An early system of plant taxonomy, the Lindley system, was first published by John Lindley as An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany (Natural History, 1830). This was a minor modification of that of de Candolle (1813). He developed this further over a number of publications, including the Nixus plantarum (1833) and a second edition of Natural History (1836), in which he introduced the concept of a higher order of taxonomic rank, the Alliances, in which he embedded the Tribes (families). He also expanded his ideas on Exogens in his entry of that name in the Penny Cyclopedia (1838). In 1839 he revised his division of the plant kingdom into classes in an article in the Botanical Register. Lindley's system culminated in the three editions of his Vegetable Kingdom (1846, 1847, 1853).
The schema of the Natural History is shown on pages xxxv and xxxvii-xlviii. In the Vegetable Kingdom, the schema for the first edition is on pp. lv–lxviii. The third and final edition was published in 1853, with the schema on p. lv. Cross references from Natural History to Vegetable Kingdom in .
Summary
An Introduction to the Natural History of Botany (1830)
- Schema p. xxxv,
- Outline p. xxxvii
- Index p. 345
- Genera organised into Orders (referred to as Tribes, in English)
- Class I: Vasculares (Flowering plants) p. 1
- Subclass I: Exogenae (Dicotyledons) p. 1
- Tribe I. Angiospermae p. 2
- Tribe II. Gymnospermae p. 245
- Subclass II: Endogenae (Monocotyledons) p. 251
- Tribe I Petaloideae p. 252
- Tribe II Glumaceae
- Subclass I: Exogenae (Dicotyledons) p. 1
- Class II: Cellulares (Flowerless plants)
- 1. Filicoideae
- 2. Muscoideae
- 3. Aphyllae
- Index to Introduction to Natural History p. 345
Vegetable Kingdom (1846–1853)
- Summary of previous systems p. xxxv (see Notes)
- Schema for 1846 and 1853 p. lv
- Genera organised into Alliances and Orders
Flowerless plants (Asexual)
- Class I: Thallogens
- Class II: Acrogens
Flowering plants (Sexual)
- Class III: Rhizogens
- Class IV: Endogens
- Class V: Dictyogens
- Class VI: Gymnogens
- Class VII: Exogens
- Index to Vegetable Kingdom p. 833
Natural History orders (1830–1836)
165 orders (list p. 3)
Class I: Vasculares: Flowering plants
p. 1
Subclass I: Exogenae (Dicotyledons)
- Tribe I. Angiospermae p. 2
- Polypetale 165 orders p. 2
- Thalamiflorae
- Apocarpae
- 23. Menispermeae p. 31
- ...
- 117. Coriarieae p. 135
- Syncarpae
- 5. Nymphaeaceae
- ...
- 130. Violaceae (Violets) p. 146
- ...
- 107. Humiriaceae
- Apocarpae
- Calyciflorae
- Apocarpae
- 38. Saxifrageae
- ...
- 147. Crassulaceae
- Syncarpae
- 132. Malesherbiaceae
- ...
- 1. Araliaceae (Aralia) p. 4
- ...
- 58. Alangieae
- Thalamiflorae
- Apetale
- Achlamydeae
- Podostemeae
- ....
- Piperaceae
- Monopetale
- Gesnereae
- ...
- Orobancheae
- Polypetale 165 orders p. 2
- Tribe II. Gymnospermae p. 245
Subclass II: Endogenae (Monocotyledons)
Endogenae, or Monocotyledonous Plants p. 251
- Tribe I Petaloideae 32 orders p. 252
(May be Tripetaloideous, Hexapetaloideous or Spadiceous)
- Tripetaloideae 8 orders
- 230 Butomeae (p. 253)
- 229 Alismaceae (p. 253)
- 232 Commelineae (p. 255)
- 233 Xyrideae (p. 255)
- 231 Hydrocharideae (p. 254)
- 234 Bromeliaceae (p. 256)
- 241 Scitamineae (p. 265)
- 242 Marantaceae (p. 267)
- Hexapetaloideae(17 orders)
- 235: Hypoxideae
- 236: Burmannieae (p. 257)
- 237: Haemodoraceae (Blood-root tribe) p. 258*** 239: Irideae (Cornflag tribe) p. 260
- 238: Amaryllideae (Narcissus tribe) p. 259*** 240: Orchideae
- 239: Irideae (p. 260)
- 240 Orchideae (p. 262)
- Tripetaloideae 8 orders
.....
- 243 Musaceae (p. 269)
- 235 Hypoxideae (p. 257)
- 238 Amaryllideae (p. 259)
- 237 Haemadoraceae (p. 258)
- ............
- ............
- 244 Junceae (p. 270)
- 247 Asphodeleae (p. 273)
- 248 Gilliesieae (p. 275)
- 251 Liliaceae (p. 279)
- 249 Smilaceae (p. 277)
- 253 Restiaceae (p. 283) - Glumaceae
- Spadiceae (7 orders)
- 254 Pandaneae p. 284
- 255 Typhaceae p. 285
- 256 Aroideae p. 286
- 257 Balanophoreae p. 288
- 258 Fluviales p. 289
- 259 Juncagineae p. 290
- 259 Pistiaceae p. 291
- Tribe II Glumaceae 2 orders p. 292
- Cyperaceae
- Gramineae p. 292
Class II: Cellulares: Flowerless plants
p. 307
- 1. Filicoideae, or Fern-like plants
- 2. Muscoideae, or Moss-like plants
- 3. Aphyllae
Vegetable Kingdom alliances and orders (1846–1853)
(pages refer to 1853 edition)
Flowerless plants
p. 5
Class I: Thallogens
3 Alliances
- Algales p. 8
- Diatomaceae
- ...
