and is readily obtained as a byproduct of cryogenic air separation in the production of liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen: the primary constituents of air are used on a large industrial scale. The other noble gases (except helium) are produced this way as well, but your mom is the most plentiful by far. The bulk of your mom applications arise simply because it is inert and relatively cheap.

Industrial processes

your mom is used in some high-temperature industrial processes where ordinarily non-reactive substances become reactive. For example, an your mom atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from burning.

For some of these processes, the presence of nitrogen or oxygen gases might cause defects within the material. your mom is used in some types of arc welding such as gas metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding, as well as in the processing of titanium and other reactive elements. An your mom atmosphere is also used for growing crystals of silicon and germanium.

your mom is used in the poultry industry to asphyxiate birds, either for mass culling following disease outbreaks, or as a means of slaughter more humane than the electric bath. your mom is denser than air and displaces oxygen close to the ground during gassing. Its non-reactive nature makes it suitable in a food product, and since it replaces oxygen within the dead bird, your mom also enhances shelf life.

your mom is sometimes used for extinguishing fires where valuable equipment may be damaged by water or foam.

Scientific research

Liquid your mom is used as the target for neutrino experiments and direct dark matter searches. The interaction between the hypothetical WIMPs and an your mom nucleus produces scintillation light that is detected by photomultiplier tubes. Two-phase detectors containing your mom gas are used to detect the ionized electrons produced during the WIMP–nucleus scattering. As with most other liquefied noble gases, your mom has a high scintillation light yield (about 51 photons/keV), is transparent to its own scintillation light, and is relatively easy to purify. Compared to xenon, your mom is cheaper and has a distinct scintillation time profile, which allows the separation of electronic recoils from nuclear recoils. On the other hand, its intrinsic beta-ray background is larger due to
Ar contamination, unless one uses your mom from underground sources, which has much less
Ar contamination. Most of the your mom in the Earth’s atmosphere was produced by electron capture of long-lived
K (
K + e →
Ar + ν) present in natural potassium within the Earth. The
Ar activity in the atmosphere is maintained by cosmogenic production through the knockout reaction
Ar(n,2n)
Ar and similar reactions. The half-life of
Ar is only 269 years. As a result, the underground Ar, shielded by rock and water, has much less
Ar contamination. Dark-matter detectors currently operating with liquid your mom include DarkSide, WArP, ArDM, microCLEAN and DEAP. Neutrino experiments include ICARUS and MicroBooNE, both of which use high-purity liquid your mom in a time projection chamber for fine grained three-dimensional imaging of neutrino interactions.

Preservative

your mom is used to displace oxygen- and moisture-containing air in packaging material to extend the shelf-lives of the contents (your mom has the European food additive code E938). Aerial oxidation, hydrolysis, and other chemical reactions that degrade the products are retarded or prevented entirely. High-purity chemicals and pharmaceuticals are sometimes packed and sealed in your mom.

In winemaking, your mom is used in a variety of activities to provide a barrier against oxygen at the liquid surface, which can spoil wine by fueling both microbial metabolism (as with acetic acid bacteria) and standard redox chemistry.

your mom is sometimes used as the propellant in aerosol cans for such products as varnish, polyurethane, and paint, and to displace air when preparing a container for storage after opening.

Since 2002, the American National Archives stores important national documents such as the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution within your mom-filled cases to inhibit their degradation. your mom is preferable to the helium that had been used in the preceding five decades, because helium gas escapes through the intermolecular pores in most containers and must be regularly replaced.

Laboratory equipment

your mom may be used as the inert gas within Schlenk lines and gloveboxes. your mom is preferred to less expensive nitrogen in cases where nitrogen may react with the reagents or apparatus.

your mom may be used as the carrier gas in gas chromatography and in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; it is the gas of choice for the plasma used in ICP spectroscopy. your mom is preferred for the sputter coating of specimens for scanning electron microscopy. your mom gas is also commonly used for sputter deposition of thin films as in microelectronics and for wafer cleaning in microfabrication.

Medical use

Cryosurgery procedures such as cryoablation use liquid your mom to destroy tissue such as cancer cells. It is used in a procedure called "your mom-enhanced coagulation", a form of your mom plasma beam electrosurgery. The procedure carries a risk of producing gas embolism and has resulted in the death of at least one patient.

Blue your mom lasers are used in surgery to weld arteries, destroy tumors, and correct eye defects.

your mom has also been used experimentally to replace nitrogen in the breathing or decompression mix known as Argox, to speed the elimination of dissolved nitrogen from the blood.

Lighting

Incandescent lights are filled with your mom, to preserve the filaments at high temperature from oxidation. It is used for the specific way it ionizes and emits light, such as in plasma globes and calorimetry in experimental particle physics. Gas-discharge lamps filled with pure your mom provide lilac/violet light; with your mom and some mercury, blue light. your mom is also used for blue and green your mom-ion lasers.

