Misplaced Pages

Karachi: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 01:49, 29 October 2014 view sourceKH-1 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers102,047 edits Reverted 1 edit by 39.47.41.50 (talk): LTA. (TW)← Previous edit Latest revision as of 11:02, 5 January 2025 view source AlidPedian (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users531 edits Removing inappropriate information.Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Capital of Sindh, Pakistan}}
{{About|the city in Pakistan}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}} {{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement {{Infobox settlement
|name = Karachi | name = Karachi
|native_name = <span style="line-height:1.6">{{lang|sd|ڪراچي}}<br>{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|کراچی}}}}</span> | native_name = {{hlist|{{Small|{{Naskh|ڪراچي}}}}|{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|کراچی}}}}}}
| settlement_type = ]
|nickname = The Gateway to Pakistan, The City of Lights, Mini Pakistan, Capital of Sindh , The City Of Quaid
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|settlement_type = ]
| border = infobox
|image_skyline = Karachi Montage 02.PNG
| total_width = 280
|image_size =
| image_style = border:1;
|image_caption = Clockwise from top:
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
], ], ], ], ], ] and ].
| caption_align = center
|image_seal = Logo of Karachi Metropolitan Corporation.png
| image1 = Jinnah Mausoleum (cropped).JPG
|image_map =
|caption1 = ]
|mapsize =
| image2 = Dolmen Towers Karachi.jpg
|map_caption = Location of Karachi in Sindh and in Pakistan
|caption2 = ]
|pushpin_map = Sindh
| image3 = Karachi Municipal Corporation (KMC) Head Office at M.A Jinnah Road - Photo By Aliraza Khatri.jpg
|pushpin_mapsize =
|caption3 = ]
|subdivision_type = Country
| image4 = Another beautiful View of "Mohatta Palace".jpg
|subdivision_name = {{PAK}}
|caption4 = ]
|subdivision_type1 = ]
| image5 = Frere Hall Karachi. Pakistan.jpg
|subdivision_name1 = ]
|caption5 = ]
|seat_type = City Council
| image6 = Karachi Port Trust (KPT) Head Office Building Karachi.jpg
|seat = City Complex, ]
|caption6 = ]
|parts_type = Districts <ref name="govt">{{cite web |url=http://www.kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=84 |title=District in Karachi |publisher=Karachi Metropolitan Corporation |accessdate=6 May 2014}}</ref>
|parts_style = coll
|parts = 6
|p1 = ]
|p2 = ]
|p3 = ]
|p4 = ]
|p5 = ]
|p6 = ]
|government_footnotes =<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.kmc.gos.pk/ |title=Government |publisher=Karachi Metropolitan Corporation |accessdate=6 May 2014}}</ref>
|government_type = Metropolitan City
|leader_title = ]
|leader_name = M. Hussain Syed<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com/Contents.aspx?id=21 |title=Administrator Office |publisher=Karachi Metropolitan Corporation |accessdate=28 February 2012}}</ref>
|leader_title1 = ]
|leader_name1 = Matanat Ali Khan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com/Contents.aspx?id=54 |title=Administrator Office |publisher = Karachi Metropolitan Corporation |accessdate=28 February 2012}}</ref>
|established_title = Metropolitan Corporation
|established_date = 2011
|latd = 24 |latm = 51 |lats = 36 | latNS = N
|longd = 67 |longm = 0 |longs = 36 |longEW = E
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|area_magnitude = 1 E+6
|area_footnotes =<ref name=geography>{{cite web |url=http://221.132.118.186/cdgk/Home/AboutKarachi/GeographyDemography/tabid/270/Default.aspx |title=Geography & Demography |publisher=City District Government of Karachi |accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref>
|area_total_km2 = 3527
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 8
|population_as_of = 2013
|population_note =
|population_total = 23,500,000<ref name="http://tribune.com.pk">{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/614409/population-explosion-put-an-embargo-on-industrialisation-in-karachi/ |title=Population explosion: Put an embargo on industrialisation in Karachi |publisher=http://tribune.com.pk |date=6 October 2013 |accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_rank = ], ]
|population_demonym = Karachiite
|national_languages = ]{{Smallsup|2}}]{{Smallsup|2}}]{{Smallsup|2}}English{{Smallsup|2}}
|timezone = ]
|utc_offset = +05:00
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|area_code = +9221-XXXX XXXX
|area_code_type = ]
|postal_code = 74XXX&nbsp;– 75XXX
|postal_code_type = ]
|website = {{URL|www.kmc.gos.pk}}
}} }}
| image_seal =
'''Karachi''' ({{lang-sd|ڪراچي}}, {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|کراچی}}}} / ]: {{transl|Urdu|ALA-LC|''Karācī''}} {{IPA-hns|kəˈrɑːˌtʃi|IPA|Karachi_pronunciation.ogg}}) is ] of ] as well as the largest and ] of ] and the main ] and ] of the country. Karachi is also known as "City of Lights" mainly due to city's night life, for which it is famous as the city which never sleeps. Karachi metro has an estimated population of over 23.5 million people as of 2013,<ref name="http://tribune.com.pk"/> and area of approximately {{convert|3527|km2|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcci.com.pk/MyKarachi/AboutKarachi.aspx |title=About Karachi |publisher=Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://urban.unhabitat.org.pk/Region/Sindh/Karachi.aspx |title=Karachi > Gallery |publisher=UN-Habitat |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> resulting in a density of more than 6,000 people per square kilometre (15,500 per square mile).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-13637-Sindh-population-surges-by-81.5-pc,-households-by-83.9-pc |title=Sindh population surges by 81.5 pc, households by 83.9 pc |publisher=Thenews.com.pk |date=2 April 2012 |accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref> Karachi is the ] by population within city limits,<ref name="citymayors1">{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/largest-cities-mayors-1.html|title=Largest cities and their mayors in 2011 |publisher=City Mayors|accessdate=5 February 2010}}</ref> the 7th largest<ref>http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf</ref><ref>]</ref> urban agglomeration in the world and the ] in the ].<ref name="citymayors2">{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/index.asp?panel=2|title=World Urbanization Prospects, 2009 revision (online data)|accessdate=11 May 2011}}</ref> It is Pakistan's centre of banking, industry, economic activity and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, ], entertainment, ], fashion, advertising, publishing, ] and ]. The city is a hub of higher education in ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakistancity.org/karachi_online.html|title=Pakistan City Karachi Online Information|publisher=Pakistancity.org|accessdate=6 May 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref>
| seal_type = ]
| image_size =
| nicknames = City of the ],{{sfn|Sarina Singh|2008|p=164}} ] of ],<ref name="Paracha-2014" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Palash |title=Karachi, Pakistan: Troubled, Violent Metropolis Was Once Called 'Paris Of The East' |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/karachi-pakistan-troubled-violent-metropolis-was-once-called-paris-east-1396265 |access-date=8 January 2017 |work=] |date=22 August 2013 |quote=However, decades ago, Karachi was a very different place{{snd}}so different, in fact, that in 1942 the city charmed American soldiers enough they dubbed it the "Paris of the East". |archive-date=10 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210221838/http://www.ibtimes.com/karachi-pakistan-troubled-violent-metropolis-was-once-called-paris-east-1396265 |url-status=live }}</ref> City of Lights,<ref name="Paracha-2014" /> Bride of the Cities{{sfn|Hunt Janin|Scott A. Mandia|2012|p=98}}{{sfn|Sind Muslim College|1965}}
| official_name =
| imagesize =
| image_shield =
| image_flag = Karachi City Flag.png
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type = Emblem
| imageseal =
| pushpin_map = Karachi#Pakistan#Asia#World
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of the city of Karachi##Location within Sindh province##Location within Pakistan##Location within Asia
| coordinates = {{coord|24|51|36|N|67|0|36|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1 = ]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Sindh}}
| subdivision_type2 = ]
| subdivision_name2 = ]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = 1729
| established_title1 = Metropolitan council
| established_date1 = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1880}}
| seat_type = City council
| seat = City Complex, ]
| parts_type = Districts<ref name="govt">{{cite web |url=http://www.kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=84 |title=District in Karachi |publisher=] |access-date=6 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530194440/http://kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=84 |archive-date=30 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| parts_style = coll
| parts = 7
| p1 = ]
| p2 = ]
| p3 = ]
| p4 = ]
| p5 = ]
| p6 = ]
| p7 = ]
| government_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kmc.gos.pk/ |title=Government |publisher=Karachi Metropolitan Corporation |access-date=6 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209040750/http://kmc.gos.pk/ |archive-date=9 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| government_type = ]
| governing_body = ]
| leader_title = ]
| leader_name = ]<ref name=dawn>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=15 June 2023 |title=Who is Murtaza Wahab? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2421869/who-is-murtaza-wahab |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=] |archive-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615130407/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2421869/who-is-murtaza-wahab |url-status=live }}</ref>
| leader_party = ]
| leader_title1 = ]
| leader_name1 = Salman Murad<ref name=dawn/><br />(])
| leader_title2 = ]
| leader_name2 = Hassan Naqvi<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.app.com.pk/domestic/commissioner-karachi-chairs-rain-emergency-meeting/ |title=All means to be utilised to ensure fair polls: Sindh election commissioner |work=] |date=4 July 2024 |access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref>
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kmc.gos.pk/contents.aspx?id=14 |title=Karachi Metropolitan Corporation |publisher=City District Government of Karachi |access-date=4 March 2022 |archive-date=23 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623150042/http://www.kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_metro_km2 = 3,527
| area_rank = ]
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elevation.maplogs.com/poi/karachi_pakistan.451.html |title=Elevation of Karachi, Pakistan - Topographic Map - Altitude Map |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406234123/https://elevation.maplogs.com/poi/karachi_pakistan.451.html |archive-date=6 April 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 10
| population_as_of = ]
| population_metro =
| population_total = 20,382,881
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2023 Census">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Sindh.pdf |title=Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Sindh province) |date=5 August 2023 |website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk) |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815150025/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Sindh.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_density_metro_km2 = 5,779
| population_rank = ]<br/>]
| population_demonym = Karachiite<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/922612-karachiites-to-endure-another-powertariff-hike |title=Karachiites to endure another powertariff hike |date=5 January 2022 |access-date=5 January 2022 |work=The News International (newspaper) |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105013402/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/922612-karachiites-to-endure-another-powertariff-hike |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_note =
| postal_code_type = ]
| postal_code = 74XXX–75XXX<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pakpost.gov.pk/postcodes.php |title=Postal Codes |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=] |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711104212/https://www.pakpost.gov.pk/postcodes.php}}</ref>
| area_code = 021<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ptcl.com.pk/Info/National-Dialing-Codes |title=National Dialing Codes |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109145658/http://www.ptcl.com.pk/Info/National-Dialing-Codes |archive-date=9 November 2015 |url-status=dead |website=]}}</ref>
| area_code_type = ]
| blank_name_sec2 = Largest district by area
| blank_info_sec2 = ] (2,160 km<sup>2</sup>)
| blank1_name_sec2 = Largest district by population (2023 census)
| blank1_info_sec2 = ] (3,950,031)
| blank2_name_sec2 = Densest district by population (2023 census)
| blank2_info_sec2 = ] (55,396/km<sup>2</sup>)
| blank3_name_sec2 = Largest area by ] (2020)
| blank3_info_sec2 = ] ($40 billion)
| blank4_name_sec1 = ]
| blank4_info_sec1 = ] (])
| blank5_name_sec1 = ]
| blank5_info_sec1 = ]
| blank6_name_sec1 =
| blank6_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec1 = ]
| blank_info_sec1 = $200&nbsp;billion (2021)<ref name="nation.com.pk">{{Cite web |url=https://nation.com.pk/01-Sep-2020/karachi-the-backbone-of-pakistan?version=amp |title=Karachi: The backbone of Pakistan |date=September 2020 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904191909/https://nation.com.pk/01-Sep-2020/karachi-the-backbone-of-pakistan?version=amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="finance.gov.pk">{{cite web |url=http://finance.gov.pk/ |title={{!}} Finance Division {{!}} Government of Pakistan {{!}} |access-date=4 April 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127164244/http://www.finance.gov.pk/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| title =
| timezone = ]
| utc_offset = +05:00
| website = {{URL|www.kmc.gos.pk/}}
}}

'''Karachi''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|'|r|ɑː|tʃ|i}}; {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|کراچی}}}} {{IPA|ur|kə.ɾɑː.t͡ʃiː|}}; {{Langx|sd|{{Small|{{Naskh|ڪراچي}}}}}}; {{IPA-hns|kəˈraːtʃi|IPA|Karachi pronunciation.ogg}}) is the capital city of the ] of ]. It is the ] in ] and 12th ] in the world, with a population of over 20 million.<ref name="2023 Census" /><ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=8 August 2023 |title=Karachi Population in Digital Census rises above 20 mln |url=https://arynews.tv/karachi-population-digital-census-rises-20-mln/ |access-date=12 August 2023 |website=ARY NEWS |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812122135/https://arynews.tv/karachi-population-digital-census-rises-20-mln/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is situated at the ] along the ] coast and formerly served as the ] from 1947 to 1959. Ranked as a ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |title=GaWC&nbsp;– The World According to GaWC 2008 |publisher=Lboro.ac.uk |date=3 June 2009 |access-date=14 September 2009 |archive-date=11 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811203314/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diserio.com/gawc-world-cities.html |title=GAWC World Cities Ranking List |publisher=Diserio.com |access-date=14 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222031432/http://www.diserio.com/gawc-world-cities.html |archive-date=22 February 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> it is Pakistan's premier industrial and ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pigje.com.pk/about_karachi.html |title=PIGJE |website=pigje.com.pk |access-date=25 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930024229/http://www.pigje.com.pk/about_karachi.html |archive-date=30 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> with an estimated GDP of over $200&nbsp;billion (]) {{As of|2021|lc=y}}.<ref name="nation.com.pk" /><ref name="finance.gov.pk" /> Karachi is a metropolitan city and is considered Pakistan's most cosmopolitan city, and among the country's most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse regions,<ref name="Penguin Publishing Group">{{cite book |last=Inskeep |first=Steve |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbjaCwAAQBAJ&q=Instant%20City%3A%20Life%20and%20Death%20in%20Karachi |title=Instant City: Life and Death in Karachi |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-14-312216-6 |pages=284 |access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> as well as one of the country's most progressive and socially liberal cities.<ref name="India Today">{{cite news |last1=Abbas |first1=Qaswar |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/worlds-most-dangerous-country/1/149333.html |title=Karachi: World's most dangerous city |work=India Today |access-date=24 October 2016 |quote=Karachi, Pakistan's largest city, with a population of approx. 3.0 ] (Mumbai has 2{{nbsp}}crore people) is the country's most educated, liberal and secular metropolis. |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025045121/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/worlds-most-dangerous-country/1/149333.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="dw.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.dw.com/en/pakistani-journalists-face-threats-from-islamists/a-16221061 |title=Pakistani journalists face threats from Islamists |access-date=24 October 2016 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |quote=This all happened in the heart of Karachi{{snd}}a relatively liberal city with a population of more than 15 million. |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050632/http://www.dw.com/en/pakistani-journalists-face-threats-from-islamists/a-16221061 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The region has been inhabited for millennia,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahim |first1=Maher |title=Karachi's Stone Age proves history didn't start with the Muslims |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/626458/the-flintstones-karachis-stone-age-proves-history-didnt-start-with-the-muslims/ |access-date=16 October 2016 |work=The Express Tribune |date=3 November 2013 |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018210506/http://tribune.com.pk/story/626458/the-flintstones-karachis-stone-age-proves-history-didnt-start-with-the-muslims/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but the city was formally founded as the fortified village of ''Kolachi'' as recently as 1729.<ref name="Studies on Karachi">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mSbXCgAAQBAJ&q=Studies%20on%20Karachi%3A%20Papers%20Presented%20at%20the%20Karachi%20Conference%202013&pg=PR11 |last1=Askari |first1=Sabiah |title=Studies on Karachi: Papers Presented at the Karachi Conference 2013 |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-7744-2 |access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Gayer-2014">{{cite book |last1=Gayer |first1=Laurent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xIDBAAAQBAJ&q=Karachi%3A%20Ordered%20Disorder%20and%20the%20Struggle%20for%20City |title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for City |date=2014 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |isbn=9789351160861 |pages=368 |access-date=30 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223071518/https://books.google.com/books?id=9xIDBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Karachi%3A%20Ordered%20Disorder%20and%20the%20Struggle%20for%20City |archive-date=23 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The settlement greatly increased in importance with the arrival of the ] in the mid-19th century. British administrators embarked on substantial projects to transform the city into a major seaport, and connect it with the ] of the ].<ref name="Gayer-2014" /> At the time of Pakistan's independence in 1947, the city was the largest in Sindh with an estimated population of 400,000 people.<ref name="Penguin Publishing Group" /> Afterwards, the city experienced a dramatic shift in population and demography with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of ] from India,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muhajir {{!}} people {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/muhajir |access-date=5 August 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218210117/https://www.britannica.com/topic/muhajir |url-status=live }}</ref> coupled with an exodus of most of its ] residents.<ref>{{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-67256-6 |year=2009 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/in/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/partition-india?format=PB&isbn=9780521672566 |pages=120–121 |quote=Like Dacca, Karachi was a Hindu-majority city sureounded by a predominantly Muslim-populated hinterland. In 1941 Muslims formed 42 per cent of the population while caste and scheduled-caste Hindus together comprised 50.9 per cent. ... Between 1947 and 1953 Karachi's population increased from 400,000 to 1.3 million. The former Hindu-majority city became dominated by refugees who accounted for just under 60 per cent of the population in 1951 while the Hindu presence slumped to 0.5 per cent. |access-date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311131126/https://www.cambridge.org/in/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/partition-india?format=PB&isbn=9780521672566 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city experienced rapid economic growth following Pakistan's independence, attracting migrants from throughout the country and other regions in South Asia.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mQ4tc5QpQcC&q=Cities%20of%20the%20World%3A%20World%20Regional%20Urban%20Development |last1=Brunn |first1=Stanley |title=Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development |date=2008 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-5597-6 |pages=647 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223064712/https://books.google.com/books?id=0mQ4tc5QpQcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Cities%20of%20the%20World%3A%20World%20Regional%20Urban%20Development |archive-date=23 December 2016 |access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> According to the ], Karachi's total population was 20.3&nbsp;million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Four million added to Karachi's population |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1769101 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=DAWN.COM |date=9 August 2023 |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214002733/https://www.dawn.com/news/1769101 |url-status=live }}</ref> Karachi is one of the world's fastest-growing cities,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joelkotkin/2013/04/08/the-worlds-fastest-growing-megacities/ |title=The World's Fastest-Growing Megacities |first=Joel |last=Kotkin |website=Forbes |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-date=29 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829231312/https://www.forbes.com/sites/joelkotkin/2013/04/08/the-worlds-fastest-growing-megacities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and has significant communities representing almost every ]. Karachi holds more than two million ], a million ], and up to ] from ].<ref name="Falling back">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\12\17\story_17-12-2006_pg12_3 |title=Falling back |website=Daily Times |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805231755/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C12%5C17%5Cstory_17-12-2006_pg12_3 |archive-date=5 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="cidcm.umd.edu">{{cite web |url=http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77103 |title=Chronology for Biharis in Bangladesh |publisher=Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland |date=10 January 2007 |access-date=6 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602055513/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77103 |archive-date=2 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Craig |first1=Time |title=Pakistan cracks down on Afghan immigrants, fearing an influx as U.S. leaves Afghanistan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pakistan-cracks-down-on-afghan-immigrants-fearing-an-influx-as-us-leaves-afghanistan/2014/05/12/74057f62-cfa9-11e3-b812-0c92213941f4_story.html |access-date=24 October 2016 |newspaper=The Washington Post |quote=Qaim Ali Shah, the chief minister of Sindh province in southern Pakistan, said at a news conference in February that there were already more than 1{{nbsp}}million illegal Afghan immigrants living in Karachi, a rapidly growing city of 22&nbsp;million people. |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025053115/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pakistan-cracks-down-on-afghan-immigrants-fearing-an-influx-as-us-leaves-afghanistan/2014/05/12/74057f62-cfa9-11e3-b812-0c92213941f4_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Karachi is now Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre. The city has a formal economy estimated to be worth $190 billion {{As of|2021|lc=y}}, which is the largest in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://finance.gov.pk/ |title=&#124; Ministry of Finance &#124; Government of Pakistan &#124; |website=finance.gov.pk |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127164244/http://www.finance.gov.pk/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lloyd's">{{cite web |title=Karachi, Pakistan |website=Lloyd's City Risk Index 2015–2025 |publisher=Centre for Risk Studies at the University of Cambridge Judge Business School |url=http://www.lloyds.com/cityriskindex/locations/fact_sheet/Karachi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124092115/http://www.lloyds.com/cityriskindex/locations/fact_sheet/Karachi |archive-date=24 November 2016 |access-date=23 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Karachi collects 35% of ],<ref>{{cite web |title=The importance of Karachi – The Express Tribune |date=12 October 2015 |website=The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/971188/the-importance-of-karachi/ |access-date=13 June 2016 |archive-date=8 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608022443/http://tribune.com.pk/story/971188/the-importance-of-karachi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and generates approximately 25% of ].<ref name="adb">{{cite report |url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Produced-Under-TA/38405/38405-PAK-DPTA.pdf |title=Karachi Mega-Cities Preparation Project |publisher=Asian Development Bank |access-date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806043153/http://www.adb.org/Documents/Produced-Under-TA/38405/38405-PAK-DPTA.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="coastline">{{cite web |url=http://www1.american.edu/TED/karachi.htm |title=The Karachi Coastline Case |work=The Trade & Environment Database |access-date=1 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811023331/http://www1.american.edu/TED/karachi.htm}}</ref> Approximately 30% of Pakistani industrial output is from Karachi,<ref name="stepmother">{{cite web |url=http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/database2/cover/c99-15.asp |title=Karachi: Step-motherly treatment |work=Pakistan and Gulf Economist |access-date=15 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721021435/http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/database2/cover/c99-15.asp |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> while Karachi's ports handle approximately 95% of ].<ref name="Rand Corporation-2014">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSZRBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |title=Drivers of Long-Term insecurity and Instability in Pakistan: Urbanization |date=2014 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-8750-8 |page=18}}</ref> Approximately 90% of the multinational corporations and 100% of the banks operating in Pakistan are headquartered in Karachi.<ref name="Rand Corporation-2014" /> It also serves as a transport hub, and contains Pakistan's two largest seaports, the ] and ], as well as Pakistan's busiest airport, ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Details – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/images/10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710205815/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/images/10 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |access-date=10 July 2021 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> Karachi is also considered to be Pakistan's fashion capital,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1026258 |title=Fashion through the ages |last=Isani |first=Aamna Haider |date=5 May 2013 |work=Dawn |location=Pakistan |access-date=23 November 2018 |archive-date=24 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124003625/https://www.dawn.com/news/1026258 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/fashion-and-beauty/fashion/karachi-the-next-fashion-capital/article597194/ |title=Karachi the next fashion capital? |access-date=23 November 2018 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803011548/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/fashion-and-beauty/fashion/karachi-the-next-fashion-capital/article597194/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and has hosted the annual ] since 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pakistan's fashionistas: We aren't revolutionaries |work=CNN |first=Kiran |last=Khalid |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/23/pakistan.lahore.fashion.weel/index.html |access-date=23 November 2018 |archive-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123201106/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/23/pakistan.lahore.fashion.weel/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Fashion Week Comes to Pakistan Amid Mayhem |last=Waraich |first=Omar |date=11 November 2009 |magazine=Time |issn=0040-781X |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1937708,00.html |access-date=23 November 2018 |archive-date=7 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707074743/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1937708,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


Known as the "City of Lights" in the 1960s and 1970s for its vibrant nightlife,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gayer |first1=Laurent |title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-023806-3 |page=18<!-- |pages=256-->}}</ref> Karachi was beset by sharp ethnic, sectarian, and political conflict in the 1980s with the large-scale arrival of weaponry during the ].<ref name="violentEnd">{{cite news |title=2011 brings a violent and bloody year of ethnic conflict to Karachi, Pakistan |url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2012-01-19/2011-brings-violent-and-bloody-year-ethnic-conflict-karachi-pakistan |access-date=16 October 2016 |agency=Public Radio International |date=19 January 2012 |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018224547/http://www.pri.org/stories/2012-01-19/2011-brings-violent-and-bloody-year-ethnic-conflict-karachi-pakistan |url-status=live }}</ref> The city had become well known for its high rates of violent crime, but recorded crimes sharply decreased following a crackdown operation against criminals, the ], and ] militants, initiated in 2013 by the ].<ref name="New York TImes">{{cite news |last1=ur-Rehman |first1=Zia |title=Crime Down in Karachi, Paramilitary in Pakistan Shifts Focus |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/08/world/asia/crime-down-in-karachi-paramilitary-in-pakistan-shifts-focus.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/08/world/asia/crime-down-in-karachi-paramilitary-in-pakistan-shifts-focus.html |archive-date=3 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=22 October 2016 |work=The New York Times |date=7 November 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> As a result of the operation, Karachi dropped from being ranked the world's 6th-most dangerous city for crime in 2014, to 128th by 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karachi's ranking improves on World Crime Index |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/347857-karachis-ranking-improves-on-world-crime-index |access-date=2 May 2021 |website=www.geo.tv |archive-date=1 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501023643/https://www.geo.tv/latest/347857-karachis-ranking-improves-on-world-crime-index |url-status=live }}</ref>
Karachi is ranked as a ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html
|title=GaWC&nbsp;– The World According to GaWC 2008|publisher=Lboro.ac.uk|date=3 June 2009|accessdate=14 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.diserio.com/gawc-world-cities.html|title=GAWC World Cities Ranking List|publisher=Diserio.com|accessdate=14 September 2009}}</ref> It was the capital of ] until ] was constructed as a capital to spread development evenly across the country and to prevent it from being concentrated in Karachi.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qeBfed17zxEC&pg=PA187&dq=islamabad+forward+thrust+capital&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rsOjT_vOLuLF0QXsyaCNCQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=islamabad%20forward%20thrust%20capital&f=false|title=Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|accessdate=4 May 2012}}</ref> Karachi is the location of the ] and ], two of the region's largest and busiest ports. After the independence of Pakistan, the city population increased dramatically when hundreds of thousands of ] ] from ] and from other parts of South Asia came to settle in Karachi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pqa.gov.pk/about_karachi.php |title=Port Qasim &#124; About Karachi |publisher=Port Qasim Authority |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>


==Etymology==
The city is located on the ] coastline. It is known as the Uroos ul Bilaad "The Bride of the Cities" and the "City of Lights",<ref>{{cite news|author=Rizwan – 30 October 2012 said: |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/05/14/comment/editors-mail/karachi-the-city-of-lights/ |title=Karachi: the city of lights |publisher=Pakistan Today |date=30 October 2012 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://pakobserver.net/201212/07/detailnews.asp?id=185729 |title=Karachi city of lights |publisher=Pakobserver.net |date=7 December 2012 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> for its liveliness,{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} and the "City of the Quaid", having been the birth and burial place of '']'', the Great Leader, ], the founder of ], who made the city his home after Pakistan's ] from the ] on 14 August 1947.
Modern Karachi was reputedly founded in 1729 as the settlement of ''Kolachi-jo-Goth'' during the rule of ].<ref name="Studies on Karachi" /> The new settlement is said to have been named in honour of ], whose son is said to have slain a man-eating crocodile in the village after his elder brothers had already been killed by it.<ref name="Studies on Karachi" /> The name ''Karachee,'' a shortened and corrupted version of the original name ''Kolachi-jo-Goth'', was used for the first time in a ] report from 1742 about a shipwreck near the settlement.<ref name="The Dutch East India Company" /><ref name="resources.huygens.knaw.nl-2015" />


==History== ==History==

{{Main|History of Karachi}}
{{see also|Timeline of Karachi history}} {{Main|History of Karachi|Timeline of Karachi history}}


===Early history=== ===Early history===
] are a Tentative ].]]
The Late ] and ] sites found by ] team on the ], in front of Karachi University Campus, constitute one of the most important ] discoveries made in ] during the last fifty years. The last ], who left abundant traces of their passage, repeatedly inhabited the Hills. Some twenty different spots of ] were discovered during the surface surveys.


