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A system of plant taxonomy, the Takhtajan system of plant classification was published by Armen Takhtajan, in several versions from the 1950s onwards. It is usually compared to the Cronquist system. It admits paraphyletic groups.

Systems

The first classification was published in Russian in 1954, and came to the attention of the rest of the world after publication of an English translation in 1958 as Origin of Angiospermous Plants. Further versions appeared in 1959 (Die Evolution der Angiospermen) and 1966 (Sistema i filogeniia tsvetkovykh rastenii). The latter popularised Takhtajan's system when it appeared in English in 1969 (Flowering plants: Origin and dispersal). A further revision appeared in 1980.

1966 system

• Magnoliophyta (Angiospermae) p. 51
  • Class: Magnoliatae (Dicotyledones) p. 51
  • Class: Liliatae (Monocotyledones) p. 461
    • Subclass A: Alismidae p. 461
    • Subclass B: Liliidae p. 473 (was nom. nov.)
      • Superorder Lilianae p. 473 (was nom. nov.)
        • Order Liliales p. 473
          • Family Liliaceae p. 474
          • Family Xanthorrhoeaceae p. 476
          • Family Aphyllanthaceae p. 476
          • Family Alliaceae p. 477
          • Family Agavaceae p. 478
          • Family Amaryllidaceae p. 480
          • Family Alstroemeriaceae p. 481
          • Family Haemodoraceae p. 482
          • Family Hypoxidaceae p. 483
          • Family Velloziaceae p. 483
          • Family Philesiaceae p. 484
          • Family Tecophilaeaceae p. 484
          • Family Cyanastraceae p. 485
          • Family Asparagaceae p. 486
          • Family Smilacaceae p. 487
          • Family Stemonaceae p. 487
          • Family Dioscoreaceae p. 488
          • Family Taccaceae p. 489
          • Family Phylydraceae p. 491
          • Family Pontederiaceae p. 490
        • Order Bromeliales p. 492
        • Order Iridales p. 494
        • Order Zingiberales p. 498
        • Order Orchidales p. 505
      • Superorder Juncanae p. 510
    • Subclass C: Commelinidae p. 461
    • Subclass D: Arecidae p. 525

1997 system

As published in Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants

• Division Magnoliophyta (2 classes, 17 subclasses, 71 superorders, 232 orders, 589 families
  • Class Magnoliopsida Brongn. (1843) (Dicotyledons) 11 subclasses, 55 superorders, 175 orders, 458 families
    • Subclass Magnoliidae Novak ex Takht. (1967)
    • Subclass Nymphaeidae J.W. Walker ex Takht. (1997)
    • Subclass Nelumbonidae Takht. (1997)
    • Subclass Ranunculidae Takht. ex Reveal (1992)
    • Subclass Caryophyllidae Takht. (1967)
    • Subclass Hamamelididae Takht. (1967)
    • Subclass Dilleniidae Takht. ex Reveal & Tahkt. (1993)
    • Subclass Rosidae Takht. (1967)
    • Subclass Cornidae Frohne & U. Jensen ex Reveal (1994)
    • Subclass Asteridae Takht. (1967)
    • Subclass Lamiidae Takht. ex Reveal (1993)
  • Class Liliopsida Batsch (1802) (Monocotyledons) 6 subclasses, 16 superorders, 57 orders, 131 families
    • Subclass Liliidae Takht. (1967)
      • Superorder Lilianae Takht. (1967) 14 orders
        • Order Melanthiales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992)
        • Order Colchicales Dumort. (1829)
        • Order Trilliales Takht. (1996)
        • Order Liliales Perleb (1826)
          • Family Liliaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
          • Family Medeolaceae (S. Wats.) Takht. (1987)
        • Order Alstroemeriales Hutch. (1934)
        • Order Iridales Raf. (1815)
        • Order Tecophilaeales Traub ex Reveal (1993)
        • Order Burmanniales Heintze (1927)
        • Order Hypoxidales Takht., nom. inval. (1997)
        • Order Orchidales Raf. (1815)
        • Order Amaryllidales Bromhead (1840)
        • Order Asparagales Bromhead (1838)
        • Order Xanthorrhoeales Takth., nom. inval. (1997)
        • Order Hanguanales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992)
      • Superorder Dioscoreanae Takht. ex Reveal & Doweld (1999)
    • Subclass Commelinidae Takht. (1967)
    • Subclass Arecidae Takht. (1967)
    • Subclass Alismatidae Takht. (1967)
    • Subclass Triurididae Takht. ex Reveal (1992)
    • Subclass Aridae Takht. (1997)

