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Revision as of 05:32, 17 December 2018 view sourceCaptainEek (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Checkusers, Oversighters, Administrators25,060 edits Added that he was an imam till 1981, not sure when he began and thus added inline "year needed" templateTag: Visual edit← Previous edit Revision as of 06:00, 17 December 2018 view source CaptainEek (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Checkusers, Oversighters, Administrators25,060 edits Reworked lead: removed some excessive citations, removed statement that was WP:UNDUE, put statements that were only marginally relevant in body instead of lead, reorganized lead sections to give more logical layout, prose changes. Moved sections around in bodyTags: nowiki added Visual editNext edit →
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'''Muhammed Fethullah Gülen'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0106.xml|title=Muhammed Fethullah Gülen - Islamic Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - obo|access-date=2017-01-15}}</ref> (born 27 April 1941) is a ] ],<ref name=fguleninshort /> ],<ref name=fguleninshort>{{cite web |url=http://en.fgulen.com/about-fethullah-gulen/fethullah-gulen-in-short |title=Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site - Fethullah Gülen in Short |publisher=En.fgulen.com |date=2009-09-30 |accessdate=2014-08-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915020020/http://en.fgulen.com/about-fethullah-gulen/fethullah-gulen-in-short |archivedate=15 September 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh p 26">Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh, The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam, p 26. {{ISBN|1402098944}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.fgulen.com/gulens-works |title=Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site - Gülen's Works |publisher=En.fgulen.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-24}}</ref> and political figure.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/25/world/middleeast/turkey-feels-sway-of-fethullah-gulen-a-reclusive-cleric.html|title=Turkey Feels Sway of Fethullah Gulen, a Reclusive Cleric|last=Bilefsky|first=Dan|date=2012-04-24|last2=Arsu|first2=Sebnem|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-03-08}}</ref> He is the founder of the ] (known as ''Hizmet'' meaning ''service'' in Turkish), which is a 3-to-6 million strong, volunteer-based movement mostly focused on the education, interfaith dialogue providing primary and secondary education, in Turkey (in which business entities and foundations have been closed down by the Turkish government by the thousands in 2017) and in Africa, Central Asia, the Americas, and Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/turkey-erdogan-gulen-schools/4010073.html |title=Turkey on Diplomatic Push to Close Schools Linked to Influential Cleric |publisher=Voanews.com |date=2017-09-01 |accessdate=2017-09-07}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/real-and-imagined-threats-the-shared-past-of-akp-and-the-g%C3%BClen-movement/a-19429199 |title=Real and imagined threats: the shared past of AKP and the Gülen movement &#124; World &#124; DW &#124; 27.07.2016 |publisher=DW |date= |accessdate=2017-09-21}}</ref> Hizmet's most populous organization is a ]ic advocacy group, ]. Gulen lives in exile in the ], residing in ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.poconorecord.com/photogallery/PR/20100416/PHOTOS1013/416009999/PH/1|title=Photos: Muslim retreat center in Saylorsburg|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-turkey-gulen-20140120-story.html|title=From his Pa. compound, Fethullah Gulen shakes up Turkey|author=Los Angeles Times|date=20 January 2014|work=latimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/fethullah-gulens-pennsylvania-home-2013-12|title=Fethullah Gulen's Pennsylvania Home - Business Insider|author=Adam Taylor|date=18 December 2013|work=Business Insider}}</ref> '''Muhammed Fethullah Gülen''' (born 27 April 1941) is a ] ], ],<ref name="Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh p 26">Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh, The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam, p 26. {{ISBN|1402098944}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.fgulen.com/gulens-works |title=Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site - Gülen's Works |publisher=En.fgulen.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-24}}</ref> and political figure.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/25/world/middleeast/turkey-feels-sway-of-fethullah-gulen-a-reclusive-cleric.html|title=Turkey Feels Sway of Fethullah Gulen, a Reclusive Cleric|last=Bilefsky|first=Dan|date=2012-04-24|last2=Arsu|first2=Sebnem|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-03-08}}</ref> G]<nowiki/>len lives in exile in the ], residing in ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.poconorecord.com/photogallery/PR/20100416/PHOTOS1013/416009999/PH/1|title=Photos: Muslim retreat center in Saylorsburg|website=poconorecord.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-turkey-gulen-20140120-story.html|title=From his Pa. compound, Fethullah Gulen shakes up Turkey|author=Los Angeles Times|date=20 January 2014|work=latimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/fethullah-gulens-pennsylvania-home-2013-12|title=Fethullah Gulen's Pennsylvania Home - Business Insider|author=Adam Taylor|date=18 December 2013|work=Business Insider}}</ref>


He is the founder of the ] (known as ''Hizmet,'' meaning ''service'' in Turkish), which is a 3-to-6 million strong, volunteer-based movement mostly focused on education, interfaith dialogue, and providing primary and secondary education, in Turkey and around the world. Many of Hizmet's schools, foundations and other entities in Turkey have been shut down by the Turkish government following the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/turkey-erdogan-gulen-schools/4010073.html |title=Turkey on Diplomatic Push to Close Schools Linked to Influential Cleric |publisher=Voanews.com |date=2017-09-01 |accessdate=2017-09-07}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/real-and-imagined-threats-the-shared-past-of-akp-and-the-g%C3%BClen-movement/a-19429199 |title=Real and imagined threats: the shared past of AKP and the Gülen movement &#124; World &#124; DW &#124; 27.07.2016 |publisher=DW |date= |accessdate=2017-09-21}}</ref>
Gülen is actively involved in the societal debate concerning the future of the Turkish state, and Islam in the modern world. He has been described in the English-language media as an imam "who promotes a tolerant Islam which emphasises altruism, hard work and education" and as "one of the world's most important Muslim figures."<ref name=economist10808408/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13503361|title=Profile: Fethullah Gulen's Hizmet movement|work=BBC News}}</ref> However, James Jeffrey, former American ambassador in Ankara, has said that the Gülen movement, aside from its "legal and visible" activities, had infiltrated the Turkish armed forces, police and judiciary.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hear what James Jeffrey says - MUSTAFA AKYOL|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/hear-what-james-jeffrey-says.aspx?pageID=238&nid=102916&NewsCatID=411|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=17 August 2016}}</ref>


