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Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia

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Y-DNA haplogroup migration in East Asia.

The tables below provide statistics on the human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups most commonly found among ethnolinguistic groups and populations from East and South-East Asia.

ST means Sino-Tibetan languages.

Main table

Population Language n C D F K N O1a O1b O2 P Q Others Source
Achang (Lianghe, Yunnan) ST (Tibeto-Burman) 40 5.0 0 2.5 ≥10.0 82.5 0 Shi 2005
Yang 2005
Aeta (Philippines) Austronesian 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 NO=12, S=60 Karafet 2015
Aini (Xishuangbanna) ST (Tibeto-Burman) 52 11.5 0 3.8 O2a=
7.7
40.4 0 K(xO1a,O2a,O3,P)
=34.6, F(xK)=1.9
Wen 2004
Ainu Ainu 16 12.5 87.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tajima 2004
Andamanese Andamanese 37 0 73.0 5.4 0 0 2.7 5.4 10.8 0 Thangaraj 2002
Balinese (Indonesia) Austronesian 551 1.8 0 1.1 0 18.1 58.8 6.9 0.4 H=3.4 Karafet 2005
Borneo (Indonesia) Austronesian 86 22.1 0 2.3 0 0 9.3 20.9 36.0 0 0 H=1.2, R=2.3, S=5.8 Karafet 2010
Chin (Chin State) ST (Tibeto-Burman) 19 42.1 52.6 Peng 2014
South China ST, HM 384 9.6 2.1 0.5 4.4 6.8 17.4 57.8 0.3 Karafet 2005
Daur Altaic (Mongolic) 39 30.8 0 0 ≥7.7 ≥5.1 20.5 25.6 0 K2a(xN1,O)=2.6
O*(xO1a,O2,O3)=2.6
Xue 2006
Deng (Zayü County) ST (Tibeto-Burman) 109 1.1 2.2 1.1 94.4 Kang 2012
East Asia East Asian languages 988 19.9 4.8 1.9 6.4 5.4 16.3 33.7 R1a=2.8 Xue 2006
Filipino Austronesian 50 0 0 10 0 46 38 Tajima 2004
Filipino Austronesian 115 5 20 28 3 39 S=2 Scheinfeldt 2006
Garo ST (Tibeto-Burman) 71 8.5 0 ≥11.3 59.2 7.0 H1a=1.4, F(xH,J2,K)=4.2
O(xO2a,O3)=4.2
K(xL,O,P)=4.2
Reddy 2007
Han (China) ST (Sinitic) 166 6.0 0.6 1.2 9.0 9.6 16.3 55.4 0.6 Karafet 2005
Han (Chengdu, Sichuan) ST (Sinitic) 34 11.8 0 0 2.9 14.7 17.6 52.9 0 Xue 2006
Han (Meixian, Guangdong) ST (Sinitic) 35 8.6 0 2.9 2.9 20.0 14.3 51.4 0 Xue 2006
Han (Harbin, Heilongjiang) ST (Sinitic) 35 14.3 0 0 5.7 2.9 8.6 65.7 0 J=2.9 Xue 2006
Han (Lanzhou, Gansu) ST (Sinitic) 30 20.0 6.7 0 6.7 6.7 3.3 36.7 0 J=10.0
R1a1=6.7
O*(xO1a,O2,O3)=3.3
Xue 2006
Han (Xi'an) ST (Sinitic) 34 23.53 8.82 5.88 8.82 8.82 38.24 2.94 R=2.94 Kim 2011
Han (Yili, Xinjiang) ST (Sinitic) 32 6.3 3.1 9.4 0 9.4 12.5 46.9 R1a1=6.3
P(xR1a1)=3.1
Unknown(xA,C,DE,J,K)=2.9
Xue 2006
Han (Taiwan) ST (Sinitic) 183 6.3 0.3 22.4 8.5 58.2 1.1 Tsai 2001