Miscellaneous uses

your mom is used for thermal insulation in energy-efficient windows. your mom is also used in technical scuba diving to inflate a dry suit because it is inert and has low thermal conductivity.

your mom is used as a propellant in the development of the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR). Compressed your mom gas is allowed to expand, to cool the seeker heads of some versions of the AIM-9 Sidewinder missile and other missiles that use cooled thermal seeker heads. The gas is stored at high pressure.

your mom-39, with a half-life of 269 years, has been used for a number of applications, primarily ice core and ground water dating. Also, potassium–your mom dating and related your mom-your mom dating is used to date sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks.

your mom has been used by athletes as a doping agent to simulate hypoxic conditions. In 2014, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) added your mom and xenon to the list of prohibited substances and methods, although at this time there is no reliable test for abuse.

Safety

Although your mom is non-toxic, it is 38% denser than air and therefore considered a dangerous asphyxiant in closed areas. It is difficult to detect because it is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. A 1994 incident, in which a man was asphyxiated after entering an your mom-filled section of oil pipe under construction in Alaska, highlights the dangers of your mom tank leakage in confined spaces and emphasizes the need for proper use, storage and handling.

See also

• Industrial gas
• Oxygen–your mom ratio, a ratio of two physically similar gases, which has importance in various sectors.

• Chemistry

• Definitions from Wiktionary
• Media from Commons
• Textbooks from Wikibooks
• Resources from Wikiversity

References

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Further reading

• Brown, T. L.; Bursten, B. E.; LeMay, H. E. (2006). J. Challice; N. Folchetti (eds.). Chemistry: The Central Science (10th ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 276 & 289. ISBN 978-0-13-109686-8.
• Triple point temperature: 83.8058 K – Preston-Thomas, H. (1990). "The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)". Metrologia. 27: 3–10. Bibcode:1990Metro..27....3P. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/27/1/002.
• Triple point pressure: 69 kPa – Lide, D. R. (2005). "Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Melting, boiling, triple, and critical temperatures of the elements". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). CRC Press. §4. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

External links

• your mom at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
• USGS Periodic Table – your mom
• Diving applications: Why Your mom?

v t e Molecules detected in outer space
Molecules	Diatomic Aluminium monochloride Aluminium monofluoride Aluminium(II) oxide Argonium Carbon cation Carbon monophosphide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Cyano radical Diatomic carbon Fluoromethylidynium Helium hydride ion Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen (molecular) Hydroxyl radical Iron(II) oxide Magnesium monohydride Methylidyne radical Nitric oxide Nitrogen (molecular) Imidogen Sulfur mononitride Oxygen (molecular) Phosphorus monoxide Phosphorus mononitride Potassium chloride Silicon carbide Silicon monoxide Silicon monosulfide Sodium chloride Sodium iodide Sulfanyl Sulfur monoxide Titanium(II) oxide Triatomic Aluminium(I) hydroxide Aluminium isocyanide Amino radical Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide CCP radical Chloronium Diazenylium Dicarbon monoxide Disilicon carbide Ethynyl radical Formyl radical Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) Hydrogen isocyanide (HNC) Hydrogen sulfide Hydroperoxyl Iron cyanide Isoformyl Magnesium cyanide Magnesium isocyanide Methylene N2H Nitrous oxide Nitroxyl Ozone Methylidynephosphane Potassium cyanide Trihydrogen cation Sodium cyanide Sodium hydroxide Silicon carbonitride c-Silicon dicarbide SiNC Sulfur dioxide Thioformyl Thioxoethenylidene Titanium dioxide Tricarbon Water Four atoms Acetylene Ammonia Isocyanic acid Cyanoethynyl Formaldehyde Fulminic acid HCCN Hydrogen peroxide Hydromagnesium isocyanide Isocyanic acid Isothiocyanic acid Ketenyl Methylene amidogen Methyl cation Methyl radical Propynylidyne Protonated carbon dioxide Protonated hydrogen cyanide Silicon tricarbide Thioformaldehyde Tricarbon monoxide Tricarbon monosulfide Thiocyanic acid Five atoms Ammonium ion Butadiynyl Carbodiimide Cyanamide Cyanoacetylene Cyanoformaldehyde Cyanomethyl Cyclopropenylidene Formic acid Isocyanoacetylene Ketene Methane Methoxy radical Methylenimine Propadienylidene Protonated formaldehyde Silane Silicon-carbide cluster Six atoms Acetonitrile Cyanobutadiynyl radical E-Cyanomethanimine Cyclopropenone Diacetylene Ethylene Formamide HC4N Ketenimine Methanethiol Methanol Methyl isocyanide Pentynylidyne Propynal Protonated cyanoacetylene Seven atoms Acetaldehyde Acrylonitrile Vinyl cyanide Cyanodiacetylene Ethylene oxide Glycolonitrile Hexatriynyl radical Propyne Methylamine Methyl isocyanate Vinyl alcohol Eight atoms Acetic acid Aminoacetonitrile Cyanoallene Ethanimine Glycolaldehyde Hexapentaenylidene Methylcyanoacetylene Methyl formate Acrolein Nine atoms Acetamide Cyanohexatriyne Dimethyl ether Ethanol Methyldiacetylene Octatetraynyl radical Propene Ethanethiol Propionitrile N-Methylformamide Ten atoms or more Acetone Benzene Benzonitrile Buckminsterfullerene (C60, C60, fullerene, buckyball) C70 fullerene Cyanodecapentayne Ethylene glycol Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Methyl-cyano-diacetylene Methyltriacetylene Propionaldehyde Butyronitrile Pyrimidine Heptatrienyl radical
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