The Gülen movement (often referred as ''Gulenists'') has been characterized as a ] group promoting education, ], and building social networks. Having shared a major goal of Turkish President ] of empowering religious individuals in civil life officially disenfranchised under then existing law in ], Gulen and his movement were aligned with Erdoğan prior to 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Birnbaum |first=Michael |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/erdogan-offers-concessions-to-turkeys-protesters/2013/06/14/9a87fff6-d4bf-11e2-a73e-826d299ff459_story.html |title=In Turkey protests, splits in Erdogan's base |publisher=The Washington Post |date=2013-06-14 |accessdate=2017-09-21}}</ref> The alliance was destroyed after the ].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title = Turkey challenged by terror in 2015|url = http://www.trtworld.com/in-depth/turkey-challenged-by-terror-in-2015-17588|website = TRT World|access-date = 2016-01-28|language = tr-TR|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160203060054/http://www.trtworld.com/in-depth/turkey-challenged-by-terror-in-2015-17588|archivedate = 3 February 2016|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="trtworld.com">{{cite web|title = Gulen faces life in prison on coup attempt charges|url = http://www.trtworld.com/turkey/gulen-faces-life-in-prison-on-coup-attempt-charges-8742|website = TRT World|access-date = 2016-01-29|language = tr-TR|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160203235245/http://www.trtworld.com/turkey/gulen-faces-life-in-prison-on-coup-attempt-charges-8742|archivedate = 3 February 2016|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Journal-28Dec2013">{{cite news | title = Turkey: Erdogan faces new protests over corruption scandal | url = http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/world/erdogan-faces-new-protests-over-corruption-scandal/article/364759 | newspaper = Digital Journal | date = 28 December 2013 | accessdate = 31 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/25378685.asp|title=İstanbul'da yolsuzluk ve rüşvet operasyonu|date=17 December 2013|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="BBCprofile-Dec2013">{{cite news | title = Profile: Fethullah Gulen's Hizmet movement | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13503361 | newspaper = ] | date = 18 December 2013 | accessdate = 31 December 2013 }}</ref> Erdoğan accused Gülen of being behind the corruption investigations.<ref>{{cite news | title = The Gulen movement: a self-exiled imam challenges Turkey's Erdoğan | url = http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2013/1229/The-Gulen-movement-a-self-exiled-imam-challenges-Turkey-s-Erdogan | newspaper = ] | date = 29 December 2013 | accessdate = 31 December 2013 }}</ref> A Turkish criminal court issued an arrest warrant for Gülen.<ref>{{cite web|title = Istanbul court issues new arrest warrant for Gulen|url = http://aa.com.tr/en/turkey/istanbul-court-issues-new-arrest-warrant-for-gulen/407559|website = Anadolu Agency|access-date = 2016-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Turkish Court accepts prosecutors request of arrest warrant for Fethullah Gülen|url = http://www.dailysabah.com/investigations/2014/12/19/the-court-issues-an-arrest-warrant-for-fethullah-gulen|work=DailySabah|access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> Turkey is demanding the extradition of Gülen from the United States.<ref name="trtworld.com"/><ref>{{cite web|title = Turkey to demand extradition of Fethullah Gulen from US|url = http://www.trtworld.com/turkey/turkey-to-demand-extradition-of-fethullah-gulen-from-us-27389|work = TRT World|access-date = 29 January 2016|language = tr-TR|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160203232053/http://www.trtworld.com/turkey/turkey-to-demand-extradition-of-fethullah-gulen-from-us-27389|archivedate = 3 February 2016|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Turkish prosecutors seek life sentence for Fetullah Gulen|url = http://aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkish-prosecutors-seek-life-sentence-for-fetullah-gulen/396307|work=Anadolu Agency|access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> However, U.S. figures in general do not believe he is associated with any ], and have requested evidence to be provided by the Turkish Government to substantiate the allegations in the warrant requesting extradition.<ref name="aktif">{{cite web|url=http://www.aktifhaber.com/prof-dr-henri-barkeyden-gulen-hareketi-ile-ilgili-carpici-aciklama-1316990h.htm|title=Prof. Dr. Henri Barkey: Nobody in Wash,DC believes that Gulen is terrorist|work=aktif haber|date=9 March 2016|accessdate=10 March 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310102045/http://www.aktifhaber.com/prof-dr-henri-barkeyden-gulen-hareketi-ile-ilgili-carpici-aciklama-1316990h.htm|archivedate=10 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://medyascope.tv/2016/03/09/henri-barkey-ile-soylesi-washington-gulen-cemaatine-nasil-bakiyor/|title=How does Washington view Gulen group|work=medyascope.tv|date=9 March 2016|accessdate=10 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trtworld.com/in-depth/turkey-challenged-by-terror-in-2015-17588|title=Turkey challenged by terror in 2015|work=TRT World|language=tr-TR|access-date=7 April 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310112222/http://www.trtworld.com/in-depth/turkey-challenged-by-terror-in-2015-17588|archivedate=10 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Gülen movement (often referred as ''Gulenists'') has been characterized as a ] group promoting education, ], and building social networks. Having shared a major goal of Turkish President ] of empowering religious individuals in civil life officially disenfranchised under then existing law in ], Gulen and his movement were aligned with Erdoğan prior to 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Birnbaum |first=Michael |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/erdogan-offers-concessions-to-turkeys-protesters/2013/06/14/9a87fff6-d4bf-11e2-a73e-826d299ff459_story.html |title=In Turkey protests, splits in Erdogan's base |publisher=The Washington Post |date=2013-06-14 |accessdate=2017-09-21}}</ref> The alliance was destroyed after the ].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title = Turkey challenged by terror in 2015|url = http://www.trtworld.com/in-depth/turkey-challenged-by-terror-in-2015-17588|website = TRT World|access-date = 2016-01-28|language = tr-TR|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160203060054/http://www.trtworld.com/in-depth/turkey-challenged-by-terror-in-2015-17588|archivedate = 3 February 2016|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="trtworld.com">{{cite web|title = Gulen faces life in prison on coup attempt charges|url = http://www.trtworld.com/turkey/gulen-faces-life-in-prison-on-coup-attempt-charges-8742|website = TRT World|access-date = 2016-01-29|language = tr-TR|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160203235245/http://www.trtworld.com/turkey/gulen-faces-life-in-prison-on-coup-attempt-charges-8742|archivedate = 3 February 2016|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Journal-28Dec2013">{{cite news | title = Turkey: Erdogan faces new protests over corruption scandal | url = http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/world/erdogan-faces-new-protests-over-corruption-scandal/article/364759 | newspaper = Digital Journal | date = 28 December 2013 | accessdate = 31 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/25378685.asp|title=İstanbul'da yolsuzluk ve rüşvet operasyonu|date=17 December 2013|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="BBCprofile-Dec2013">{{cite news | title = Profile: Fethullah Gulen's Hizmet movement | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13503361 | newspaper = ] | date = 18 December 2013 | accessdate = 31 December 2013 }}</ref> Erdoğan accused Gülen of being behind the corruption investigations.<ref>{{cite news | title = The Gulen movement: a self-exiled imam challenges Turkey's Erdoğan | url = http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2013/1229/The-Gulen-movement-a-self-exiled-imam-challenges-Turkey-s-Erdogan | newspaper = ] | date = 29 December 2013 | accessdate = 31 December 2013 }}</ref> A Turkish criminal court has issued an arrest warrant for Gülen.<ref>{{cite web|title = Istanbul court issues new arrest warrant for Gulen|url = http://aa.com.tr/en/turkey/istanbul-court-issues-new-arrest-warrant-for-gulen/407559|website = Anadolu Agency|access-date = 2016-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Turkish Court accepts prosecutors request of arrest warrant for Fethullah Gülen|url = http://www.dailysabah.com/investigations/2014/12/19/the-court-issues-an-arrest-warrant-for-fethullah-gulen|work=DailySabah|access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> Turkey is demanding the extradition of Gülen from the United States.<ref name="trtworld.com"/><ref>{{cite web|title = Turkey to demand extradition of Fethullah Gulen from US|url = http://www.trtworld.com/turkey/turkey-to-demand-extradition-of-fethullah-gulen-from-us-27389|work = TRT World|access-date = 29 January 2016|language = tr-TR|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160203232053/http://www.trtworld.com/turkey/turkey-to-demand-extradition-of-fethullah-gulen-from-us-27389|archivedate = 3 February 2016|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Turkish prosecutors seek life sentence for Fetullah Gulen|url = http://aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkish-prosecutors-seek-life-sentence-for-fetullah-gulen/396307|work=Anadolu Agency|access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> However, U.S. figures in general do not believe he is associated with any ], and have requested evidence to be provided by the Turkish Government to substantiate the allegations in the warrant requesting extradition.<ref name="aktif">{{cite web|url=http://www.aktifhaber.com/prof-dr-henri-barkeyden-gulen-hareketi-ile-ilgili-carpici-aciklama-1316990h.htm|title=Prof. Dr. Henri Barkey: Nobody in Wash,DC believes that Gulen is terrorist|work=aktif haber|date=9 March 2016|accessdate=10 March 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310102045/http://www.aktifhaber.com/prof-dr-henri-barkeyden-gulen-hareketi-ile-ilgili-carpici-aciklama-1316990h.htm|archivedate=10 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://medyascope.tv/2016/03/09/henri-barkey-ile-soylesi-washington-gulen-cemaatine-nasil-bakiyor/|title=How does Washington view Gulen group|work=medyascope.tv|date=9 March 2016|accessdate=10 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trtworld.com/in-depth/turkey-challenged-by-terror-in-2015-17588|title=Turkey challenged by terror in 2015|work=TRT World|language=tr-TR|access-date=7 April 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310112222/http://www.trtworld.com/in-depth/turkey-challenged-by-terror-in-2015-17588|archivedate=10 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>


Gülen is actively involved in the societal debate concerning the future of the Turkish state, and Islam in the modern world. He has been described in the English-language media as an imam "who promotes a tolerant Islam which emphasises altruism, hard work and education" and as "one of the world's most important Muslim figures."<ref name="economist10808408" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13503361|title=Profile: Fethullah Gulen's Hizmet movement|work=BBC News}}</ref>
He was accused of being against the ] which had aimed to resolve the long-running ]. However, Gülen's supporters dismiss this claim, citing his work with many Kurds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mustafa Akyol |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/05/gulen-movement-peace-process-pkk.html |title=Is Gulen Movement Against Peace With PKK? |publisher=Al-monitor.com |date=2013-05-22 |accessdate=2017-09-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=What's behind AKP's allegations of Gulen-PKK ties?|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/08/turkey-why-erdogan-wants-link-gulen-pkk.html|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=Al-Monitor|date=15 August 2016|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=gg5>{{cite news|last1=Nordland|first1=Rod|title=As Turkey Cracks Down, Kurdish Mayors Pack Bags for Jail|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/10/world/europe/turkey-kurdish-mayors-expect-arrests.html?_r=0|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=The New York Times|date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=2sa>{{cite news|title=What's behind AKP's allegations of Gulen-PKK ties?|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/08/turkey-why-erdogan-wants-link-gulen-pkk.html|accessdate=13 December 2016|work=Al-Monitor|date=15 August 2016|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=fthg1>{{cite news|title=Fetullah Gülen'in Kürt planı!|url=http://rudaw.net/turkish/interview/06082016|accessdate=13 December 2016|work=Rudaw}}</ref>