Hani (China) ST (Tibeto-Burman) 34 17.6 0 0 11.8 0 50.0 17.6 0 Unknown(xA,C,DE,J,K)=2.9 Xue 2006
Hezhe (China) Altaic (Tungusic) 45 28.9 0 0 17.8 0 6.7 44.4 0 K2a(xN1,O)=2.2 Xue 2006
Hmong–Mien (China) Hmong–Mien 169 8.9 3.6 0 1.2 3.6 22.5 61.5 0 Karafet 2005
Hui (Ningxia, China) Sino-Tibetan 54 1.9 R1b = 3.7; R1a = 11.1;
J = 9.3; L = 1.9
Karafet 2001
Northeast India Tibeto-Burman 173 0.6 1.2 1.7 0 86.7 0 H=2.9 Cordaux 2004
East Indonesia Austronesian, Papuan 344 61.9 0 10.5 2.6 7.3 S=11,M=4 Mona 2009
Japan Japanese 259 8.5 34.8 0 0 1.6 0 31.6 20.1 0 0.4 NO=2.3, I=0.4, R=0.4 Hammer 2005
Japan Japanese 263 5.3 39.2 0 0.8 3.4 34.2 16.7 0.4 0 Nonaka 2007
Japan Japanese 2390 C1=4.7
C2=6.1
32.2 0.2 1.5 1.3 1.2 33.1 19.7 0 0 0 Sato 2014
Japan (Kyushu) Japanese 53 7.5 25.7 0 0 3.8 0 35.8 26.4 0 0 0 Hammer 2005
Japan (Tokushima) Japanese 70 12.8 25.7 0 0 7.1 0 32.9 21.4 0 0 0 Hammer 2005
Japan (Tokyo) Japanese 56 36.0 3.2 18.0 Poznik et al. (2016)
Japan (Kantō) Japanese 137 3.6 48.2 0 0 2.2 3.07 14.5 0.7 Nonaka 2007
Western Japan Japanese 97 7.2 26.8 4.1 37.1 23.9 0 Nonaka 2007
Java Austronesian 53 1.9 0 1.9 0 22.6 41.5 22.6 R1=3.8 Kayser 2002
Khalkh Altaic (Mongolic) 85 56.5 3.5 2.4 0 0 18.8 J=2.4, N1c=4.7
P(xR1a1)=4.7
R1a1=3.5
K(xN1c,O,P)=3.5
Katoh 2004
Korea Korean 317 9.1 0 4.1 30.3 44.5 0.6 Shin 2001
Korea Korean 110 15.5 0 5.5 2.7 28.2 45.5 K(xNO)=1.8 Kim 2007
Koreans (China) Korean 25 12.0 0 4.0 4.0 0 32.0 40.0 0 BT(xC,DE,J,K)=8.0 Xue 2006
Koreans (Korea) Korean 43 16.3 2.3 2.3 0 30.2 39.5 P(xR1a1)=2.3
J=2.3
Xue 2006
Koreans (Seoul-Gyeonggi) Korean 110 13.6 0.9 1.8 0.9 28.2 50.9 2.7 L=0.9 Kim 2011
Koreans (Gangwon) Korean 63 12.7 6.4 1.6 39.7 38.1 1.6 Kim 2011
Koreans (Chungcheong) Korean 72 11.1 1.4 4.2 1.4 30.6 50 1.4 Kim 2011
Koreans (Jeolla) Korean 90 13.3 3.3 4.4 1.1 33.3 43.3 L=1.1 Kim 2011
Koreans (Gyeongsang) Korean 84 16.7 2.4 4.8 2.4 33.3 36.9 1.2 L=1.2
R=1.2
Kim 2011
Koreans (Jeju) Korean 87 8.1 1.2 6.9 5.8 32.2 43.7 1.2 R=1.2 Kim 2011
South Korea Korean 506 12.6 1.6 0 4.5 1.8 32.4 44.3 1.4 L=0.6, R=0.4 Kim 2011
South Korea Korean 706 12.9 2.5 0 3.8 3.1 33.4 42.1 1.8 R=0.1, J1=0.1 Park 2012
Lhoba (Mainling County) ST (Tibeto-Burman) 61 0 20.8 0 34.6 33.8 0.8 J=0.8, R=7.7
O(xO3)=1.5
Kang 2012
Island South East Asia Austronesian 312 15.7 24.4 23.7 14.1 18.6 M1=5.4 Capelli 2001
Island South East Asia Austronesian, Papuan 272 9.9 8.8 20.2 18.7 22.1 S=4, M=3 Kayser 2006