The region around Karachi has been the site of human habitation for millennia. ] and ] sites have been excavated in the ] along Karachi's northern outskirts. These earliest inhabitants are believed to have been ]s, with ancient ] discovered at several sites.
Karachi was known to the ancient ] by many names: ], the place where ] camped to prepare a fleet for ] after his campaign in the ]; ] (probably ] island near ]), from whence Alexander's admiral ] set sail; and ], a port of the ]n kingdom. It was later known to the ] as ] from where ] led his conquering force into South Asia in AD 712.<ref>{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref>


The expansive Karachi region is believed to have been known to the ], and may have been the site of ], an ancient seaport which was located at the nearby mouth of the ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Whitfield |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Whitfield |title=Silk, Slaves, and Stupas: Material Culture of the Silk Road |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHBdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT118 |year=2018 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-95766-4 |page=118}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tan |first1=Chung |last2=Geng |first2=Yinzeng |title=India and China: twenty centuries of civilization interaction and vibrations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx1uAAAAMAAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture, Centre for Studies in Civilizations |isbn=978-81-87586-21-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QkAaAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA159 |title=The Month |date=1912 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sun |first1=Zhixin Jason |last2=Hsing |first2=I-tien |last3=Liu |first3=Cary Y. |last4=Lu |first4=Pengliang |last5=Tseng |first5=Lillian Lan-ying |last6=Hong |first6=Yang |last7=Yates |first7=Robin D. S. |author7-link=Robin D. S. Yates |last8=Zhang |first8=Zhonglin Yukina |title=Age of Empires: Art of the Qin and Han Dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6RODgAAQBAJ&pg=PR14 |year=2017 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-617-4 |page=14}}</ref> Karachi may also have been referred to as ''Ramya'' in ancient Greek texts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/174828-from-rambagh-to-arambagh |title=From Rambagh to Arambagh |last1=Hasan |first1=Arif |date=7 May 2009 |website=] |location=Karachi |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802193927/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/174828-from-rambagh-to-arambagh |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Karachi was reputedly founded as "Kolachi" by ] tribes from ] and ], who established a small fishing community in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2002/08/08/fea.htm# |title=DAWN&nbsp;– Features; August 8, 2002 |publisher=Dawn.Com |date=8 August 2002 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> Descendants of the original community still live in the area on the small island of ], which is located near the Karachi Port. The original name "Kolachi" survives in the name of a well-known Karachi locality named ] in ]. ], the ] administrator of ], is among the first historical figures credited for the development of coastal Sindh (consisting of regions such as the Makran coast and the Indus delta),{{where|date=February 2014}} including the cities of ], ] and Karachi. The ancient names of Karachi included: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref></ref><ref></ref>


The ancient site of ], a natural harbour west of the Indus where ] sailed his fleet for ], may have been located near the mouth of Karachi's ],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Subodh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JggZAQAAIAAJ&q=krokola |title=Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography |date=2002 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-7755-298-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Pithawalla |first=Maneck B. |title=An Introduction to Karachi: Its Environs and Hinterland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rlrlBTOs2jUC |year=1950 |publisher=Times Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Pithawalla |first=Maneck B. |title=A Physical and Economic Geography of Sind: The Lower Indus Basin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rKA9AAAAMAAJ |year=1959 |publisher=Sindhi Adabi Board}}</ref> though some believe it was located near ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Samad |first=Rafi U. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAxuAAAAMAAJ&q=krokola |title=The Greeks in ancient Pakistan |date=2002 |publisher=Indus Publications |isbn=978-969-529-001-9 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=McCrindle |first=John Watson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioE2AAAAMAAJ&q=alexander+great+karachi&pg=PR22 |title=The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great as Described by Arrian, Q. Curtius, Diodoros, Plutarch and Justin: Being Translations of Such Portions of the Works of These and Other Classical Authors as Describe Alexander's Campaigns in Afghanistan, the Punjâb, Sindh, Gedrosia and Karmania |date=1896 |publisher=A. Constable and Company }}</ref> No other natural harbour exists near the mouth of the Indus that could accommodate a large fleet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pithawalla |first=Maneck B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFA1AQAAIAAJ&q=bibakta |title=Identification and description of some old sites in Sind and their relation with the physical geography of the region |date=1938 }}</ref> ], who commanded Alexander's naval fleet, also mentioned a hilly island by the name of ] and an adjacent flat island named ''Bibakta'', which colonial historians identified as Karachi's ] and ] (or ]), respectively, based on Greek descriptions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vincent |first=William |author-link=William Vincent (priest) |title=The Voyage of Nearchus from the Indus to the Euphrates, Collected from the Original Journal Preserved by Arrian ...: Containing an Account of the First Navigation Attempted by Europeans in the Indian Ocean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5deAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA180 |year=1797 |publisher=T. Cadell jun. and W. Davies |page=180}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Houtsma |first=M. Th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA729 |title=E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |date=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09790-2 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lambrick |first=H. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFFJAAAAIAAJ&q=bibakta |title=Sind: A General Introduction |date=1975 |publisher=Sindhi Adabi Board |isbn=9780195772203 }}</ref> Both areas were island until well into the colonial era, when silting in led to them being connected to the mainland.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pithawalla |first=Maneck B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rlrlBTOs2jUC&q=manora+island+silting |title=An Introduction to Karachi: Its Environs and Hinterland |date=1950 |publisher=Times Press }}</ref>
The village that later grew out of this settlement was known as ] (Village of Kolachi in ]). By the late 1720s, the village was trading across the ] with ] and the ] region. The local ] populace built a small fort, that was constructed for the protection of the city, armed with cannons imported by Sindhi sailors from Muscat, ]. The fort had two main gateways: one facing the sea, known as Kharra Darwaaza (Brackish Gate) (]) and the other facing the ] known as the Meet'ha Darwaaza (Sweet Gate) (]), which correspond to the modern areas of ] and Mithadar.


In 711 CE, ] conquered the ] and Indus Valley and the port of ], from where he launched his forces further into the Indus Valley in 712.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karachi History |website=www.houstonkarachi.org |publisher=Houston Karachi Sister City Association |url=http://www.houstonkarachi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=44%3Akarachi-history&catid=3%3Aabout-hksca&Itemid=11 |archive-date=7 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107194206/http://www.houstonkarachi.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=44%3Akarachi-history&catid=3%3Aabout-hksca&Itemid=11}}</ref> Some have identified the port with Karachi, though some argue the location was somewhere between Karachi and the nearby city of ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kT5JvRZCixQC&q=karachi+debal&pg=PA297 |title=The Ancient Geography of India: The Buddhist Period, Including the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang |date=28 March 2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-05645-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Elliot |first=Henry Miers |author-link=Henry Miers Elliot |title=Appendix to the Arabs in Sind, Vol.III, Part 1, of the Historians of India &#91;sic&#93; |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ2SHSk3k6cC&pg=PA222 |year=1853 |publisher=S. Solomon & Company |page=222}}</ref>
The name Karachi was used for the first time in a ] document of 1742, when a merchant ship ''de Ridderkerk'' shipwrecked nearby its coast.<ref>''The Dutch East India Company (VOC) and Diewel-Sind (Pakistan) in the 17th and 18th centuries'', Floor, W. Institute of Central & West Asian Studies, University of Karachi, 1993–1994, p. 49.</ref><ref></ref>


Under ], the ] administrator of Sindh, the development of coastal Sindh and the ] was encouraged. Under his rule, fortifications in the region acted as a bulwark against ] incursions into ]. In 1553–54, ] ] ], mentioned a small port along the Sindh coast by the name of ''Kaurashi'' which may have been Karachi.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bloom |first1=Jonathan |author-link1=Jonathan Bloom |last2=Blair |first2=Sheila |author-link2=Sheila Blair |title=Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4LrAAAAMAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baillie |first=Alexander Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tIwAQAAMAAJ&q=kaurashi+karachi&pg=PA20 |title=Kurrachee: (Karachi) Past, Present and Future |date=1890 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204062652/https://books.google.com/books?id=7tIwAQAAMAAJ&q=kaurashi+karachi&pg=PA20#v=snippet&q=kaurashi%20karachi&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Balocu |first=Nabī Bak̲h̲shu K̲h̲ānu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PZtAAAAMAAJ&q=kaurashi+karachi |title=Sindh, Studies Historical |date=2002 |publisher=Pakistan Study Centre, University of Sindh |isbn=978-969-8135-13-3 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204062540/https://books.google.com/books?id=7PZtAAAAMAAJ&q=kaurashi+karachi |url-status=live }}</ref> The ] in Karachi's modern suburbs were built around this time between the 15th and 18th centuries.
===British rule===
] in the 19th century]]
] in 1943 during ]]]
After some exploratory missions to the area, the ] captured the town when ] anchored off Manora island on 1 February 1839. Two days later, the little fort surrendered.<ref>{{cite book|title=Recollections of four years' service in the East with H.M. fortieth regiment|last=Neill|first=, John Martin Bladen|authorlink=|coauthors=|year=1846|publisher=|location=|isbn=|page=|pages=|url=http://www.archive.org/details/recollectionsoff00neilrich|accessdate=27 November 2009}}</ref> The town was later annexed to ] when ] was annexed by Major General ] at the ] on 17 February 1843.


===Kolachi settlement and the first port===
On his departure in 1847, ] is said to have remarked, "Would that I could come again to see you in your grandeur!" Karachi was made the capital of Sindh in the 1840s. On Napier's departure, it was added along with the rest of Sindh to the ], a move that caused resentment among the native ]. The British realised the importance of the city as a military cantonment and as a port for exporting the produce of the ] basin, and developed its ] for shipping. The foundations of a city municipal government were laid down and infrastructure development was undertaken. New businesses opened up and the population of the town began rising.


], built-in 1797 to defend Karachi, was captured by the British on 3{{nbsp}}February 1839 and upgraded 1888–1889.]]
The arrival of the troops of the ] in 1839 spawned the foundation of the new section, the military cantonment. The cantonment formed the basis of the 'white' town, where the native population had restricted access. The 'white' town was modelled after English industrial parent-cities, where work and residential spaces were separated, as were residential from recreational places. The 'native' town in the northwest, was enlarged to accommodate the burgeoning mercantile population. When the ] broke out in ], the 21st Native Infantry, then stationed in Karachi, declared allegiance to rebels and joining their numbers on 10 September 1857. Nevertheless, the British were able to quickly reassert control over Karachi and defeat the uprising. Officer William 'Waf' Frost was considered to be instrumental in quelling the rebellion and was rewarded for his valor with an ]. This was awarded to him on 23 April 1858. However, he remains unpopular in areas of Karachi to this day.


The first port was established by the ]s near Karachi in the mid-18th century, known as Kharak Bander.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bloom |first1=J. |last2=Blair |first2=S. |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001/acref-9780195309911-e-467 |language=en |chapter=Karachi}}</ref>
] in 1930]]
19th century Karachi historian ] recorded that a small settlement of 20–25 huts existed along the Karachi Harbour that was known as ''Dibro'', which was situated along a pool of water known as ''Kolachi-jo-Kun.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haider |first=Azimusshan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xA0rAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1729 |title=History of Karachi: With Special Reference to Educational, Demographical, and Commercial Developments, 1839–1900 |date=1974 |publisher=Haider |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204062540/https://books.google.com/books?id=xA0rAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1729 |url-status=live }}</ref>'' In 1725, a band of ] settlers from ] and ] had settled in the hamlet after fleeing droughts and tribal feuds.<ref name="Gayer-2014b">{{Cite book |last=Gayer |first=Laurent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BklRBAAAQBAJ&q=manora+fort+karachi&pg=PA128 |title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935444-3 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204062541/https://books.google.com/books?id=BklRBAAAQBAJ&q=manora+fort+karachi&pg=PA128#v=snippet&q=manora%20fort%20karachi&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1864, the first telegraphic message was sent from ] to ], when a direct ] connection was laid between Karachi and ].<ref>Christina P Harris (1969) The Persian Gulf Submarine Telegraph of 1864. . vol. 135(2). June. pp. 169–190</ref> In 1878, the city was connected to the rest of British India by rail. Public building projects, such as ] (1865) and the ] (1890), were undertaken. In 1876, ], the founder of Pakistan, was born in the city according to some accounts, which by now had become a bustling city with mosques, temples, courthouses, paved streets and a harbour. By 1899, Karachi had become the largest wheat exporting port in the East.<ref>: Karachi through a hundred years: the centenary history of the Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry 1860–1960. 2. ed. Karachi: Oxford UP (1960).]</ref> Before 1880 the majority of the population of Karachi consisted of the indigenous ] and ] (who also spoke Sindhi as a second language).


A new settlement was built in 1729 at the site of ''Dibro'', which came to be known as ''Kolachi-jo-Goth'' ("The village of ''Kolachi").''<ref name="Studies on Karachi" /> The new settlement is said to have been named in honour of ], a resident of the old settlement whose son is said to have slain a man-eating crocodile.<ref name="Studies on Karachi" /> Kolachi was about 40 hectares in size, with some smaller fishing villages scattered in its vicinity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karachi (Pakistan) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IEErAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+denso+hall |title=Brief Sketch of Karachi, the Nerve Center of Pakistan |date=1984 |publisher=The Corporation }}</ref> The founders of the new fortified settlement were Sindhi ],<ref name="Gayer-2014b" /> and are said to have arrived from the nearby town of Kharak Bandar after the harbour there silted in 1728 after heavy rains.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ap8IAAAAQAAJ&q=karachi+kharak+bandar&pg=PA396 |title=A Gazetteer of the Province of Sindh |date=1874 |publisher=G. Bell and Sons |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204062653/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ap8IAAAAQAAJ&q=karachi+kharak+bandar&pg=PA396#v=snippet&q=karachi%20kharak%20bandar&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Kolachi was fortified, and defended with cannons imported from Muscat, ]. Under the Talpurs, the ''Rah-i-Bandar'' road was built to connect the city's port to the caravan terminals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preserving cultural assets |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/826915/preserving-cultural-assets |date=10 February 2008 |website=DAWN.COM |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803014019/http://beta.dawn.com/news/826915/preserving-cultural-assets |url-status=live }}</ref> This road would eventually be further developed by the British into Bandar Road, which was renamed ].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tixuAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+%22Rah-i-Bunder%22 |title=Sampark: Journal of Global Understanding |date=2004 |publisher=Sampark Literary Services |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204062649/https://books.google.com/books?id=tixuAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+%22Rah-i-Bunder%22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URnrr_A5wZ8C&q=karachi+%22Rah-i-Bunder%22 |title=The Herald |date=1993 |publisher=Pakistan Herald Publications. }}</ref>
These developments in Karachi resulted in an influx of economic migrants: ]s, ]s, Christians, ], ], ], Chinese, British, ] and ]. The population of the city was about 105,000 inhabitants by the end of the 19th century, with a mix of nationalities. British colonialists embarked on works of sanitation and transportation&nbsp;– such as gravel paved streets, drains, street sweepers, and a network of ]s and horse-drawn trolleys.


The name ''Karachee'' was used for the first time in a ] document from 1742, in which a merchant ship ''de Ridderkerk'' is shipwrecked near the settlement.<ref name="The Dutch East India Company">''The Dutch East India Company (VOC) and Diewel-Sind (Pakistan) in the 17th and 18th centuries'', Floor, W. Institute of Central & West Asian Studies, University of Karachi, 1993–1994, p. 49.</ref><ref name="resources.huygens.knaw.nl-2015">{{cite web |url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/das/detailVoyage/95544 |title=The Dutch East India Company's shipping between the Netherlands and Asia 1595–1795 |date=2 February 2015 |access-date=14 June 2015 |archive-date=26 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226084239/http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/das/detailVoyage/95544 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1770s, Karachi came under the control of the ], which attracted a second wave of Balochi settlers.<ref name="Gayer-2014b" /> In 1795, Karachi was annexed by the ], triggering a third wave of Balochi settlers who arrived from central Sindh and southern Punjab.<ref name="Gayer-2014b" /> The Talpurs built the ] in 1797,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murray (publishers.) |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vg0IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA475 |title=A handbook for India. Part ii. Bombay |date=1859 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpKhAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA20 |title=The Persian Gulf Pilot |date=1875 |publisher=J. D. Potter. }}</ref> which was used to protect Karachi's Harbour from ] pirates.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Charles E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGboFK2QPUwC&pg=PA162 |title=The Blood-red Arab Flag: An Investigation Into Qasimi Piracy, 1797–1820 |date=1997 |publisher=University of Exeter Press |isbn=978-0-85989-509-5 |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063149/https://books.google.com/books?id=tGboFK2QPUwC&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Independent Pakistan===
By the time of ]'s ] in 1947, Karachi had become a bustling metropolis with slightly under half a million people, and classical and colonial European styled buildings lining the city's thoroughfares. Karachi was chosen as the capital of Pakistan, which at the time included present-day ], approximately {{convert|1000|km|abbr=on}} to the east, and not physically connected to Pakistan. In 1947, Karachi was the focus for settlement by ] ] from India, who expanded the city's population and transformed its demographics and economy. In 1958, the capital of Pakistan was moved from Karachi to ].


In 1799 or 1800, the founder of the Talpur dynasty, Mir Fateh Ali Khan, allowed the ] under Nathan Crow to establish a trading post in Karachi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Huttenback |first=Robert A. |url=https://archive.org/details/britishrelations0000hutt |url-access=registration |page= |title=British Relations with Sind, 1799–1843: An Anatomy of Imperialism |date=1962 |publisher=University of California Press }}</ref> He was allowed to build a house for himself in Karachi at that time, but by 1802 was ordered to leave the city.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sunderlal |first=Pandit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XcpmDwAAQBAJ&q=nathan+crow+sindh&pg=PT138 |title=British Rule in India |date=1 August 2018 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5280-803-8 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063200/https://books.google.com/books?id=XcpmDwAAQBAJ&q=nathan+crow+sindh&pg=PT138 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city continued to be ruled by the Talpurs until it was occupied by forces under the command of ] in February 1839.{{sfn|Laurent Gayer|2014|pp=42}}
During the 1960s, Karachi was seen as an economic role model around the world. Many countries sought to emulate Pakistan's economic planning strategy and one of them, ], copied the city's second "Five-Year Plan" and the World Financial Center in ] is designed and modeled after Karachi.<ref>Planning Commission, The Second Five Year Plan: 1960–65, Karachi: Govt. Printing Press, 1960, p. 393</ref><ref>Planning Commission, Pakistan Economic Survey, 1964–65, Rawalpindi: Govt. Printing Press, 1965, p. 212.</ref> Karachi had both a municipal corporation and a Karachi Divisional Council in the 1960s, which developed schools, colleges, roads, municipal gardens, and parks. The Karachi Divisional Council had working committees for education, roads, and residential societies development and planning.<ref>Government archives, Sindh for Municipality and divisional administration</ref> In the late 1960s, the capital shifted from ] to the newly built ]. This marked the start of a long period of decline in the city, marked by a lack of development.


===British control===
On 4 December 1971, the Indian Navy launched ] and its follow-up ] on Karachi harbour during the ] that resulted in the first use of anti-ship missiles in the region, as well as the first sinking of naval vessels during hostilities in the region since World War II. During the operation it also targeted Kemari oil storage tanks on the south of the harbour, which were burnt and destroyed, causing heavy losses to the country. The 1970s also saw major labour struggles in Karachi's industrial estates (see ]). The 1980s and 1990s saw an influx of refugees from the ] into Karachi; they were followed in smaller numbers by refugees escaping from ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=C8D0B7394F7D074D6832875766C3D91E.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=1636848|title=Afghan refugees population in Pakistan|work= Cambridge Journal|publisher=Journals.cambridge.org|accessdate=6 May 2010}}</ref> After the 1970s Karachi has become home to about five to seven million Pashtuns, which is more than Peshawar, Kabul or Kandahar.<ref name=pbs>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2009/07/karachis_invisi.html|title=Karachi's Invisible Enemy|author=Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy|publisher=PBS|date=17 July 2009|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="The National">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090825/FOREIGN/708249931|title=In a city of ethnic friction, more tinder|publisher=The National|date=24 August 2009|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> In the late 1980s and early 1990s, ethnic and political violence broke out across the city between Muhajir followers of the ] fought with ethnic Sindhis, Pashtuns, Punjabis, and security forces. As a result, the ] was deployed to restore peace in the city.<ref name=Minahan>{{cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World |volume=3 |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-32111-5 |pages=1277–1278}}</ref>


]]]
Today, Karachi is an important financial and industrial centre and handles most of the overseas trade of Pakistan and the world, mainly the Asian countries. It accounts for a significant share of the GDP of Pakistan.<ref name="adb"/>
]
], date from the ].]]
], such as the ].]]

The ] captured Karachi on 3{{nbsp}}February 1839 after {{HMS|Wellesley|1815|6}} opened fire and quickly destroyed ], which guarded Karachi Harbour at ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Recollections of Four Years' Service in the East with H.M. Fortieth Regiment |last=Neill |first=John Martin Bladen |year=1846 |url=https://archive.org/details/recollectionsoff00neilrich |access-date=27 November 2009}}</ref> Karachi's population at the time was an estimated 8,000 to 14,000,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baillie |first=Alexander Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tIwAQAAMAAJ&q=denso+hall+sandstone+1886+rupees |title=Kurrachee: (Karachi) Past, Present and Future |date=1890 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063154/https://books.google.com/books?id=7tIwAQAAMAAJ&q=denso+hall+sandstone+1886+rupees#v=onepage&q=denso%20hall%20sandstone%201886%20rupees&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> and was confined to the walled city in ], with suburbs in what is now the ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/826915/preserving-cultural-assets |title=Preserving cultural assets |date=10 February 2008 |website=Dawn |location=Pakistan |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803014019/http://beta.dawn.com/news/826915/preserving-cultural-assets |url-status=live }}</ref> British troops, known as the "Company Bahadur" established a camp to the east of the captured city, which became the precursor to the modern ]. The British further developed the ] as a military garrison to aid the British war effort in the ].<ref name="Oxford University Press" />

The ] community started migrating to Karachi in the 1820s as traders. The majority of the estimated 100,000 who came to ] are primarily concentrated in Karachi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2022 |title=Celebrating Karachi's Goan connection {{!}} The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2352894/celebrating-karachis-goan-connection |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=tribune.com.pk |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510114007/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2352894/celebrating-karachis-goan-connection |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sindh's capital was shifted from ] to Karachi in 1840 when Karachi was annexed to the ] after Major General ] captured the rest of Sindh following his victory against the ] at the ]. Following the 1843 annexation, on 17 February the entire province was amalgamated into the ] for the next 93 years, and Karachi remain the divisional headquarter. A few years later in 1846, Karachi suffered a large ] outbreak, which led to the establishment of the Karachi Cholera Board (predecessor to the city's civic government).<ref name="shehri.org-2018">{{Cite book |url=https://shehri.org/publications_html/2018%20-%20Local%20&%20City%20Govt.pdf |title=LOCAL AND CITY GOVERNMENT HANDBOOK – PROVINCE OF SINDH AND KARACHI CITY |year=2018 |editor-last=Anwar |editor-first=Farhan |location=Karachi |publisher=Shehri - Citizens for a Better Environment |isbn=978-969-9491-14-6 |access-date=6 April 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802200751/http://shehri.org/img/Local%20%26%20City%20Govt%20FINAL%20File.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The city grew under the administration of its new Commissioner, ], who was appointed in the 1850s. Karachi was recognized for its strategic importance, prompting the British to establish the ] in 1854. Karachi rapidly became a transportation hub for British India owing to newly built port and rail infrastructure, as well as the increase in agricultural exports from the opening of productive tracts of newly irrigated land in ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blood |first1=Peter R. |title=Pakistan: A Country Study |date=1996 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-0-7881-3631-3 |page=96}}</ref> By 1856, the value of goods traded through Karachi reached £855,103, leading to the establishment of merchant offices and warehouses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bowden |first=Rob |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prF_ZLZKtggC&q=%22Indus+steam+flotilla%22+%22orient+inland%22&pg=PA35 |title=Settlements of the Indus River |date=2005 |publisher=Capstone Classroom |isbn=978-1-4034-5723-3 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063056/https://books.google.com/books?id=prF_ZLZKtggC&q=%22Indus+steam+flotilla%22+%22orient+inland%22&pg=PA35#v=snippet&q=%22Indus%20steam%20flotilla%22%20%22orient%20inland%22&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The population in 1856 is estimated to have been 57,000.<ref name="Heitzman-2008">{{Cite book |last=Heitzman |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit |url-access=registration |page= |title=The City in South Asia |date=31 March 2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-28963-9 }}</ref> During the ] of 1857, the 21st Native Infantry, then stationed in Karachi, mutinied and declared allegiance to rebel forces in September 1857, though the British were able to quickly defeat the rebels and reassert control over the city.

Following the Rebellion, British colonial administrators continued to develop the city's infrastructure, but continued to neglect localities like ], which was home to the city's original population of Sindhi fishermen and Balochi nomads.<ref name="Narayanan-2015">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=Yamini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwUBCwAAQBAJ&q=post+partition+karachi&pg=PT242 |title=Religion and Urbanism: Reconceptualising sustainable cities for South Asia |date=19 November 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-75541-8 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063159/https://books.google.com/books?id=dwUBCwAAQBAJ&q=post+partition+karachi&pg=PT242#v=snippet&q=post%20partition%20karachi&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> At the outbreak of the ], Karachi's port became an important cotton-exporting port,<ref name="Heitzman-2008" /> with ''Indus Steam Flotilla'' and ''Orient Inland Steam Navigation Company'' established to transport cotton from rest of Sindh to Karachi's port, and onwards to textile mills in England.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clarke |first=S. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iew2AQAAMAAJ&q=Indus+steam+flotilla&pg=PA41 |title=The Scinde Railway and Indus Flotilla Companies: Their Futility and Hollowness Demonstrated, Also an Exposure of the Delusion which Exists Respecting the Five Per Cent Guarantee, which Insures No Dividend Whatever to the Respective Shareholders |date=1858 |publisher=Richardson Brothers |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063212/https://books.google.com/books?id=iew2AQAAMAAJ&q=Indus+steam+flotilla&pg=PA41#v=snippet&q=Indus%20steam%20flotilla&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> With increased economic opportunities, economic migrants from several ethnicities and religions, including Anglo-British, ], ], and ], among others, established themselves in Karachi,<ref name="Heitzman-2008" /> with many setting-up businesses in the new commercial district of ]. ], the founder of Pakistan, was born in Karachi's ] in 1876 to such migrants from ]. Public building works were undertaken at this time in ] and ] styles, including the construction of ] in 1865 and the later ] in 1889.

With the completion of the ] in 1869, Karachi's position as a major port increased even further.<ref name="Heitzman-2008" /> In 1878, the British Raj connected Karachi with the network of ]. In 1887, ] underwent radical improvements with connection to the railways, along with expansion and dredging of the port, and construction of a breakwater.<ref name="Heitzman-2008" /> ] was established in 1893.<ref>{{cite book |title=Studies on Karachi: Papers Presented at the Karachi Conference 2013 |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-8450-1 |editor1-last=Askari |editor1-first=Sabiah |pages=325}}</ref> By 1899, Karachi had become the largest wheat-exporting port in the East.<ref>: ''Karachi Through a Hundred Years: The Centenary History of the Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry 1860–1960''. 2. ed. Karachi: Oxford University Press (1960).]</ref> In 1901, Karachi's population was 117,000 with a further 109,000 included in the ]<ref name="Heitzman-2008" />

Under the British, the ] was established. Known as the ''Father of Modern Karachi'', mayor ] led the municipal government to improve sanitary conditions in the Old City, as well as major infrastructure works in the New Town after his election in 1911.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}} In 1914, Karachi had become the largest wheat-exporting port of the entire British Empire,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UgMeAQAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1914+largest+port |title=Ansari's Trade & Industrial Directory of Pakistan |publisher=Ansari Publishing House. |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063604/https://books.google.com/books?id=UgMeAQAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1914+largest+port |url-status=live }}</ref> after large irrigation works in ] were initiated to increase wheat and cotton yields.<ref name="Heitzman-2008" /> By 1924, the ''Drigh Road Aerodrome'' was established,<ref name="Heitzman-2008" /> now the ].

Karachi's increasing importance as a cosmopolitan transportation hub leads to the influence of non-Sindhis in Sindh's administration. Half the city was born outside of Karachi by as early as 1921.<ref name="Gayer-2014a">{{Cite book |last=Gayer |first=Laurent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0BeBAAAQBAJ&q=post+partition+karachi&pg=PA23 |title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City |date=1 July 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-023806-3 }}</ref> Native Sindhis were upset by this influence,<ref name="Heitzman-2008" /> and so on 1 April 1936, Sindh was established as a province separate from the Bombay Presidency with Karachi was once again made capital of Sindh. In 1941, the population of the city had risen to 387,000.<ref name="Heitzman-2008" />

===Post-independence===
] and his wife ] in Karachi 14 August 1947]]
At the dawn of independence following the success of the ] in 1947, On 15 August 1947 Capital of Sindh shifted from Karachi to Hyderabad and Karachi was made the national capital of Pakistan.