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==Biography== ==Biography==
{{Rewrite section|date=March 2017}} {{Rewrite section|date=March 2017}}
Muhammed Fethullah Gülen was born in the village of Korucuk, near ],<ref name=renisl>{{cite book|last=Valkenberg|first=Pim|title=Renewing Islam by Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtACCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|year=2015|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=978-0-8132-2755-9|page=72}}</ref><ref name="Çelik2010">{{cite book|last=Çelik|first=Gürkan|title=The Gülen Movement: Building Social Cohesion Through Dialogue and Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74NNy-ypzO0C&pg=PA42|year=2010|publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V.|isbn=978-90-5972-369-6|page=42}}</ref> to Ramiz and Refia Gülen.<ref>{{cite book|last=Marty|first=Martin E.|authorlink=Martin E. Marty|title=Hizmet Means Service: Perspectives on an Alternative Path within Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMdRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|year=2015|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-96074-9|page=19}}</ref> There is some confusion over his birth date. Some accounts, usually older ones, give it as 10 November 1938, while others give 27 April 1941.<ref name=renisl /><ref name=begend>{{cite book|last=Wagner|first=Walter H.|title=Beginnings and Endings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHe6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT11|year=2015|publisher=Işık Yayıncılık Ticaret|isbn=978-1-935295-70-9|page=11}}</ref> Some commentators point to the 10 November 1938 date coinciding with the death of ], who founded modern Turkey, and suggests that it was deliberately chosen for its political significance.<ref name=renisl /><ref name="Haynes2013">{{cite book|last=Haynes|first=Jeffrey|title=Religion and Democratizations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efHbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-98646-1|page=189}}</ref> An alternative explanation for the discrepancy offered by one of Gülen's close students, and biographer, was that his parents waited 3 years to register his birth.<ref name=hengul>{{cite book|last=Hendrick|first=Joshua D.|title=Gülen: The Ambiguous Politics of Market Islam in Turkey and the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nwTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA70|year=2014|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-1-4798-0046-9|pages=70–1}}</ref> State documents support the 1941 date,<ref name=renisl /><ref name=begend /> and Gülen's English website now uses that;<ref name=renisl /> it is now the accepted date.<ref name=renisl /><ref name=begend /> Muhammed Fethullah Gülen<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0106.xml|title=Muhammed Fethullah Gülen - Islamic Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - obo|access-date=2017-01-15}}</ref> was born in the village of Korucuk, near ],<ref name=renisl>{{cite book|last=Valkenberg|first=Pim|title=Renewing Islam by Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtACCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|year=2015|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=978-0-8132-2755-9|page=72}}</ref><ref name="Çelik2010">{{cite book|last=Çelik|first=Gürkan|title=The Gülen Movement: Building Social Cohesion Through Dialogue and Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74NNy-ypzO0C&pg=PA42|year=2010|publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V.|isbn=978-90-5972-369-6|page=42}}</ref> to Ramiz and Refia Gülen.<ref>{{cite book|last=Marty|first=Martin E.|authorlink=Martin E. Marty|title=Hizmet Means Service: Perspectives on an Alternative Path within Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMdRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|year=2015|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-96074-9|page=19}}</ref> There is some confusion over his birth date. Some accounts, usually older ones, give it as 10 November 1938, while others give 27 April 1941.<ref name=renisl /><ref name=begend>{{cite book|last=Wagner|first=Walter H.|title=Beginnings and Endings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHe6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT11|year=2015|publisher=Işık Yayıncılık Ticaret|isbn=978-1-935295-70-9|page=11}}</ref> Some commentators point to the 10 November 1938 date coinciding with the death of ], who founded modern Turkey, and suggests that it was deliberately chosen for its political significance.<ref name=renisl /><ref name="Haynes2013">{{cite book|last=Haynes|first=Jeffrey|title=Religion and Democratizations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efHbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-98646-1|page=189}}</ref> An alternative explanation for the discrepancy offered by one of Gülen's close students, and biographer, was that his parents waited 3 years to register his birth.<ref name=hengul>{{cite book|last=Hendrick|first=Joshua D.|title=Gülen: The Ambiguous Politics of Market Islam in Turkey and the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nwTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA70|year=2014|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-1-4798-0046-9|pages=70–1}}</ref> State documents support the 1941 date,<ref name=renisl /><ref name=begend /> and Gülen's English website now uses that;<ref name=renisl /> it is now the accepted date.<ref name=renisl /><ref name=begend />


His father was an ].<ref name=gulmov23>{{cite book|last=Ebaugh|first=Helen Rose|authorlink=Helen Rose Ebaugh|title=The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWEePOkKpkoC&pg=PA23|year=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-9894-9|page=23}}</ref> His mother taught the ] in their village, despite such informal religious instruction being banned by the ] government.<ref name="Ebaugh2009">{{cite book|last=Ebaugh|first=Helen Rose|authorlink=Helen Rose Ebaugh|title=The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWEePOkKpkoC&pg=PA24|year=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-9894-9|page=24}}</ref> Gülen's formal schooling ceased when his family moved to another village.<ref name=gulmov23 /><ref>{{cite book|last=Marty|first=Martin E.|authorlink=Martin E. Marty|title=Hizmet Means Service: Perspectives on an Alternative Path within Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMdRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20+|year=2015|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-96074-9|page=20}}</ref> He took part in Islamic education in some Erzurum ]s<ref name="fg_edu">{{cite web | url=https://fgulen.com/en/fethullah-gulens-life/about-fethullah-gulen/biography/24652-years-of-education | title=Gulen-Years of Education | publisher=fgulen.com | accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref> and he gave his first sermon when he was 14.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} Gülen was influenced by the ideas of Kurdish-Islamic scholar ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ijh.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.26/prod.1529 |title=The Gulen Movement: Communicating Modernization, Tolerance, and Dialogue in the Islamic World. |work=The International Journal of the Humanities |volume= 6, Issue 12|pages= 67–78 |publisher=Ijh.cgpublisher.com|accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref> His father was an ].<ref name=gulmov23>{{cite book|last=Ebaugh|first=Helen Rose|authorlink=Helen Rose Ebaugh|title=The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWEePOkKpkoC&pg=PA23|year=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-9894-9|page=23}}</ref> His mother taught the ] in their village, despite such informal religious instruction being banned by the ] government.<ref name="Ebaugh2009">{{cite book|last=Ebaugh|first=Helen Rose|authorlink=Helen Rose Ebaugh|title=The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWEePOkKpkoC&pg=PA24|year=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-9894-9|page=24}}</ref> Gülen's formal schooling ceased when his family moved to another village.<ref name=gulmov23 /><ref>{{cite book|last=Marty|first=Martin E.|authorlink=Martin E. Marty|title=Hizmet Means Service: Perspectives on an Alternative Path within Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMdRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20+|year=2015|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-96074-9|page=20}}</ref> He took part in Islamic education in some Erzurum ]s<ref name="fg_edu">{{cite web | url=https://fgulen.com/en/fethullah-gulens-life/about-fethullah-gulen/biography/24652-years-of-education | title=Gulen-Years of Education | publisher=fgulen.com | accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref> and he gave his first sermon when he was 14.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} Gülen was influenced by the ideas of Kurdish-Islamic scholar ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ijh.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.26/prod.1529 |title=The Gulen Movement: Communicating Modernization, Tolerance, and Dialogue in the Islamic World. |work=The International Journal of the Humanities |volume= 6, Issue 12|pages= 67–78 |publisher=Ijh.cgpublisher.com|accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref>
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In November 2018, the Trump administration asked the U.S. Justice Department to explore what legal justifications could be used, should it decide to seek for Gulen to be deported.<ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/white-house-weighs-booting-erdogan-foe-u-s-appease-turkey-n933996</ref> In November 2018, the Trump administration asked the U.S. Justice Department to explore what legal justifications could be used, should it decide to seek for Gulen to be deported.<ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/white-house-weighs-booting-erdogan-foe-u-s-appease-turkey-n933996</ref>