Malaysia

Austronesian 50 6 6 8 0 8 32 30 M=2 Scheinfeldt 2006
Manchu Sinitic, Tungusic 101 16.8 2.0 3.0 33.7 42.6 O*(xO1,O2b,O3)
=1.0, P*(xR1a)=1.0
Katoh 2004
Manchu Sinitic, Tungusic 35 25.7 2.9 2.9 14.3 2.9 14.3 37.1 0 Xue 2006
Mongolia Mongolic 149 8.1 G=0.7; J=2.7 Hammer 2005
Mongolia Mongolic 65 53.0 1.5 1.5 10.6 0 1.5 10.6 4.5 R1=9.1 Xue 2006
Inner Mongolia Mongolic, Sinitic 45 46.7 0 4.4 13.3 0 2.2 28.9 0 Xue 2006
Naga (Myanmar) Tibeto-Burman 15 100 Peng 2014
Negritos (Philippines) Austronesian 64 10.8 50.8 13.8 4.6 O(xM122)=18.5, others=1.5 Heyer 2013
Oroqen Tungusic 31 61.3 0 3.2 6.5 6.5 19.4 0 O*(xO1a,O2,O3)=3.2 Xue 2006
Qiang ST (Tibeto-Burman) 33 0 18.2 0 0 15.2 15.2 36.4 BT(xC,DE,J,K)=9.1
P(xR1a1)=6.1
Xue 2006
Sibe Tungusic 41 26.8 2.4 4.9 17.1 7.3 2.4 26.8 J=7.3
P(xR1a1)=2.4
BT(xC,DE,J,K)=2.4
Xue 2006
Sulawesi Austronesian 54 22.2 0 5.6 7.4 0 21.4 13.0 16.7 0 0 R=3.7, M=3.7, S=5.6 Karafet 2010
Sumatra Austronesian 57 5.3 1.8 0.2 3.5 0 17.5 14 29.8 S=3 Kayser 2006
Taiwanese aborigines Austronesian 246 0.4 0 0 0 66.3 10.6 11.0 Capelli 2001
Thai Tai–Kadai 34 2.9 2.9 0 0 8.8 35.3 O(xO1,O3)=44.1 Tajima 2004
Tibet ST (Tibeto-Burman) 156 2.6 51.6 0 4.5 0 0 33.9 3.2 H=1.9, R1a=1.9 Gayden 2007
Tibetans (Lhasa, Tibet) ST (Tibeto-Burman) 46 8.7 41.3 4.3 0 0 0 2.2 39.1 4.3 Wen 2004
Tibetans (Zhongdian, Yunnan) ST (Tibeto-Burman) 50 4.0 36.0 12.0 0 4.0 44.0 0 Wen 2004
Tibetans (Yushu, Qinghai) ST (Tibeto-Burman) 92 14.1 22.8 14.1 21.7 1.1 19.6 6.5 Wen 2004
Tibetans (Guide, Qinghai) ST (Tibeto-Burman) 39 2.6 48.7 5.1 7.7 0 10.3 J=5.1, R1a1=2.6
P(xR1a1)=2.6
Zhou 2008
Tibetans ST (Tibeto-Burman) 35 0 42.9 0 8.6 0 0 40.0 0 R1a1=8.6 Xue 2006
Tibeto-Burman ST (Tibeto-Burman) 964 8.4 18.5 5.4 17.7 3.1 6.3 38.7 Wen 2004
Tujia (Hunan) ST (Tibeto-Burman) 155 15.5 1.3 12.9 9.7 3.9 53.5 1.9 Wen 2004
Uyghur Altaic (Turkic) 70 7.1 1.4 7.1 8.6 1.4 0 11.4 others=63 Xue 2006
Vietnamese Austroasiatic 70 4.3 2.9 0 2.9 5.7 32.9 40.0 7.1 J=2.9 Karafet 2005
Yao (Bama, Guangxi) Hmong–Mien 35 17.1 2.9 0 2.9 40.0 34.3 0 K2a(xN1,O)=2.9 Xue 2006
Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) Hmong–Mien 35 2.9 0 0 0 5.7 8.6 82.9 0 Xue 2006
Yi (Sichuan, Yunnan) ST (Tibeto-Burman) 125 5.6 0.8 18 28.0 0.8 7.2 28.8 Wen 2004
Zakhchin Altaic (Mongolic) 60 46.7 3.3 1.7 N1c=
3.3
0 O2b=
3.3
8.3 R1a1=13.3
O(xO1a,O2b,O3)
=8.3, J=1.7
P(xR1a1)=5.0
K(xN1c,O,P)=5.0
Katoh 2004
Zhuang (Yongbei) Tai–Kadai 23 8.7 4.35 4.35 17.39 30.44 17.4 O*(xO1a,O2,O3)=21.704 Chen 2006
Zhuang (Youjiang) Tai–Kadai 5 40 20 20 O*(xO1a,O2,O3)=20 Chen 2006
Zhuang (Tianlin) Tai–Kadai 22 4.55 72.73 9.1 O*(xO1a,O2,O3)=13.64 Chen 2006
Bouyei (Guibian) Tai–Kadai 4 25 25 25 O*(xO1a,O2,O3)=25 Chen 2006
Zhuang (Hongshuihe) Tai–Kadai 39 2.56 5.13 5.13 10.26 12.82 41.02 O*(xO1a,O2,O3)=23.08 Chen 2006
Zhuang (Guibei) Tai–Kadai 21 4.76 4.76 4.76 4.76 9.52 28.58 O*(xO1a,O2,O3)=38.1 Chen 2006
Zhuang (Yongnan) Tai–Kadai 19 5.26 10.53 21.06 42.1 O*(xO1a,O2,O3)=15.79 Chen 2006
Tay (Zuojiang) Tai–Kadai 15 6.67 40 20 O*(xO1a,O2,O3)=33.33 Chen 2006
Zhuang (Shangsi) Tai–Kadai 15 20 66.67 O*(xO1a,O2,O3)=13.33 Chen 2006
Nung (Dejing) Tai–Kadai 3 O*(xO1a,O2,O3)=100 Chen 2006

