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The Jino language (Jinuo 基諾語; autonyms: tɕy˦no˦, ki˦ɲo˦) constitutes a pair of Loloish language varieties spoken by the Jino people of Yunnan, China.

Varieties

In total, there are about 28,320 Jinuo people living in China. A total of 70–80% of Jinuo people can speak either of the Jino varieties fluently. The Jino language constitutes the two subdialects of Youle Jino and Buyuan Jinuo, and they are not mutually intelligible.

Buyuan Jino is spoken by 21,000 people; most of the speakers are monolingual, which means they only speak Buyuan Jino. There is no official written form. Most Jino people also speak one of the Tai languages or Chinese. The ISO 639-3 code for the Jino varieties are "jiu" for Youle Jino and "jiy" for Buyuan Jino. The Glottocodes for the Jino varieties are "youl1235" for Youle Jino and "buyu1238" for Buyuan Jino.

Classification

The exact classification of Jino within the Loloish branch of Sino-Tibetan language family remains uncertain. Jino is classified as a Southern Loloish (Hanoish) language by Ziwo Lama (2012), but as a Central Loloish language by Bradley (2007). Jino is also classified as a Southern Loloish language in Satterthwaite-Phillips' (2011) computational phylogenetic analysis of the Lolo-Burmese languages.

History

The use of Jino is rapidly declining: in the 1980s, 70–80% of the Jino people used Jino; in 2000, less than 50% of the population could speak Jino.

The Jino people were recognized by the state council on 6 June 1979 as the last recognized minority nationality in China.

Historically, the Jino people were organized as a matriarchal culture, and “Jino” means “descending from the uncle,” and it refers to the importance of mother’s brother in matriarchal societies.

From a language aspect, Jino is similar to other languages under the branch of the Tibeto-Burman languages, because the Jino people moved from the northwest of Yunnan province to the territories they are at now, but the timing and routes of this migration remain uncertain.

Geographic distribution

Jino is spoken in Jinuo Township (Jinuo Mountain), located in Jinghong City of the Sipsongpanna Dai autonomous prefecture of Yunnan province, China.

Tonemes

The Youle Jino language features five tonemes: /55/, /44/, /33/, /31/, and /35/, with /35/ primarily appearing in loanwords. The tonal system of Jino, as spoken in Baka village, aligns closely with the previously reconstructed *Proto-Lolo tones. Specifically, the *Proto-Lolo H and L tones correspond to Baka’s T1 and T4, respectively, while *Proto-Lolo tone 2 and tone 3 align with Baka’s T2 and T3. Notably, *Proto-Lolo tone 1 has evolved in Baka into a unique tone with variable pitch values, resulting in a distinctive iambic pattern.

There are five tonemes in Buyuan Jino. Gai believes that the function of tonemes are distinguishing lexical meanings and grammatical meanings.

1. /˥/ (high level tone, 55): it tends to phonetically shorten vowels
2. /˦/ (mid level tone, 44): lower than 55, though still high
3. /˧˩/ (low falling tone, 31)
4. /˧˥/ (rising tone, 35)
5. /˥˧/ (high falling tone, 53)

/˥˧/ (53) tone is considered difficult to distinguish when listening to a native speaker.

Writing system

Jino does not have an official writing system, but it developed several systems of signs to cover communication in different situations. The Jino used engraved wooden or bamboo boards to record debts between villages.

Notes

1. ^ Arcones, Pedro Ceinos (2013). China's Last But One Matriarchy: The Jino of Yunnan. Kunming: Papers of the White Dragon.
2. ^ Lama (2012)
3. Youle Jinuo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
   Buyuan Jinuo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
4. ^ "Buyuan Jinuo". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
5. "People Group Profiles". Asia Harvest. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
6. Moseley, Christopher (2012). "Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger". UNESCO.
7. ^ Hayashi, Norihiko (2013). "A Sketch of Buyuan Jino Tones and Their Development". Annals of Foreign Studies. 83: 19–34.
8. ^ "Jinuo, Buyuan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
9. "Jino". Glottolog. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
10. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Jino". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
11. Bradley, David (2007). "East and Southeast Asia". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 349–424.
12. Satterthwaite-Phillips, Damian (2011). Phylogenetic Inference of the Tibeto-Burman Languages or on the Usefulness of Lexicostatistics (and "Megalo"-Comparison) for the Subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman (Ph.D. thesis). Stanford University.
13. ^ Yuming, Li; Wei, Li (2013). The Language Situation in China. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-1-61451-253-0.
14. Minahan, James B. (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-018-8.
15. Zhou, Xiaoyu (2024-10-08). "Acoustic experimental study on the tone sandhi of the Jino language". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 47 (2): 254. doi:10.1075/ltba.00021.zho.
16. Gai, Xingzhi 盖兴之 (1986). Jīnuòyǔ jiǎnzhì 基诺语简志 [A Brief Description of the Jinuo Language] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.

References

• Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012). Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages: A Study From the Perspectives of Shared Innovation and Phylogenetic Estimation (Ph.D. thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. hdl:10106/11161.

v t e Sino-Tibetan branches
Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)	West Himalayish Tamangic Newaric Newar Baram–Thangmi Kiranti Dhimalish Dhimal Toto Lhokpu Lepcha Greater Magaric Magaric Magar Kham Chepangic Chepang Bhujel Raji–Raute Dura–Tandrange
Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)	Bodish Tibetic East Bodish Tshangla Basum Nam? Gongduk ʼOle Tani Chamdo
Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border	Karbi Kuki-Chin Mruic Mru Hkongso Pyu Taman "Naga" Ao Angami–Pochuri Meitei Tangkhulic Zeme Sal Boro–Garo Konyak Jingpho–Luish
East and Southeast Asia	Sinitic Bai Tujia Nungish Karenic Gong Kathu Cai–Long Caijia Longjia Luren Burmo-Qiangic Qiangic Gyalrongic Ersuic Naic Lolo-Burmese Mondzish Burmish Loloish
Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal)	Hrusish Hruso Mijiic Kho-Bwa Puroik Miju–Meyor Songlin Greater Siangic Siangic Koro Milang Idu–Taraon
Proposed groupings	Central Tibeto-Burman Kuki-Chin–Naga Macro-Bai Mahakiranti Rung Tibeto-Burman Tibeto-Kanauri
Proto-languages	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Proto-Tibeto-Burman Proto-Loloish Proto-Karenic Proto-Min Proto-Hakka
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

• Southern Loloish languages
• Languages of Yunnan