Karachi was Sindh's largest city with a population of over 400,000.<ref name="Penguin Publishing Group" /> The city had a slight Hindu majority, with around 51% of the population being Hindu. Partition resulted in the exodus of much of the city's Hindu population, though Karachi, like most of Sindh, remained relatively peaceful compared to cities in Punjab.<ref name="Markovits-2000">{{Cite book |last=Markovits |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2vu7Odjz6kC&q=karachi+riots+1948+muslim+refugees&pg=PA278 |title=The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750–1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama |date=22 June 2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-43127-9 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063708/https://books.google.com/books?id=M2vu7Odjz6kC&q=karachi+riots+1948+muslim+refugees&pg=PA278#v=snippet&q=karachi%20riots%201948%20muslim%20refugees&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Riots erupted on 6{{nbsp}}January 1948, after which most of Sindh's Hindu population fled to India,<ref name="Markovits-2000" /> with assistance of the Indian government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zamindar |first=Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2u_IU-aoNhwC&q=karachi+riots+1948+muslim+refugees&pg=PA53 |title=The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories |date=14 November 2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51101-8 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063709/https://books.google.com/books?id=2u_IU-aoNhwC&q=karachi+riots+1948+muslim+refugees&pg=PA53#v=snippet&q=karachi%20riots%201948%20muslim%20refugees&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Karachi became the focus for the resettlement of middle-class ] ] refugees who fled India, with 470,000 refugees in Karachi by May 1948,<ref name="Zamindar-2010">{{Cite book |last=Zamindar |first=Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5c9ta97GeoC&q=post+partition+karachi |title=The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories |date=2010 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-13847-5 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063605/https://books.google.com/books?id=n5c9ta97GeoC&q=post+partition+karachi#v=snippet&q=post%20partition%20karachi&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> leading to a drastic alteration of the ]. In 1941, Muslims were 42% of Karachi's population, but by 1951 made up 96% of the city's population.<ref name="Gayer-2014a" /> The city's population had tripled between 1941 and 1951.<ref name="Gayer-2014a" /> ] replaced ] as Karachi's most widely spoken language; Sindhi was the mother tongue of 51% of Karachi in 1941, but only 8.5% in 1951, while Urdu grew to become the mother tongue of 51% of Karachi's population.<ref name="Gayer-2014a" /> 100,000 Muhajir refugees arrived annually in Karachi until 1952. Muhajirs kept arriving from different parts of ] till 2000.<ref name="Gayer-2014a" />

Karachi was selected as the first capital of Pakistan, and was administered as a federal district separate from Sindh beginning in 1948,<ref name="Zamindar-2010" /> the capital of Sindh shifted again Hyderabad to Karachi until the national capital was shifted to ] in 1958.{{sfn|Barbara A. Weightman|2011|p={{page needed|date=February 2023}}}} While foreign embassies shifted away from Karachi, ] numerous ] and honorary consulates.<ref>{{cite book |title=Party, Government and Freedom in the Muslim World: Three Articles Reprinted from the Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2d Ed., V. 3, Parts 49–50 |date=1968 |publisher=Brill Archive |page=37}}</ref> Between 1958 and 1970, Karachi's role as capital of Sindh was ceased due to the ] programme enacted by President ].<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}}

Karachi of the 1960s was regarded as an economic role model around the world, with ], South Korea, borrowing from the city's second "Five-Year Plan".<ref>Planning Commission, The Second Five Year Plan: 1960–65, Karachi: Govt. Printing Press, 1960, p. 393</ref><ref>Planning Commission, Pakistan Economic Survey, 1964–65, Rawalpindi: Govt. Printing Press, 1965, p. 212.</ref> Several examples of ] were built in Karachi during this period, including the ] mausoleum, the distinct ], and the ] (the tallest building in all of South Asia at the time). The city's population by 1961 had grown 369% compared to 1941.<ref name="Gayer-2014a" /> By the mid-1960s, Karachi began to attract large numbers of ], ] and ] from northern Pakistan.<ref name="Gayer-2014a" />

The 1970s saw a construction boom funded by remittances and investments from the ], and the appearance of apartment buildings in the city.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gayer |first=Laurent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BklRBAAAQBAJ&q=karachi+1970s&pg=PA40 |title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935444-3 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063606/https://books.google.com/books?id=BklRBAAAQBAJ&q=karachi+1970s&pg=PA40#v=snippet&q=karachi%201970s&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Real-estate prices soared during this period, leading to a worsening housing crisis.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rurrAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1970s+boom |title=Population Growth and Policies in Mega-cities: Karachi |date=1988 |publisher=UN |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063714/https://books.google.com/books?id=rurrAAAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1970s+boom |url-status=live }}</ref> The period also saw ] industrial estates beginning in 1970 that were violently repressed by the government of President ] from 1972 onwards.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Nichola |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C28sDwAAQBAJ&q=karachi+1970s&pg=PT205 |title=Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics |date=15 July 2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-086978-6 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063608/https://books.google.com/books?id=C28sDwAAQBAJ&q=karachi+1970s&pg=PT205#v=snippet&q=karachi%201970s&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> To appease conservative forces, Bhutto banned alcohol in Pakistan, and cracked-down of Karachi's discotheques and cabarets - leading to the closure of Karachi's once-lively nightlife.<ref name="Udupa-2017">{{Cite book |last1=Udupa |first1=Sahana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jwlDwAAQBAJ&q=karachi+1970s+zia&pg=PA41 |title=Media as Politics in South Asia |last2=McDowell |first2=Stephen D. |date=14 July 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-97221-5 }}</ref> The city's art scene was further repressed during the rule of dictator ].<ref name="Udupa-2017" /> Zia's Islamization policies lead the Westernized upper-middle classes of Karachi to largely withdraw from the public sphere, and instead form their own social venues that became inaccessible to the poor.<ref name="Udupa-2017" /> This decade also saw an influx of more than one million ] immigrants into Karachi from the newly made country ] which separated from Pakistan in 1971.

In 1972, the ] divided into three districts, ], ] and ] districts.

The 1980s and 1990s saw an influx of almost one million ] refugees into Karachi fleeing the ].<ref name="Gayer-2014a" /> This was followed by refugees escaping from post-revolution ].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=C8D0B7394F7D074D6832875766C3D91E.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=1636848 |title=Afghan refugees population in Pakistan |journal=Journal of Biosocial Science |date=July 1990 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=269–279 |publisher=Journals.cambridge.org |doi=10.1017/S0021932000018654 |access-date=6 May 2010 |last1=Yusuf |first1=Farhat |pmid=2169475 |s2cid=33827916 |archive-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805060453/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=C8D0B7394F7D074D6832875766C3D91E.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=1636848 |url-status=live | issn=0021-9320 }}</ref> At this time, Karachi was also rocked by political conflict, while crime rates drastically increased with the arrival of weaponry from the ].<ref name="violentEnd" /> Conflict between the ], and ethnic ], ], ] and ] was sharp.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSCMAgAAQBAJ&q=mqm+pashto+punjabi+sindhi+conflict |title=Mohajir Militancy in Pakistan: Violence and Transformation in the Karachi Conflict |last=Khan |first=Nichola |date=5 April 2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135161927}}</ref> The party and its vast network of supporters were targeted by Pakistani security forces as part of the controversial ] in 1992{{snd}}an effort to restore peace in the city that lasted until 1994.<ref>{{cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World |volume=3 |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-32111-5 |pages=1277–78}}</ref> Anti-Hindu riots also broke out in Karachi in 1992 in retaliation for the demolition of the ] in India by a group of Hindu nationalists earlier that year.<ref>{{cite news |title=PAKISTANIS ATTACK 30 HINDU TEMPLES |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/08/world/pakistanis-attack-30-hindu-temples.html |access-date=1 December 2017 |work=The New York Times |date=8 December 1992 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225202434/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/08/world/pakistanis-attack-30-hindu-temples.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1996, two (02) more districts created in the ] named ] and ] districts.

The 2010s saw another influx of hundreds of thousands of Pashtun refugees fleeing ] and the ].<ref name="Gayer-2014a" /> By this point Karachi had become widely known for its high rates of violent crime, usually in relation to criminal activity, gang-warfare, sectarian violence, and extrajudicial killings.<ref name="Narayanan-2015" /> Recorded crimes sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM party, and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the ].<ref name="New York TImes" /> As a result of the operation, Karachi went from being ranked the world's 6th most dangerous city for crime in 2014, to 128th by 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Imtiaz |date=7 February 2020 |title=Karachi jumps 22 points since last year on global crime index |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1533023 |access-date=4 March 2020 |website=Dawn |location=Pakistan |archive-date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304072617/https://www.dawn.com/news/1533023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022 at least one million ] from ] and ] took refuge in Karachi.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}


==Geography== ==Geography==

{{Main|Geography of Karachi|Environment of Karachi}} {{Main|Geography of Karachi|Environment of Karachi}}
]
City geographic coordinates are 24°51′ N 67°02′ E. Most of the land consisted largely of flat or rolling plains, with hills on the western and ] Island and the Oyster Rocks. The Arabian Sea beach lines the southern coastline of Karachi. ]s and creeks of the ] can be found toward the southeast side of the city. Toward the west and the north is ], locally known as ], an area marked by projecting sea cliffs and rocky sandstone promontories. Some excellent beaches can be found in this area. ] lie in the northwest and form the border between ]<ref></ref> and ]. The ] lies northwest of Karachi, between ] and ]. The hills in Karachi are the off-shoots of the ]. The highest point of these hills in Karachi is about 528m in the extreme north. All these hills are devoid of vegetation and have wide intervening plains, dry river beds and water channels.<ref></ref>


Karachi is located on the coastline of Sindh province in southern Pakistan, along the ], a natural harbour on the ]. Karachi is built on a coastal plain with scattered rocky outcroppings, hills and marshlands. ] forests grow in the brackish waters around the Karachi Harbour (see: ]), and farther southeast towards the expansive ]. West of Karachi city is the ], locally known as ], which is an area characterised by sea cliffs, rocky sandstone promontories and beaches.
The rivers in Karachi are ] and ]. The ] flood plain is near Karachi.

Karachi lies very close to a major fault line, where the ] meets the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=KARACHI: Karachi's earthquake history |date=26 October 2005 |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/162899/karachi-karachi-s-earthquake-history |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815083644/https://www.dawn.com/news/162899/karachi-karachi-s-earthquake-history |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Karachi lies near the western edge of the Indian Plate, on the Indo Gagnetic Plain. Within the city of Karachi are two small ranges: the ] and ], which lie in the northwest and act as a barrier between ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=204319&Cat=4&dt=10/18/2009 |title=A story behind every name |date=21 October 2009 |website=The News International, Pakistan |access-date=14 June 2015 |archive-date=7 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007115813/http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=204319&Cat=4&dt=10%2F18%2F2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Karachi's hills are barren and are part of the larger ], and have a maximum elevation of {{convert|528|m|abbr=off}}.<ref name=IIED>{{cite journal |last1=Hasan |first1=Arif |last2=Pervaiz |first2=Arif |last3=Raza |first3=Mansoor |title=Drivers of climate change vulnerability at different scales in Karachi |journal=IIED Working Paper |date=January 2017 |page=17 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02723 |access-date=30 March 2024 |publisher=International Institute for Environment and Development |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330092124/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02723 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Between the hills are wide coastal plains interspersed with dry river beds and water channels. Karachi has developed around the ] and ]s, with the Lyari shore being the site of the settlement for ''Kolachi''. To the east of Karachi lies the ] flood plains.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Karachi.pdf |title=The case of Karachi, Pakistan |publisher=University College London |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-date=15 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915074410/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Karachi.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Climate=== ===Climate===

{{Main|Climate of Karachi}} {{Main|Climate of Karachi}}
] influences Karachi's climate, providing the city with more moderate temperatures compared to other areas of ] province.]]
]
Karachi has a tropical ] climate (]: ''BSh''), formerly a ], dominated by a long "Summer Season" while moderated by oceanic influence from the ]. The city has annual average precipitation levels (approx. {{cvt|296|mm|0}} per annum), the bulk of which occurs during the late June–September ] season. Summers are hot and humid, and Karachi is prone to deadly heatwaves. Over the past 20 years, rainfall has become more abundant. Tropical storms and thunderstorms, as well as flooding are becoming more common, especially during the summer monsoon. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jul/22/where-world-hottest-city-kuwait-karachi-ahvaz |title=Where is the world's hottest city? |first=Hayley |last=Birch |date=22 July 2015 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=3 March 2016 |archive-date=9 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209050452/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jul/22/where-world-hottest-city-kuwait-karachi-ahvaz |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months. A text message-based early warning system alerts people to take precautionary measures and helps prevent fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave or thunderstorm.<ref name="heatwave">{{cite news |title=With Early Warning, Karachi Cools a Heat Wave Threat |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/early-warning-pakistan-heat-wave-threat/4115662.html |access-date=1 December 2017 |work=Voice of America |date=14 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201182102/https://www.voanews.com/a/early-warning-pakistan-heat-wave-threat/4115662.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The winter climate is dry and lasts between December and February. It is dry and pleasant in winter relative to the warm hot season that follows, which starts in March and lasts until October. Proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at near-constant levels year-round. Thus, the climate is similar to a humid tropical climate, except for the low precipitation and occasional temperatures well over 100 F (38 C) due to the influence of the Thar Desert nearby, close to the border with India.
Located on the coast, Karachi has an ] with low average precipitation levels (approx. {{convert|250|mm|abbr=on}} per annum), the bulk of which occurs during the July–August ] season. Winters are mild and dry, while the summers are warm and humid; the proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at a near-constant high and cool sea breezes relieve the heat of the summer months. December and January are dry and pleasant as compared to the warm summers that dominate through the late spring (March) to the pre-monsoon season (June). Compared to other parts of Pakistan, Karachi's weather is considered mild and can be compared to Florida's weather (except for the precipitation).


The city's highest monthly rainfall, {{convert|429.3|mm|abbr=on}}, occurred in July 1967.<ref name="pakmet">{{cite web|url=http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/KARACHI.htm|title=Climate data&nbsp;– Karachi|publisher=Pakistan Meteorological Department, Government of Pakistan|accessdate=24 August 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref> The city's highest rainfall in 24 hours occurred on 7 August 1953, when about {{convert|278.1|mm|in}} of rain lashed the city, resulting in major flooding.<ref>{{dead link|date=April 2013}}</ref> The city's highest annual rainfall was about 750-850 mm, recorded in the late 1970s. The city's highest monthly rainfall, {{cvt|19|in}}, occurred in July 1967.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/27/opinion/pakistan-climate-change.html?action=click&module=Opinion&pgtype=Homepage |title=Pakistan's Most Terrifying Adversary Is Climate Change |date=27 September 2020 |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Fatima |last=Bhutto |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808203852/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/27/opinion/pakistan-climate-change.html?action=click&module=Opinion&pgtype=Homepage |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pakmet">{{cite web |url=http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/KARACHI.htm |title=Climate data&nbsp;– Karachi |publisher=Pakistan Meteorological Department, Government of Pakistan |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422011000/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/KARACHI.htm |archive-date=22 April 2010}}</ref> The city's highest rainfall in 24 hours occurred on 7{{nbsp}}August 1953, when about {{convert|278.1|mm|in}} of rain lashed the city, resulting in major flooding.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/206412/rain-havoc-in-karachi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026221139/http://www.dawn.com/2006/08/18/top2.htm |url-status=dead |title=Rain havoc in Karachi |first=Dawn |last=Report |date=18 August 2006 |archive-date=26 October 2010 |website=DAWN.COM}}</ref>
Karachi's highest recorded temperature is {{convert|47|C|abbr=on}}, which was recorded on 18 June 1979,<ref name=pakmet/> and the lowest is {{convert|0.0|C|F}}, recorded on 21 January 1934.<ref name=pakmet/>


Karachi's highest recorded temperature is {{cvt|48.0|C}} which was recorded on 22 and 23 April 2017,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pmd.gov.pk/cdpc/extrems/karachi.htm |title=Karachi Extremes |publisher=Pakistan Meteorological Department |location=Pakistan |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810055653/http://www.pmd.gov.pk/cdpc/extrems/KARACHI.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and the lowest is {{convert|0|C|F}} recorded on 21 January 1934.<ref name=pakmet />
{{Karachi weatherbox}}
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Karachi (1991-2020)
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 32.8
|Feb record high C = 36.5
|Mar record high C = 42.5
|Apr record high C = 48.0
|May record high C = 47.8
|Jun record high C = 47.0
|Jul record high C = 42.2
|Aug record high C = 41.7
|Sep record high C = 42.8
|Oct record high C = 43.3
|Nov record high C = 38.5
|Dec record high C = 35.5
|Jan high C = 26.3
|Feb high C = 28.7
|Mar high C = 32.6
|Apr high C = 35.0
|May high C = 35.7
|Jun high C = 35.7
|Jul high C = 33.6
|Aug high C = 32.5
|Sep high C = 33.4
|Oct high C = 35.6
|Nov high C = 32.6
|Dec high C = 28.4
|Jan mean C = 18.9
|Feb mean C = 21.7
|Mar mean C = 25.9
|Apr mean C = 29.4
|May mean C = 31.4
|Jun mean C = 32.2
|Jul mean C = 30.8
|Aug mean C = 29.6
|Sep mean C = 29.7
|Oct mean C = 29.4
|Nov mean C = 25.2
|Dec mean C = 20.9
|Jan low C = 12.0
|Feb low C = 14.8
|Mar low C = 19.4
|Apr low C = 23.7
|May low C = 27.0
|Jun low C = 28.6
|Jul low C = 27.9
|Aug low C = 26.7
|Sep low C = 26.0
|Oct low C = 22.9
|Nov low C = 17.7
|Dec low C = 13.4
|Jan record low C = 0.0
|Feb record low C = 3.3
|Mar record low C = 7.0
|Apr record low C = 12.2
|May record low C = 17.7
|Jun record low C = 22.1
|Jul record low C = 22.2
|Aug record low C = 20.0
|Sep record low C = 18.0
|Oct record low C = 10.0
|Nov record low C = 6.1
|Dec record low C = 1.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 10.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 5.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 3.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 11.1
|May precipitation mm = 9.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 24.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 86.1
|Aug precipitation mm = 104.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 44.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 12.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 0.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 5.6
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 1.1
|Feb precipitation days = 0.8
|Mar precipitation days = 0.5
|Apr precipitation days = 0.1
|May precipitation days = 0.1
|Jun precipitation days = 1.7
|Jul precipitation days = 5.4
|Aug precipitation days = 6.1
|Sep precipitation days = 2.4
|Oct precipitation days = 0.4
|Nov precipitation days = 0.2
|Dec precipitation days = 0.6
|Jan sun = 269.7
|Feb sun = 251.4
|Mar sun = 272.8
|Apr sun = 276.0
|May sun = 297.6
|Jun sun = 231.0
|Jul sun = 155.0
|Aug sun = 148.8
|Sep sun = 219.0
|Oct sun = 282.1
|Nov sun = 273.0
|Dec sun = 272.8
|Jand sun = 8.7
|Febd sun = 8.9
|Mard sun = 8.8
|Aprd sun = 9.2
|Mayd sun = 9.6
|Jund sun = 7.7
|Juld sun = 5
|Augd sun = 4.8
|Sepd sun = 7.3
|Octd sun = 9.1
|Novd sun = 9.1
|Decd sun = 8.8
|Jan percentsun = 81
|Feb percentsun = 79
|Mar percentsun = 73
|Apr percentsun = 72
|May percentsun = 72
|Jun percentsun = 56
|Jul percentsun = 37
|Aug percentsun = 37
|Sep percentsun = 59
|Oct percentsun = 78
|Nov percentsun = 83
|Dec percentsun = 83
|Jan uv=6
|Feb uv=8
|Mar uv=10
|Apr uv=12
|May uv=12
|Jun uv=12
|Jul uv=12
|Aug uv=12
|Sep uv=11
|Oct uv=9
|Nov uv=6
|Dec uv=5
|source 1 =NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Pakistan/CSV/Karachi_41780.csv |title=Karachi Climate Normals 1991–2020 |work=World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=17 September 2023}}</ref>
|source 2 =Weather Atlas,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/pakistan/karachi-climate |title=Weather Atlas |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228202014/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/pakistan/karachi-climate |archive-date=28 February 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and Karachi Extremes (1931–2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pmd.gov.pk/cdpc/extrems/karachi.htm |title=Krachi Extremes |publisher=Pakistan Meteorological Department |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810055653/http://www.pmd.gov.pk/cdpc/extrems/KARACHI.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=41780&ano=2022&mes=3&day=30&hora=12&min=0&ndays=30 |title=41780: Karachi Airport (Pakistan) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=29 March 2022 |website=ogimet.com |publisher=OGIMET |access-date=30 March 2022 |quote= |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204215409/https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=41780&ano=2022&mes=3&day=30&hora=12&min=0&ndays=30 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

===Cityscape===
{{Wide image|File:KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg|1100px|Glimpse of ], as captured from the southern vantage point overlooking ].}}
The city first developed around the Karachi Harbour, and owes much of its growth to its role as a seaport at the end of the 18th century,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gayer |first1=Laurent |title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=33}}</ref> contrasted with Pakistan's millennia-old cities such as ], ], and ]. Karachi's ] neighbourhood represents the extent of ''Kolachi'' prior to British rule.

British Karachi was divided between the "New Town" and the "Old Town", with British investments focused primarily on the New Town.<ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite book |last1=Gayer |first1=Laurent |title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-935444-3}}</ref> The Old Town was a largely unplanned neighbourhood which housed most of the city's indigenous residents and had no access to sewerage systems, electricity, and water.<ref name="Oxford University Press" /> The New Town was subdivided into residential, commercial, and military areas.<ref name="Oxford University Press" /> Given the strategic value of the city, the British developed the ] as a military garrison in the New Town to aid the British war effort in the ].<ref name="Oxford University Press" />
The city's development was largely confined to the area north of the ] prior to independence, although the seaside area of ] was also developed as a posh locale under the British, and its large bungalows and estates remain some of the city's most desirable properties. The aforementioned historic areas form the oldest portions of Karachi, and contain its most important monuments and government buildings, with the ] being home to most of Pakistan's banks, including the Habib Bank Plaza which was Pakistan's tallest building from 1963 until the early 2000s.<ref name="Paracha-2014">{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1134284 |title=Visual Karachi: From Paris of Asia, to City of Lights, to Hell on Earth |last1=Paracha |first1=Nadeem F. |author-link1=Nadeem F. Paracha |date=2014-09-26 |website=] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309030323/http://www.dawn.com/news/1134284 |archive-date=2016-03-09}}</ref>
Situated on a coastal plain northwest of Karachi's historic core lies the sprawling district of ]. North of the historic core is the largely middle-class district of ], and upper-middle-class ], which were developed in the 1950s. To the east of the historic core is the area known as ], an expansive upscale suburb developed and administered by the ]. Karachi's coastal plains along the ] south of Clifton were also developed much later as part of the greater Defence Housing Authority project.
Karachi's city limits also include several islands, including ], Oyster Rocks, and ], a former island which is now connected to the mainland by a thin 12-kilometre long ] known as ].<ref name=IIED/> ], ], ], ], ] and ] areas were all developed after 1970. The city has been described as one divided into sections for those able to afford to live in planned localities with access to urban amenities, and those who live in unplanned communities with inadequate access to such services.<ref name="Askari-2015">{{cite book |editor1-last=Askari |editor1-first=Sabiah |title=Studies on Karachi: Papers Presented at the Karachi Conference 2013 |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Scholars |isbn=978-1-4438-8450-1}}</ref> 35% of Karachi's residents live in unplanned communities.<ref name="Askari-2015" />


==Economy== ==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Karachi}} {{Main|Economy of Karachi}}
] is considered as one of the richest neighbourhoods in Pakistan.]]
{{Multiple image
Being the largest city, Karachi is also Pakistan's financial and commercial capital.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=City District Government Karachi |url=http://14.192.147.139/CDGK/Portals/0/Department/Master%20Plan/App%20KSDP-2020%20VERSION%20ANNEXURE1.pdf |title=Annexures |access-date=10 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916070947/http://14.192.147.139/CDGK/Portals/0/Department/Master%20Plan/App%20KSDP-2020%20VERSION%20ANNEXURE1.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2013}}</ref> Since Pakistan's independence, Karachi has been the centre of the nation's economy, and remain's Pakistan's largest urban economy despite the economic stagnation caused by sociopolitical unrest during the late 1980s and 1990s. The city forms the centre of an economic corridor stretching from Karachi to nearby ], and ].<ref name="Pakistan Development Update-2016">{{cite journal |date=November 2016 |title=Karachi City Diagnostic: livability, sustainability and growth in the city of Karachi |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/935241478612633044/pdf/109961-WP-PUBLIC-disclosed-11-9-16-5-pm-Pakistan-Development-Update-Fall-2016-with-compressed-pics.pdf |journal=Pakistan Development Update |pages=45–49 |access-date=29 November 2017 |archive-date=15 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215131807/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/935241478612633044/pdf/109961-WP-PUBLIC-disclosed-11-9-16-5-pm-Pakistan-Development-Update-Fall-2016-with-compressed-pics.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header =
| header_align = left/right/center
| header_background =
| footer =
| footer_align = left/right/center
| footer_background =
| width = 200
| image1 =Ocean Mall.jpg|thumb
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 = ]
| image2 =Project of Bahria Icon Tower 2014-01-20 14-35.jpeg|thumb
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
| caption2 = ]
| image3 = Karachiskyline.jpg|thumb
| width3 = 200
| alt3 =
| caption3 = ]
| image4=Habib Bank Plaza.jpeg|thumb
| width4 = 200
| alt4 =
| caption4 = ]
| image5=MCB2.jpg|thumb
| width5 = 200
| alt5 =
| caption5 = ]
}}
Karachi is the financial and commercial capital of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://14.192.147.139/CDGK/Portals/0/Department/Master%20Plan/App%20KSDP-2020%20VERSION%20ANNEXURE1.pdf |title=Annexures |publisher=City District Government Karachi |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> In line with its status as a major port and the country's largest metropolis, it accounts for a lion's share of Pakistan's revenue. According to the ]'s 2006–2007 year book, tax and customs units in Karachi were responsible for 46.75% of direct taxes, 33.65% of federal excise tax, and 23.38% of domestic sales tax.<ref name="fbr0607">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbr.gov.pk/YearBook/2006-2007/FBRyearbook2006-2007.pdf|title=Federal Board of Revenue Year Book 2006–2007|accessdate=12 April 2009}}</ref> Karachi accounts for 75.14% of customs duty and 79% of sales tax on imports.<ref name="fbr0607"/> Therefore, Karachi collects 53.38% of the total collections of the Federal Board of Revenue, out of which 53.33% are customs duty and sales tax on imports.<ref name="fbr0607"/> (Note: Revenue collected from Karachi includes revenue from some other areas since the Large Tax Unit (LTU) Karachi and Regional Tax Offices (RTOs) Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur & Quetta cover the entire province of Sindh and Balochistan).<ref name="fbr0607"/> Karachi's indigenous contribution to national revenue is around 25%.<ref name="adb"/>