Austronesian and Tai-Kadai

The following is a table of Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup frequencies of Austro-Tai peoples (i.e., Tai-Kadai peoples and Austronesian peoples).

Ethnolinguistic group Language branch n C D
(xD1)
D1 F(xK) M K O
(xO1a,
O1b1a1a,O2)
O1a(xO1a2) O1a2 (M110/M50) O1b1a1a
(xO1b1a1a1a1a)
O1b1a1a1a1a (M111/M88) O2
(xO2a1a1a1a1,
O2a2a1a2,
O2a2b1a1)
O2a1a1a1a1 (M121) O2a2a1a2 (M7) O2a2b1
(xO2a2b1a1)
O2a2b1a1 (M117) P (inc. Q & R)
Bolyu Austroasiatic (Pakanic) 30 3.3 3.3 10.0 10.0 3.3 23.3 30.0 6.7 10.0
Buyang (Yerong) Tai-Kadai (Kra) 16 62.5 6.3 18.8 12.5
Qau (Bijie) Tai-Kadai (Kra) 13 15.4 7.7 23.1 15.4 30.8 7.7
Blue Gelao (Longlin) Tai-Kadai (Kra) 30 3.3 13.3 60.0 16.7 3.3 3.3
Lachi Tai-Kadai (Kra) 30 3.3 3.3 13.3 13.3 16.7 6.7 10.0 3.3 6.7 23.3
Mulao (Majiang) Tai-Kadai (Kra) 30 10.0 3.3 13.3 3.3 3.3 63.3 3.3
Red Gelao (Dafang) Tai-Kadai (Kra) 31 3.2 6.5 22.6 22.6 16.1 12.9 16.1
White Gelao (Malipo) Tai-Kadai (Kra) 14 35.7 14.3 42.9 7.1
Hlai (Qi, Tongza) Tai-Kadai (Hlai) 34 35.3 32.4 29.4 2.9
Jiamao Tai-Kadai (Hlai) 27 25.9 51.9 22.2
Paha Tai-Kadai (Kra) 32 3.1 6.3 6.3 9.4 3.1 71.9
Cun Tai-Kadai (Hlai) 31 3.2 6.5 9.7 38.7 38.7 3.2
Qabiao Tai-Kadai (Kra) 25 32.0 4.0 60.0 4.0
Caolan Tai-Kadai (Central Tai) 30 10.0 10.0 53.3 3.3 20.0 3.3
Zhuang, Northern (Wuming) Tai-Kadai (Northern Tai) 22 13.6 4.6 72.7 4.6 4.6
Zhuang, Southern (Chongzuo) Tai-Kadai (Central Tai) 15 13.3 20.0 60.0 6.7
Lingao Tai-Kadai (Be) 30 3.3 16.7 26.7 13.3 3.3 10.0 26.7
E Tai-Kadai (Northern Tai) 31 3.2 3.2 9.7 16.1 6.5 54.8 3.2 3.2
Lakkia Tai-Kadai (Kam–Sui) 23 4.4 52.2 4.4 8.7 26.1 4.4
Kam (Sanjiang) Tai-Kadai (Kam–Sui) 38 21.1 5.3 10.5 39.5 10.5 2.6 10.5
Sui (Rongshui) Tai-Kadai (Kam–Sui) 50 8.0 10.0 18.0 44.0 20.0
Mak & Ai-Cham Tai-Kadai (Kam–Sui) 40 2.5 87.5 5.0 2.5 2.5
Mulam Tai-Kadai (Kam–Sui) 40 2.5 12.5 7.5 5.0 5.0 25.0 30.0 7.5 5.0
Maonan Tai-Kadai (Kam–Sui) 32 9.4 9.4 15.6 56.3 9.4
Biao Tai-Kadai (Kam–Sui) 34 2.9 5.9 14.7 17.7 52.9 5.9
Then Tai-Kadai (Kam–Sui) 30 3.3 3.3 33.3 50.0 6.7 3.3
Tanka (Lingshui) Sinitic 40 20.0 5.0 2.5 7.5 17.5 7.5 5.0 17.5 2.5 15.0
Cao Miao Tai-Kadai (Kam–Sui) 33 8.2 10.0 3.0 66.7 12.1