==Theology==
Gülen does not advocate a new theology but refers to classical authorities of theology, taking up their line of argument.<ref>Erol Nazim Gulay, ''The Theological thought of Fethullah Gulen: Reconciling Science and Islam'' (St. Antony's College Oxford University May 2007). p. 1</ref> His understanding of Islam tends to be moderate and mainstream.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206155723/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8412.html/|date=6 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-216/i.html |title=Portrait of Fethullah Gülen, A Modern Turkish-Islamic Reformist |publisher=Qantara.de |date= |accessdate=2014-08-24}}</ref> Though he has never been a member of a ] '']'' and does not see ''tarekat'' membership as a necessity for Muslims, he teaches that "Sufism is the inner dimension of Islam" and "the inner and outer dimensions must never be separated."<ref>{{cite web|author=Guest Editor Zeki Saritoprak (Editor) |url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001FFVBFC |title=Thomas Michel S.J., '&#39;Sufism and Modernity in the Thought of Fethullah Gülen'&#39;, The Muslim World, Vol. 95 No. 3, July 2005, pp. 345-5 |publisher=Amazon.com |date=2005-01-01 |accessdate=2014-08-24}}</ref>

His teachings differ in emphasis from those of other mainstream Islamic scholars in two respects, both based on his interpretations of particular verses of the ]. He teaches that the Muslim community has a duty of service (Turkish: ''hizmet'')<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r04OPJArUPQC&pg=PP1&dq=A+Civilian+Response+to+Ethno-Religious+Conflict#v=onepage&q=&f=false |title=Mehmet Kalyoncu, A Civilian Response to Ethno-Religious Conflict: The Gülen Movement in Southeast Turkey (Tughra Books, 2008), pp. 19–40 |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-24}}</ref> to the "common good" of the community and the nation<ref>{{cite web|author=Berna Turam |url=http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?isbn=0804755019 |title=Berna Turam, Between Islam and the State: The Politics of Engagement (Stanford University Press 2006) p. 61 |publisher=Sup.org |date= |accessdate=2014-08-24}}</ref> and to Muslims and non-Muslims all over the world;<ref>{{cite web|author=Guest Editor Zeki Saritoprak (Editor) |url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001FFVBFC |title=Saritoprak, Z. and Griffith, S. Fethullah Gülen and the 'People of the Book': A Voice from Turkey for Interfaith Dialogue, The Muslim World, Vol. 95 No. 3, July 2005, p.337-8 |publisher=Amazon.com |date=2005-01-01 |accessdate=2014-08-24}}</ref> and that the Muslim community is obliged to conduct dialogue with not just the "People of the Book" (Jews and Christians), and people of other religions, but also with agnostics and atheists.

Gulen's Sufism is greatly influenced by ] ] Quranic scholar ] (1877–1960), who advocated illuminating modern education and science through Islam. Gulen expands on Nursi to advocate what has been described as a "Turkish nationalist, state-centered and pro-business approach" centered on service (''hizmet,'' in Turkish).<ref name="autogenerated2"/>


==Activities== ==Activities==
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Gülen has shown sympathy towards certain demands of Turkey's ] minority, such as recognising their ]s as official places of worship and supporting better Sunni-Alevi relations; stating Alevis "definitely enrich Turkish culture."<ref>{{cite news|title=Gülen: Alevi-Sunni brotherhood should not be marred by bridge controversy|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_gulen-alevi-sunni-brotherhood-should-not-be-marred-by-bridge-controversy_318673.html|accessdate=21 December 2014|work=Today's Zaman|date=19 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Elise Massicard|title=The Alevis in Turkey and Europe: Identity and Managing Territorial Diversity|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415667968|pages=109–10|edition=illustrated}}<!--|accessdate=21 December 2014--></ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Greg Barton|author2=Paul Weller|author3=Ihsan Yilmaz|title=The Muslim World and Politics in Transition: Creative Contributions of the Gulen Movement|date=18 Dec 2014|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781441158734|page=119}}<!--|accessdate=21 December 2014--></ref> Gülen has shown sympathy towards certain demands of Turkey's ] minority, such as recognising their ]s as official places of worship and supporting better Sunni-Alevi relations; stating Alevis "definitely enrich Turkish culture."<ref>{{cite news|title=Gülen: Alevi-Sunni brotherhood should not be marred by bridge controversy|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_gulen-alevi-sunni-brotherhood-should-not-be-marred-by-bridge-controversy_318673.html|accessdate=21 December 2014|work=Today's Zaman|date=19 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Elise Massicard|title=The Alevis in Turkey and Europe: Identity and Managing Territorial Diversity|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415667968|pages=109–10|edition=illustrated}}<!--|accessdate=21 December 2014--></ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Greg Barton|author2=Paul Weller|author3=Ihsan Yilmaz|title=The Muslim World and Politics in Transition: Creative Contributions of the Gulen Movement|date=18 Dec 2014|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781441158734|page=119}}<!--|accessdate=21 December 2014--></ref>


==Political views==
==Views on contemporary issues==

<br />
=== Theology ===
Gülen does not advocate a new theology but refers to classical authorities of theology, taking up their line of argument.<ref>Erol Nazim Gulay, ''The Theological thought of Fethullah Gulen: Reconciling Science and Islam'' (St. Antony's College Oxford University May 2007). p. 1</ref> His understanding of Islam tends to be moderate and mainstream.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206155723/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8412.html/|date=6 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-216/i.html|title=Portrait of Fethullah Gülen, A Modern Turkish-Islamic Reformist|date=|publisher=Qantara.de|accessdate=2014-08-24}}</ref> Though he has never been a member of a ] '']'' and does not see ''tarekat'' membership as a necessity for Muslims, he teaches that "Sufism is the inner dimension of Islam" and "the inner and outer dimensions must never be separated."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001FFVBFC|title=Thomas Michel S.J., '&#39;Sufism and Modernity in the Thought of Fethullah Gülen'&#39;, The Muslim World, Vol. 95 No. 3, July 2005, pp. 345-5|author=Guest Editor Zeki Saritoprak (Editor)|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=2014-08-24}}</ref>

His teachings differ in emphasis from those of other mainstream Islamic scholars in two respects, both based on his interpretations of particular verses of the ]. He teaches that the Muslim community has a duty of service (Turkish: ''hizmet'')<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r04OPJArUPQC&pg=PP1&dq=A+Civilian+Response+to+Ethno-Religious+Conflict#v=onepage&q=&f=false|title=Mehmet Kalyoncu, A Civilian Response to Ethno-Religious Conflict: The Gülen Movement in Southeast Turkey (Tughra Books, 2008), pp. 19–40|date=|publisher=Books.google.com|accessdate=2014-08-24}}</ref> to the "common good" of the community and the nation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?isbn=0804755019|title=Berna Turam, Between Islam and the State: The Politics of Engagement (Stanford University Press 2006) p. 61|author=Berna Turam|date=|publisher=Sup.org|accessdate=2014-08-24}}</ref> and to Muslims and non-Muslims all over the world;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001FFVBFC|title=Saritoprak, Z. and Griffith, S. Fethullah Gülen and the 'People of the Book': A Voice from Turkey for Interfaith Dialogue, The Muslim World, Vol. 95 No. 3, July 2005, p.337-8|author=Guest Editor Zeki Saritoprak (Editor)|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Amazon.com|accessdate=2014-08-24}}</ref> and that the Muslim community is obliged to conduct dialogue with not just the "People of the Book" (Jews and Christians), and people of other religions, but also with agnostics and atheists.

Gulen's Sufism is greatly influenced by ] ] Quranic scholar ] (1877–1960), who advocated illuminating modern education and science through Islam. Gulen expands on Nursi to advocate what has been described as a "Turkish nationalist, state-centered and pro-business approach" centered on service (''hizmet,'' in Turkish).<ref name="autogenerated2" />

=== Kurdish issues ===
He was accused of being against the ] which had aimed to resolve the long-running ]. However, Gülen's supporters dismiss this claim, citing his work with many Kurds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/05/gulen-movement-peace-process-pkk.html|title=Is Gulen Movement Against Peace With PKK?|author=Mustafa Akyol|date=2013-05-22|publisher=Al-monitor.com|accessdate=2017-09-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/08/turkey-why-erdogan-wants-link-gulen-pkk.html|title=What's behind AKP's allegations of Gulen-PKK ties?|date=15 August 2016|work=Al-Monitor|accessdate=10 January 2017|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="gg5">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/10/world/europe/turkey-kurdish-mayors-expect-arrests.html?_r=0|title=As Turkey Cracks Down, Kurdish Mayors Pack Bags for Jail|last1=Nordland|first1=Rod|date=10 December 2016|work=The New York Times|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="2sa">{{cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/08/turkey-why-erdogan-wants-link-gulen-pkk.html|title=What's behind AKP's allegations of Gulen-PKK ties?|date=15 August 2016|work=Al-Monitor|accessdate=13 December 2016|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="fthg1">{{cite news|url=http://rudaw.net/turkish/interview/06082016|title=Fetullah Gülen'in Kürt planı!|work=Rudaw|accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref>