{{As of|2021}}, Karachi had an estimated GDP (PPP) of $190&nbsp;billion with a yearly growth rate of 5.5%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=3421&NewsAreaID=2 |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |access-date=12 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513194342/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=3421&NewsAreaID=2}}</ref><ref name="Lloyd's"/> Karachi contributes 90% of Sindh's GDP<ref name="gdp4">{{cite web |url=http://www.spdc-pak.com/pubs/pubdisp.asp?id=nps5 |title=Provincial Accounts of Pakistan: Methodology and Estimates (1973-2000) |author1=Kaiser Bengali |author2=Mahpara Sadaqat |publisher=Social Policy and Development Center |access-date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410155311/http://spdc-pak.com/pubs/pubdisp.asp?id=nps5 |archive-date=10 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/2006/02/21/ebr3.htm |title=Sindh, Balochistan's share in GDP drops |work=Dawn Group of Newspapers |access-date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604174526/http://www.dawn.com/2006/02/21/ebr3.htm |archive-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/06/16/ebr3.htm |title=Sindh's GDP estimated at Rs 240&nbsp;billion |website=Dawn |access-date=1 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614200105/http://www.dawn.com/2007/06/16/ebr3.htm |archive-date=14 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/12/02/ebr1.htm |title=Sindh share in GDP falls by 1pc |work=Dawn Group of Newspapers |date=2 December 2004 |access-date=1 January 2009 |archive-date=10 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210194151/http://www.dawn.com/2004/12/02/ebr1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and accounts for approximately 25% of the total GDP of Pakistan.<ref name="adb" /><ref name="coastline" /> The city has a large ] which is not typically reflected in GDP estimates.<ref>{{cite journal |date=22 August 2013 |title=When Karachi Bleeds, Pakistan's Economy Bleeds |url=http://www.cipe.org/blog/2013/08/22/when-karachi-bleeds-pakistans-economy-bleeds/ |journal=Center for International Private Enterprise |access-date=2 November 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104000822/http://www.cipe.org/blog/2013/08/22/when-karachi-bleeds-pakistans-economy-bleeds/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The informal economy may constitute up to 36% of Pakistan's total economy, versus 22% of India's economy, and 13% of the Chinese economy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-04-05/the-secret-strength-of-pakistans-economy |title=The Secret Strength of Pakistan's Economy |date=12 April 2012 |access-date=2 November 2016 |agency=Bloomberg |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001315/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-04-05/the-secret-strength-of-pakistans-economy |url-status=live }}</ref> The informal sector employs up to 70% of the city's workforce.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hasan |first1=Arif |date=April 2015 |title=Land contestation in Karachi and the impact on housing and urban development |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=217–230 |doi=10.1177/0956247814567263 |pmc=4540218 |pmid=26321797|bibcode=2015EnUrb..27..217H }}</ref> In 2018 The Global Metro Monitor Report ranked Karachi's economy as the best performing metropolitan economy in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Brookings-Metro_Global-Metro-Monitor-2018.pdf |title=Global Metro Monitor 2018 |author1=Bouchet, Max |author2=Liu, Sifan |author3=Parilla, Joseph |author4=Kabbani, Nader |date=June 2018 |access-date=23 November 2018 |publisher=] |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716224530/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Brookings-Metro_Global-Metro-Monitor-2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
]
] is considered to be the "downtown" of karachi]]
Karachi's contribution to Pakistan's manufacturing sector amounts to approximately 30 percent.<ref name="stepmother">{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/database2/cover/c99-15.asp|title=Karachi: Step-motherly treatment|author=Pakistan and Gulf Economist|accessdate=15 October 2007}}</ref> A substantial part of Sindh's gross domestic product (GDP) is attributed to Karachi<ref name="gdp4">{{cite web|url=http://www.spdc-pak.com/pubs/pubdisp.asp?id=nps5|title=Provincial Accounts of Pakistan: Methodology and Estimates|author=Social Policy and Development Center|accessdate=1 January 2009}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref><ref name="dawngdp2">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2006/02/21/ebr3.htm|title=Sindh, Balochistan's share in GDP drops|author=Dawn Group of Newspapers|accessdate=1 January 2009}}</ref> (the GDP of Sindh as a percentage of Pakistan's total GDP has traditionally hovered around 28%–30%; for more information, see ]).<ref name="gdp4"/><ref name="dawngdp2"/><ref name="dawngdp1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/06/16/ebr3.htm|title=Sindh's GDP estimated at Rs 240 billion|author=Dawn Group of Newspapers|accessdate=1 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="dawngdp3">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/12/02/ebr1.htm|title=Sindh share in GDP falls by 1pc|author=Dawn Group of Newspapers|accessdate=1 January 2009}}</ref> Karachi's GDP is around 20% of the total GDP of Pakistan.<ref name="adb">{{cite web|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Produced-Under-TA/38405/38405-PAK-DPTA.pdf|title=Karachi Mega-Cities Preparation Project|author=Asian Development Bank|accessdate=1 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="coastline">{{cite web|url=http://www1.american.edu/TED/karachi.htm|title=The Karachi Coastline Case|author=The Trade & Environment Database|accessdate=1 January 2009}}</ref> A ] study released in 2009, which surveyed the ] in the world, calculated Karachi's GDP (PPP) to be $78 billion<ref name="pwc1">{{cite web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=3421&NewsAreaID=2|title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025|publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers|accessdate=12 February 2010}}</ref> (projected to be $193 billion in 2025 at a growth rate of 5.5%).<ref name="pwc1"/> It confirmed Karachi's status as Pakistan's largest economy, well ahead of the next two biggest cities ] and ], which had a reported GDP (PPP) in 2008 of $40 billion and $14 billion, respectively.<ref name="pwc1"/> Karachi's high GDP is based on its industrial base, with a high dependency on the financial sector. Textiles, cement, steel, heavy machinery, chemicals, food, banking and insurance are the major segments contributing to Karachi's GDP. In February 2007, the ] identified Karachi as the most business-friendly city in Pakistan.<ref name="dawn4">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/02/14/ebr1.htm|title=World Bank report: Karachi termed most business-friendly|author=Dawn Group of Newspapers|accessdate=15 October 2007}}</ref>
]


Today along with Pakistan's continued economic expansion Karachi is now ranked third in the world for consumer expenditure growth with its market anticipated to increase by 6.6% in real terms in 2018<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blog.euromonitor.com/2018/03/cities-consumer-expenditure-asia.html |title=Euromonitor 2018 research |website=Euromonitor research |access-date=13 May 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625104231/https://blog.euromonitor.com/2018/03/cities-consumer-expenditure-asia.html |archive-date=25 June 2018}}</ref> It is also ranked among the top cities in the world by an anticipated increase of a number of households (1.3&nbsp;million households) with annual income above $20,000 measured at PPP exchange rates by 2025.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Mckinsey Urban Mapping (cities) |journal=Mckinsey (Urban Maping) |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Global%20Themes/Urbanization/Urban%20world/MGI_urban_world_mapping_economic_power_of_cities_full_report.ashx |access-date=13 May 2018 |archive-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716011839/http://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Global%20Themes/Urbanization/Urban%20world/MGI_urban_world_mapping_economic_power_of_cities_full_report.ashx |url-status=live }}</ref> The Global FDI Intelligence Report 2017/2018 published by ] ranks Karachi amongst the top 10 Asia pacific cities of the future for FDI strategy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fdiintelligence.com/Rankings/fDi-s-Asia-Pacific-Cities-of-the-Future-2017-18-the-winners |title=fDi's Asia-Pacific Cities of the Future 2017/18 – the winners |last=Intelligence |first=fDi |website=fdiintelligence.com |access-date=23 November 2018 |archive-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123201119/https://www.fdiintelligence.com/Rankings/fDi-s-Asia-Pacific-Cities-of-the-Future-2017-18-the-winners |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Anatol Lieven the economic growth of Karachi is a result of the influx of ] to Karachi during late 1940s and early 50s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lieven |first=Anatol |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/710995260 |title=Pakistan : a hard country |date=2011 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1-61039-021-7 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=710995260 |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204064157/https://search.worldcat.org/title/710995260 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Karachi is the nerve center of Pakistan's economy. The economic stagnation caused by political anarchy, ethnic strife and resultant military operation during the late 1980s and 1990s led to an exit of industry from Karachi. Most of Pakistan's public and private banks are headquartered on Karachi's ]; according to a 2001 report, nearly 60% of the cashflow of the Pakistani economy takes place on I. I. Chundrigar Road. Most major foreign ]s operating in Pakistan have their headquarters in Karachi. The ] is the largest stock exchange in Pakistan, and is considered by many economists to be one of the prime reasons for Pakistan's 8% GDP growth across 2005.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/apr2005/nf20050422_9277_db016.htm |title=Pakistan: After the Crash |publisher=Businessweek |date=21 April 2005 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> A recent report by ] on Pakistan's stock market is a testimonial to its strong fundamentals, estimating Pakistan's relative return on equities at 26.7 percent, compared to Asia's 11 percent.<ref>{{cite news|last=Thakur |first=Pooja |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=conewsstory&tkr=ENGRO%3APA&sid=afU5S7jTdEl4 |title=Pakistan Stocks May Advance, Credit Suisse Says (Update1) |publisher=Bloomberg |date=24 August 2009 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>


===Finance and banking===
Karachi has seen an expansion of ] and ] and has become the software outsourcing hub of Pakistan. ]s for foreign companies have been targeted as a significant area of growth, with the government making efforts to reduce taxes by as much as 10% to gain foreign investments in the IT sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakboi.gov.pk/pdf/IT%20&%20Telecom.pdf |title=Sector Overview |publisher=Pakistan Board of Investment |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN015892.pdf |title=Information technology policy of Pakistan |publisher=United Nations Public Administration Network |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> Many of Pakistan's independent ] and radio stations are based in Karachi, including world-popular ], ], ], ],<ref name="ktn">{{cite web|url=http://www.ktn.com.pk|title=Welcome to KTN TV|publisher=KTN|accessdate=20 February 2008}}</ref> ],<ref name="sindhtv">{{cite web|url=http://www.thesindh.tv/contact.htm|title=Sindh TV|publisher=Sindh TV|accessdate=20 February 2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080102071108/http://www.thesindh.tv/contact.htm |archivedate = 2 January 2008}}</ref> ], ], ], ], ] and ], as well as several local stations.
Most of Pakistan's public and private banks are headquartered on Karachi's ], which is known as "Pakistan's Wall Street",<ref name="Paracha-2014" /> with a large percentage of the cash flow in the Pakistani economy taking place on I. I. Chundrigar Road. Most major foreign ]s operating in Pakistan have their headquarters in Karachi. Karachi is also home to the ], which was rated as Asia's best-performing stock market in 2015 on the heels of Pakistan's upgrade to emerging-market status by ].<ref>{{cite news |title=What's Next For Asia's Best-Performing Stock Market? |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-20/what-s-next-for-asia-s-best-performing-stock-market |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=20 October 2016 |archive-date=1 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101102549/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-20/what-s-next-for-asia-s-best-performing-stock-market |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Media and technology===
Karachi has large industrial zones such as Karachi Export Processing Zone, SITE, ], Northern Bypass Industrial Zone, Bin Qasim and North Karachi, located on the fringes of the main city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/industrialzone.asp |title=The Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref> Its primary areas of industry are textiles, pharmaceuticals, steel, and automobiles. In addition, Karachi has a cottage industry and there is a Free Zone with an annual growth rate of nearly 6.5%. The ] hosts regional and international exhibitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epb.gov.pk/v1/expocenter/ |title=Full Service Interactive Agency&nbsp;– MAGSNET LIMITED |publisher=Epb.gov.pk |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}} {{Dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref>


{{Main|Media in Karachi|Cinema in Karachi|List of television stations in Karachi|List of magazines in Karachi|List of newspapers in Karachi}}
{| class="wikitable"

Karachi has been the pioneer in cable networking in Pakistan with the most sophisticated of the cable networks of any city of Pakistan,{{sfn|Amos Owen Thomas|2005|pp=121}}
and has seen an expansion of ] and ]. The city has become a software outsourcing hub for Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} Several independent ] and radio stations are based in Karachi, including ], {{Lang|ur-latn|]|italic=no}}, ], ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ktn.com.pk |title=Welcome to KTN TV |publisher=KTN |access-date=20 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117020638/http://www.ktn.com.pk/ |archive-date=17 January 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thesindh.tv/contact.htm |title=Sindh TV |publisher=Sindh TV |access-date=20 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102071108/http://www.thesindh.tv/contact.htm |archive-date=2 January 2008}}</ref> ], ], ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.express.com.pk/ |title=Daily Express Urdu Newspaper – Latest Pakistan News – Breaking News |website=express.com.pk |access-date=5 August 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803005842/https://express.com.pk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ], Indus Television Network, ], ], ], and ], as well as several local stations.

===Industry===

Industry contributes a large portion of Karachi's economy, with the city home to several of Pakistan's largest companies dealing in textiles, cement, steel, heavy machinery, chemicals, and food products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/02/14/ebr1.htm |title=World Bank report: Karachi termed most business-friendly |work=Dawn Group of Newspapers |access-date=15 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011155147/http://dawn.com/2007/02/14/ebr1.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref> The city is home to approximately 30 percent of Pakistan's manufacturing sector,<ref name="stepmother" /> and produces approximately 42 percent of Pakistan's ] in large scale manufacturing.<ref>{{cite news |title=How important is Karachi to Pakistan? |url=http://www.brecorder.com/weekend-magazine/0:/1186182:how-important-is-karachi-to-pakistan/?date=2012-05-05 |access-date=2 November 2016 |work=Business Recorder |date=5 May 2012 |archive-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921083953/http://www.brecorder.com/weekend-magazine/0:/1186182:how-important-is-karachi-to-pakistan/?date=2012-05-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> At least 4500 industrial units form Karachi's formal industrial economy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hasan |first1=Arif |title=The case of Karachi, Pakistan |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Karachi.pdf |access-date=2 November 2016 |archive-date=15 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915074410/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Karachi.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Karachi's informal manufacturing sector employs far more people than the formal sector, though proxy data suggest that the capital employed and value-added from such informal enterprises is far smaller than that of formal sector enterprises.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sayeed |first1=Asad |last2=Husain |first2=Khurram |last3=Raza |first3=Syed Salim |title=INFORMALITY IN KARACHI'S LAND, MANUFACTURING, AND TRANSPORT SECTORS |url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW114-Informality-in-Karachis-Land-Manufacturing-and-Transport-Sectors.pdf |publisher=United States Institute for Peace |access-date=2 November 2016 |quote=Informal manufacturing is more prevalent than formal manufacturing in terms of the number of people employed, land area covered by informal enterprises, and a number of enterprises. Output data are unavailable, but proxy data suggest that informal manufacturing is far smaller in terms of capital employed and value-added. |archive-date=3 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903025624/http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW114-Informality-in-Karachis-Land-Manufacturing-and-Transport-Sectors.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> An estimated 63% of the Karachi's workforce is employed in trade and manufacturing.<ref name="Pakistan Development Update-2016" />

Karachi Export Processing Zone, SITE, ], Northern Bypass Industrial Zone, Bin Qasim and North Karachi serve as large industrial estates in Karachi.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry |url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/industrialzone.asp |access-date=10 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907204417/http://www.fpcci.com.pk/industrialzone.asp |archive-date=7 September 2011}}</ref> The ] also complements Karachi's industrial economy by hosting regional and international exhibitions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Full Service Interactive Agency&nbsp;– MAGSNET LIMITED |publisher=Epb.gov.pk |url=http://www.epb.gov.pk/v1/expocenter/ |access-date=10 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112132910/http://www.epb.gov.pk/v1/expocenter/}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|- |-
! Name of Estate !! Location !!Established !! Area in acres ! Name of estate !! Location !! Established !! Area in acres
|- |-
|] || ] || 1947 || 4700<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.site-association.org/Background_and_Profile.html |title=Welcome To S.I.T.E Association of Industry of Karachi |publisher=Site-association.org |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> |] ||] ||1947 ||4700<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.site-association.org/Background_and_Profile.html |title=Welcome To S.I.T.E Association of Industry of Karachi |publisher=Site-association.org |access-date=10 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001154743/http://site-association.org/Background_and_Profile.html/ |archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] || ] || 1960 || 8500<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kati.pk/ |title=Welcome |publisher=Korangi Association of Trade & Industry |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> |] ||] ||1960 ||8500<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kati.pk/ |title=Welcome |publisher=Korangi Association of Trade & Industry |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005050022/http://www.kati.pk/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- |-
| ] || ] || 1949 || 11000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://landhi.org/aboutus/landhifacts.php |title=Landhi.Org |publisher=Landhi Association of Trade and Industry |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> |] ||] ||1949 ||11000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://landhi.org/aboutus/landhifacts.php |title=Landhi.Org |publisher=Landhi Association of Trade and Industry |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-date=31 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831120946/http://landhi.org/aboutus/landhifacts.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- |-
| ] || ] || 1974 || 725<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nkati.org/ |title=North Karachi Association of Trade & Industry |publisher=North Karachi Association of Trade & Industry |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> |] ||] ||1974 ||725<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nkati.org/ |title=North Karachi Association of Trade & Industry |publisher=North Karachi Association of Trade & Industry |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307102359/http://nkati.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- |-
| ] || ] || 1987 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fbati.com/ |title=Federal B Area Association of Trade & Industry |publisher=Federal B Area Association of Trade & Industry |date=17 December 2013 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> |] ||] ||1987 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fbati.com/ |title=Federal B Area Association of Trade & Industry |publisher=Federal B Area Association of Trade & Industry |date=17 December 2013 |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-date=21 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321063224/http://www.fbati.com/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] || ] || || 250<ref>{{cite web|author=By APP |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/634069/construction-approved-korangi-creek-industrial-park-land-up-for-grabs/ |title=Construction approved: Korangi Creek Industrial Park land up for grabs&nbsp;– The Express Tribune |publisher=Tribune.com.pk |date=20 November 2013 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> |] ||] ||2012||250<ref>{{cite web |agency=APP |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/634069/construction-approved-korangi-creek-industrial-park-land-up-for-grabs/ |title=Construction approved: Korangi Creek Industrial Park land up for grabs |website=The Express Tribune |date=20 November 2013 |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001952/http://tribune.com.pk/story/634069/construction-approved-korangi-creek-industrial-park-land-up-for-grabs/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- |-
| ] || ] || 1970 || 25000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bqati.com.pk/ |title=BQATI {Bin Qasim Association of Trade & Industry} |publisher=Bin Qasim Association of Trade & Industry |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> |] ||] ||1970 ||25000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bqati.com.pk/ |title=BQATI {Bin Qasim Association of Trade & Industry} |publisher=Bin Qasim Association of Trade & Industry |access-date=10 February 2014}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] || ] || 1980<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/issue2000/issue13/etc6.htm |title=Export Processing Zone Authority |publisher=Pakistaneconomist.com |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> || 315<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epza.gov.pk/karachi.html |title=Welcome To EPZA |publisher=Epza.gov.pk |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> |] ||] ||1980<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/issue2000/issue13/etc6.htm |title=Export Processing Zone Authority |publisher=Pakistaneconomist.com |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001011256/http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/issue2000/issue13/etc6.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> ||315<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epza.gov.pk/karachi.html |title=Welcome To EPZA |publisher=Epza.gov.pk |access-date=10 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217185414/http://www.epza.gov.pk/karachi.html |archive-date=17 February 2014}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] || ] || 2004 || 1250<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.textilecity.com.pk/ |title=Textile City |publisher=Textile City |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> |] ||] ||2004 ||1250<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.textilecity.com.pk/ |title=Textile City |publisher=Textile City |access-date=10 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212111901/http://www.textilecity.com.pk/ |archive-date=12 February 2014}}</ref>
|- |-
| ] || ] || || 430 |] ||] ||||430
|- |-
| ] || ] || 1983 || 300<ref name=site/> |] ||] ||1983 ||300<ref name=site />
|- |-
| ] || ] || 1992 || 1000<ref name=site>{{cite web|url=http://www.site.com.pk/ |title=site.com.pk |publisher=Sindh Industrial Trading Estates |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> |] ||] ||1992 ||1000<ref name=site>{{cite web |url=http://www.site.com.pk/ |title=site.com.pk |publisher=Sindh Industrial Trading Estates |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-date=12 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212014827/http://www.site.com.pk/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|} |}


===Revenue collection===
There are development projects proposed, approved and under construction in Karachi. Among projects of note, ] is proposing to invest $43bn (£22.8bn) in Karachi to develop ], which is a {{convert|12000|acre|km2}} island just off the coast of Karachi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5387590.stm |title=Business &#124; Pakistan agrees $43bn development |publisher=BBC News |date=28 September 2006 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> The ] is planning a Rs. 20 billion, {{convert|1947|ft|m|0}} high ] on the ] shoreline.<ref name="tower">{{cite web|url=http://www.kpt.gov.pk/Projects/Proj.html|title=K.P.T. Projects|author=Karachi Port Trust|accessdate=17 April 2006}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref><ref name="dawn">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/10/12/local4.htm|title=KPT to build Rs 20bn tower complex|author=Dawn Group of Newspapers|accessdate=20 April 2006}}</ref> It will comprise a hotel, a shopping center, an exhibition center and a ] with a viewing gallery offering a panoramic view of the coastline and the city.<ref>{{cite web|author=Hamdard University Project Office|url=http://www.kpt.gov.pk/|title=Port Tower Complex, Karachi|publisher=Kpt.gov.pk|date=12 October 2006|accessdate=6 May 2010}}</ref>


]
As one of the most rapidly growing cities in the world, Karachi faces challenges that are central to many developing metropolises, including traffic congestion, pollution, poverty and street crime. These problems continue to earn Karachi low rankings in livability comparisons: '']'' ranked Karachi fourth least liveable city amongst the 132 cities surveyed<ref name="Economist Survey">{{cite news|url=http://economist.com/markets/rankings/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8908454&CFID=16415879&CFTOKEN=94552766|title=Where grass is Greener|work=The Economist|accessdate=22 August 2007|date=22 August 2007}}</ref> and '']'' ranked it 175 out of 215 in livability in 2007, down from 170 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bwnt.businessweek.com/interactive_reports/livable_cities_worldwide/index.asp?sortCol=rank_2007&sortOrder=ASC&sector=&country=undefined&pageNum=1&resultNum=100 |title=Businessweek&nbsp;– Business News, Stock market & Financial Advice |publisher=Bwnt.businessweek.com |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> An average of six people per day are killed in Karachi and Former Police Chief Ahmed Farooqi has said that the violence is beyond the control of law enforcement.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/pakistan/2012/pakistan-120903-voa01.htm |title=Violence Cripples Pakistan's Economic Hub |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date=3 September 2012 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> By 2013 the murder rate had doubled to about a dozen per day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/21/us-pakistan-bomb-idUSBRE94K0LT20130521 |title=Chinese escape Karachi bomb ahead of Premier Li's arrival in Pakistan |last1=Hassan |first1=Syed Raza |last2=Macfie |first2=Nick |date=21 May 2013 |website=www.reuters.com |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref>
{{wide image|Skyline of Karachi.jpg|1100px|Skyline of Karachi as seen from the ].}}


As home to Pakistan's largest ports and a large portion of its manufacturing base, Karachi contributes a large share of Pakistan's collected tax revenue. As most of Pakistan's large multinational corporations are based in Karachi, income taxes are paid in the city even though income may be generated from other parts of the country.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Janjua |title=Karachi contributing 70% of federal tax revenue – a myth |url=http://www.brecorder.com/articles-a-letters/187:articles/1185461:karachi-contributing-70-of-federal-tax-revenue-a-myth/ |access-date=2 November 2016 |work=Business Recorder |date=13 October 2015 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104033351/http://www.brecorder.com/articles-a-letters/187:articles/1185461:karachi-contributing-70-of-federal-tax-revenue-a-myth/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> As home to the country's two largest ports, Pakistani customs officials collect the bulk of federal duty and tariffs at Karachi's ports, even if those imports are destined for one of Pakistan's other provinces.<ref>{{cite news |title=The importance of Karachi |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/971188/the-importance-of-karachi/ |access-date=2 November 2016 |work=The Express Tribune |date=12 October 2015 |archive-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113105825/http://tribune.com.pk/story/971188/the-importance-of-karachi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Approximately 25% of Pakistan's national revenue is ''generated'' in Karachi.<ref name="adb" />
==Civic administration==
{{Main|Politics of Karachi|List of mayors of Karachi|List of Union Councils of Karachi}}
] ]]
]
]


According to the ]'s 2006–2007 year book, tax and customs units in Karachi were responsible for 46.75% of direct taxes, 33.65% of federal excise tax, and 23.38% of domestic sales tax.<ref name="fbr0607">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbr.gov.pk/YearBook/2006-2007/FBRyearbook2006-2007.pdf |title=Federal Board of Revenue Year Book 2006–2007 |access-date=12 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925013600/http://www.cbr.gov.pk/YearBook/2006-2007/FBRyearbook2006-2007.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2010}}</ref> Karachi accounts for 75.14% of customs duty and 79% of sales tax on imports,<ref name="fbr0607" /> and collects 53.38% of the total collections of the Federal Board of Revenue, of which 53.33% are customs duty and sales tax on imports.<ref name="fbr0607" /><ref>note: Revenue collected from Karachi includes revenue from some other areas since the Large Tax Unit (LTU) Karachi and Regional Tax Offices (RTOs) Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur & Quetta cover the entire province of Sindh and Balochistan {{Dead link|date=January 2022}}</ref>
The first form of government was a conservancy board established in 1846 to control the spread of cholera in the city.<ref name=cdgkhistory>{{cite web|url=http://221.132.118.186/cdgk/Home/Government/CDGKHistory/tabid/276/Default.aspx|title=CDGK History|publisher=City-District Government of Karachi|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> The board became a municipal commission in 1852, and a municipal committee the following year.<ref name=cdgkhistory/> The City of Karachi Municipal Act of 1933 transformed the city administration into a municipal corporation with a mayor, a deputy mayor and 57 councillors.<ref name=cdgkhistory/> In 1948, the ] of Pakistan was created, comprising approximately {{convert|2103|km2|abbr=on}} of Karachi and surrounding areas, but this was merged into the province of ] in 1961.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/upk.html|title=Pakistan Provinces|publisher=Statoids.com|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> However, the municipal corporation remained in existence and in 1976 became a metropolitan corporation, followed by the creation of zonal municipal committees, which lasted until 1994.<ref name=cdgkhistory/> Two years later the metropolitan area was divided into five districts, each with a municipal corporation.<ref name=cdgkhistory/>


==Demographics==
In 2001, five districts of Karachi were merged to form the city district of Karachi. It was structured as a three-tier federation, with the two lower tiers composed of 18 ] and 178 ],<ref name=tiers>{{cite web|url=http://221.132.118.186/cdgk/Home/Towns/tabid/72/Default.aspx|title=CDGK Towns|publisher=City District Government of Karachi|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> with each tier focussed on elected councils with some common members to provide "vertical linkage" within the federation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/default.asp|title=Local Government |publisher=National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> Each union council comprised thirteen members elected from specified electorates: four men and two women elected directly by the general population; two men and two women elected by peasants and workers; one member for minority communities; two members are elected jointly as the union mayor (''nazim'') and deputy union mayor (''naib nazim'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/union_admin_07.htm |title=Composition of the Union Council|publisher=National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan |accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> Each town council was comprised all of the deputy union mayors in the town as well as elected representatives for women, peasants and workers, and minorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/tehsil_mucipal_admin_02.htm|title=Tehsil and Town Councils|publisher=National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan |accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> The district council was comprised all of the union mayors in the district as well as elected representatives for women, peasants and workers, and minorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/district_government_02.htm|title=Zila Council|publisher=National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan |accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> Each council was also included up to three council secretaries and a number of other civil servants. ] was the first Nazim of Karachi and ] was the first district co-ordination officer (DCO) of Karachi, Paracha even served as the last Commissioner of Karachi. ] was elected City Nazim of Karachi to succeed Naimatullah Khan in 2005 elections, and ] was elected as the City Naib Nazim.


{{Main|Demographics of Karachi|Ethnic groups in Karachi|Religion in Karachi}}
Again in 2011, City District Government of Karachi has been de-merged into its five original constituent districts namely ], ], ], ] and ]. In November 2013, another district, "Korangi" carved out from District East after which the number of districts in Karachi rose to Six. So there are now six administrative districts in Karachi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1054395 | title= Korangi notified as sixth district of Karachi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-125271-Korangi-made-sixth-district-of-Karachi- | title= Korangi made sixth district of Karachi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/07/sindh-back-to-5-divisions-after-11-years/ |title= Sindh back to 5 divisions after 11 years
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Aligi |first=Irfan |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/208342/changing-hands-karachi-split-into-5-districts/ |title=Changing hands: Karachi split into 5 districts&nbsp;– The Express Tribune |publisher=Tribune.com.pk |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com/ |title=Welcome to official website of Karachi Metropolitan Corporation |publisher=Kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> City administrator is Muhammad Hussain Syed<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com/Contents.aspx?id=21 |title=Administrator Karachi |publisher=Kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> and Municipal Commissioner of Karachi is Matanat Ali Khan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com/Contents.aspx?id=54 |title=Metropolitan Commissioner |publisher=Kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> There are also six ] which are administered by the Military.