Amis Austronesian (Formosan) 28 7.1 42.8 17.8 7.1 21.4 3.6
Pazeh Austronesian (Formosan) 21 14.3 38.1 19.1 14.3 14.3
Siraya (Makatao) Austronesian (Formosan) 37 2.7 2.7 5.4 70.3 5.4 13.5
Thao Austronesian (Formosan) 22 4.6 81.8 4.6 9.1
Paiwan Austronesian (Formosan) 22 63.6 27.3 9.1
Atayal Austronesian (Formosan) 22 95.5 4.5
Rukai Austronesian (Formosan) 11 81.8 18.2
Puyuma Austronesian (Formosan) 11 72.7 9.1 9.1 9.1
Tsou Austronesian (Formosan) 18 88.9 5.6 5.6
Bunun Austronesian (Formosan) 17 5.9 17.6 58.8 17.6
Saisiyat Austronesian (Formosan) 11 45.5 9.1 9.1 9.1 27.3
Batak Austronesian (Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands) 13 11.6 19.3 23.1 15.4 23.1 7.7
Bangka Austronesian (Malayo-Sumbawan) 13 7.7 7.7 30.8 23.1 23.1 7.7
Malay (Riau) Austronesian (Malayo-Sumbawan) 13 7.7 7.7 7.7 38.5 7.7 23.1 7.7
Minangkabau Austronesian (Malayo-Sumbawan) 15 6.7 20.0 20.0 13.3 20.0 20.0
Palembang Austronesian (Malayo-Sumbawan) 11 9.1 63.6 18.2 9.1
Nias Austronesian (Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands) 12 8.3 91.7
Dayak (Kalimantan Tengah) Austronesian (Bornean) 15 6.7 26.7 20.0 20.0 6.7 6.7 13.3
Banjar Austronesian (Malayo-Sumbawan) 15 13.3 6.7 26.7 26.7 26.7
Javanese Austronesian (Javanese) 15 26.7 26.7 20.0 13.3 13.3
Tengger Austronesian (Javanese) 12 16.7 8.3 33.3 33.3 8.3
Balinese Austronesian (Malayo-Sumbawan) 14 28.6 14.3 7.1 28.6 14.3 7.1
Bugis Austronesian (South Sulawesi) 15 13.3 20.0 33.3 26.7 6.7
Torajan Austronesian (South Sulawesi) 15 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 6.7 33.3 6.7
Minahasa Austronesian (Philippine) 14 7.1 50.0 21.4 7.1 14.3
Makassar Austronesian (South Sulawesi) 13 23.1 30.8 15.4 7.7 23.1
Kaili Austronesian (Celebic) 15 6.7 33.3 20.0 6.7 26.7 6.7
Sasak Austronesian (Malayo-Sumbawan) 15 13.3 13.3 26.7 6.7 20.0 20.0
Sumbawa Austronesian (Malayo-Sumbawan) 18 16.7 83.3
Sumba Austronesian (CEMP) 14 14.3 78.6 7.1
Alor Trans–New Guinea 13 38.5 30.7 23.1 7.7
Cenderawasih
(Geelvink Bay)
Austronesian (CEMP) 11 45.5 36.4 18.2
Cham
(Binh Dinh)
Austronesian (Malayo-Sumbawan) 11 9.1 90.9
Utsuls Austronesian (Malayo-Sumbawan) 31 12.9 16.1 58.1 3.2 6.5 3.2