===Secularism=== ===Secularism===
Gülen has criticized ] as "reductionist materialism". However, he has in the past said that a secular approach that is "not anti-religious" and "allows for freedom of religion and belief, is compatible with Islam."<ref name="European Muslims">{{cite web|author=skyron.co.uk |url=http://www.continuumbooks.com/books/detail.aspx?BookId=157777&SearchType=Basic |title=European Muslims, Civility and Public Life Perspectives On and From the Gülen Movement |publisher=Continuumbooks.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-24}}</ref> Gülen has criticized ] as "reductionist materialism". However, he has in the past said that a secular approach that is "not anti-religious" and "allows for freedom of religion and belief, is compatible with Islam."<ref name="European Muslims">{{cite web|author=skyron.co.uk |url=http://www.continuumbooks.com/books/detail.aspx?BookId=157777&SearchType=Basic |title=European Muslims, Civility and Public Life Perspectives On and From the Gülen Movement |publisher=Continuumbooks.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-24}}</ref>
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According to one Gülen press release, in democratic-secular countries, 95% of Islamic principles are permissible and practically feasible, and there is no problem with them. The remaining 5% "are not worth fighting for."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tr.fgulen.com/content/view/227/141/ |title=Fethullah Gülen Web Sitesi - Devlet ve Şeriat |publisher=Tr.fgulen.com |date=2006-10-31 |accessdate=2014-08-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813013701/http://tr.fgulen.com/content/view/227/141/ |archivedate=13 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=December 2018}} According to one Gülen press release, in democratic-secular countries, 95% of Islamic principles are permissible and practically feasible, and there is no problem with them. The remaining 5% "are not worth fighting for."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tr.fgulen.com/content/view/227/141/ |title=Fethullah Gülen Web Sitesi - Devlet ve Şeriat |publisher=Tr.fgulen.com |date=2006-10-31 |accessdate=2014-08-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813013701/http://tr.fgulen.com/content/view/227/141/ |archivedate=13 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=December 2018}}


===Turkey bid to join the EU=== ===Turkish bid to join the EU===
Gülen has supported Turkey's bid to join the ] and has said that neither Turkey nor the EU have anything to fear, but have much to gain, from a future of full Turkish membership in the EU.<ref name="European Muslims"/> Gülen has supported Turkey's bid to join the ] and has said that neither Turkey nor the EU have anything to fear, but have much to gain, from a future of full Turkish membership in the EU.<ref name="European Muslims"/>


Line 169: Line 174:


==Publications== ==Publications==
Gülen's official website<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tr.fgulen.com/content/section/30/3/|title=Gulen's publications|language=Turkish|accessdate=2 March 2014|website=tr.fgulen.com|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311183400/http://tr.fgulen.com/content/section/30/3|archivedate=11 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> lists 44 publications by him; these are, however, more akin to essays and collections of sermons than books on specific subjects with a specific thesis. He is also said to have authored many articles on a variety of topics: social, political and religious issues, art, science and sports, and recorded thousands of audio and video cassettes. He writes the lead article for '']'', ''Yeni Ümit'', '']'', and ''Yağmur'' Islamic philosophical magazines. Several of his books have been translated into English.<ref name="GulEng">{{cite web |url=http://en.fgulen.com/gulens-works |title=Gulen books in English |publisher=en.fgulen.com |accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> Gülen's official website<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tr.fgulen.com/content/section/30/3/|title=Gulen's publications|language=Turkish|accessdate=2 March 2014|website=tr.fgulen.com|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311183400/http://tr.fgulen.com/content/section/30/3|archivedate=11 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=December 2018}} lists 44 publications by him; these are, however, more akin to essays and collections of sermons than books on specific subjects with a specific thesis. He is also said to have authored many articles on a variety of topics: social, political and religious issues, art, science and sports, and recorded thousands of audio and video cassettes. He writes the lead article for '']'', ''Yeni Ümit'', '']'', and ''Yağmur'' Islamic philosophical magazines. Several of his books have been translated into English.<ref name="GulEng">{{cite web |url=http://en.fgulen.com/gulens-works |title=Gulen books in English |publisher=en.fgulen.com |accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref>


* ''The Messenger of God: Muhammad'', Tughra Books, 2nd edition, 2008. {{ISBN|1597841374}} * ''The Messenger of God: Muhammad'', Tughra Books, 2nd edition, 2008. {{ISBN|1597841374}}

Revision as of 06:00, 17 December 2018

Fethullah GülenHocaefendi (honorific among followers)
Gülen in 2016
BornMuhammed Fethullah Gülen
(1941-04-27) 27 April 1941 (age 83)
Pasinler, Erzurum, Turkey
NationalityTurkish
CitizenshipStateless (from 2017)
Occupation(s)Scholar, author, preacher
Known forGülen movement
Writing career
SubjectModerate Islam
Turkish politics
anti-communism
Turkish nationalism
universal education

interfaith dialogue among
people of the Book
(Ahl al-kitab) — and, by
extension, all peoples

Literary movementNurcu
Notable awards2015 Gandhi King Ikeda Award for Peace

Philosophy career
SchoolHanafi
Main interestsIslamic thought
Sufism
Websitefgulen.com

Muhammed Fethullah Gülen (born 27 April 1941) is a Turkish preacher, imam, writer, and political figure. Gülen lives in exile in the United States, residing in Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania.

He is the founder of the Gülen movement (known as Hizmet, meaning service in Turkish), which is a 3-to-6 million strong, volunteer-based movement mostly focused on education, interfaith dialogue, and providing primary and secondary education, in Turkey and around the world. Many of Hizmet's schools, foundations and other entities in Turkey have been shut down by the Turkish government following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt.

The Gülen movement (often referred as Gulenists) has been characterized as a civil society group promoting education, religious tolerance, and building social networks. Having shared a major goal of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of empowering religious individuals in civil life officially disenfranchised under then existing law in secular Turkey, Gulen and his movement were aligned with Erdoğan prior to 2013. The alliance was destroyed after the 2013 corruption investigations in Turkey. Erdoğan accused Gülen of being behind the corruption investigations. A Turkish criminal court has issued an arrest warrant for Gülen. Turkey is demanding the extradition of Gülen from the United States. However, U.S. figures in general do not believe he is associated with any terrorist activity, and have requested evidence to be provided by the Turkish Government to substantiate the allegations in the warrant requesting extradition.

Gülen is actively involved in the societal debate concerning the future of the Turkish state, and Islam in the modern world. He has been described in the English-language media as an imam "who promotes a tolerant Islam which emphasises altruism, hard work and education" and as "one of the world's most important Muslim figures."


Biography

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Muhammed Fethullah Gülen was born in the village of Korucuk, near Erzurum, to Ramiz and Refia Gülen. There is some confusion over his birth date. Some accounts, usually older ones, give it as 10 November 1938, while others give 27 April 1941. Some commentators point to the 10 November 1938 date coinciding with the death of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who founded modern Turkey, and suggests that it was deliberately chosen for its political significance. An alternative explanation for the discrepancy offered by one of Gülen's close students, and biographer, was that his parents waited 3 years to register his birth. State documents support the 1941 date, and Gülen's English website now uses that; it is now the accepted date.

His father was an imam. His mother taught the Qur'an in their village, despite such informal religious instruction being banned by the Kemalist government. Gülen's formal schooling ceased when his family moved to another village. He took part in Islamic education in some Erzurum madrasas and he gave his first sermon when he was 14. Gülen was influenced by the ideas of Kurdish-Islamic scholar Said Nursî.

Gülen was an imam from his younger years until he retired from formal preaching duties in 1981. From 1988 to 1991 he gave a series of sermons in popular mosques of major cities. In 1994, he participated in the founding of "Journalists and Writers Foundation" and was given the title "Honorary President" by the foundation. He did not make any comment regarding the closures of the Welfare Party in 1998 or the Virtue Party in 2001. He has met some politicians like Tansu Çiller and Bülent Ecevit, but he avoids meeting with the leaders of Islamic political parties.

In 1999, Gülen relocated to the United States for medical treatment. According to the then-Kemalist Turkish law of the time, which was intended to ensure modernity and secularism, non-state sanctioned religious endeavors, and Gülen could have anticipated being tried especially over remarks (aired after he immigrated to U.S.) which seemed to favor an Islamic state. In June 1999, after Gülen had left Turkey, videotapes were sent to some Turkish television stations with recordings of Gülen saying,

The existing system is still in power. Our friends who have positions in legislative and administrative bodies should learn its details and be vigilant all the time so that they can transform it and be more fruitful on behalf of Islam in order to carry out a nationwide restoration. However, they should wait until the conditions become more favorable. In other words, they should not come out too early.