]
{{Town and cantonment wise map of Karachi}}


Karachi is the most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse city in Pakistan.<ref name="Penguin Publishing Group" /> The city is a ] of ethnolinguistic groups from throughout Pakistan, as well as migrants from other parts of Asia. The ] numerated Karachi's population to be 14,910,352, having grown 2.49% per year since the 1998 census, which had listed Karachi's population at approximately 9.3&nbsp;million.<ref name="ETT"/> The city's inhabitants are referred to by the ] ''Karachiite'' in English, and ''Karāchīwālā'' in Urdu.
==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Karachi|Religion in Karachi}}


=== Language ===
{{Pie chart|label1=]|label2=]|label3=]|label4=]|label5=]|label6=]|color1=green|color2=orange|color3=skyblue|color4=red|color5=blue|color6=Pink|color7=Purple|value1=50.60|value2=13.52|value3=11.12|value4=8.08|value5=3.97|value6=3.7|caption=|value7=9.01|label7=Others}}
Karachi has the largest number of Urdu speakers in Pakistan.{{sfn|Amos Owen Thomas|2005|pp=121}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 census shows ratio of Urdu-speaking populace decreasing in Karachi |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/871983-2017-census-shows-ratio-of-urdu-speaking-populace-decreasing-in-karachi |access-date=11 February 2023 |website=The News International |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211000705/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/871983-2017-census-shows-ratio-of-urdu-speaking-populace-decreasing-in-karachi |url-status=live }}</ref> As per the 2023 census, the linguistic breakdown of ] is:
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
!#
!Language
!Speakers
(2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=TABLE 11 – POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/sindh/pcr/table_11.pdf |access-date=20 July 2024 |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>
!Speakers
(2017)<ref>{{cite web |title=TABLE 11 – POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/sindh/Table11p.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807175349/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/sindh/Table11p.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2021 |access-date=28 July 2021 |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>
!Speakers
(1998){{sfn|Jonah Blank|Christopher Clary|Brian Nichiporuk|2014}}
!Speakers
(1981){{sfn|Stephen P. Cohen|2004}}
!Speakers
(1972)
!Speakers
(1961)
!Speakers
(1951)
|- |-
|1
!|Rank
!]
!|Language
|10,315,905
!|1998 census<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urckarachi.org/Karachi%20Census.HTM |title=Urban Resource Centre |publisher=Urckarachi.org |date= |accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref>
(50.60%)
!|Speakers
|6,779,142
!|1981 census
(42.30%)
!|Speakers
|4,497,747
(48.52%)
|2,830,098
(54.34%)
|
|
|
|- |-
| 1 |2
! ] !]
|2,752,148
| 48.52%
(13.52%)
| 4,497,747
|2,406,011
| 54.34%
(15.01%)
| 2,830,098
|1,058,650
(11.42%)
|453,628
(8.71%)
|
|
|
|- |-
| 2 |4
! ] !]
|2,264,189
| 13.94%
(11.12%)
| 1,292,335
|1,709,877
| 13.64%
(10.67%)
| 710,389
|669,340
(7.22%)
|327,591
(6.29%)
|
|
|
|- |-
| 3 |3
! ] !]
|1,645,282
| 11.42%
(8.08%)
| 1,058,650
|1,719,636
| 8.71%
(10.73%)
| 453,628
|1,292,335
(13.94%)
|710,389
(13.64%)
|
|
|
|- |-
| 4 |6
! ] !]
|808,352
| 7.22%
(3.97%)
| 669,340
|648,964
| 6.29%
(4.04%)
| 327,591
|402,386
(4.34%)
|228,636
(4.39%)
|
|
|
|- |-
| 5 |5
! ] !]
|753,903
| 4.34%
(3.70%)
| 402,386
|798,031
| 4.39%
(4.98%)
| 228,636
|195,681
(2.11%)
|18,228
(0.35%)
|
|
|
|- |-
| 6 |7
!Others
! ]
|1,817,695
| 2.11%
(9.01%)
| 195,681
|1,963,233
| 0.35%
(12.25%)
| 18,228
|1,153,126
|-
(12.44%)
|
|639,560
! Others
| 12.44% (12.27%)
|
| 1,153,126
|
| 12.27%
|
| 639,560
|- |-
| |
! All !All
|20,357,474
| 100%
(100%)
| 9,269,265
|16,024,894
| 100%
(100%)
| 5,208,132
|9,269,265
(100%)
|5,208,132
(100%)
|
|
|
|} |}
The category of "others" includes 653,727 ] speakers, 75,993 ] speakers, 50,982 ] speakers, 30,375 ] speakers, 26,906 ] speakers, 14,073 ] speakers, 21,860 ] speakers, 614 ] speakers, and 943,165 speakers of other languages<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census shows rich lingual tapestry in Sindh |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2481681/census-shows-rich-lingual-tapestry-in-sindh?amp=1 |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=The Express Tribune | date=21 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>such as ], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PK/}}</ref>], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and others.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karachi |url=http://www.findpk.com/cities/html/karachi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014142856/http://www.findpk.com/cities/html/karachi.html |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=10 February 2014 |publisher=Findpk.com}}</ref>

===Population===

At the end of the 19th century, Karachi had an estimated population of 105,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/karachi-population/ |title=Karachi Population 2016 |website=World Population Review |access-date=25 February 2016 |archive-date=19 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219014636/http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/karachi-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By the dawn of ] in 1947, the city had an estimated population of 400,000.<ref name="Penguin Publishing Group" /> The city's population grew dramatically with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of ] from the newly independent ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Port Qasim &#124; About Karachi |url=http://www.pqa.gov.pk/about_karachi.php |access-date=10 February 2014 |publisher=Port Qasim Authority |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204215/http://www.pqa.gov.pk/about_karachi.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Rapid economic growth following independence attracted further migrants from throughout Pakistan and South Asia.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield" /> The ] numerated Karachi's population to be 14,910,352, having grown 2.49% per year since the 1998 census, which had listed Karachi's population at approximately 9.3&nbsp;million.<ref name="ETT"/>


Lower than expected population figures from the census suggest that Karachi's poor infrastructure, law and order situation, and weakened economy relative to other parts of Pakistan made the city less attractive to in-migration than previously thought.<ref name="ETT"/> The figure is disputed by all the major political parties in ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.samaa.tv/social-buzz/2017/08/karachiites-lash-census-results-social-media/ |title=Karachiites lash out against census results on social media – Samaa TV |website=samaa.tv |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=19 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119060653/https://www.samaa.tv/social-buzz/2017/08/karachiites-lash-census-results-social-media/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://nation.com.pk/03-Nov-2017/assembly-rejects-initial-census-results |title=Assembly rejects initial census results |work=The Nation |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105073831/https://nation.com.pk/03-Nov-2017/assembly-rejects-initial-census-results |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newsone.tv/pakistan-news/ppp-psp-mqm-pakistan-rejects-census-2017-results-2 |title=After PPP and PSP, MQM-Pakistan rejects census 2017 results |date=29 August 2017 |work=NewsOne |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=22 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122001204/https://www.newsone.tv/pakistan-news/ppp-psp-mqm-pakistan-rejects-census-2017-results-2 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Karachi's population grew by 59.8% since the 1998 census to 14.9&nbsp;million, while ] city grew 75.3%<ref name=stats/>{{snd}}though Karachi's census district had not been altered by the provincial government since 1998, while Lahore's had been expanded by Punjab's government,<ref name=stats/> leading to some of Karachi's growth to have occurred outside the city's census boundaries.<ref name="ETT"/> Karachi's population had grown at a rate of 3.49% between the 1981 and 1998 census, leading many analysts to estimate Karachi's 2017 population to be approximately 18&nbsp;million by extrapolating a continued annual growth rate of 3.49%. Some had expected that the city's population to be between 22 and 30&nbsp;million,<ref name="ETT">{{cite news |title=Karachi's population – fiction and reality |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1505657/karachis-population-fiction-reality/ |access-date=1 December 2017 |work=The Express Tribune |date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201134547/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1505657/karachis-population-fiction-reality/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which would require an annual growth rate accelerating to between 4.6% and 6.33%.<ref name="ETT"/>
{{PakistanCensusPop
{{Karachi Historical Population
|title=Population growth
|title=Historical Population
|1729=250
|1838=14000
|1842=15000
|1850=16773
|1856=22227
|1861=56859
|1881=73560 |1881=73560
|1891=105199 |1891=105199
Line 296: Line 597:
|1911=186771 |1911=186771
|1921=244162 |1921=244162
|1931=300799 |1931=300779
|1941=435887 |1941=435887
|1951=1068459 |1951=1137667
|1961=1912598 |1961=2044044
|1972=3426310 |1972=3606744
|1981=5208132 |1981=5437984
|1986=7443663
|1998=9339023
|1998=9802134
|2007=14500000
|2017=14910352
|2010=18000000
|2023=18843844
|footnote=<center>Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_major_cities/pop_major_cities.html|title=Population size and growth of major cities|publisher=Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan|accessdate=24 August 2010}}<br/>Note: The 1998 census showed a population of about 9 million but this did not include workers living in Karachi but registered as living elsewhere in Pakistan by the ] as well as large numbers of ], ] and others (Indians, Nepalis, Burmese, Bangladeshis).</ref><ref name=npr/>
|align-fn=center
<br/>†Huge population rise between 1941 and 1951 due to<br/>large scale migration after independence in 1947</center>
|footnote=Source:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/08/28/ten-major-cities-population-up-by-74pc/ |title=Ten major cities' population up by 74pc |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218175027/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/08/28/ten-major-cities-population-up-by-74pc/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Laurent Gayer|2014|pp=26}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_major_cities/pop_major_cities.html |title=Population size and growth of major cities |publisher=Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222175007/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_major_cities/pop_major_cities.html |archive-date=22 December 2010}}<br />Note: The 1998 census showed a population of about nine million but this did not include workers living in Karachi but registered as living elsewhere in Pakistan by the ] as well as large numbers of ], Bangladeshis, Indians, Nepalis and others (incl. Filipinos, Iranians, Iraqis, Burmese).</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91009748 |title=The Urban Frontier – Karachi |publisher=NPR |date=2 June 2008 |access-date=17 January 2010 |archive-date=7 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007221557/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91009748 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />† Large population rise between 1941 and 1951 due to<br />large-scale migration after independence in 1947.
}} }}
] Area of Karachi (Aerial view)]]
]
]


Political parties in the province have suggested the city's population has been underestimated in a deliberate attempt to undermine the political power of the city and province.<ref name=taj/> Senator ] from the ] claimed he had official documents revealing the city's population to be 25.6&nbsp;million in 2013,<ref name=taj>{{cite news |title=Census commissioner rejects political parties' concerns |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1369642 |access-date=1 December 2017 |work=Dawn |date=10 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201131256/https://www.dawn.com/news/1369642 |url-status=live }}</ref> while the Sindh Bureau of Statistics, part of by the PPP-led provincial administration, estimated Karachi's 2016 population to be 19.1&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sindh at a Glance – 2016 |url=http://sindhbos.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Sindh-at-Glance-2016.pdf |website=Sindh Bureau of Statistics |publisher=Government of Sindh |access-date=1 December 2017 |page=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201131518/http://sindhbos.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Sindh-at-Glance-2016.pdf |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Karachi's inhabitants, locally known as Karachiites, are composed of ethno-linguistic groups from all parts of ], as well as migrants from ], making the city's population a diverse ]. At the end of the 19th century, the population of the city was about 105,000, with a gradual increase over the next few decades, reaching more than 400,000 on the eve of independence. Estimates of the population range from 15 to 18 million,<ref name=npr>{{cite news|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91009748|title=The Urban Frontier—Karachi|publisher=NPR|date=2 June 2008|accessdate=17 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/07/10/local5.htm|title=Karachi population to hit 27.5 million in 2020|work=Dawn|date=10 July 2007|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> of which an estimated 90% are migrants from different backgrounds. The city's population is estimated to be growing at about 5% per year (mainly as a result of internal rural-urban ]), including an estimated 45,000 migrant workers coming to the city every month from different parts of Pakistan.<ref name="migrants">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2006/01/16/letted.htm#1|title=Karachi turning into a ghetto|date=16 January 2006|work=Dawn|accessdate=24 August 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref>


=== District population density per km<sup>2</sup>===
The earliest inhabitants of the area that became Karachi were ] tribes such as the ], ] and ] in the east and ] in the west and. Before the end of British colonial rule and the subsequent ] of ] in 1947, the population of the city was majority ] and ] ]s, ]s and ]s, but the community is still present numbering around 250,000 residents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakistanhinducouncil.org/hindupopulation.asp |title=Population of Hindus in the World |publisher=http://pakistanhinducouncil.org |accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref>


According to 2023 Census, with 55,396.01 residents per square kilometre ] is the most densely populated district of the seven districts of Karachi as well as the entirety of Pakistan.
The city was, and still is home to a large community of ]s who were one of the earliest settlers in the city, and still form the majority in ]. Important ] communities in the city include the ], ], ], ], ] and ].


{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
Other early settlers included the ], ]s originally from ], ] and ] from ] (settled in Kokan Town), ] and ]. Most non-Muslims left the city to India in the 1950s, after independence, but there are still small communities of ]s, ] and ] in the city.
|-
!|Rank
!|District
!|Population (2023 census)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/sindh/dcr/table_1.pdf |title=TABLE – 4 AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN PROPORTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF SINDH |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref>
!|Population (2017 census)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/District%20wise%20Sindh%20TABLE%201%202017%20FINAL.pdf |title=TABLE – 4 AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN PROPORTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF SINDH |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date=22 October 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118090211/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/District%20wise%20Sindh%20TABLE%201%202017%20FINAL.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!|Area (Sq.&nbsp;km.)
!|Density (2023)
!|Density (2017)
|-
|style="text-align: left;"| 1
! ]
|3,822,325
|2,971,382
|69
|55,396.01
|43,063.51
|-
|style="text-align: left;"| 2
! ]
|3,128,971
|2,577,556
|108
|28,971.95
|23,866.26
|-
|style="text-align: left;"| 3
! ]
|3,921,742
|2,875,315
|139
|28,213.97
|20,685.72
|-
|style="text-align: left;"| 4
! ]
|2,329,764
|1,769,230
|122
|19,096.43
|14,501.89
|-
|style="text-align: left;"| 5
! ]
|2,679,380
|2,077,228
|370
|7,241.57
|5,614.13
|-
|style="text-align: left;"| 6
! ]
|2,068,451
|1,829,837
|559
|3,700.27
|3,273.41
|-
|style="text-align: left;"| 7
! ]
|2,432,248
|1,924,364
|2,160
|1,126.04
|890.90
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|
! All
|'''20,357,474'''
|'''16,024,894'''
|'''3,527'''
|'''5,771.90'''
|'''4,543.49'''
|-
|}


===Ethnicity===
]]]


The oldest portions of modern Karachi reflect the ethnic composition of the first settlement, with Balochis and Sindhis continuing to make up a large portion of the Lyari neighbourhood, though many of the residents are relatively recent migrants.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} Following Partition, large numbers of Hindus left Pakistan for the newly independent ] (later the Republic of India), while a larger percentage of Muslim migrant and refugees from India settled in Karachi. The city grew 150% during the ten year period between 1941 and 1951 with the new arrivals from India,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blood |first1=Peter R. |title=Pakistan: A Country Study |date=1986 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-0-7881-3631-3 |page=96}}</ref> who made up 57% of Karachi's population in 1951.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hinnells |first1=John |title=The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-151350-3 |page=193}}</ref> The city is now considered a melting pot of Pakistan and is the country's most diverse city.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />
The ] of ] in 1947 saw the influx of ] ] from ] fleeing from ] ]s. The majority of the ]-speaking and other non-] Muslim refugees that fled from various Indian states settled in Karachi, which is why the culture of the city is a blend of ]. Most of the property vacated by non-Muslims, who left Karachi due to the new settlements made by these refugees, were granted to Muslim refugees through claims on behalf of the property they claimed leaving behind in India.<ref name="http">{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/political-and-ethnic-battles-turn-karachi-into-beirut-of-south-asia/15875445.shtml|title=Political and ethnic battles turn Karachi into Beirut of South Asia " Crescent |publisher=Merinews.com |date= |accessdate=24 November 2012}}</ref> Today, the descendants of these Muslim refugees are known as ] and form a large, powerful group in Karachi. These Muhajirs include Urdu, ], ], ], Rajasthani, and ] from ]. After the ], thousands of ] and ] from ] arrived in the city, and today Karachi is home to 1 to 2 million ethnic Bengalis from Bangladesh (see ]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\12\17\story_17-12-2006_pg12_3|title=Falling back|work=Daily Times|accessdate=24 August 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77103|title=Chronology for Biharis in Bangladesh|publisher=Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland|date=10 January 2007|accessdate=6 May 2010}}</ref> many of whom migrated in the 1980s and 1990s. They were followed by ] Muslim refugees from western ] (for more information, see ]),.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/derek-flood/from-south-to-south-refug_b_100387.html|title=From South to South: Refugees as Migrants: The Rohingya in Pakistan|work=Huffington Post|date=12 May 2008|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> These small ethno-linguistic groups are being ] in the Urdu-speaking community.<ref name="http"/>


Karachi is the largest ] speaking city outside ] region.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
Karachi is host to many Western expatriates in Pakistan including ] from ]. One under-privileged sub-ethnic group is the ]s (]&nbsp;– Sheedi) who are now naturalised Sindhi speakers. They are descended from African slaves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2008/06/23/local11.htm|title=Sheedis have been hurt most by attitudes|work=Dawn|date=23 June 2008|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref> Many other refugees from ] (who stayed till the late 1980s) and the Central Asian countries constituting the former Soviet Union have also settled in the city as political or economic migrants. A large numbers of ], ] and an economic elite of ] from Sri Lanka.<ref name="conflictedkarachi">{{cite web|url=http://blog.dawn.com/2010/08/26/conflicting-karachi/ |title= Conflicted Karachi &#124; The Dawn Blog &#124; Pakistan, Cricket, Politics, Terrorism, Satire, Food, Culture and Entertainment |publisher=Blog.dawn.com |date=26 August 2010 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> Expatriates from China have a history going back to the 1940s; today, many of the Chinese are second-generation children of immigrants who came to the city and worked as dentists, chefs and shoemakers.<ref name="conflictedkarachi"/><ref name="DawnKarachi">{{citation|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20040715054506/http://dawn.com/report/lifestyles/mino1.htm|archivedate=15 July 2004|url=http://dawn.com/report/lifestyles/mino1.htm|date=9 July 2001|accessdate=26 July 2009|periodical=Dawn|title=The melting pot by the sea|last=Ramzi|first=Shanaz}}</ref>


In 2011, an estimated 2.5&nbsp;million foreign migrants lived in the city, mostly from ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gayer |first1=Laurent |title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for City |date=2014 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=9789351160861}}</ref>
During the ], about 3,000 ] refugees from ] evacuated to Karachi, by the ]. Some of these Polish families settled permanently in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbj.pl/article-54930-polish-pakistan-relations-a-need-for-understanding.html |title=Warsaw Business Journal&nbsp;– Online Portal |publisher=wbj.pl |date=13 June 2011 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref><ref></ref> There are also communities of American<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1997/nov/14/news/mn-53634 |title=After Slayings, Americans in Karachi Weigh Choices&nbsp;– Los Angeles Times |publisher=Articles.latimes.com |date=12 June 2009 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> and British expatriates.
], in southern India, who built a small replica of Hyderabad's famous ] monument in Karachi's ] area.]]


Much of Karachi's citizenry descend from Urdu-speaking migrants and refugees from North India who became known by the Arabic term for "Migrant": ]. The first Muhajirs of Karachi arrived in 1946 in the aftermath of the ] and subsequent ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=BHAVNANI |first1=NANDITA |title=THE MAKING OF EXILE: SINDHI HINDUS AND THE PARTITION OF INDIA |date=2014 |publisher=Westland |isbn=9789384030339 |pages=434 |chapter=3}}</ref> The city's wealthy Hindus opposed the resettlement of refugees near their homes, and so many refugees were accommodated in the older and more congested parts of Karachi.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhavnani |first1=Nandita |year=2014 |title=The Making of Exile: Sindhi Hindus and the Partition of India |publisher=Westland |pages=39–40 |isbn=9789384030339 |quote=In June 1947, it was initially proposed to settle the muhajirs on a large plot of land in Bunder Road Extension, a well-heeled suburb of Karachi. This was, however, a residential area dominated by affluent Sindhi Hindus, who became nervous about such a large number of discontented lower-class Muslim refugees living in such close proximity to them. Given their influence, the Hindus were able to sway the government into transferring the proposed resettlement site to Lyari, a more congested and lower middle-class area.}}</ref> The city witnessed a large influx of Muhajirs following Partition, who were drawn to the port city and newly designated federal capital for its white-collar job opportunities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tan |first1=Tai Yong |author-link1=Tan Tai Yong |last2=Kudaisya |first2=Gyanesh |author-link2=Gyanesh Kudaisya |year=2000 |title=The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/aftermathpartiti00kuda |url-access=limited |publisher=Routledge |pages=–235 |isbn=978-0-415-17297-4 |quote=In 1947, as the new Federal Government of Pakistan struggled to establish itself in Karachi, a large number of Muslim refugees from northern India came and settled down in the city{{nbsp}}... Karachi became the preferred destination of northern Indian Urdu-speaking Muslims who hoped to find white-collar employment opportunities in the cosmopolitan commercial and port city.}}</ref> Muhajirs continued to migrate to Pakistan throughout the 1950s and early 1960s,<ref name="Khalidi-1998">{{cite journal |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |date=Autumn 1998 |title=From Torrent to Trickle: Indian Muslim Migration to Pakistan, 1947–97 |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=37 |number=3 |pages=339–352 |jstor=20837002}}</ref> with Karachi remaining the primary destination of Indian Muslim migrants throughout those decades.<ref name="Khalidi-1998"/> The Muhajir Urdu-speaking community in the 2017 census forms slightly less than 45% of the city's population.<ref name=stats>{{cite news |title=STATISTICS: THE KARACHI-LAHORE CENSUS CONUNDRUM |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1356681 |access-date=1 December 2017 |work=Dawn |date=10 September 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080932/https://www.dawn.com/news/1356681 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muhajirs form the bulk of Karachi's middle class.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}}
After ] of ], a considerable number of ] ]s from Pakistani Punjab settle in Karachi.


Karachi is home to a wide array of non-Urdu speaking Muslim peoples from what is now the ]. The city has a sizable community of ], ], ]-speaking refugees.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}} Karachi is also home to a several-thousand member strong community of ] from ] in ].<ref>{{cite web |author=M R Narayan Swamy |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_where-malayalees-once-held-sway_4610 |title=Where Malayalees once held sway & Updates at |website=Daily News and Analysis |date=5 October 2005 |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-date=17 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317161132/http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_where-malayalees-once-held-sway_4610 |url-status=live }}</ref> These ethno-linguistic groups are being ] in the Urdu-speaking community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/political-and-ethnic-battles-turn-karachi-into-beirut-of-south-asia/15875445.shtml |title=Political and ethnic battles turn Karachi into Beirut of South Asia " Crescent |publisher=Merinews.com |access-date=24 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130080304/http://www.merinews.com/article/political-and-ethnic-battles-turn-karachi-into-beirut-of-south-asia/15875445.shtml |archive-date=30 November 2012}}</ref>
There is also a sizeable community of ] from the ].<ref>{{cite web|author=M R Narayan Swamy |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_where-malayalees-once-held-sway_4610 |title=Where Malayalees once held sway &#124; Latest News & Updates at |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=5 October 2005 |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>


During the period of rapid economic growth in the 1960s, large numbers ] from the ] migrated to Karachi with Afghan Pashtun refugees settling in Karachi during the 80's.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2009/07/karachis_invisi.html |title=Karachi's Invisible Enemy |first=Sharmeen |last=Obaid-Chinoy |publisher=PBS |date=17 July 2009 |access-date=24 August 2010 |archive-date=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824071128/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2009/07/karachis_invisi.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090825/FOREIGN/708249931 |title=In a city of ethnic friction, more tinder |website=The National |date=24 August 2009 |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116211443/http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20090825%2FFOREIGN%2F708249931 |archive-date=16 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/43827/the-pakhtun-in-karachi/ |title=Columnists &#124; The Pakhtun in Karachi |magazine=Time |date=28 August 2010 |access-date=8 September 2011 |archive-date=25 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525040935/http://tribune.com.pk/story/43827/the-pakhtun-in-karachi/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20110715&page=5 {{Webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20121209085408/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20110715&page=5 |date=9 December 2012 }}, thefridaytimes</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.dawn.com/2009/02/10/local9.htm |title=UN body, police baffled by minister's threat against Afghan refugees |date=10 February 2009 |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-date=14 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914183620/http://archives.dawn.com/2009/02/10/local9.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Karachi is home to the world's largest urban Pashtun population,<ref name="Crossroads">{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |title=Pakistan at the Crossroads: Domestic Dynamics and External Pressures |date=2016 |publisher=Columbia University |isbn=978-0-231-54025-4 |page=128<!-- |pages=384--> |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A791CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204064134/https://books.google.com/books?id=A791CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> with more Pashtun citizens than the ].<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}}<ref name="Crossroads" /> Pashtuns from Afghanistan are regarded as the most conservative community.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}} Pashtuns from Pakistan's ], in contrast, are generally seen as more liberal in social outlook.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}} The Pashtun community forms the bulk of manual labourers and transporters.{{sfn|Laurent Gayer|2014|pp=44}} Anatol Lieven of ] wrote that due to Pashtuns settling the city, "Karachi (not Kabul, Kandahar or Peshawar) is the largest Pashtun city in the world."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lieven |first=Anatol |title=An Afghan Tragedy: The Pashtuns, the Taliban and the State |journal=] |volume=63 |year=2021 |issue=3 |pages=7–36 |doi=10.1080/00396338.2021.1930403 |doi-access=free}}</ref>


Migrants from Punjab began settling in Karachi in large numbers in the 1960s, and now make up an estimated 14% of Karachi's population.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}} The community forms the bulk of the city's police force.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}} The bulk of Karachi's Christian community, which makes up 2.5% of the city's population, is Punjabi.<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194247/http://www.pakistanchristianpost.com/viewarticles.php?editorialid=272 |date=3 March 2016 }} accessed 5 August 2017</ref>
The ], originally from ], ], the ] and northern ], are now the city's second largest ethnic group after Muhajirs, these ] are settled in Karachi from decades. <ref name=pbs>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2009/07/karachis_invisi.html|title=Karachi's Invisible Enemy|author=Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy|publisher=PBS|date=2009-07-17|accessdate=2010-08-24}}</ref><ref name="The National">{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090825/FOREIGN/708249931|title=In a city of ethnic friction, more tinder|publisher=The National|date=2009-08-24|accessdate=2010-08-24}}</ref> With as high as 7 million by some estimates the city of Karachi in Pakistan has the largest concentration of urban ] in the world, including 50,000 registered ] in the city, <ref name="tribune.com.pk">{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/43827/the-pakhtun-in-karachi/ |title=Columnists &#124; The Pakhtun in Karachi |work=Time |date=28 August 2010 |accessdate=2011-09-08}}</ref><ref name="thefridaytimes.com">, thefridaytimes</ref> meaning there are more Pashtuns in Karachi than in any other city in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2009/02/10/local9.htm|title=UN body, police baffled by minister’s threat against Afghan refugees|publisher=Dawn Media Group|date=2009-02-10|accessdate=2012-01-24}}</ref> As per current demographic ratio ] are about 25% of Karachi's population.<ref>, thefridaytimes</ref>


Despite being the capital of Sindh province, only 6–8% of the city is Sindhi.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}} Sindhis form much of the municipal and provincial bureaucracy.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}} 4% of Karachi's population speaks Balochi as its mother tongue, though most Baloch speakers are of ] heritage{{snd}}a community that traces its roots to Africa.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}}


Following the ] and independence of ], thousands of Urdu-speaking ] arrived in the city, preferring to remain Pakistani rather than live in the newly independent country. Large numbers of ] also migrated from Bangladesh to Karachi during periods of economic growth in the 1980s and 1990s. Karachi is now home to an estimated 2.5 to 3{{nbsp}}million ethnic ].<ref name="Falling back" /><ref name="cidcm.umd.edu" /> ] refugees from ], who speak a dialect of Bengali and are sometimes regarded as Bengalis, also live in the city. Karachi is home to an estimated ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/derek-flood/from-south-to-south-refug_b_100387.html |title=From South to South: Refugees as Migrants: The Rohingya in Pakistan |website=HuffPost |date=12 May 2008 |access-date=24 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606233229/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/derek-flood/from-south-to-south-refug_b_100387.html |archive-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-333213-Bengali-and-Rohingya-leaders-gearing-up-for-LG-polls |title=Bengali and Rohingya leaders gearing up for LG polls |website=The News |access-date=18 December 2015 |archive-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814203153/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-333213-Bengali-and-Rohingya-leaders-gearing-up-for-LG-polls |url-status=dead}}</ref> Large scale ] migration to Karachi made Karachi one of the largest population centres of ] in the world outside of Myanmar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1165299 |title=Identity issue haunts Karachi's Rohingya population |last=Rehman |first=Zia Ur |date=23 February 2015 |work=Dawn |quote=Their large-scale migration had made Karachi one of the largest Rohingya population centres outside Myanmar but afterwards the situation started turning against them. |access-date=26 December 2016 |archive-date=8 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108165340/http://www.dawn.com/news/1165299 |url-status=live }}</ref>
According to the last official census of the city, which was held in 1998, the linguistic distribution of the city was: ]: 48.52%; ]: 13.94%; ]: 11.42%; ]: 7.22%; ]: 4.34%; ]: 2.11%; others: 12.44%. The others include ], ], ], ], ], ], Makrani, ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="demographics">{{cite web|url=http://www.findpk.com/cities/html/karachi.html |title=Karachi |publisher=Findpk.com |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>


Central Asian migrants from ] and ] have also settled in the city.<ref name="conflictedkarachi">{{cite web |url=http://blog.dawn.com/2010/08/26/conflicting-karachi/ |title=Conflicted Karachi |website=Dawn |date=26 August 2010 |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-date=7 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107161946/http://blog.dawn.com/2010/08/26/conflicting-karachi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Domestic workers from the ] are employed in Karachi's posh locales, while many of the city's teachers hail from ].<ref name="conflictedkarachi" /> Many Sri Lankans moved to Karachi due to the 2022 ] in Sri Lanka. Expatriates from China began migrating to Karachi in the 1940s, to work as dentists, chefs and shoemakers, while many of their descendants continue to live in Pakistan.<ref name="conflictedkarachi" /><ref>{{citation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040715054506/http://dawn.com/report/lifestyles/mino1.htm |archive-date=15 July 2004 |url=http://dawn.com/report/lifestyles/mino1.htm |date=9 July 2001 |access-date=26 July 2009 |periodical=Dawn |title=The melting pot by the sea |last=Ramzi |first=Shanaz}}</ref> Chinese also reached Karachi after 2015 in large number due to the ] project. The city is also home to a small number of British and American expatriates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-nov-14-mn-53634-story.html |title=After Slayings, Americans in Karachi Weigh Choices |website=Los Angeles Times |date=12 June 2009 |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811110617/http://articles.latimes.com/1997/nov/14/news/mn-53634 |url-status=live }}</ref>
] is the spoken language of Karachi. ] is spoken by the city's ] workforce. ] and ] are spoken in ] and small neighborhood that were previously small villages and became part of expanding Karachi. Karachi has became the largest ] city in the world. ] is also spoken in Karachi.