Tibeto-Burman branch of Sino-Tibetan

The following table of Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup frequencies of Tibeto-Burman-speaking peoples of western and southwestern China is from Wen, et al. (2004).

Population n C-M130 D* D1-M15 F(xK) K(xO,P1) O2 (M122) O2a2b1 (M134) O1a (M119) O1b1a1a (M95) P1 (M45)
Tibetan (Qinghai) 92 14.13 20.65 2.17 14.13 21.74 5.43 14.13 1.09 6.52
Tibetan (Tibet 1) 75 2.67 33.33 16 2.67 5.33 1.33 32 6.67
Tibetan (Tibet 2) 46 8.7 23.91 17.39 4.35 4.35 34.78 2.17 4.35
Tibetan (Diqing) 27 44.44 3.7 14.81 7.41 29.63
Tibetan (Zhongdian) 49 2.04 28.57 8.16 2.04 10.2 10.2 34.69 4.08
Bai (Dali) 61 8.2 1.64 4.92 18.03 16.39 34.43 4.92 11.48
Lisu (Fugong) 49 2.04 22.45 4.08 61.22 8.16 2.04
Nakhi 40 2.5 37.5 7.5 2.5 5
Nu 28 3.57 3.57 14.29 71.43 7.14
Pumi 47 6.38 70.21 2.13 6.38 2.13 6.38 4.26 2.13
Yi (Liangshan) 14 14.29 42.86 21.43 7.14 14.29
Yi (Shuangbai) 50 8 2 1 38 16 1 1 2 4
Yi (Butuo) 43 2.33 16.28 4.65 34.88 4.65 27.91 9.3
Aini (Xishuangbanna) 52 11.54 1.92 34.62 26.92 13.46 3.85 7.69
Bai (Xishuangbanna) 20 2 3 25 15 1
Hani (Xishuangbanna) 34 11.76 35.29 32.35 14.71 2.94 2.94
Jino 36 13.89 5.56 36.11 19.44 19.44 5.56
Lahu (Simao) 13 15.38 30.77 15.38 15.38 15.38 7.69
Lahu (Xishuangbanna) 15 6.67 2 33.33 6.67 2 13.33
Yi (Xishuangbanna) 18 11.11 5.56 33.33 27.78 16.67 5.56
Tujia (western Hunan) 68 14.71 2.94 10.29 29.41 26.47 7.35 8.82
Tujia (Yongshun) 38 5.26 2.63 23.68 39.47 10.53 15.79 2.63
Tujia (Jishou) 49 24.49 2.04 8.16 30.61 22.45 8.16 4.08

See also

Notes

  1. Most likely K2a(xNO), L, M, N, Q, R, S and/or T
  2. Most likely K2a(xN,O), K2b (which includes M, P, Q, R & S) and/or LT