2009 system

As published in Flowering Plants

• Phylum Magnoliophyta (flowering plants) Cronquist, Takht. & Zimmerm. ex Reveal (1996)
  • Class Magnoliopsida Brongn. (1843) (Dicotyledons) p. 7
    • Subclass I. Magnoliidae p. 11
      • Superorder Nymphaeanae
      • Superorder Magnolianae
      • Superorder Lauranae
      • Superorder Piperanae
      • Superorder Rafflesianae
    • Subclass II. Ranunculidae p. 69
      • Superorder Proteanae
      • Superorder Ranunculanae
    • Subclass III. Hamamelididae p. 101
      • Superorder Hamamelidanae
      • Superorder Juglandanae
    • Subclass IV. Caryophyllidae p. 129
      • Superorder Caryophyllanae
      • Superorder Polygonanae
      • Superorder Nepenthanae
    • Subclass V. Dilleniidae p. 167
      • Superorder Dillenianae
      • Superorder Ericanae
      • Superorder Violanae
      • Superorder Capparanae
      • Superorder Malvanae
      • Superorder Euphorbianae
    • Subclass VI. Rosidae p. 293
      • Superorder Rosanae
      • Superorder Myrtanae
      • Superorder Fabanae
      • Superorder Rutanae
      • Superorder Celastranae
      • Superorder Santalanae
      • Superorder Balanophoranae
      • Superorder Rhamnanae
    • Subclass VII. Asteridae p. 435
      • Superorder Cornanae
      • Superorder Asperanae
    • Subclass VIII. Lamiidae p. 511
      • Superorder Lamianae
  • Class Liliopsida Scop. (1760) (Monocotyledons) p. 595
    • Subclass I: Alismatidae p. 589
      • Superorder Petrosavianae
      • Superorder Alismatanae
      • Superorder Aranae
    • Subclass II: Liliidae Takht. (1966) p. 625
      • Superorder Lilianae Takht. (1966)
        • Order Melanthiales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992)
        • Order Trilliales Takht. (1996)
        • Order Liliales Perleb (1826)
          • 1. Family Campynemataceae
          • 2. Family Colchicaceae
          • 3. Family Tricyrtidaceae
          • 4. Family Scoliopaceae p. 634
          • 5. Family Calochortaceae p. 634
          • 6. Family Liliaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789) p. 634
          • 7. Family Medeolaceae (S. Wats.) Takht. (1987) p. 634
        • Order Burmanniales
        • Order Alstroemeriales Hutch. (1934)
        • Order Smilacales
        • Order Orchidales
        • Order Iridales
        • Order Amaryllidales
        • Order Asparagales
      • Superorder Pandananae
      • Superorder Dioscoreanae Takht., nom. inval. (1997)
      • Superorder Arecanae
    • Subclass III: Arecidae p. 693
      • Superorder Arecanae
    • Subclass IV: Commelinidae p. 699
      • Superorder Bromelianae
      • Superorder Zingiberanae
      • Superorder Commelinanae
      • Superorder Juncanae
      • Superorder Poanae

References

1. Takhtajan 1966.
2. Takhtajan 1980.
3. ^ Singh 2004, pp. 269–277.
4. Takhtajan 1966, p. 51.
5. Takhtajan 2009.
6. Reveal 1998.
7. Reveal 1997.
8. Takhtajan 2009, Synopsis of families pp. xxxvii–xlv.
9. Takhtajan 2009, p. 1.

Bibliography

• Cronquist, Arthur; Takhtajan, Armen; Zimmermann, Walter (April 1966). "On the Higher Taxa of Embryobionta". Taxon. 15 (4): 129–134. doi:10.2307/1217531. JSTOR 1217531.
• Singh, Gurcharan (2004). "Armen Takhtajan". Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach. Science Publishers. pp. 269–277. ISBN 1-57808-351-6. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
• Reveal, James (22 November 1998). "Lists of the Flowering Plant Taxa Accepted by Cronquist, Dahlgren, Reveal, Takhtajan & Thorne". Vascular Plant Family Nomenclature. University of Maryland: Norton-Brown Herbarium. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
• Reveal, James L (5 Nov 1997). "Takhtajan System of Classification" (pbio 250 Lecture Notes). Plant Systematics. University of Maryland: Norton-Brown Herbarium. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
• Brands, SJ. "A. Takhtajan, 1997". The Taxonomicon. Zwaag, The Netherlands: Universal Taxonomic Services. Retrieved 6 February 2020.