Gülen said his remarks were taken out of context, and his supporters raised questions about the authenticity of the tape, which he said had been "manipulated." Gülen was tried in absentia in 2000, and acquitted in 2008 under the new Justice and Development Party (AKP) government of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

Gülen procured a green card in 2001. Gülen's application for permanent residence status in the US was controversial. Gülen first based his claim to residency on his status as an "alien of extraordinary ability" in the field of education - the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services categorically rejected it. As lawyers representing the Secretary of Homeland Security observed, Gülen has no degree or training in education and had authored no scholarly works. To the contrary, they argued, the evidence submitted by Gülen indicates that, far from being an academic, he seeks to cloak himself with academic status by commissioning academics to write about him and paying for conferences at which his work is studied. But, over the objections of the FBI, of the State Department, and of the Department of Homeland Security, three former CIA operatives intervened and managed to secure a permanent US residency for Gülen. CIA National Intelligence Council former vice chairman Graham E. Fuller, former CIA official George Fidas and former US Ambassador to Turkey Morton Abramowitz wrote endorsement letters for Gülen's green card application in 2008. His application ultimately won approval.

With the advent of Erdoğanist Turkey in the 2000s, structural impediments to Muslims' participation in civil life were gradually lifted. Many of those educated in institutions sponsored by participants in civil-society endeavors that Gülen had inspired ended up as members of the Turkey's judiciary, its governmental apparatus, and its military. In the build-up of societal conflicts in the period just prior to the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, Erdoğanism changed in its perception of Gülenism from that of sometimes ally to a dangerous rival, attempting to construct a parallel state structure. Before and after the attempted putsch, Gülenists became the greatest portion of those caught up in the massive 2016–present purges in Turkey.

On 19 December 2014, a Turkish court issued an arrest warrant for Gülen after over 20 journalists working for media outlets thought to be sympathetic to the Gülen movement were arrested. Gülen was accused of establishing and running an "armed terrorist group."

As of 2018, Gülen resides at the Hizmet movement-affiliated Golden Generation Worship and Retreat Center, a 25-acre wooded estate in the Poconos (within Ross Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania, near Saylorsburg). About thirty people live and work on the estate, owned by the Golden Generation Foundation. Never married, Gülen's own living quarters and study are within a pair of small rooms with a mattress on the floor, prayer mat, desk, bookshelves, and treadmill, within one of the estate's several structures, among which is a hall used as a mosque. Gülen spends his time engaging in Islamic scholarship and in writing, often giving speeches that are broadcast to participants of his movement. He occasionally grants interviews requests to journalists for media outlets that are not affiliated with Hizmet. Gülen is reported to be in ill health. In 2017, reports identified four candidates to succeed Gulen, if necessary, in leadership of the Hizmet movement: Mehmet Ali Şengül, Cevdet Türkyolu, Osman Şimşek and Ahmet Kurucan.

Influence in Turkish society and politics

Main article: Gülen movement

The Gülen movement, also known as Hizmet or Jamaat, has millions of followers in Turkey, as well as many more abroad. Beyond the schools established by Gülen's followers, it is believed that many Gülenists hold positions of power in Turkey's police forces and judiciary. Turkish and foreign analysts believe Gülen also has sympathizers in the Turkish parliament and that his movement controlled the widely read Islamic conservative Zaman newspaper, the private Bank Asya bank, the Samanyolu TV television station, and many other media and business organizations, including the Turkish Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists (TUSKON). All have been shut down following the coup attempt. In March 2011, the Turkish government arrested the investigative journalist Ahmet Şık and seized and banned his book The Imam's Army, the culmination of Şık's investigation into Gülen and the Gülen movement.

Gülen taught a Hanafi version of Islam, deriving from Sunni Muslim scholar Said Nursî's teachings. Gülen has stated that he believes in science, interfaith dialogue among the People of the Book, and multi-party democracy. He has initiated such dialogue with the Vatican and some Jewish organizations.

1970s, 1980s, and 1990s

During the political violence in Turkey between the right and left in the 1970s, Gülen "invited people to practice tolerance and forgiveness." Following the 1980 military d'état, in which the military targeted communists, Gülen gave his "explicit assent" to the coup, saying:

I want to also add that the architects of the coup also took some positive administrative decisions. They shook society to renew itself once again. They defeated the Communist movement which recruited some misguided youth who wanted Turkey to be under Soviet influence. They intentionally or unintentionally prevented our country from entering into quagmire and into a long bloody struggle. Moreover, they gave opportunities to some decent children of our homeland to serve our nation.

Following the political violence of the preceding years, Gülen expected that the coup would reestablish stability and lead to a subsequent restoration of democracy. Gülen's assent to the coup later prompted criticism from Turkish liberals.

Despite Gülen's support for the coup, the military authorities issued an arrest warrant against him, which was revoked by a "state security court" in 1986.

In the 1980s and 1990s under Turgut Özal, Gülen and his movement benefited from social and political reforms, managing "to turn his traditional and geographically confined faith movement into a nationwide educational and cultural phenomenon" that "attempted to bring 'religious' perspectives into the public sphere on social and cultural issues." The growth of the Gülen movement sparked opposition from both Kemalists, who perceived the movement as threatening to undermine secularism, and from more radical Islamists who viewed the movement as "accommodating" and "pro-American."

Ergenekon Trials

Main article: Ergenekon (allegation)

In 2005, a man affiliated with the Gülen movement approached U.S. Ambassador to Turkey Eric S. Edelman during a party in Istanbul and handed him an envelope containing a document supposedly detailing plans for an imminent coup against the government by the Turkish military. However, the documents were soon found to be forgeries. Gülen affiliates state that the movement is "civic" in nature and that it does not have political aspirations. However, he was accused of being the mastermind behind the Ergenekon trials by secularists, who see the trial's objective as weakening of Turkish military. Those who publicly said that the trial was a sham were subject to harassment by Zaman, some examples being Dani Rodrik and İlhan Cihaner.

Split with Erdoğan

Main article: 2013 corruption scandal in Turkey

Despite Gülen's and his followers' statements that the organization is non-political in nature, analysts believed that a number of corruption-related arrests made against allies of Erdoğan reflect a growing political power struggle between Gülen and Erdoğan. These arrests led to the 2013 corruption scandal in Turkey, which the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP)'s supporters (along with Erdoğan himself) and the opposition parties alike have said were choreographed by Gülen after Erdoğan's government came to the decision early in December 2013 to shut down many of his movement's private pre-university schools in Turkey.

The Erdoğan government has said that the corruption investigation and comments by Gülen are the long term political agenda of Gülen's movement to infiltrate security, intelligence, and justice institutions of the Turkish state, a charge almost identical to the charges against Gülen by the Chief Prosecutor of Turkey in his trial in 2000 before Erdoğan's party had come into power. Gülen had previously been tried in absentia in 2000, and acquitted of these charges in 2008 under Erdoğan's AKP government.

In emailed comments to the Wall Street Journal in January 2014, Gülen said that "Turkish people ... are upset that in the last two years democratic progress is now being reversed", but he denied being part of a plot to unseat the government. Later, in January 2014 in an interview with BBC World, Gülen said "If I were to say anything to people I may say people should vote for those who are respectful to democracy, rule of law, who get on well with people. Telling or encouraging people to vote for a party would be an insult to peoples' intellect. Everybody very clearly sees what is going on."

According to some commentators, Gülen is to Erdoğan what Trotsky was to Stalin. Ben Cohen wrote: "Rather like Leon Trotsky, the founder of the Soviet Red Army who was hounded and chased out of the USSR by Joseph Stalin, Gulen has become an all-encompassing explanation for the existential threats, as Erdogan perceives them, that are currently plaguing Turkey. Stalin saw the influence of "Trotskyite counter-revolutionaries" everywhere, and brutally purged every element of the Soviet apparatus. Erdogan is now doing much the same with the "Gulenist terrorists."