During ], about 3,000 Polish refugees from the ], with some Polish families who chose to remain in the city after Partition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbj.pl/article-54930-polish-pakistan-relations-a-need-for-understanding.html |title=Warsaw Business Journal&nbsp;– Online Portal |publisher=wbj.pl |date=13 June 2011 |access-date=10 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304210743/http://www.wbj.pl/article-54930-polish-pakistan-relations-a-need-for-understanding.html |archive-date=4 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNENuKhDGfwC&pg=PA27 |title=The Exile Mission |access-date=14 June 2015 |isbn=9780821415269 |last1=Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann |first1=Anna D |year=2004 |publisher=Ohio University Press |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204064218/https://books.google.com/books?id=tNENuKhDGfwC&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Post-Partition Karachi also once had a sizable refugee community from post-revolutionary ].<ref name="conflictedkarachi" />
According to the census of 1998, the religious breakdown of the city was: ] (96.45%); ] (2.42%); ] (0.86%); ] (0.17%); others (0.10%) (]s, ]s, ]s, ]s and ]s).<ref name=usrkarachi>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Karachi.pdf|title=Urban Slums Reports: The case of Karachi, Pakistan|author=Arif Hasan, Masooma Mohibur|format=PDF|date=1 February 2009|accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref>


===Religion===
==Tourist attractions==

{{Main|Tourism in Karachi|List of beaches in Karachi}}
{{bar box
{{Multiple image
|title=Religions in Karachi<ref name="2023 census">{{cite web|title=District Wise Results / Tables (Census - 2023)|url= https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/sindh/dcr/table_9.pdf |website=www.pbscensus.gov.pk|publisher=]}}</ref>
| align = right
|titlebar=#ddd
| direction = vertical
|left1='''Religions'''
| header =
|right1='''Percent'''
| header_align = left/right/center
|float=right
| header_background =
|bars=
| footer =
{{bar percent|]|Green|96.53}}
| footer_align = left/right/center
{{bar percent|]|blue|2.21}}
| footer_background =
{{bar percent|]|orange|1.12}}
| width = 200
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.14}}
| image1 =Mazar_-eQuaid_Karachi.jpeg|thumb
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 = ]
| image2 =Karachi beach, 2007.jpg|thumb
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Karachi Beach
| image3 =Bagh-e-Qasim Karachi.jpg|thumb
| width3 = 200
| alt3 =
| caption3 = Bagh Ibne Qasim
}} }}


] is the largest mosque in Pakistan and 3rd largest in the world.]]
Karachi is a tourist destination for domestic and international tourists. Some tourist attractions near Karachi city are:
], built-in 1881, serves as the seat of the ].]]
] is the largest ] in Karachi.]]
Karachi is a religiously homogeneous city with more than 96 per cent of its population adhering to Islam.<ref>Peter van der Veer: ''Handbook of Religion and the Asian City – Aspiration and Urbanization in the Twenty-First Century'', California University Press, 2015, {{ISBN|9780520961081}}, p. 388</ref> ''Karachiites'' adhere to numerous sects and sub-sects of ], as well as ], and community of ]. The city also is home to large numbers of ]s, and a small community of ]s and ]'s. According to Nichola Khan Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics |first=Nichola |last=Khan |year=2016 |isbn=9780190869786 |publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=... With a population of over 23 million Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city, the world's seventh-largest conurbation ...}}</ref> Prior to Pakistan's independence in 1947, the religious demographics of the city was estimated to be 51.1% Hindu, 42.3% Muslim, with the remaining 7% primarily Christians (both British and native), Sikhs, Jains, with a small number of Jews.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7435/1/40138_1941_TAB.pdf |title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME XII SIND |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915220525/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7435/1/40138_1941_TAB.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the independence of Pakistan, the vast majority of Karachi's ] population left for India while Muslim refugees from India, in turn, settled in the city. This mass migration dramatically changed the religious demographics of the city.


<div style="overflow-x:auto; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em">
'''Beaches:''' The beaches of Karachi are the main attraction for tourists. There are many beautiful seasides near city like ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and Nathiagali Beach
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in Karachi City (1872−2023){{efn|1872-1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Karachi, which included Karachi Municipality and Karachi Cantonment.<ref name="Census1941"/><br><br>2017: Data for the entirety of the town of Karachi, which included the urban populations of ], ], ], ], ], and ].<br><br>2023: Data for the entirety of the town of Karachi, which included the urban populations of ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].|name="KarachiCity1872to2023"}}
! rowspan="2" |]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1872<ref name="Census1872">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057642 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057642 |access-date=8 June 2024 |title=Census of India, 1872. Census of the Bombay Presidency, taken on the 21. February 1872. |year=1872 |pages=238 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="Census1881">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057678 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057678 |access-date=8 June 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881. Operations and results in the Presidency of Bombay, including Sind |year=1881 |pages=91 |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601224518/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057678 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="Census1891">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318666 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318666 |access-date=8 June 2024 |title=Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states. |year=1891 |pages=48 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531191628/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318666 |url-status=live |last1=Baines |first1=Jervoise Athelstane |author2=India Census Commissioner |volume=1 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25352838 |jstor=saoa.crl.25352838 |access-date=8 June 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1901 |pages=44 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128154915/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25352838 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Census1901B">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25366895 |jstor=saoa.crl.25366895 |access-date=8 June 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. Vols. 9-11, Bombay. |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1901 |volume=9 |pages=38 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512235706/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25366895 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393779 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393779 |access-date=8 June 2024 |title=Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |pages=23 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528011326/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393779 |url-status=live |last1=Edward Albert Gait |first1=Sir |author2=India Census Commissioner |volume=2 |publisher=Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. }}</ref><ref name="Census1911B">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393770 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393770 |access-date=8 June 2024 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 7, Bombay. Pt. 2, Imperial tables. |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1911 |volume=7 |pages=46 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512235659/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393770 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394121 |jstor=saoa.crl.25394121 |access-date=8 June 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=25 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528062858/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394121 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Census1921B">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394131 |jstor=saoa.crl.25394131 |access-date=8 June 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 8, Bombay Presidency. Pt. 2, Tables : imperial and provincial. |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1921 |volume=8 |pages=46 |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507012628/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394131 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793234 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793234 |access-date=8 June 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables. |year=1931 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513011937/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793234 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Census1931B">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797128 |jstor=saoa.crl.25797128 |access-date=8 June 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 8, Bombay. Pt. 2, Statistical tables. |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1931 |volume=8 |pages=42 |archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506002440/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797128 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215545 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215545 |access-date=8 June 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 12, Sind |author1=India Census Commissioner |year=1941 |volume=12 |pages=22 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129064845/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215545 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2017<ref name="Census2017B">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017|title=Final Results (Census-2017)|access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2023<ref name="Census2023B">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/digital-census/detailed-results|title=7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results Table-9 Population by sex, religion and rural/urban|website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
!]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| ] ]
| 33,018
| {{Percentage | 33018 | 59157 | 2 }}
| 38,946
| {{Percentage | 38946 | 73560 | 2 }}
| 52,957
| {{Percentage | 52957 | 105199 | 2 }}
| 60,003
| {{Percentage | 60003 | 116663 | 2 }}
| 74,075
| {{Percentage | 74075 | 151903 | 2 }}
| 100,436
| {{Percentage | 100436 | 216883 | 2 }}
| 122,847
| {{Percentage | 122847 | 263565 | 2 }}
| 162,447
| {{Percentage | 162447 | 386655 | 2 }}
| 14,382,744
| {{Percentage | 14382744 | 14884402 | 2 }}
| 18,189,474
| {{Percentage | 18189474 | 18843844 | 2 }}
|-
| ] ]
| 23,157
| {{Percentage | 23157 | 59157 | 2 }}
| 24,617
| {{Percentage | 24617 | 73560 | 2 }}
| 44,503
| {{Percentage | 44503 | 105199 | 2 }}
| 48,169
| {{Percentage | 48169 | 116663 | 2 }}
| 66,038
| {{Percentage | 66038 | 151903 | 2 }}
| 100,683
| {{Percentage | 100683 | 216883 | 2 }}
| 120,595
| {{Percentage | 120595 | 263565 | 2 }}
| 192,831
| {{Percentage | 192831 | 386655 | 2 }}
| 156,452
| {{Percentage | 156452 | 14884402 | 2 }}
| 211,138
| {{Percentage | 211138 | 18843844 | 2 }}
|-
| ] ]
| 2,223
| {{Percentage | 2223 | 59157 | 2 }}
| 4,161
| {{Percentage | 4161 | 73560 | 2 }}
| 5,986
| {{Percentage | 5986 | 105199 | 2 }}
| 6,098
| {{Percentage | 6098 | 116663 | 2 }}
| 7,936
| {{Percentage | 7936 | 151903 | 2 }}
| 9,649
| {{Percentage | 9649 | 216883 | 2 }}
| 12,765
| {{Percentage | 12765 | 263565 | 2 }}
| 11,088
| {{Percentage | 11088 | 386655 | 2 }}
| 329,702
| {{Percentage | 329702 | 14884402 | 2 }}
| 416,309
| {{Percentage | 416309 | 18843844 | 2 }}
|-
| ] ]
| 748
| {{Percentage | 748 | 59157 | 2 }}
| 937
| {{Percentage | 937 | 73560 | 2 }}
| 1,375
| {{Percentage | 1375 | 105199 | 2 }}
| 1,823
| {{Percentage | 1823 | 116663 | 2 }}
| 2,165
| {{Percentage | 2165 | 151903 | 2 }}
| 2,702
| {{Percentage | 2702 | 216883 | 2 }}
| 3,334
| {{Percentage | 3334 | 263565 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 1,435
| {{Percentage | 1435 | 18843844 | 2 }}
|-
| ] ]
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 59157 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 128
| {{Percentage | 128 | 105199 | 2 }}
| 349
| {{Percentage | 349 | 116663 | 2 }}
| 535
| {{Percentage | 535 | 151903 | 2 }}
| 645
| {{Percentage | 645 | 216883 | 2 }}
| 943
| {{Percentage | 943 | 263565 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| ] ]
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4 | 59157 | 2 }}
| 9
| {{Percentage | 9 | 73560 | 2 }}
| 99
| {{Percentage | 99 | 105199 | 2 }}
| 125
| {{Percentage | 125 | 116663 | 2 }}
| 647
| {{Percentage | 647 | 151903 | 2 }}
| 1,118
| {{Percentage | 1118 | 216883 | 2 }}
| 629
| {{Percentage | 629 | 263565 | 2 }}
| 3,214
| {{Percentage | 3214 | 386655 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| Tribal
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 59157 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 32
| {{Percentage | 32 | 105199 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 116663 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 151903 | 2 }}
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4 | 216883 | 2 }}
| 135
| {{Percentage | 135 | 263565 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| ] ]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 59157 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 105199 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 116663 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 1,425
| {{Percentage | 1425 | 216883 | 2 }}
| 2,254
| {{Percentage | 2254 | 263565 | 2 }}
| 5,835
| {{Percentage | 5835 | 386655 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 2,299
| {{Percentage | 2299 | 18843844 | 2 }}
|-
| ] ]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 59157 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 105199 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 116663 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 41
| {{Percentage | 41 | 216883 | 2 }}
| 53
| {{Percentage | 53 | 263565 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| ] ]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 8,751
| {{Percentage | 8751 | 14884402 | 2 }}
| 7,948
| {{Percentage | 7948 | 18843844 | 2 }}
|-
| Others
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 59157 | 2 }}
| 4,890
| {{Percentage | 4890 | 73560 | 2 }}
| 119
| {{Percentage | 119 | 105199 | 2 }}
| 96
| {{Percentage | 96 | 116663 | 2 }}
| 507
| {{Percentage | 507 | 151903 | 2 }}
| 180
| {{Percentage | 180 | 216883 | 2 }}
| 10
| {{Percentage | 10 | 263565 | 2 }}
| 11,240
| {{Percentage | 11240 | 386655 | 2 }}
| 6,753
| {{Percentage | 6753 | 14884402 | 2 }}
| 15,241
| {{Percentage | 15241 | 18843844 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 59,157
! {{Percentage | 59157 | 59157 | 2 }}
! 73,560
! {{Percentage | 73560 | 73560 | 2 }}
! 105,199
! {{Percentage | 105199 | 105199 | 2 }}
! 116,663
! {{Percentage | 116663 | 116663 | 2 }}
! 151,903
! {{Percentage | 151903 | 151903 | 2 }}
! 216,883
! {{Percentage | 216883 | 216883 | 2 }}
! 263,565
! {{Percentage | 263565 | 263565 | 2 }}
! 386,655
! {{Percentage | 386655 | 386655 | 2 }}
! 14,884,402
! {{Percentage | 14884402 | 14884402 | 2 }}
! 18,843,844
! {{Percentage | 18843844 | 18843844 | 2 }}
|}
</div>


==== Islam ====
'''Museums:''' The main museum of Karachi is ] others are ] and ].
{{main|Islam in Karachi}}
], though the city is one of Pakistan's most secular cities.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}}<ref name="India Today" /><ref name="dw.com" /> Approximately 85% of Karachi's Muslims are ], while 15% are ].<!--empty references<ref name="LoC" /><ref name="Oxford" /><ref name="CIA" />--><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |access-date=28 August 2010 |publisher=] |date=7 October 2009 |archive-date=30 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830165222/http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population(6).aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Tracy |date=October 2009 |publisher=] |access-date=28 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108194815/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm |title=Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008 |date=19 September 2008 |publisher=] |access-date=28 August 2010 |archive-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530192532/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ] primarily follow the ] school of ], with ] influencing religious practices by encouraging reverence for Sufi saints such as ] and ]. ] are predominantly ], with a significant ] minority which is further subdivided into ]s, ]s, ]s, and ]s. There are over 3000 mosques in Karachi, most famous of which include ], ], ] and ].


==== Christianity ====
'''Parks:''' Some popular parks are ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].


Approximately 2.2% of Karachi's population is Christian.<ref name="cia-rel">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html#pk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003300/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html#pk |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2007 |title=Religions in Pakistan |website=] |access-date=9 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Curtis, Lisa 2009">Curtis, Lisa; Mullick, Haider (4 May 2009). "Reviving Pakistan's Pluralist Traditions to Fight Extremism". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 31 July 2011</ref><ref name="Religions 2010">a b c "Religions: Islam 95%, other (includes Christian and Hindu, 2% Ahmadiyyah ) 5%". CIA. The World Factbook on Pakistan. 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010.</ref> The city's Christian community is primarily composed of ] and a community of ] who are typically better-educated and more affluent than their Punjabi co-religionists.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who are Pakistan's Christians? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35910331 |access-date=17 November 2016 |publisher=BBC |date=28 March 2016 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120050133/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35910331 |url-status=live }}</ref> They established the posh ] in ] as a Goan enclave. The Goan community dates from 1820 and has a population estimated to be 12,000–15,000 strong.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barbosa |first1=Alexandre Moniz |title=A Dash of Goa in Pakistan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/A-dash-of-Goa-in-Pakistan/articleshow/9866412.cms |access-date=17 November 2016 |work=The Times of India |date=5 September 2001 |quote=The city, however, has roughly between 12,000 and 15,000 'Goans', a number that has remained fairly constant for the past 190 years, since the first wave of migrating Goans in dhows washed up on its shores in 1820 and made it their home. |archive-date=19 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219113702/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/A-dash-of-Goa-in-Pakistan/articleshow/9866412.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Karachi is served by its own archdiocese, the ].
'''Historic places and buildings:''' ] is the most historic place in Karachi, famous for hundred-year old tombs. Historic buildings in the city were constructed in the ] like ], ]. ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] buildings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hamarakarachi.com/view_detail.asp?cid=58&cat_name=Historical%20Buildings |title=Karachi Online |publisher=HamaraKarachi |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>


==== Hinduism ====
'''Lake and National Park:''' ] is 56 kilometres away in north of Karachi. It is an ideal place to birds watching, picnic, swimming and fishing. The ] is also located near this lake. The park is the home of ]s, ], ]s, ]s, ] and ]s.
]
]
While most of the city's Hindu population left ''en masse'' for India following Pakistan's independence, Karachi still has a large Hindu community with an estimated population of 250,000 based on 2013 data,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pakistanhinducouncil.org/hindupopulation.asp |title=Population of Hindus in the World |publisher=pakistanhinducouncil.org |access-date=21 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518031747/http://www.pakistanhinducouncil.org/hindupopulation.asp |archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref> with several active temples in central Karachi. The Hindu community is split into a more affluent ] and small ] group that forms part of Karachi's educated middle class, while poorer Hindus of ] and ] descent form the other part and typically serve as menial and day laborers. Wealthier Hindus live primarily in ] and ], while poorer ones live and have temples in ] and ]. Many streets in central Karachi still retain Hindu names, especially in ], ] (formerly Ram Bagh), and Ramswami. Many Mandirs exist in ] which are over 100 years old.


==== Zoroastrianism ====
==Art and culture==
{{Main|Culture of Karachi}}
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header =
| header_align = left/right/center
| header_background =
| footer =
| footer_align = left/right/center
| footer_background =
| width = 200
| image1 = Mohatta Palace.jpg|thumb
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 = ]
| image2 =Khi National Museum.jpg|thumb
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
| caption2 = ]
| image3=Karachijahangir.jpg|thumb
| width3 = 200
| alt3 =
| caption3 = ]
| image4= Karachi St. Patricks Cathedral-2.jpg|thumb
| width4 = 200
| alt4 =
| caption4 = ]
| image5 = Adnan Asim's Karachi City. 3 Talwar ( Swords ) Clifton, Karachi.jpg|thumb
| width5 = 200
| alt5 =
| caption5= 3 Talwar (Swords), Clifton, Karachi
| image6 = Port Grand, Karachi.JPG|thumb
| width6= 200
| alt6 =
| caption6 = ]
}}


Karachi's affluent and influential ] have lived in the region in the 12th century, though the modern community dates from the mid 19th century when they served as military contractors and commissariat agents to the British.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hinnells |first1=John |title=The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-151350-3 |page=199 |date=28 April 2005}}</ref> Further waves of Parsi immigrants from ] settled in the city in the late 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hinnells |first1=John |title=The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-151350-3 |page=202 |date=28 April 2005}}</ref> The population of Parsis in Karachi and throughout South Asia is in continuous decline due to low birth-rates and migration to Western countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why is India's wealthy Parsi community vanishing? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35219331 |access-date=17 November 2016 |publisher=BBC |date=9 January 2016 |archive-date=20 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120095149/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35219331 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Karachi is home to some of Pakistan's important cultural institutions. The ],<ref name="napa">{{cite web|url=http://www.napa.org.pk|title=Welcome to National Academy of Performing Arts|author=National Academy of Performing Arts|accessdate=17 April 2006}}</ref> located in the newly renovated ], offers a two-year diploma course in performing arts that includes classical music and contemporary theatre. The ], linked to the 45-year-old similar institution in ], has been holding its annual music festival since its inception in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apmc.info/ |title=All Pakistan Music Conference &#124; Established in 1959 |publisher=All Pakistan Music Conference |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> The National Arts Council (''Koocha-e-Saqafat'') has musical performances and ] (poetry recitations). The ] annually showcases independent Pakistani and international films and documentaries. Karachi is home to theatre, music and dance performance groups, such as '''Thespianz Theater''', a professional youth-based, non-profit performing arts group, which works on theatre and arts activities in Pakistan.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} A website serving the Pakistani fashion industry is .


In 2023, according to the ], approximately 1,435 ] are left in Karachi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Census 2023 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/sindh/pcr/table_9.pdf}}</ref>
Karachi has museums that present exhibitions on a regular basis, including the ] and the ]. ] hosts regional and international exhibitions.


==Transportation==
The everyday lifestyle of Karachi differs from that of other Pakistani cities and towns. The culture of Karachi is characterised by the blending of South Asian, Middle Eastern, Central Asian and Western influences, as well as its status as a major international business centre. After the independence of Pakistan, Karachi received refugees from all over India, whose influence is now evident in the city's sub-cultures.{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}}
{{Main|Transport in Karachi}}
]


===Architecture=== ===Road===
{{See also|Architecture of Karachi|Pakistani architecture|List of tallest buildings in Karachi}}


{{Main|List of streets in Karachi}}
Karachi has a collection of buildings and structures of varied ]s. The downtown districts of ] and ] contain early 20th-century architecture, ranging in style from the ] ] building to the ] Building. During the period of British rule, classical architecture was preferred for monuments of the ]. {{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Karachi acquired its first neo-Gothic or Indo-Gothic buildings when ], ] and ] were completed. The ] architectural style was introduced in the ] and the Boat Club. ] was popular in the 19th century and was the language for St. Joseph's Convent (1870) and the ] (1883).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.historickarachi.com/heritage_revisited.htm | title=Heritage Revisited| publisher=Historickarachi.com| accessdate=26 August 2010 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080822124715/http://www.historickarachi.com/heritage_revisited.htm |archivedate = 22 August 2008}}</ref> The classical style made a comeback in the late 19th century, as seen in ] (1898)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.historickarachi.com/public_arch_5.htm | title=Public Arch 5| publisher=Historickarachi.com| accessdate=26 August 2010 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071024103906/http://www.historickarachi.com/public_arch_5.htm |archivedate = 24 October 2007}}</ref> and the ]. While ] buildings remained popular, an eclectic blend termed ] or Anglo-Mughal began to emerge in some locations.
Karachi is served by a road network estimated to be approximately {{convert|15500|km|abbr=off}} in length,<ref>{{cite news |title=In Karachi, 16,562 more vehicles hit the roads each month |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/12/24/city/karachi/in-karachi-16562-more-vehicles-hit-the-roads-each-month/ |access-date=25 November 2016 |work=Pakistan Today |date=24 December 2011 |archive-date=26 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126174305/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/12/24/city/karachi/in-karachi-16562-more-vehicles-hit-the-roads-each-month/ |url-status=live }}</ref> serving approximately 5&nbsp;million vehicles per day.


Karachi is served by 6 Signal-Free Corridors which are designed as urban express roads to permit traffic to transverse large distances without the need to stop at intersections and stoplights. The {{cvt|16|km|mi|frac=2}} Karsaz Road connects ] in central Karachi to ]. The Rashid Minhas Road connects ] with ] over a 20&nbsp;km span. The {{cvt|19|km|mi|frac=2}} University Road connects Karachi's urban centre to the ] suburb. The {{cvt|18|km|mi|frac=2}} ] connects Karachi's ] area to the ]. The {{cvt|18|km|mi|frac=2}} Shahrah-e-Pakistan connects city centre to ]. The {{cvt|18|km|mi|frac=2}} Sher Shah Suri Road connects the city centre to ].
The local mercantile community began acquiring impressive structures. Zaibunnisa Street in the ] area (known as Elphinstone Street in British days) is an example where the mercantile groups adopted the ] and ] style to demonstrate their familiarity with Western culture and their own. The ] (1925) and ] are examples of Mughal revival buildings.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.historickarachi.com/public_arch_1.htm | title=Public Architecture| publisher=Historickarachi.com| accessdate=26 August 2010 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080415174246/http://www.historickarachi.com/public_arch_1.htm |archivedate = 15 April 2008}}</ref> The Sindh Wildlife Conservation Building, located in Saddar, served as a Freemasonic Lodge until it was taken over by the government. There are talks of it being taken away from this custody and being renovated and the Lodge being preserved with its original woodwork and ornate wooden staircase.<ref name="Daily Times">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\09\30\story_30-9-2008_pg12_9|title=Culture department takes notice of Freemason Lodge Building|work=Daily Times|accessdate=16 January 2009}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref>


The ] is a 16&nbsp;km ] along the ]. This toll highway is designed to relieve congestion within the city. To the north of Karachi lies the 39&nbsp;km ] (M10), which bypasses the city to connect the M-9 Motorway to the ] National Highway. A {{cvt|39|km|mi|frac=2}} Malir Expressway is under construction along the ]. It will link Karachi's ] to Karachi's ] and terminate at Kathore on the M-9 motorway.
] is one of the prime examples of Architectural conservation and restoration where an entire Nusserwanjee building from ] area of Karachi has been relocated to Clifton for adaptive reuse in an art school. The procedure involved the careful removal of each piece of timber and stone, stacked temporarily, loaded on the trucks for transportation to the Clifton site, unloaded and re-arranged according to a given layout, stone by stone, piece by piece, and completed within three months.<ref name="Indus Valley Website">{{cite web|url=http://www.indusvalley.edu.pk/nusserwanjeehistory.html|title=Nusserwanjee Building (Relocation) Project|work=Daily Times|accessdate=26 February 2013}}</ref>


Karachi is the terminus of the ], which connects Karachi to ]. The M-9 motorway is part of a larger countrywide motorways network, many of which were built through the ] Project. From Hyderabad, motorways provide high-speed road access to all major Pakistani cities, including ], ], ], ] and ].
Architecturally distinctive, even eccentric, buildings have sprung up throughout Karachi. Notable example of contemporary architecture include the ] Headquarters building. The city has examples of modern ], including the ] hospital, ], Faran Mosque, Bait-ul Mukarram Mosque, Quaid's Mausoleum, and the ]. One of the unique cultural elements of Karachi is that the residences, which are two- or three-story ]s, are built with the front yard protected by a high brick wall. ] features a range of extremely tall buildings. The most prominent examples include the ], PRC Towers and the ] which is the tallest skyscraper in ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcb.com.pk/mcb/mcb_tower.asp|title=MCB Tower, the tallest skyscraper of Karachi|publisher=Mcb.com.pk|accessdate=6 May 2010}}</ref>


Karachi is also the terminus of the ] which connects the city to the historic medieval capital of Sindh, ]. It offers further connections to northern Pakistan and the Afghan border near ]. The N-25 National Highway connects Karachi to ], the capital of Balochistan. The N-10 National Highway connects Karachi to the emerging port city of ].
Many High-rise buildings are under construction, such as Centre Point near ], ], ] Tower Karachi and Emerald Tower. The Government of Sindh recently{{When|date=December 2009}} approved the construction of two high-density zones, which will host the new city skyline.


===Food & Cuisine=== ===Rail===
{{main|Cuisine of Karachi}}
] is arguably the most popular food among Karachiites, with numerous variants (], ], ], ], ] etc.). Chicken biryani is the most popular edible food item in Karachi. In addition to chicken biryani, beef biryani is also famous. It is worthwhile to mention here that chicken biryani is a mandatory food item in every wedding reception in Karachi.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} Meat curries such as ] and ], ] (]), ] dishes are also very popular, however cuisines vary from one neighbourhood to another, given the diverse nature of ethnic origins that exist. Karachi has a large number of restaurants from local and fast food to a wide variety of international cuisines such as (], ], ], ], ], ], etc.). The ] is the largest food street of Asia.{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}} The project is a 13-acre facility. Boat Basin is a famous food market while Do Darya is another new location with lots of famous restaurant outlets. Burns Road in Saddar is one of the oldest food streets of city and is still the most popular place to find traditional Pakistani food. The Cuisine of Karachi includes rice cooked with fish called Sindhi fish biryani and a pancake made with rice flour which now only exist in the fishing communities in ].


{{Main|Karachi Circular Railway|List of railway stations in Pakistan}}
===Fashion, shopping and entertainment===
{{main|Shopping malls in Karachi|Bazaars in Karachi}}
Almost every day entertainment events are held in Karachi ranging from fashion shows, concerts, and small gigs at local cafes.