Works by Takhtajan

• Takhtajan, Armen Leonovich (1966). Система и филогения цветкорых растений (Sistema i filogeniia tsvetkovykh rastenii) [Systema et Phylogemia Magnoliophytorum] (in Russian). trans. C Jeffrey, as Flowering plants: Origin and dispersal, Edinburgh : Oliver and Boyd, 1969. Moscow: Наука. ISBN 0-05-001715-2. Retrieved 14 August 2015. {{cite book}}: External link in |others= (help)
• Takhtajan, A. (1980). "Outline of the classification of flowering plants (Magnoliophya)". Botanical Review. 46 (3): 225–359. Bibcode:1980BotRv..46..225T. doi:10.1007/BF02861558. S2CID 30764910.
• Takhtajan, A. (1987). Sistema Magnoliofitov (Systema Magnoliophytorum) (in Russian). Leningrad: Nauka.
  • Schmid, Rudolf (May 1988). "Takhtajan's Latest System of Classification for the Angiosperms". Taxon (Review). 37 (2): 422–424. doi:10.2307/1222164. JSTOR 1222164.
• Takhtajan, Armen (1991). Evolutionary trends in flowering plants. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. ISBN 9780231073288.
• Takhtajan, Armen Leonovich (2009). Flowering Plants. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-9609-9. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
• Takhtajan, Armen Leonovich (1997). Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10098-4.

External links

• Takhtajan system at CSDL, Texas. Also, at the Norton Brown Herbarium, Maryland (with an extensive listing of synonyms, both nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system): 1, 2, 3
• Angiosperm Classification according to Armen Takhtajan, 1966

v t e List of systems of plant taxonomy
This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published by Lindley in his 1853 edition, and Dahlgren (1982). Examples include the works of Scopoli, Ventenat, Batsch and Grisebach.
Pre-Linnaean John Ray system (1686–1704) A discourse on the seeds of plants Methodus plantarum nova De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta
Pre-Darwinian Linnaean system (1735–51) Systema Naturae Species Plantarum Genera Plantarum Philosophia Botanica Adanson system (1763) Familles naturelles des plantes De Jussieu system (1789) Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam De Candolle system (1819–24) Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta Berchtold and Presl system (1820–1823) O Prirozenosti Rostlin Agardh system (1825) Classes Plantarum Gray system (1821) The Natural Arrangement of British Plants Perleb system (1826) Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs Dumortier system (1829) Analyse des familles des plantes Lindley system (1830–45) An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany The Vegetable Kingdom Don system (1834) General History of Dichlamydious Plants. Bentham & Hooker system (1862–83) Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. Baillon system (1867–94) Histoire des plantes
Post-Darwinian (Phyletic) Nineteenth century Eichler system (1875–1886) Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde Engler system (1886–1924) Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien Das Pflanzenreich van Tieghem system (1891) Traité de botanique Twentieth century Dalla Torre & Harms system (1900–07) Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum conscripta Warming system (1912) Haandbog i den systematiske botanik Hallier system (1912) L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes Bessey system (1915) The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants Wettstein system (1901–35) Handbuch der systematischen Botanik Lotsy system (1907–11) Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik. Hutchinson system (1926–73) The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny Calestani system (1933) Le origini e la classificazione delle Angiosperme Kimura system (1956) Système et phylogénie des monocotyledones Emberger system (1960) Traité de Botanique systématique Melchior system (1964) Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien Takhtajan system (1966–97) A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants Flowering plants: origin and dispersal Diversity and classification of flowering plants Cronquist system (1968–81) The evolution and classification of flowering plants An integrated system of classification of flowering plants Goldberg system (1986–89 Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons Dahlgren system (1975–85) The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy Thorne system (1968–2000) An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants Kubitzki system (1990–) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Reveal system (1997) Reveal System of Angiosperm Classification
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group System (1998–) An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants (APG I) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III Chase & Reveal System (2009) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
See also Plantae at Wikispecies •

• Systems of plant taxonomy