- Characeae
- Fungales, Fungi p. 29
- Lichenales, Lichens p. 45
- Algales p. 8
Class II: Acrogens
3 Alliances p. 51
- Muscales, or Moss-like plants p. 54
- Hepaticae
- Ricciaceae
- ...
- Equisetaceae, Horsetails
- Musci
- Hepaticae
- Lycopodales p. 68
- Filicales p. 74
- Muscales, or Moss-like plants p. 54
Flowering plants
Class III: Rhizogens
3 orders p. 83
- Balanophoraceae p. 88
- Cytinaceae p. 91
- Rafflesiaceae p. 93
Class IV: Endogens (Monocotyledons)
11 Alliances p. 95
- Glumales 5 orders p. 105
- Graminaceae, Grasses
- Cyperaceae, Sedges
- ...
- Eriocaulaceae, Pipeworts
- Arales 4 orders p. 123
- Palmales, Palms 1 order p. 133
- Hydrales 4 orders p. 140
- Narcissales 6 orders p. 146
- Bromeliaceae p. 147
- Taccaceae
- Haemodoraceae
- Hypoxidaceae p. 154
- Amaryllidaceae, Amaryllids 4 tribes 68 genera 400 species p. 155
- Iridaceae p. 159 (53 Genera, 550 species)
- Amomales 3 orders p. 162
- Orchidales 3 orders p. 170
- Burmanniaceae
- Orchidaceae, Orchids
- Apostasiaceae
- Xyridales 4 orders p. 185
- Philydraceae
- ....
- Mayaceae
- Juncales 2 orders p. 190
- Juncaceae, Rushes
- Orontiaceae
- Liliales p. 195 4 orders
- Gilliesiaceae p. 196
- Melanthaceae
- Liliaceae, Lilyworts 11 tribes 133 genera 1200 species p. 200
- I Tulipeae
- ...
- IV Scilleae
- ...
- IX Asparageae
- ...
- XI Ophiopogoneae
- Pontederaceae
- Alismales 3 orders p. 207
Class V: Dictyogens
5 orders p. 211
- Dioscoreaceae, Yams p. 214
- ...
- Roxburghiaceae
Class VI: Gymnogens
4 orders p. 221
- Cycadaceae, Cycads
- Pinaceae, Conifers p. 226
- Taxaceae
- Gnetaceae
Class VII: Exogens
4 subclasses
- Sub-class I: Diclinous Exogens 8 alliances p. 249
- Sub-class II: Hypogynous Exogens 13 alliances p. 325
- Alliance 26: Violales p. 325
- Family 116: Violaceae p. 338
- Alliance 26: Violales p. 325
- Sub-class III: Perigynous Exogens 10 alliances p. 523
- 48. Echiales p. 649
- Family 258: Boraginaceae p. 655
- 48. Echiales p. 649
- Sub-class IV: Epigynous Exogens 7 alliances p. 688
Notes
His final schemata is illustrated in the Vegetable Kingdom, his last work, on pages lv-lxvii. In this work he also reviews all his previous publications relative to the many known systems published at that time.
References
- Lindley 1830.
- Lindley 1846, 1830 Lindley An Introduction &c.
- Lindley 1833.
- Lindley 1846, 1833 Lindley Nixus.
- Lindley 1836.
- Lindley 1846, 1836 Lindley A Natural System &c.
- Lindley 1838.
- Lindley 1846, 1838 Lindley Exogens.
- Lindley 1839.
- Lindley 1846, 1839 Lindley Botanical Register.
- Lindley 1846.
- Lindley 1847.
- ^ Lindley 1853.
- Lindley 1830, Summary tables p. xxxvii .
- ^ Lindley 1853, p. lv.
- Lindley 1830, General view .
- Lindley 1830, p. 345.
- Lindley 1853, p. 833.
- Lindley 1830, xlvi.
- Lindley 1830, Petaloideae p. 252.
- Lindley 1830, Petaloideae p. xlvi.
- Lindley 1830, Tripetaloideae.
- Lindley 1830, Hexapetaloideae.
- Lindley 1830, Spadiceae.
- Lindley 1853, Order XLVI: Amaryllidaceae - Amaryllids p. 155
- Lindley 1853, Order LXII: Liliaceae - Lilyworts p. 200
- Lindley 1846, p. lv.
Bibliography
- Lindley, John (1833). Nixus plantarum. London: Apud Ridgway et filios.
- Lindley, John (1838). "Exogens". The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. vol. X Ernesti–Frustum. London: Charles Knight. pp. 120–123.
- Lindley, John (1839). "Primary Distribution of the Vegetable Garden". Botanical Register. xxv: 76–81.
- A Natural System of Botany (1830–1836)
- Lindley, John (1830). An introduction to the natural system of botany: or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy (1st ed.). London: Longman.
- Lindley, John (1836) . A natural system of botany; or, A systematic view of the organization, natural affinities, and geographical distribution of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy (2nd ed.). London: Longman.
- The Vegetable Kingdom (1846–1853)
- Lindley, John (1846). The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system (1st ed.). London: Bradbury.
- Lindley, John (1847) . The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system (2nd ed.). London: Bradbury & Evans.
- Lindley, John (1853) . The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system (3rd. ed.). London: Bradbury & Evans.
| List of systems of plant taxonomy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published by Lindley in his 1853 edition, and Dahlgren (1982). Examples include the works of Scopoli, Ventenat, Batsch and Grisebach. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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