Extradition request, U.S.–Turkey tensions

Gülen in 2016
See also: 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, Turkish government–Gülen movement conflict, and 2016–17 purges in Turkey

Shortly after the botched coup attempt of 15 July 2016, the Turkish government stated that the coup attempt had been organized by Gülen and/or his movement. Turkish prime minister Binali Yıldırım in late July 2016 told The Guardian: "Of course, since the leader of this terrorist organisation is residing in the United States, there are question marks in the minds of the people whether there is any U.S. involvement or backing. So America from this point on should really think how they will continue to cooperate with Turkey, which is a strategic ally for them in the region and world." Gülen, who denied any involvement in the coup attempt and denounced it, has in turn accused Erdoğan of "turning a failed putsch into a slow-motion coup of his own against constitutional government." On 19 July, the Turkish prime minister stated that an official request had been sent to the U.S. for the extradition of Fethullah Gülen: "We have sent four dossiers to the United States for the extradition of the terrorist chief." On the same day, the White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest said that president Obama had earlier in the day had a phone conversation with his Turkish counterpart and the "status of Mr. Gülen was discussed on the call"; he further elaborated on the extradition issue:

I can tell you that also earlier this morning, separate from the phone call, there were materials presented by the Turkish government in electronic form to the U.S. government related to Mr. Gülen's status. And the Department of Justice and the Department of State will review those materials, consistent with the requirements of the extradition treaty between the United States and Turkey that's been on the books for more than 30 years now. But the President also made clear a couple of other things. The first is that the United States doesn't support terrorists. The United States doesn't support individuals who conspire to overthrow democratically elected governments. The United States follows the rule of law. And as it relates to Mr. Gülen's status, there is a process that is established in the extradition treaty that we will follow. There also is due process to which people who live in the United States are entitled. And we'll make sure that that due process is followed as well. The decision about Mr. Gülen's status and the decision to extradite him is not a decision that is made by the President of the United States. It is a legal decision that is made pursuant to a legal process, part of which is codified in a longstanding treaty between the United States and Turkey. So that's the process that we'll follow. Again, I can't say definitively at this point that a formal request has been made. We're still reviewing the materials that were submitted by the Turkish government, and we'll do that consistent with the process that's been established both in U.S. law and in the extradition treaty between the United States and Turkey.

At the end of July, the Turkish prime minister in his interview with The Wall Street Journal expressed frustration over the perceived lack of support on the part of the U.S. administration regarding the extradition request saying that the evidence against Gülen was "crystal clear". On 4 August 2016, the U.S. State Department said it had received what would amount to a formal extradition request as well as documents purported to be the incriminating evidence and was "in the process of going through those documents". According to senior U.S. officials, the evidence only pertained to certain alleged pre-coup criminal activity. On September 19, Turkish government officials met with retired Army Lt. General Mike Flynn, former CIA Director James Woolsey, and others to discuss legal and potentially illegal ways to take Gülen from the US to Turkey without going through the standard extradition process. In March 2017, Flynn registered as a foreign agent for his 2016 lobbying work on behalf of the government of Turkey.

In addition, the Turkish government reportedly sought to pressure a number of foreign governments into shutting down schools and medical facilities allegedly associated with the Gülen movement including in Pakistan, Somalia, Germany, Indonesia, Nigeria and Kenya. In Somalia, two large schools and a hospital linked to the movement have been shut down following a request by the Turkish administration. Albania and Bosnia have also seen requests by Turkey to close or investigate Gülen-linked schools.

Egypt asylum proposal

In Egypt, MP Emad Mahrous called on the Egyptian government to grant asylum to Gülen. In the request, sent to Speaker of the House of Representatives Ali Abdel-Aal, Prime Minister Sherif Ismail and Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry on 24 July 2016, Mahrous notes that " was a moderate Muslim country that has become an Islamist dictatorship at the hands of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and his affiliated Muslim Brotherhood political party", arguing that it was highly distasteful that Erdoğan has requested Gülen's extradition from the United States while at the same time "... giving shelter to hundreds of leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood terrorist organisation and members of other bloody militant Islamist groups which attack Egypt by day and night". Mahrous argues that Erdoğan has not only accused Gülen of plotting the failed coup attempt, but also used this allegation as an excuse to engage in mass purges against public institutions allegedly loyal to Gülen—"but at the same time Erdoğan has decided to turn Turkey into a media battleground against Egypt, with Turkish intelligence providing funds for several Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to attack Egypt". Mahrous stated that his advice to Gülen is to not wait until his extradition, but instead leave the United States and obtain permanent asylum in Egypt.

Continuing aftermath

In March 2017, former CIA Director James Woolsey told the Wall Street Journal that he had been at a September 19, 2016 meeting with then Trump campaign advisor Mike Flynn with Turkey's foreign minister, Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, and energy minister, Berat Albayrak, where the possibility of Gulen's abduction and forced rendition to Turkey was discussed. Although no concrete kidnapping plan was discussed, Woolsey left the meeting, concerned that a general discussion about "a covert step in the dead of night to whisk this guy away" might be construed as illegal under American law. A spokesman for Flynn denied Woolsey's account, telling Business Insider that no nonjudicial removal had been discussed at the meeting.

In July 2017, one year after the anti-Erdoğan putsch, Gülen wrote:

"Accusations against me related to the coup attempt are baseless, politically motivated slanders." In the 1990s Gulen had been issued a special Turkish passport as a retired holder of the religious post, in the Turkish state religion of Sunni Islam, of mufti; in 2017 this passport was revoked. Unless Gulen travels to Turkey by the end of September 2017, he will be stateless. On September 26, 2017, Gulen asked for a United Nations commission to investigate the 2016 coup attempt.

Also, Gulen said in an interview with NPR: "To this day, I have stood against all coups. My respect for the military aside, I have always been against interventions. ...If any one among those soldiers had called me and told me of their plan, I would tell them, 'You are committing murder.' ... If they ask me what my final wish is, I would say the person who caused all this suffering and oppressed thousands of innocents, I want to spit in his face."

On 28 September 2017, Erdoğan requested the U.S. to extradite Gülen in exchange for American pastor Andrew Brunson, under arrest in Turkey on charges related to Brunson's alleged affiliation with "FETO" (the Gulen movement); Erdoğan said, "You have a pastor too. Give him to us.... Then we will try and give him to you...." "You have a pastor too. ... You give us that one and we'll work with our judiciary and give back yours." The Federal judiciary alone determines extradition cases in the U.S. An August 2017 decree gave Erdogan authority to approve the exchange of detained or convicted foreigners with people held in other countries. Asked about the suggested swap on September 28, 2017, U.S. State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert said: "I can't imagine that we would go down that road. ... We have received extradition requests for him ." Anonymous US officials have said to reporters that the Turkish government has not yet provided sufficient evidence for the U.S. Justice Department to charge Gulen.

As of September 2017, what Turkey had provided the U.S. was information about Gulen dating to before the 2016 coup attempt and Turkey was in the process of compiling information allegedly linking Gulen to the coup attempt.

In 2017, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch separately issued statements urging governments to avoid extraditions to Turkey.

In November 2018, the Trump administration asked the U.S. Justice Department to explore what legal justifications could be used, should it decide to seek for Gulen to be deported.

Activities

Main articles: Gülen movement, Gülen movement schools, and Alliance for Shared Values

The Gülen movement is a transnational Islamic civic society movement inspired by Gülen's teachings. His teachings about hizmet (altruistic service to the "common good") have attracted a large number of supporters in Turkey, Central Asia, and increasingly in other parts of the world.

Education

In his sermons, Gülen has reportedly stated: "Studying physics, mathematics, and chemistry is worshipping God." Gülen's followers have built over 1,000 schools around the world. In Turkey, Gülen's schools are considered among the best: expensive modern facilities and English language is taught from the first grade. However, former teachers from outside the Gülen community have called into question the treatment of women and girls in Gülen schools, reporting that female teachers were excluded from administrative responsibilities, allowed little autonomy, and—along with girls from the sixth grade and up—segregated from male colleagues and pupils during break and lunch periods.

Interfaith and intercultural dialogue

Gülen with Pope John Paul II in 1998.
Further information: Interfaith dialogue and Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu

During the 1990s, he began to advocate interreligious tolerance and dialogue. He has personally met with leaders of other religions, including Pope John Paul II, the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople, and Israeli Sephardic Head Rabbi Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron.

Gülen has said that he favors cooperation between followers of different religions as well as religious and secular elements within society. Among his strongest supporters and collaborators has been for years the Greek Orthodox Turcologist and professor at the University of Ottawa, Dimitri Kitsikis.

Gülen has shown sympathy towards certain demands of Turkey's Alevi minority, such as recognising their cemevis as official places of worship and supporting better Sunni-Alevi relations; stating Alevis "definitely enrich Turkish culture."

Political views

Theology

Gülen does not advocate a new theology but refers to classical authorities of theology, taking up their line of argument. His understanding of Islam tends to be moderate and mainstream. Though he has never been a member of a Sufi tarekat and does not see tarekat membership as a necessity for Muslims, he teaches that "Sufism is the inner dimension of Islam" and "the inner and outer dimensions must never be separated."

His teachings differ in emphasis from those of other mainstream Islamic scholars in two respects, both based on his interpretations of particular verses of the Quran. He teaches that the Muslim community has a duty of service (Turkish: hizmet) to the "common good" of the community and the nation and to Muslims and non-Muslims all over the world; and that the Muslim community is obliged to conduct dialogue with not just the "People of the Book" (Jews and Christians), and people of other religions, but also with agnostics and atheists.