References

  1. Karafet, T., Mendez, F., Sudoyo, H. et al. Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia. Eur J Hum Genet 23, 369–373 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2014.106
  2. ^ Bo Wen 2004, Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans
  3. ^ Atsushi Tajima; et al. (March 2, 2004). "Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages". Journal of Human Genetics. 49 (4): 187–193. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x. OCLC 110247689. PMID 14997363.
  4. Kumarasamy Thangaraj et al 2002, Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population Archived October 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Tatiana M. Karafet 2005, Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders
  6. ^ Tatiana M. Karafet, Brian Hallmark, Murray P. Cox, Herawati Sudoyo, Sean Downey, J. Stephen Lansing, Michael F. Hammer, Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 27, Issue 8, August 2010, Pages 1833–1844, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msq063
  7. ^ Peng Min-Sheng, et al. (2014) Retrieving Y chromosomal haplogroup trees using GWAS data. European Journal of Human Genetics volume 22, pages 1046–1050 (2014). doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.272
  8. ^ Yali Xue et al 2006, Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times Archived September 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Kang Longli, Lu Y, Wang C, Hu K, Chen F, Liu K, Li S, Jin L, Li H; Genographic Consortium (2012). Y-chromosome O3 haplogroup diversity in Sino-Tibetan populations reveals two migration routes into the eastern Himalayas. Annals of Human Genetics (2012) 76,92–99.
  10. ^ Laura Scheinfeldt, Françoise Friedlaender, Jonathan Friedlaender, Krista Latham, George Koki, Tatyana Karafet, Michael Hammer and Joseph Lorenz, "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia," Molecular Biology and Evolution 2006 23(8):1628-1641
  11. B. Mohan Reddy 2007, Austro-Asiatic Tribes of Northeast India Provide Hitherto Missing Genetic Link between South and Southeast Asia
  12. ^ Soon-Hee Kim 2011, High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea
  13. Li-Chin Tsai 2001, Haplotype frequencies of nine Y-chromosome STR loci in the Taiwanese Han population
  14. Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (615–628): 615–28. doi:10.1086/323299. PMC 1235490. PMID 11481588.
  15. Cordaux, Richard et al 2004, The Northeast Indian Passageway: A Barrier or Corridor for Human Migrations?
  16. Mona, Stefano et al 2009, Genetic Admixture History of Eastern Indonesia as Revealed by Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis
  17. ^ Michael F. Hammer, Tatiana M. Karafet, Hwayong Park, Keiichi Omoto, Shinji Harihara, Mark Stoneking and Satoshi Horai, "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes," Journal of Human Genetics Volume 51, Number 1 / January, 2006.
  18. ^ I. Nonaka et al 2007, Y-chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y-STR Polymorphisms
  19. Youichi Sato et al. 2014, Overview of genetic variation in the Y chromosome of modern Japanese males J-STAGEトップ/Anthropological Science/122 巻 (2014) 3 号/書誌/全文 The Anthropological Society of Nippon
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  21. Manfred Kayser et al 2002-2003, Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea
  22. F(xJ,K): may include G, H or I.
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  25. Wook Kim 2007, Lack of Association between Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups and Prostate Cancer in the Korean Population
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  28. ^ Manfred Kayser et al 2006, Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific
  29. Heyer E, Georges M, Pachner M, Endicott P. Genetic diversity of four Filipino negrito populations from Luzon: comparison of male and female effective population sizes and differential integration of immigrants into Aeta and Agta communities. Hum Biol. 2013 Feb-Jun;85(1-3):189-208. doi: 10.3378/027.085.0310. PMID 24297226.
  30. Tenzin Gayden et al 2007, The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow
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  32. F(xJ,K); may include G, H, or I.
  33. Ruixia Zhou 2008, Origin and evolution of two Yugur sub-clans in Northwest China: a case study in paternal genetic landscape
  34. F(xJ,K): may include G, H, I.
  35. ^ Chen, Jing, et al. (2006). "Y-chromosome Genotyping and Genetic Structure of Zhuang Populations." Acta Genetica Sinica, December 2006, 33 (12): 1060-1072
  36. Li, Hui, et al. (2008). "Paternal genetic affinity between western Austronesians and Daic populations." BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008, 8:146. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-146

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