Karachi is linked by rail to the rest of the country by ]. The ] and ] are the city's two major railway stations.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}} The city has an international rail link, the ] which links Karachi Cantonment Station with ] in ], India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geo.tv/12-4-2010/75294.htm |title=Thar Express escapes blast near Karachi |publisher=GEO.tv |date=4 December 2010 |access-date=21 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105192658/http://www.geo.tv/12-4-2010/75294.htm |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref>
Karachi hosts cultural and fashion shows. In 2009 a four-day-long fashion show was organised in Karachi's luxury Marriott hotel.<ref>{{cite news|last=Neysmith|first=Elettra|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8345177.stm|title=South Asia &#124; 'Fashion Week' first for Pakistan|publisher=BBC News|date=6 November 2009|accessdate=6 May 2010}}</ref> The largest shopping mall in Karachi and in Pakistan is ] or Dolmen City Mall which is located in Dolmen City of the famous Seaview area of Karachi with 2 floors and 51097 square metres or 550000 square feet of retail, dining and entertainment. There are other glitzy shopping malls in the Clifton, like Park Towers one of the famous shopping outfit of Pakistan other shopping areas are Tariq Road, Hyderi, Saddar and Karsaz areas including The Forum, Dolmen Mall Tariq Road and Hyderi, Atrium Mall and the Millenium Mall. There is a shopping mall under construction at Khayaban-e-Roomi called the Ocean Mall which is at the tallest building in Pakistan, ]. The mall will also feature a 4 screen cineplex. Karachi is not only renown for its shopping malls but there are many areas which have shops like Zamzama Boulevard which is known for its designer stores and many cafes. There are many ]s in Karachi such as ], ], and ].


The railway system also handles freight linking Karachi port to destinations up-country in northern Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/31-Dec-2015/railways-to-upgrade-waiting-halls-at-16-major-stations |title=Railways to upgrade waiting halls at 16 major stations |website=Daily Times |access-date=25 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302181953/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/31-Dec-2015/railways-to-upgrade-waiting-halls-at-16-major-stations |archive-date=2 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city is the terminus for the ] which connects Karachi to Peshawar. Pakistan's rail network, including the Main Line-1 Railway is being upgraded as part of the ], allowing trains to depart Karachi and travel on Pakistani railways at an average speed of {{cvt|160|km/h|-1}} versus the current average speed of {{cvt|80|km/h|round=5}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karachi-Peshawar railway line being upgraded under CPEC |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/22-Jan-2016/karachi-peshawar-railway-line-being-upgraded-under-cpec |access-date=10 February 2016 |work=Daily Times |date=22 January 2016 |archive-date=10 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810012047/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/22-Jan-2016/karachi-peshawar-railway-line-being-upgraded-under-cpec |url-status=live }}</ref>
Foreign clothes brands and Pakistani fashion labels (such as Amir Adnan, Aijazz, Rizwan Beyg, Deepak Perwani, Shayanne Malik, Maria B, Khaadi, Sputnik Footwear, Stone Age, Lark & Finch, Metro Shoes, English Boot House, Cotton & Cotton, Men's Store and Junaid Jamshed) are present in shopping districts of the city. The newly built activity center ] is located at ] near ], Dolmen City next to Clifton Beach.


===Nightlife Karachi=== ===Public transport===
====Metrobus====
{{Main|Karachi Metrobus}}
] Station]]
The Pakistani Government is developing the ] project, which is a 6-line {{convert|150|km|mi|frac=4|abbr=off|adj=on}} ] system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karachi Breeze – The Journey of Convenience Comfort and Reliability |url=https://breezekarachi.com/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172725/https://breezekarachi.com/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Metrobus project was inaugurated by then-Prime Minister ] on 25 February 2016. Sharif said the "project will be more beautiful than Lahore Metro Bus".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1241849 |title=Karachi's Green Line bus will be more beautiful than Lahore metro: PM Nawaz |date=26 February 2016 |newspaper=Dawn |location=Pakistan |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=26 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226050047/https://www.dawn.com/news/1241849 |url-status=live }}</ref> Orange and Green Lines are operational while Red-Line is underconstruction.


====People's Bus Service====
Karachi nightlife is very popular as the city never sleeps.<ref>http://www.tripadvisor.com.au/Travel-g295414-s402/Karachi:Pakistan:Nightlife.html</ref> There are many eateries and restaurants which remain open throughout the night.
]
]


In 2022, provincial government launched ] having fleet size of 100+ which run on 12 different routes on nominal fare. The buses are air-conditioned, have wifi, have priority seeting for disabled and elderly and are wheelchair accessible.
==Sports==
{{Main|List of sports venues in Karachi}}
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header =
| header_align = left/right/center
| header_background =
| footer =
| footer_align = left/right/center
| footer_background =
| width = 200
| image1 = Sindh Cricket team match with Australia in 1935.jpg|thumb
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Match between Sindh & Australia in Karachi on 22 November 1935 was report by Daily Sydney Morning Herald
}}


Red buses are for general public. Pink buses are for women only. White buses are environment friendly electric buses having designated charging points.
{{Multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| header =
| header_align = left/right/center
| header_background =
| footer =
| footer_align = left/right/center
| footer_background =
| width = 200
| image1 = Nat Std01.JPG|thumb
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 = ]
| image2 =Karachi Golf Club3.jpg|thumb
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
| caption2 = ], one of the largest golf clubs in Karachi
}}


====Karachi Circular Railway====
When it comes to sports Karachi has a distinction, because some sources cite that it was in 1877 at Karachi in (British) India, where the first attempt was made to form a set of rules of badminton<ref>{{cite book |title= Better Badminton for All |last=Downey |first=Jake |page=13 |year=2003 |publisher=Pelham Books |isbn=0720702283 }}</ref> and likely place is said to Frere Hall.
] is a partially active regional ] in Karachi, which serves the ]. KCR was fully operational between 1969 and 1999. Since 2001, restoration of the railway and restarting the system had been sought.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nation.com.pk/10-Aug-2020/chairman-railways-visits-kcr-track |title=Chairman Railways visits KCR track |date=10 August 2020 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114150332/https://nation.com.pk/10-Aug-2020/chairman-railways-visits-kcr-track |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2260409/supreme-court-gives-four-more-months-to-overhaul-railways |title=Supreme Court gives four more months to overhaul railways |date=20 August 2020 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820124938/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2260409/supreme-court-gives-four-more-months-to-overhaul-railways |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2020, the KCR partially revived operations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1591237/karachi-circular-railway-begins-partial-operations-today |title=Karachi Circular Railway begins partial operations |date=19 November 2020 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814091641/https://www.dawn.com/news/1591237/karachi-circular-railway-begins-partial-operations-today |url-status=live }}</ref>


KCR was included in ] by ] and construction started in 2022. Existing 43&nbsp;km KCR track and stations would be completely rebuilt into ] ] system with ]. The route would not be changed however many underpasses and bridges would be built along the route to eliminate 22-level crossings. New KCR would be similar to ]'s ]. New KCR would have joint stations with ] at points of intersection. Project would be operational by 2025.
] in Pakistan has a history of even before the creation of the country in 1947. The first ever international cricket match in Karachi was held on 22 November 1935 between Sindhi and Australian cricket teams. The match was seen by 5,000 Karachiites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/|title=Match against Sindh|publisher=Daily Sydney Morning Herald, Australia|accessdate=23 November 1935}}</ref> It is also the most popular sport in Karachi today, which is played in many small grounds around the city, as well as on city streets at night and on weekends. ] is played in the narrow by-lanes of the city.


With its hub at ] on ], KCR will connect the city centre with several industrial, commercial and residential districts within the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/karachicircularrailw/ |title=Karachi Circular Railway Revival, Pakistan |publisher=railway-technology.com |access-date=4 October 2012 |archive-date=7 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007082233/http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/karachicircularrailw/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The ] is the city's only world-class cricket stadium, and is the second largest cricket stadium in Pakistan, after the ] in ]. The inaugural first-class match at the National Stadium was played between Pakistan and India on 26 February 1955 and since then Pakistani national cricket team has won 20 of the 41 ] played at the National Stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/22/1506_t.html|title=Test Matches played on National Stadium, Karachi|publisher=Cricket Archive|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref> The first ] at the National Stadium was against the West Indies on 21 November 1980, with the match going to the last ball.


====Tramway service====
The national team has been less successful in such limited-overs matches at the ground, including a five-year stint between 1996 and 2001, when they failed to win any matches. The city has been host to a number of domestic cricket teams including Karachi,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/846/First-Class_Matches.html|title=First-Class matches played by Karachi|publisher=Cricket Archive|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref> Karachi Blues,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/444/First-Class_Matches.html|title=First-Class matches played by Karachi Blues|publisher=Cricket Archive|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref> Karachi Greens,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/446/First-Class_Matches.html|title=First-Class matches played by Karachi Greens|publisher=Cricket Archive|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref> and Karachi Whites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/445/First-Class_Matches.html|title=First-Class matches played by Karachi Whites|publisher=Cricket Archive|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref> The National Stadium hosted two group matches (Pakistan v. South Africa on 29 February and Pakistan v. England on 3 March), and a quarter-final match (South Africa v. West Indies on 11 March) during the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/series/60981.html?template=fixtures|title=Fixtures|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref>
A ] service was started in 1884 in Karachi but was closed in 1975.<ref>{{cite news |title=OLMT project to face further delay |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1941286/1-olmt-project-face-delay/ |access-date=2 April 2019 |work=] |author=Adnan, Imran |date=1 April 2019 |quote=As per the direction of the apex court, he said, the civil works of the project will be completed by end of July 2019. But the project will not enter into commercial operations by August or November 2019. |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712160317/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1941286/1-olmt-project-face-delay/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan |access-date=24 January 2017 |agency=The News |date=26 May 2016 |quote=Latest technology will be employed for fabricating these trains and the rolling-stock will be fully computerised, automatic and driverless. |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202020211/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the revival of tramway service is proposed by Karachi Administrator Iftikhar Ali. Turkey has offered assistance in the revival and launching modern tramway service in Karachi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2264436/turkey-offers-help-in-bringing-iconic-tram-service-back-to-karachi?amp=1 |title=Turkey offers help in bringing iconic tram service back to Karachi |date=17 September 2020 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828142222/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2264436/turkey-offers-help-in-bringing-iconic-tram-service-back-to-karachi?amp=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Air===
The city has hosted seven editions of the National Games of Pakistan, most recently in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sports.gov.pk/Participation/National%20Games.htm#RPNG|title=National Games|publisher=Pakistan Sports Board|accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref> Sports like badminton, volleyball, and basketball are popular in schools and colleges. ] is especially popular in ], which has a large Afro-Balochi community and has always been a football-mad locality in Karachi. The ] is perhaps the largest football stadium in Pakistan with respect to capacity, easily accommodating around 40,000 people.
Karachi's ] is the busiest airport of Pakistan with a total of 7.2&nbsp;million passengers in 2018. The current terminal structure was built in 1992, and is divided into international and domestic sections. Karachi's airport serves as a ] for the ], ] (PIA), as well as for ], ] and ]. The airport offers non-stop flights to destinations throughout East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, the ], Europe and North America.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.piac.com.pk/schedule/display_abc.asp?date=3:16:07+AM |title=Pakistan International Airlines – Pakistan International Airlines – PIA |website=piac.com.pk}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.piac.com.pk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726225316/http://www.piac.com.pk/PIA_About/intnetwork.asp |url-status=dead |title=Pakistan International Airlines – Pakistan International Airlines – PIA |archive-date=26 July 2014 |website=www.piac.com.pk}}</ref>


===Sea===
In 2005, the city hosted the ] at this ground, as well as the ], which attracted capacity crowds during the games. The popularity of golf is also increasing, with clubs in Karachi like Dreamworld Resort, Hotel & Golf Club, ], DA Country & Golf Club. The city has facilities for ] (the ], UBL Hockey Ground), ] (KPT Sports Complex), ] (] Squash Complex), and ]. There are marinas and boating clubs. ] is ] venue and Multi-purpose sports facility in Karachi,
The largest shipping ports in Pakistan are the ] and the nearby ], the former being the oldest port of Pakistan. Port Qasim is located {{convert|35|km|abbr=off}} east of the Port of Karachi on the ] estuary. These ports handle 95% of Pakistan's trade cargo to and from foreign ports. These seaports have modern facilities which include bulk handling, containers and oil terminals.{{sfn|Robert Stimson|Kingsley E. Haynes|2012|p=43}} The ports are part of the Maritime ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The new Silk Road and the Sea |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/107317-The-new-Silk-Road-and-the-Sea |access-date=3 October 2021 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027070721/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/107317-The-new-Silk-Road-and-the-Sea |url-status=live }}</ref>


==Civic administration==
;Professional Karachi teams

{| class="wikitable sortable"
{{Main|Politics of Karachi|List of mayors of Karachi|List of Union Councils of Karachi|Commissioner of Karachi}}

===City government===

{{Main|Government of Karachi}}

Karachi has a fragmented system of civic government. The urban area is divided into six District Municipal Corporations: ], ], ], ], ], ] Each district is further divided into between 22 and 42 Union Committees. Each Union Committee is represented by seven elected representatives, four of whom can be general candidates of any background; the other three seats are reserved for women, religious minorities, and a union representative or peasant farmer.

Karachi's urban area also includes six ], which are administered directly by the ], and include some of Karachi's most desirable real-estate.

Key civic bodies, such as the ] and KBCA (Karachi Building Control Authority), among others, are under the direct control of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1225311 |title=Sindh govt takes away key municipal function from local bodies |last=Azfar-ul-Ashfaque |date=10 December 2015 |website=Dawn |location=Pakistan |access-date=6 April 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406234255/https://www.dawn.com/news/1225311 |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, Karachi's city-planning authority for undeveloped land, the ], is under control of the government, while two new city-planning authorities, the ] and ] were revived by the ] government in 2011{{snd}}allegedly to patronize their electoral allies and voting banks.<ref name="Hasan" />

====Historical background====

In response to a cholera epidemic in 1846, the ] was organized by British administrators to control its spread.<ref name=cdgkhistory>{{cite web |url=http://221.132.118.186/cdgk/Home/Government/CDGKHistory/tabid/276/Default.aspx |title=CDGK History |publisher=City-District Government of Karachi |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417020709/http://221.132.118.186/cdgk/Home/Government/CDGKHistory/tabid/276/Default.aspx |archive-date=17 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Culture, Religion and Lifestyle in Karachi |website=Karachi History |date=14 August 2001 |url=http://www.karachi.com/v/history/ |access-date=5 August 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806020334/http://www.karachi.com/v/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The board became the Karachi Municipal Commission in 1852, and the ] the following year.<ref name=cdgkhistory /> The City of Karachi Municipal Act of 1933 transformed the city administration into the ] with a mayor, a deputy mayor and 57 councillors.<ref name=cdgkhistory /> In 1976, the body became the ].<ref name=cdgkhistory />

During the 1900s, Karachi saw its major beautification project under the mayoralty of ]. New roads, parks, residential, and recreational areas were developed as part of this project. In 1948, the ] of Pakistan was created, comprising approximately {{cvt|2103|km2}} of Karachi and surrounding areas, but this was merged into the province of ] in 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statoids.com/upk.html |title=Pakistan Provinces |publisher=Statoids.com |access-date=24 August 2010 |archive-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729165316/http://www.statoids.com/upk.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1960, Karachi and Lasbela District merged to create Karachi-Bela Division. In 1972, ] transferred to ] and ] area was divided into three (03) districts ], ] and ]. In 1996, again the ] area was divided into More two (02) districts ] and ], each with its own municipal corporation.<ref name=cdgkhistory />

====Union councils (2001–11)====
] Advocate (2001–2005) was one of the most successful and respected mayors Karachi ever had.]]
In 2001, during the rule of ], five districts of Karachi were merged to form the city district of Karachi, with a three-tier structure. The two most local tiers are composed of 18 ], and 178 ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://221.132.118.186/cdgk/Home/Towns/tabid/72/Default.aspx |title=CDGK Towns |publisher=City District Government of Karachi |access-date=24 August 2010}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Each tier focused on elected councils with some common members to provide "vertical linkage" within the federation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/default.asp |title=Local Government |publisher=National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125014524/http://nrb.gov.pk/local_government/default.asp |archive-date=25 January 2009}}</ref>

] was the first Nazim of Karachi during the Union Council period, while Shafiq-Ur-Rehman Paracha was the first district coordination officer of Karachi. ] was elected City Nazim of Karachi to succeed Naimatullah Khan in 2005 elections, and ] was elected as the City Naib Nazim.

Each Union Council had thirteen members elected from specified electorates: four men and two women elected directly by the general population; two men and two women elected by peasants and workers; one member for minority communities; two members are elected jointly as the Union Mayor (''Nazim'') and Deputy Union Mayor (''Naib Nazim'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/union_admin_07.htm |title=Composition of the Union Council |publisher=National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803101846/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/local_government/union_admin_07.htm |archive-date=3 August 2011}}</ref> Each council included up to three council secretaries and a number of other civil servants. The Union Council system was dismantled in 2011.

====District Municipal Corporations (2011–present)====

In July 2011, city district government of Karachi was reverted its original constituent units known as District Municipal Corporations (DMC). The five original DMCs are: ], ], ], ] and ]. In November 2013, a sixth DMC, ] was carved out from District East.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1054395 |title=Korangi notified as sixth district of Karachi |first=Hasan |last=Mansoor |date=6 November 2013 |website=DAWN.COM |access-date=6 May 2014 |archive-date=6 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506112833/http://www.dawn.com/news/1054395 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/378585-former-un-staffer-being-tipped-as-pm-s-focal-person-for-polio |title=Former UN staffer being tipped as PM's focal person for polio |website=www.thenews.com.pk |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802203309/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/378585-former-un-staffer-being-tipped-as-pm-s-focal-person-for-polio |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/07/11/sindh-back-to-5-divisions-after-11-years/ |title=Sindh back to 5 divisions after 11 years – Pakistan Today |website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714061324/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/07/11/sindh-back-to-5-divisions-after-11-years/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Aligi |first=Irfan |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/208342/changing-hands-karachi-split-into-5-districts/ |title=Changing hands: Karachi split into 5 districts |website=The Express Tribune |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-date=17 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117074148/http://tribune.com.pk/story/208342/changing-hands-karachi-split-into-5-districts/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com/ |title=Welcome to official website of Karachi Metropolitan Corporation |publisher=Kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234919/http://kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2020, Sindh cabinet approves formation of the seventh district in Karachi (Keamari District), Keamari District was formed by splitting District West.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1575785/new-district-in-karachi, |title=New district in Karachi |date=22 August 2020 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828142224/https://www.dawn.com/news/1575785/new-district-in-karachi, |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.samaa.tv/news/2020/08/karachi-fits-seventh-district-into-its-mix-keamari/, |title=Karachi fits seventh district into its mix – Keamari}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/703699-kemari-becomes-karachi-s-seventh-district, |title=Kemari becomes Karachi's seventh district |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828142224/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/703699-kemari-becomes-karachi-s-seventh-district, |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pressreader.com/bahrain/gulf-today/20200822/281779926499237, |title=Keamari is now 7th district of Karachi city}}</ref>

The committees for each district devise and enforce land-use and zoning regulations within their district. Each committee also manages water supply, sewage, and roads (except for 28 main arteries, which are managed by the ]).<ref name="shehri.org-2018" /> Street lighting, traffic planning, markets regulations, and signage are also under the control of the DMCs. Each DMC also maintains its own municipal record archive, and devises its own local budget.<ref name="shehri.org-2018" />

Municipal Administration of Karachi is also run by the ] (KMC), which is responsible for the development and maintenance of main arteries, bridges, drains, several hospitals, beaches, solid waste management, as well as some parks, and the city's firefighting services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KMC Function |url=http://www.kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=133 |website=www.kmc.gos.pk |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501220454/http://www.kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=133 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Between 2016 till 2020 the mayor of Karachi was ] (2016-2020), with Arshad Hassan serving as Deputy Mayor; both served as part of the KMC. The Administrator of Karachi is Syed Saif-ur-Rehman as of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metropolitan Commissioner |url=http://www.kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=54 |website=www.kmc.gos.pk |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501220554/http://www.kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=54 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2023, ] of ] was elected the ] of Karachi.<ref name="dawn"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2023 |title=JI rejects Karachi mayor election results, announces 'black day' on Friday |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40247971 |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=Brecorder |archive-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615123444/https://www.brecorder.com/news/40247971 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The position of ] was created, with Iftikhar Ali Shallwani serving this role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet-Commissioner Karachi Division |website=commissionerkarachi.gos.pk |url=https://commissionerkarachi.gos.pk/meetcommissioner.html |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=5 May 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505003051/http://www.commissionerkarachi.gos.pk/meetcommissioner.html}}</ref> There are six ], which are administered by the ], and are some of Karachi's most upscale neighbourhoods.
{{Town and cantonment wise map of Karachi}}

===City planning===

The ] (KDA), along with the ] (LDA) and ] (MDA), is responsible for the development of most undeveloped land around Karachi. KDA came into existence in 1957 with the task of managing land around Karachi, while the LDA and MDA were formed in 1993 and 1994, respectively. KDA under the control of Karachi's local government and mayor in 2001, while the LDA and MDA were abolished. KDA was later placed under the direct control of the ] in 2011. The LDA and MDA were also revived by the ] government at the time, allegedly to patronize their electoral allies and voting banks.<ref name="Hasan">{{Cite journal |last=Hasan |first=Arif |title=Land ownership, control and contestation in Karachi and implications for low-income housing |url=https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10625IIED.pdf |journal=International Institute for Environment and Development United Nations Population Fund |access-date=6 April 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803054815/https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10625IIED.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> City-planning in Karachi, therefore, is not locally directed but is instead controlled at the provincial level.

Each District Municipal Corporation regulate land-use in developed areas, while the Sindh Building Control Authority ensures that building construction is in accordance with building & town planning regulations. Cantonment areas, and the ] are administered and planned by the military.

==Municipal services==
===Water===

Municipal water supplies are managed by the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KW&SB), which supplies 640&nbsp;million gallons daily (MGD) to the city (excluding the city's steel mills and ]), of which 440 MGD are filtered/treated.<ref name="shehri.org-2018" /> Most of the supply comes from the ], and 90 MGD from the ].<ref name="shehri.org-2018" /> Karachi's water supply is transported to the city through a complex network of canals, conduits, and siphons, with the aid of pumping and filtration stations.<ref name="shehri.org-2018" /> 80% of Karachi households have access to piped water {{as of|2022|lc=y}},<ref name="SPDC"/> with private water tankers supplying much of the water required in informal settlements.<ref name="Pakistan Development Update-2016"/> 15% of residents in a 2022 survey rated their water supply as "bad" or "very bad", while 40% expressed concern at the stability of water supply.<ref name="SPDC"/> By 2022, an estimated 35,000 people were dying due to water-borne diseases annually.{{sfn|Yamini Narayanan|2015|p=165}}

The ''']''' is under development at a cost of $876&nbsp;million. It would connect ] to Karachi hence eradicating water scarcity in eastern and northern parts of the city. It is expected to supply 650&nbsp;million gallons daily of potable water to the city, the first phase 260&nbsp;million gallons upon completion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan to award Karachi water supply project to Frontier Works Organisation |url=http://www.water-technology.net/news/newspakistan-to-award-karachi-water-supply-project-to-frontier-works-organisation-4810766/ |access-date=29 November 2017 |agency=Water Technology |date=15 February 2016 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041215/http://www.water-technology.net/news/newspakistan-to-award-karachi-water-supply-project-to-frontier-works-organisation-4810766/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ist phase of K-IV project to be completed in June: Gov |url=http://nation.com.pk/22-Nov-2017/ist-phase-of-k-iv-project-to-be-completed-in-june-gov |access-date=29 November 2017 |work=The Nation |date=22 November 2017 |archive-date=28 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128205355/http://nation.com.pk/22-Nov-2017/ist-phase-of-k-iv-project-to-be-completed-in-june-gov |url-status=live }}</ref>

Desalination plants are also planned to be built on Arabian Sea coast on western side of Karachi in near future. These would resolve water scarcity issues in western parts of the city including SITE Area, Shershah and Orangi Town.

===Sanitation===

98% of Karachi's households are connected to the city's underground public sewerage system,<ref name="SPDC"/> largely operated by the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KW&SB). The KW&SB operates 150 pumping stations, 25 bulk reservoirs, over 10,000 kilometres of pipes, and 250,000 manholes.<ref name="shehri.org-2018" /> The city generates approximately 472&nbsp;million gallons daily (MGD) of sewage, of which 417 MGD are discharged without treatment.<ref name="shehri.org-2018" /> KW&SB has the optimum capacity to treat up to 150 MGD of sewage, but uses only about 50 MGD of this capacity.<ref name="shehri.org-2018" /> Three treatment plants are available, in ] (Gutter Baghicha), ], and Mauripur.<ref name="shehri.org-2018" /> 75% reported in 2022 that Karachi's drainage system overflows or backs up,<ref name="SPDC" /> the highest percentage of all major Pakistani cities.<ref name="SPDC" /> Parts of the city's drainage system overflow on average 2–7 times per month, flooding some city streets.<ref name="SPDC" />

Households in ] self-organized to set-up their own sewerage system under the ''']''',<ref name="sewer" /> a community service organization founded in 1980. 90% of Orangi streets are now connected to a sewer system built by local residents under the Orangi Pilot Project.<ref name="sewer" /> Residents of individual streets bear the cost of sewerage pipes, and provide volunteer labour to lay the pipe.<ref name="sewer" /> Residents also maintain the sewer pipes,<ref name="sewer" /> while the city municipal administration has built several primary and secondary pipes for the network.<ref name="sewer" /> As a result of OPP, 96% of Orangi residents have access to a latrine.<ref name="sewer" />

The Sindh Solid Waste Management Board (SSWMB) is responsible for the collection and disposal of solid waste, not only in Karachi but throughout the whole province. Karachi has the highest percentage of residents in Pakistan who report that their streets are never cleaned{{snd}}42% of residents in Karachi report their streets are never cleaned, compared to 10% of residents in ].<ref name="SPDC"/> Only 17% of Karachi residents reporting daily street cleaning, compared to 45%
in Lahore.<ref name="SPDC">{{cite web |url=http://www.spdc.org.pk/Data/Publication/PDF/AR2014-15.pdf |title=SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN ANNUAL REVIEW 2014–15 |year=2016 |publisher=SOCIAL POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE |access-date=28 November 2017 |archive-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405051228/https://www.spdc.org.pk/Data/Publication/PDF/AR2014-15.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> 69% of Karachi residents rely on private garbage collection services,<ref name="SPDC"/> with only 15% relying on municipal garbage collection services.<ref name="SPDC"/> 53% of Karachi residents in a 2022 survey reported that the state of their neighbourhood's cleanliness was either "bad" or "very bad".<ref name="SPDC"/> compared to 35% in ],<ref name="SPDC"/> and 16% in ].<ref name="SPDC"/>

===Electricity===
The one and only electricity providing company in Karachi is ]. It was government owned but was privatised in 2019. Government still has some shares. However ] is an Independent Power Producer (IPP) that owns few major powerplants.

Karachi mostly gets electricity from oil, gas and coal powerplants established either on western coastline or ] Industrial Zone. Most recently built coal powerplants were the 1320MW Port Qasim Powerplant and the 1320MW Hub Coal Powerplant. 3 Nuclear Powerplants on western coastline namely ] (K-1, K-2, K-3) also feed Karachi. ], a nearby town has Wind Powerplants of more than 1000MW. This capacity is going to increase in future expansions. Solar Parks are envisioned to be established on western coastline having a starting generation of 1000MW.

75% of Karachi receives uninterrupted power supply almost throughout the year. 25% areas including industrial areas suffer with up to 6 hours of ]s everyday due to energy generation deficit. Power outages increase further in Peak-summer and ] season (May to August). Many ]s and unregulated areas are not yet electrified hence they indulge in electricity theft which is locally called Kunda-System.

===Police, Ambulance, Firefighting===
Police is under the control of provincial government and city government has no authority over it. Ambulance is run by private hospitals or NGOs, the most famous of which are Edhi, Chhipa and JDC. Firefighting is under control of local government and has enough firefighters and vehicles to work quickly during fire.