Gulen's Sufism is greatly influenced by Sufi Kurdish Quranic scholar Said Nursi (1877–1960), who advocated illuminating modern education and science through Islam. Gulen expands on Nursi to advocate what has been described as a "Turkish nationalist, state-centered and pro-business approach" centered on service (hizmet, in Turkish).

Kurdish issues

He was accused of being against the peace process which had aimed to resolve the long-running Kurdish-Turkish conflict. However, Gülen's supporters dismiss this claim, citing his work with many Kurds.

Secularism

Gülen has criticized secularism in Turkey as "reductionist materialism". However, he has in the past said that a secular approach that is "not anti-religious" and "allows for freedom of religion and belief, is compatible with Islam."

According to one Gülen press release, in democratic-secular countries, 95% of Islamic principles are permissible and practically feasible, and there is no problem with them. The remaining 5% "are not worth fighting for."

Turkish bid to join the EU

Gülen has supported Turkey's bid to join the European Union and has said that neither Turkey nor the EU have anything to fear, but have much to gain, from a future of full Turkish membership in the EU.

Women's roles

According to Aras and Caha, Gülen's views on women are "progressive". Gülen says the coming of Islam saved women, who "were absolutely not confined to their home and ... never oppressed" in the early years of the religion. He feels that extreme feminism, however, is "doomed to imbalance like all other reactionary movements" and eventually "being full of hatred towards men."

Terrorism

Gülen has condemned terrorism. He warns against the phenomenon of arbitrary violence and aggression against civilians and said that it "has no place in Islam". He wrote a condemnation article in the Washington Post on September 12, 2001, one day after the September 11 attacks, and stated that "A Muslim can not be a terrorist, nor can a terrorist be a true Muslim." Gülen lamented the "hijacking of Islam" by terrorists.

Gaza flotilla

Gülen criticized the Turkish-led Gaza flotilla for trying to deliver aid without Israel's consent to Palestinians in Gaza. He spoke of watching the news coverage of the deadly confrontation between Israeli commandos and multinational aid group members as its flotilla approached Israel's sea blockade of Gaza. He said, "What I saw was not pretty, it was ugly." He has since continued his criticism, saying later that the organizers' failure to seek accord with Israel before attempting to deliver aid was "a sign of defying authority, and will not lead to fruitful matters."

Syrian Civil War

Gülen is strongly against Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War. While rejecting the Turkish government's desire to topple the Syrian government of President Bashar al-Assad, Gülen supports military intervention against ISIL.

Publications

Gülen's official website lists 44 publications by him; these are, however, more akin to essays and collections of sermons than books on specific subjects with a specific thesis. He is also said to have authored many articles on a variety of topics: social, political and religious issues, art, science and sports, and recorded thousands of audio and video cassettes. He writes the lead article for The Fountain, Yeni Ümit, Sızıntı, and Yağmur Islamic philosophical magazines. Several of his books have been translated into English.

  • The Messenger of God: Muhammad, Tughra Books, 2nd edition, 2008. ISBN 1597841374
  • Reflections on the Qur'an: Commentaries on Selected Verses, Tughra Books, 2012. ISBN 1597842648
  • Toward Global Civilization Love and Tolerance, Tughra Books, 2010.
  • From Seed to Cedar: Nurturing the Spiritual Needs in Children, Tughra Books, 2013. ISBN 1597842788
  • Terror and Suicide Attacks: An Islamic Perspective, Tughra Books, 2008. ISBN 1932099743
  • Journey to Noble Ideals: Droplets of Wisdom from the Heart (Broken Jug), Tughra Books, 2014. ISBN 1597843482
  • Speech and Power of Expression, Tughra Books, 2010. ISBN 1597842168
  • Selected Prayers of Prophet Muhammad, Tughra Books, 2012. ISBN 1597842265

Reception

Martin Luther King Jr. International Chapel at Morehouse College awarded its 2015 Gandhi King Ikeda Peace Award to Gülen in recognition of his lifelong dedication to promoting peace and human rights.

Gülen topped the 2008 Top 100 Public Intellectuals Poll and came out as the most influential thinker.

Gülen was named as one of TIME magazine's World's 100 Most Influential People in 2013.

In 2015, Oklahoma City Thunder basketball player Enes Kanter said that he was excluded from the Turkish national basketball team for his public support of Gülen. Kanter was disowned by his family in 2016 due to his support for Gülen.

Gülen was listed as one of the 500 most influential Muslims by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre in Amman, Jordan.

Rise Up (Colors of Peace) album

Cover of album Rise Up (Colors of Peace)

Rise Up (Colors of Peace) was a musical project to turn Gülen's poems and writings in Turkish language into songs. A selection had already been published as English language translations under the title Broken Plectrum. A total of 50 poems were sent to various Muslim and non-Muslim artists from various countries, who were free to pick, and then compose and vocalize the poem chosen, record it in their own country and send it back for inclusion in the planned album. Reportedly, no restrictions were put on the artists in using instrumentation, despite reservations by stricter Muslim interpretations about music and use of musical instruments. The album Rise Up (Colors of Peace) turned into an album of world music encompassing various genres like jazz, pop, flamenco, rai, Indian music among others. The artists appearing (in order of appearance on the track list) were: The Good Morning Diary, Maher Zain, Faudel, Cristelo Duo featuring Bruno Gouveia, Ryan Shaw, Natacha Atlas, Bon Bon, KK & Reet, Mazachigno featuring Ely Bruna, Bahroma, Carmen Paris, Kobi Farhi & Ruba Shamshoum. The project took more than two years to realize and the album was released in 2013 by Nil Production and Universal Music.

Further reading

Notes

  1. In Lester Kurtz's (of University of Texas, Austin) words, "One of the most striking operationalizations of Gulen's fusion of commitment and tolerance is the nature of the Gulen movement, as it is often called, which has established hundreds of schools in many countries as a consequence of his belief in the importance of knowledge, and example in the building of a better world. The schools are a form of service to humanity designed to promote learning in a broader sense and to avoid explicit Islamic propaganda." Kurtz also cites in the same work the comments of Thomas Michel, General Secretary of the Vatican Secretariat for Inter-religious Dialogue, after a visit to a school in Mindanao, Philippines, where the local people suffered from a civil war, as follows: "In a region where kidnapping is a frequent occurrence, along with guerrilla warfare, summary raids, arrests, disappearances and killings by military and para-military forces, the school is offering Muslim and Christian Filipino children, along with an educational standard of high quality, a more positive way of living and relating to each other." Kurtz adds: "The purpose of the schools movement, therefore, is to lay the foundations for a more humane, tolerant citizenry of the world where people are expected to cultivate their own faith perspectives and also promote the well being of others... It is significant to note that the movement has been so successful in offering high quality education in its schools, which recruit the children of elites and government officials, that it is beginning to lay the groundwork for high-level allies, especially in Central Asia, where they have focused much of their effort." See, Lester R. Kurtz, "Gulen's Paradox: Combining Commitment and Tolerance," Muslim World, Vol. 95, July 2005; 379–381.

References

Specific citations:

  1. "Muhammed Fethullah Gülen - Islamic Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - obo". Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  2. Translates to "respected teacher"
  3. Hannah Lucinda Smith, Istanbul (6 September 2017). "Fethullah Gulen: Erdogan rival left stateless in passport purge | World | The Times & The Sunday Times". Thetimes.co.uk. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  4. https://davidbcapes.com/articles/not-so-brief-articles/reclaiming-tolerance-a-j-conyers-and-fethullah-gulen/
  5. https://theatlanticinstitute.org/atlanta/gandhi-king-ikeda-award-peace-ceremony
  6. http://rumiforum.org/fethullah-gulen-awarded-the-2015-gandhi-king-ikeda-peace-award/
  7. Erol Nazim Gulay, The Theological thought of Fethullah Gulen: Reconciling Science and Islam (St Antony's College Oxford University May 2007). p. 57
  8. Duderija, Adis (2014). Maqasid al-Shari'a and Contemporary Reformist Muslim Thought: An Examination. ISBN 9781137319418. Still, Gulen repeatedly states that he propagates neither tajdīd, nor ijtihād, nor reform and that he is just a follower of Islam, simply a Muslim. He is very careful about divorcing himself from any reformist, political, or Islamist discourse. Gulen's conscious dislike of using Islam as a discursive political instrument, which was a distinct trait in Nursi as well, indicates an ethicalized approach to Islam from a spiritual perspective.
  9. ^ Erol Nazim Gulay (May 2007). "The Theological thought of Fethullah Gulen: Reconciling Science and Islam" (PDF). St. Antony's College Oxford University. p. 56.
  10. Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh, The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam, p 26. ISBN 1402098944
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