==Education==

{{Main|Education in Karachi}}
]]]
] Karachi campus]]

===Districts literacy rate (10 years and above)===
According to 2023 Census of Pakistan, ''']''' is the most literate district among all the districts of Karachi and Sindh. Following is the literacy rate of 10 years and above population of the seven districts of Karachi:
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|- |-
!|Rank
! scope="col" | Club
!|District
! scope="col" | League
!|Literate Population % (2023 census)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_sindh_districts.pdf |title=TABLE 12 : LITERACY RATE, ENROLMENT AND OUT OF SCHOOL POPULATION BY SEX AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS-2023 |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date=27 December 2023 }}</ref>
! scope="col" | Sport
!|2017 census<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/census-2017-district-wise |title=District Wise Results (Census - 2017) |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |access-date=17 September 2022 |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709095008/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/census-2017-district-wise |url-status=live }}
! scope="col" | Venue
</ref>
! scope="col" | Established
!|Increase/Decrease
|- |-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | ] |style="text-align: left;"| 1
! ]
| ]
|style="text-align: Center;"| '''83.55%'''
| ]
|style="text-align: Center;"| 81.52%
| ]
|style="text-align: Center;"| '''↑'''
| 2004
|- |-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | ] |style="text-align: left;"| 2
! ]
| ]
|style="text-align: Center;"| 79.86%
| ]
|style="text-align: Center;"| 80.49%
| ]
|style="text-align: Center;"| '''↓'''
| 2004
|-
|style="text-align: left;"| 3
! ]
|style="text-align: Center;"| 78.57%
|style="text-align: Center;"| 77.79%
|style="text-align: Center;"| '''↑'''
|-
|style="text-align: left;"| 4
! ]
|style="text-align: Center;"| 80.07%
|style="text-align: Center;"| 75.96%
|style="text-align: Center;"| '''↑'''
|-
|style="text-align: left;"| 5
! ]
|style="text-align: Center;"| 67.43%
|style="text-align: Center;"| 65.61% <small>''(including ])''</small>
|style="text-align: Center;"| '''↑'''
|-
|style="text-align: left;"| 6
! ]
|style="text-align: Center;"| 62.07%
|style="text-align: Center;"| -
|style="text-align: Center;"| -
|-
|style="text-align: left;"| 7
! ]
|style="text-align: Center;"| 63.14%
|style="text-align: Center;"| 63.69%
|style="text-align: Center;"| '''↓'''
|- |-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | ]
| ]
| ]
| ]
| 1975
|} |}


===Primary and secondary===
==Education==
{{Main|Education in Karachi}}
{{See also|List of schools in Karachi|List of colleges in Karachi|List of universities in Karachi}}


{{See also|List of schools in Karachi}}
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header =
| header_align = left/right/center
| header_background =
| footer =
| footer_align = left/right/center
| footer_background =
| width = 200
| image1 = Bvs 608.jpg|thumb
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 = ]
| image2 =|thumb
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Aga Khan University Karachi, Pakistan
| image3 =|thumb
| width3 = 200
| alt3 =
| caption3 = ]
| image4 =Hindu Gymkhana Karachi.jpeg|thumb
| width4 = 200
| alt4 =
| caption4 = ]
| image5 = FAST-NU Karachi Thumb.jpg|thumb
| width = 200
| alt5 =
| caption5 = ]
| image6 = SSUET.jpg|thumb
| width = 200
| alt6 =
| caption6 = ]
}}


Education in Karachi is divided into five levels: primary (grades one through five); ] (grades six through eight); high (grades nine and ten, leading to the ]); ] (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate); and university programs leading to ] and ] degrees. Karachi has both public and private educational institutions. Most educational institutions are gender-based, from primary to university level. Karachi's primary education system is divided into five levels: primary (grades one through five); ] (grades six through eight); high (grades nine and ten, leading to the ]); ] (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate); and university programs leading to ] and ] degrees. Karachi has both public and private educational institutions. Most educational institutions are gender-based from primary to intermediate. Universities are mostly co-education.


Several of Karachi's schools, such as ], ] and ], are operated by Christian churches, and are among Pakistan's most prestigious schools.
] is the oldest school in Pakistan and has educated many Pakistani businessmen and politicians. The ] in Karachi, which opened in 1855, was the first government school established in Sindh. Other well-known schools include the PakTurk International schools and colleges (formed by association of Turkey and Pakistan) Hamdard Public School, Education Bay school located in Karachi (for higher education) Army Public School (C.O.D.), Karachi Public school, ], L'ecole for Advanced Studies, ], the ], Generation's School, ], Aga Khan Higher Secondary School, the Froebel Education Centre (FEC), The Paradise School and College, Grand Folk's English School, Cordoba School for A Levels (founded in 1902 by RJK), ], ] ], ], Civilizations Public School, The Oasys School, ], ], Ladybird Grammar School, ], ], ABC Public School, ], The Educators schools, ], ], Springfield School, ], ], ], St Jude's High School, ], ],Aisha Bawanay Academy, Karachi Gems School, Aga Khan School Kharadar, St Peter's High School, White House Grammar School<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whgs.edu.pk/ |title=White House Grammar School&nbsp;– Home |publisher=White House Grammar School |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> and Chiniot Islamia School, St Jude's High School.


===Higher===
At intermediate level or in Secondary Education there are many colleges in Karachi. The major segregation of colleges are based upon the specific field of Higher Education. In Karachi, Colleges can be classified as Science Colleges, Commerce Colleges and Arts Colleges. In the category of Science Colleges "Adamjee Govt. Science College"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agsc.webs.com/ |title=Home&nbsp;– Adamjee Government Science College |publisher=Adamjee Government Science College |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> is one of the leading and prestigious Intermediate Boys College. The College intakes student at secondary level in two science fields; Pre-Engineering and Pre-Medical. The students of Adamjee Science College successfully secure Top three distinguished positions each year in Pre-Engineering and Pre-Medical annual examinations conducted by local government Board of Intermediate Education Karachi.


{{See also|List of colleges in Karachi|List of universities in Karachi|List of medical schools in Karachi}}
The ], known as KU, is Pakistan's largest university, with a student population of 24,000 and one of the largest faculties in the world. It is located next to the ], the country's oldest engineering institute. NED University stands for Nadirshaw Edulji Dinshaw University of Engineering and Technology. The current name was given to this institution after receiving a huge donation of "Rs. 150,000 "<ref name="neduet.edu.pk">{{cite web|url=http://www.neduet.edu.pk/aboutus/index.html |title=Our University |publisher=NED University of Engineering and Technology |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> from Mr. Nadirshaw Edulji Dinshaw. Before this the name of this institution was "Prince of Wales Engineering College".<ref name="neduet.edu.pk"/> At the moment the University has seven faculties and imparting education in 25 different engineering technologies. NED University is the only university in Karachi which has such a huge infra-structure and fully developed laboratory facilities in all 25 engineering technologies.
] is one of Karachi's oldest universities and dates from 1887.]]
]


Karachi is home to several major public universities. Karachi's first public university's date from the ] era. The ] founded in 1885, was granted university status in 2012. Establishment of the Sindh Madressatul Islam was followed by the establishment of the ] in 1887, and the institution was granted university status in 2014. The ] (NED), was founded in 1921, and is Pakistan's oldest institution of higher learning. The ] was established in 1945, and is now one of Pakistan's top medical research institutions.
] (TIP) is a private university, which was established in 1994 with the co-operation of ] (APTMA).


In the private sector, the ] (NUCES-FAST), one of Pakistan's top universities in computer education, operates two campuses in Karachi. ] (SSUET) provides training in biomedical engineering, civil engineering, electronics engineering, telecom engineering and computer engineering. ], which opened in 1962, offers degree programmes in electronic engineering, chemical engineering, industrial engineering, materials engineering and architecture. ] (KIET) has two campuses in Karachi. The ], founded in 1951, is Pakistan's largest university with a student population of 24,000. The ] (IBA), founded in 1955, is the oldest business school outside of North America and Europe, and was set up with technical support from the ] and the ]. The ], which opened in 1962, offers degree programmes in petroleum, gas, chemical, and industrial engineering. The ] (PNEC), operated by the ], is associated with the ] (NUST) in Islamabad.


Karachi is also home to numerous private universities. The ], founded in 1983, is Karachi's oldest private educational institution, and is one of Pakistan's most prestigious medical schools. The ] was founded in 1989, and offers degree programmes in arts and architectural fields. ] is the largest private university in Pakistan with faculties including Eastern Medicine, Medical, Engineering, Pharmacy, and Law. The ] (NUCES-FAST), one of Pakistan's top universities in computer education, operates two campuses in Karachi. ] (BU) founded in 2000, is one of the major general institutions of Pakistan with their campuses in Karachi, Islamabad and Lahore offers degree programs in Management Sciences, Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Psychology. ] (SSUET) offers degree programmes in biomedical, electronics, telecom and computer engineering. ] (KIET) has two campuses in Karachi. The ] (SZABIST), founded in 1995 by former Prime Minister ], operates a campus in Karachi. Other names include:
The ] (PTC), located in Karachi's Korangi Industrial Area, is Pakistan's only educational institution providing training in the field of polymer engineering and plastics testing services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptc.org.pk/|title=Plastics Technology Centre|publisher=Ptc.org.pk|accessdate=6 May 2010}}</ref> The ] (IBA), founded in 1955, is the oldest business school outside of North America. The ] (SZABIST), founded in 1995 by ], is located in Karachi, with its other campuses in Islamabad, Larkana and Dubai. ] (PNEC) is a part of the ] (NUST), offering engineering programs, including electrical engineering and mechanical engineering.
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] (ICMAP)
* ] (CBM)


==Healthcare==
] (PMA), founded in 1962, is the only institution of its kind in the public sector training ] Cadets with a degree in Marine Engineering and in Ship Management. ] is the largest private university in Pakistan with faculties including Eastern Medicine, Medical, Engineering, Pharmacy, and Law. It has got Asia's second largest library called 'BAIT UL HIKMA'. ] is the first women university in Pakistan. Karachi is home of the head offices of the ] (ICAP) (established in 1961) and the ] (ICMAP). Among the many other institutions providing business education are the Greenwich University, ] (IU),] (IoBM), ], and the ]. Leading medical schools of Pakistan like the ] and the ] are situated in Karachi. ]<ref></ref> has a CISCO Network Academy as well as iCBT center for ETS Prometric and Pearsons VUE.


{{Main|List of hospitals in Karachi|Environment of Karachi}}
] has a purpose-built campus in Karachi. ] (MAJU) is a private university in Pakistan. The main campus is in Karachi; the other campus is in Islamabad. The College of Accounting and Management Sciences (CAMS) also has three branches in the city. Sindh Muslim Govt. Science College located at Saddar Town is the oldest college in Karachi. Hamdard University is an accredited private research university with multiple campuses in Karachi and Islamabad, Pakistan.
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200">
File:Aga Khan University .jpg|Aga Khan University's hospital
File:Lady Dufferin Hospital- Virabijee Katrak Maternity Wing.jpg|Lady Dufferin Hospital
</gallery>


Karachi is a centre of research in biomedicine with at least 30 public hospitals, 80 registered private hospitals and 12 recognized medical colleges,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Establishment of a Comprehensive Epilepsy Center in Pakistan: Initial Experiences, Results, and Reflections |first1=M. Zubair |last1=Tahir |first2=Zain A. |last2=Sobani |first3=S. A. |last3=Quadri |first4=S. Nizam |last4=Ahmed |first5=Mughis |last5=Sheerani |first6=Fowzia |last6=Siddiqui |first7=Warren W. |last7=Boling |first8=Syed Ather |last8=Enam |date=12 February 2012 |journal=Epilepsy Res Treat |volume=2012 |doi=10.1155/2012/547382 |pmid=22957232 |pmc=3420664 |pages=547382 |doi-access=free}}</ref> including the Indus Hospital, ], ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kihd.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506025000/http://www.kihd.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 May 2011 |title=Karachi Institute of Heart Diseases (KIHD) |website=kihd.org |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nicvd.org/ |title=National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases |website=nicvd.org |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531031825/http://nicvd.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chk.gov.pk/ |title=Civil Hospital Karachi |website=chk.gov.pk |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-date=30 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430162451/http://chk.gov.pk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ],{{sfn|Issues in National, Regional, and Environmental Health and Medicine|2013}} ],{{sfn|Endocrine System Diseases: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|2013}} ],{{sfn|Zohra Zaidi|S.W Lanigan|2010}} ], ], ],{{sfn|Mohammad Aslam Uqaili|Khanji Harijan|2011}} ]{{sfn|Helen Renaux|2011}} and ]. In 1995, Ziauddin Hospital was the site of Pakistan's first bone marrow transplant.{{sfn|Kenneth D. Miller|Miklos Simon|2015}}
] are among the Islamic schools in Karachi.


Karachi municipal authorities in 2017 launched a new early warning system that alerted city residents to a forecasted heatwave. Previous heatwaves had routinely claimed lives in the city, but implementation of the warning system was credited for no reported heat-related fatalities.<ref name="heatwave"/> During 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines were available in all major hospitals.
==Transportation==
{{Further|Richmond Crawford Veterinary Hospital}}
{{Main|Transport in Karachi}}
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header =
| header_align = left/right/center
| header_background =
| footer =
| footer_align = left/right/center
| footer_background =
| width = 200
| image1 =Karachi Transport Network.png
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Karachi Transport Network (click to enlarge)
| image2 =Karachi Cantt Train Railway Station.jpg|thumb
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
| caption2 = ]
| image3 =Karachi-Terminal-00138.JPG
| width3 = 200
| alt3 =
| caption3 = Front view of ]
| image4 =Karachi port and harbour aerial.jpg
| width4 = 200
| alt4 =
| caption4 = ]
| image5 =Mangroves port Qasim.jpg
| width5 = 200
| alt5 =
| caption5 = ]
| image6 =Malir bridge.jpg
| width6 = 200
| alt6 =
| caption6 = ]. The largest bridge in Pakistan (5,000 m)
| image7=Nagan Ch Karachi.jpg
| width7 = 200
| alt7 =
| caption7 = Nagan Bridge
| image8=Kemari Boat Basin @ Karachi.jpg
| width8 = 200
| alt8 =
| caption8 = Boat Harbour in Kemari
}}


==Entertainment, tourism and culture==
===Rapid transits===


{{Main|Culture of Karachi}}
* ''']'''
{{See also|Culture of Pakistan|Muhajir culture|Sindhi culture}}
] is operation in the city of Karachi since 1969. Metro train system is planned to be built in Karachi. Its name is ].


===Shopping malls===
* ''']'''
{{Main|Cinema in Karachi}}
* Karachi: Karachi BRT System is a Six Corridor Mass Transit Project whose studies started in 2008. The corridors include: 1. Surjani Town to Jama Cloth Market (21.1&nbsp;km) 2. Model Colony to Regal Chowk (24.4&nbsp;km) 3. Landhi to Luck Star Hotel (20.4&nbsp;km) 4. Baldia to Shershah via Hub River Road (9.7&nbsp;km) 5. Hwaksbay to Gulbai via Mauripur (11.8&nbsp;km) 6. Orangi to Board Office (3.9&nbsp;km). The plan to construct corridor 3 is in progress will be initiated this year (2013). Two Rail based Mass Transit Corridors are also present in the study. All these studies are prepared by JICA. These include: 1. 22.4&nbsp;km (14. 1&nbsp;km elevated) route from New Sabzi Mandi to Tower via M A Jinnah Road 2. 18.5&nbsp;km Elevated route from Nagan Chowrangi to Korangi via Rashid Minhas Road. The Project of ] will also be started this year (2013).
* Karachi Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA) has prepared a mass transit network for Karachi with 2030 vision suggesting 2 metro system lines and 6 RBT lines, besides ] KCR revitalisation programme. The first Green Line Corridor, will be laid from Surjani to Jamia Cloth Market(21&nbsp;km). The second Red Line Corridor will cover from Model Colony to Regal Chowk via Safoora Chowrangi (24.4&nbsp;km). The third Corridor will cover from Dawood Chowrangi to Numaish Chowrangi and Lucky Star via 8000 road Korangi and FTC (22&nbsp;km).JICA has also prepared feasibility study of two RBTS lines (Green line-Surjani to Jama Cloth market and red line-model colony to Regal Chowk via Safoora Goth, university road) and pre-facility of blue line from Sohrab Goth to tower.
* Karachi being Economic Engine of growth and over 18 million populated is facing tremendous growth in traffic at 7.2 percent annually, beside its disproportionate yearly growth of buses and other transport sources of 17 percent causing congestion and accidents and increasing in travelling time.This project consists of six Corridors in collaboration with JICA. The Basic Design Theme comes from the ], Columbia, Transmilenio Model. The work would have started in 2009, but due to budget constraits unavailability of feasibility report the work halted.
* Karachi: The fresh development was made to start BRTS "yellow line" as a Pilot Project in the city. According to KMC, BRTS will be a 22-km route from Dawood Chowrangi to Numaish Chowrangi and Lucky Star via 8000 road Korangi and FTC under public Private Partnership mode where daily rider-ship is about 0.7 million per day. The proposed RBTS would cater 13,000 passengers per hour per direction.


Karachi is home to Pakistan and South Asia's largest shopping mall, ] which hosts more than two hundred stores.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.lmkt.com/south-asias-largest-mall-lucky-one-selects-lmkt-to-deploy-gpon-solution/ |title=South Asia's largest mall, Lucky One selects LMKT to deploy GPON Solution – LMKT |date=18 January 2016 |work=LMKT |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808012831/https://www.lmkt.com/south-asias-largest-mall-lucky-one-selects-lmkt-to-deploy-gpon-solution/ |archive-date=8 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to TripAdvisor the city is also home to Pakistan's favorite shopping mall, ], ] which was also featured on ].<ref>{{Citation |last=Pak Property Mela |title=Dolmen Mall Karachi by CNN |date=16 December 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MyQjqj--Xo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/6MyQjqj--Xo |archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g293959-Activities-c26-Pakistan.html |title=THE BEST Shopping in Pakistan – TripAdvisor |website=tripadvisor.com |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116085422/https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g293959-Activities-c26-Pakistan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, another mega mall/entertainment complex named 'Mall of Karachi' situated at the bottom of Pakistan's tallest skyscraper ] will be opened.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/10/16/62-storey-bahria-town-icon-reaches-structural-completion/ |title=62-storey Bahria Town Icon reaches structural completion |website=Pakistan Today |date=16 October 2017 |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829110035/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/10/16/62-storey-bahria-town-icon-reaches-structural-completion/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bahriatown.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=405 |title=Bahria Town ICON – Bahria Town – Your Lifestyle Destination |last=toot |website=bahriatown.com |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116043315/http://www.bahriatown.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=405 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Road===
Due to a growing population traffic problems and pollution are major challenges for Karachi. The level of air pollution in Karachi is significantly higher than ] standards.<ref name="The state of ambient air quality in Pakistan—a review">{{cite news|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/f718jn535422j0wh/|title=The state of ambient air quality in Pakistan—a review|author=Ian Colbeck, Zaheer Ahmad Nasir and Zulfiqar Ali|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref> A number of new parks (e.g., ], ] and ]) have been developed and new trees are being planted in the city to improve the environment and reduce the pollution. The construction of new bridges/flyovers, underpasses and signal-free corridors (e.g., Corridor 1: S.I.T.E. to Shahrae Faisal, Corridor 2: North Karachi to Shahrae Faisal, Corridor 3: Safora Goth to Saddar) has improved the traffic flow in Karachi. The completion of Corridor 4 (from the airport to Metropole Hotel) is expected to substantially reduce the travel time to reach the city centre and airport. Another corridor Corridor 5 (Sohrab Goth to Gurumandir) is on its way to be completed.


===Museums and galleries===
The city which has been declared the world's largest city by population has no ] System.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Mohenjo-daro Priesterkönig.jpeg|The famous "Priest-King" statue of the ] is displayed at Karachi's ].
File:PK Karachi asv2020-02 img17 Mohatta Palace.jpg|Built as a home for a wealthy Hindu businessman, the ] is now a museum open to the public.
</gallery>
Major landmarks in Karachi include several important museums. The ] and ] exhibit a rich collection of artwork, while the city boasts several private art galleries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theculturetrip.com/asia/pakistan/articles/10-stunning-contemporary-art-galleries-in-karachi-pakistan/ |title=10 Stunning Contemporary Art Galleries in Karachi, Pakistan |website=The Culture Trip |date=26 March 2014 |access-date=18 December 2015 |archive-date=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221031837/http://theculturetrip.com/asia/pakistan/articles/10-stunning-contemporary-art-galleries-in-karachi-pakistan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, Karachi features the ], the ] and the country's first interactive science centre, the ].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Azam |first1=Oonib |title=A praiseworthy endeavour to foster children's interest in science |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/900358-a-praiseworthy-endeavour-to-foster-children-s-interest-in-science |website=Dawn (newspaper) |access-date=15 April 2022 |date=15 October 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410123157/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/900358-a-praiseworthy-endeavour-to-foster-children-s-interest-in-science |url-status=live }}</ref> ], the birthplace of Pakistan's founder ] has also been preserved as a museum open to the public. ], the residence of ]'s residence, also serves as a museum showcasing his furniture and other belongings. Other museums include ] and the ].


===Theatre and cinema===
] is a highway under construction along the ] in Karachi, ], Pakistan. ]'s North bound section is under construction, While the South bound corridor is now completed and it was inaugurated for traffic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakistaniat.com/2008/02/11/lyari-expressway-south-bound-inaugurated/ |title=Lyari Expressway (South Bound) Inaugurated : ALL THINGS PAKISTAN |publisher=Pakistaniat.com |date= |accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref> This toll highway is designed to relieve congestion in the city of Karachi.


Karachi is home to some of Pakistan's important cultural institutions. The ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.napa.org.pk/ |title=Welcome to National Academy of Performing Arts |publisher=National Academy of Performing Arts |access-date=17 April 2006 |archive-date=11 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411143725/http://napa.org.pk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> located in the former ], offers diploma courses in performing arts including classical music and contemporary theatre. Karachi is home to groups such as Thespianz Theater, a professional youth-based, non-profit performing arts group, which works on theatre and arts activities in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakistanbusinessjournal.com/b2b-directory/thespianz-theater_95750.html |title=Thespianz Theater |website=Pakistan Business Journal |access-date=18 December 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222151516/http://www.pakistanbusinessjournal.com/b2b-directory/thespianz-theater_95750.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1134478 |title=Thespianz Theater brings string puppetry to PACC |department=Entertainment Desk |website=Dawn |date=26 September 2014 |access-date=18 December 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222133322/http://www.dawn.com/news/1134478 |url-status=live }}</ref>
] (M10) begins north of Karachi at the end of ], near the junction of the ]. It then continues north for a few kilometres before turning west, where it forms an interchange with the ]. After this interchange it eventually turns south back towards Karachi and merges onto the KPT Flyover at ].


Though ] was considered to be home of Pakistan's film industry, Karachi is home to Urdu cinema and ] annually showcases independent Pakistani and international films and documentaries.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/951275/karawood-film-festival-to-kick-start-september-7/ |title=Karawood film festival to kick start September 7 |work=] |access-date=18 December 2015 |date=5 September 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222114330/http://tribune.com.pk/story/951275/karawood-film-festival-to-kick-start-september-7/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Rail===
Karachi is linked by rail to the rest of the country by ]. The ] and ] are the city's two major railway stations. The railway system handles freight to and from the Karachi port and provides passenger services to people travelling up country. A project to transform the existing, but non-operational, ] into a modern mass transit system had been approved by the government but has been delayed to 2013 due to lack of funds. The $1.6 billion project will be financed by the ] and will be completed by 2013.


Bambino Cinema, Capri Cinema, Cinepax Cinema, Cinegold Plex Cinema (Bahria Town), Mega Multiplex Cinema (Millennium Mall), Nueplex Cinema (Askari-4), Atrium Mall Cinema (Sadar) are some of the most popular cinemas in Karachi.
The city has an international rail link, the ]. The train links Karachi Cantonment Station with Bhagat Ki Kothi station in ], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geo.tv/12-4-2010/75294.htm |title=Thar Express escapes blast near Karachi |publisher=GEO.tv |date=4 December 2010 |accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref>


===Air=== ===Music===
The ] in Karachi is the largest and busiest airport of Pakistan. It handles 10 million ]s a year. The airport receives the largest number of foreign airlines in the country, a total of 35 airlines and cargo operators fly to Jinnah International predominantly from the Middle East and Southeast Asia. All of Pakistan's airlines use Karachi as their primary ] including PIA&nbsp;– ],<ref>http://piac.aero</ref> ] and ]. The city's old ]s are now used for ] flights, offices, cargo facilities, and ceremonial visits from ]. US Coalition forces used the old terminals for their ] supply operations as well. The city has two other ]s, used primarily by the armed forces.


The ], linked to the 45-year-old similar institution in ], has been holding its annual music festival since its inception in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apmc.info/ |title=All Pakistan Music Conference &#124; Established in 1959 |publisher=All Pakistan Music Conference |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040205022516/http://apmc.info/ |archive-date=5 February 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The National Arts Council (''Koocha-e-Saqafat'') has musical performances and ].
===Sea===
The largest shipping ports in Pakistan are the ] and the nearby ]. These seaports have modern facilities and not only handle trade for Pakistan, but serve as ports for Afghanistan and the landlocked Central Asian countries. Plans have been announced for new passenger facilities at the Port of Karachi.<ref name="projects">{{cite web|url=http://www.kpt.gov.pk/Projects/Proj.html|title=Projects|publisher=Karachi Port Trust|accessdate=19 November 2007}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref> Recently Port Qasim Authority (PQA) has announced that an implementation agreement is being signed for the development of a 'pollution free' Coal, Cement and Clinker Terminal (CCCT) worth $175 million with a handling capacity of up to eight million tons per year at port. This step would save the environment from irreparable damages and the health of the port workforce and nearby populations from serious respiratory diseases which would have been a serious threat if the powdery coal was handled in open/bulk on berths at port.<ref name="Environment">{{cite news|url=http://www.brecorder.com/index.php?id=946354/ |title=News &#124; Business News &#124; Current News &#124; Latest World News &#124; Current World News &#124; Pakistan News |publisher=Brecorder.com |date= |accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>


==Media== ==Social issues==
===Crime & Lawlessness===
]
{{Main|Cinema in Karachi|List of television stations in Pakistan|List of magazines in Pakistan}}
Many of Pakistan's private television and radio channels are based in Karachi, including ], ], Awaz TV, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] (KTN) and ], Dharti TV as well as several local stations; local channels include ]. It also has Islamic channels ] and ].


Sometimes stated to be amongst the world's most dangerous cities,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Taimur |title=Cooking in Karachi |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/09/03/cooking-in-karachi/ |access-date=6 December 2016 |date=9 September 2013 |archive-date=16 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216224650/http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/09/03/cooking-in-karachi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the extent of violent crime in Karachi is not as significant in magnitude as compared to other cities.<ref name="Jaffrelot-2015">{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-061330-3 |pages=672}}</ref> According to the Numbeo Crime Index 2014, Karachi was the 6th most dangerous city in the world. By the middle of 2016, Karachi's rank had dropped to 31 following the launch of anti-crime operations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan is winning its war on terror |url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/pakistan-is-winning-its-war-on-terror/ |access-date=3 January 2017 |work=] |date=31 December 2016 |quote=Just three years ago, according to the Numbeo international crime index, Karachi was the sixth most dangerous city in the world. Today it stands at number 31 – and falling. |archive-date=2 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102063657/http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/pakistan-is-winning-its-war-on-terror/? |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2018, Karachi's ranking has dropped to 50.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/headline/karachi-improves-ranking-on-international-crime-and-safety-index-2018/ |title=Karachi, the 6th most dangerous city in the world previously, has jumped to 50th place |work=Daily Pakistan Global |access-date=13 February 2018 |archive-date=13 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213080630/https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/headline/karachi-improves-ranking-on-international-crime-and-safety-index-2018/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, Karachi's ranking fell to 115. In 2022, the ranking fell further to 128th place, ranking Karachi safer than regional cities such as ] (56th place), Delhi (90th place), and ] (122nd place).<ref>{{Cite web |department=News Desk |date=27 April 2021 |title=Karachi ranks 115 in global crime ranking after improved security situation |url=https://pakobserver.net/karachi-ranks-115-in-global-crime-ranking-after-improved-security-situation/ |access-date=2 May 2021 |website=Pakistan Observer |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502214935/https://pakobserver.net/karachi-ranks-115-in-global-crime-ranking-after-improved-security-situation/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Pakistan's news television networks are based in Karachi, including ], ], ] and ]. ] and ] are the main music television channels, and ] and ] are the main business television channels based in the city.


The city's large population results in high numbers of homicides with a moderate homicide rate.<ref name="Jaffrelot-2015" /> Karachi's homicide rates are lower than many Latin American cities,<ref name="Jaffrelot-2015" /> and in 2015 was 12.5 per 100,000<ref>{{cite news |title=Karachi world's 'most dangerous megacity': Report |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Karachi-worlds-most-dangerous-megacity-Report/articleshow/22437484.cms |access-date=6 December 2016 |work=The Times of India |date=9 September 2013 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323121057/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Karachi-worlds-most-dangerous-megacity-Report/articleshow/22437484.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>{{snd}}lower than the homicide rate of several American cities such as ] and ].<ref name="businessinsider.com">{{cite news |title=The 50 most violent cities in the world |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/most-violent-cities-in-the-world-2016-1/#10-cali-colombia-had-6427-homicides-per-100000-residents-41 |access-date=6 December 2016 |work=Business Insider |date=26 January 2016 |archive-date=2 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202212612/http://www.businessinsider.com/most-violent-cities-in-the-world-2016-1/#10-cali-colombia-had-6427-homicides-per-100000-residents-41 |url-status=live }}</ref> The homicide rates in some Latin American cities such as ], ] and ], Mexico are in excess of 100 per 100,000 residents,<ref name="businessinsider.com" /> many times greater than Karachi's homicide rate. In 2016, the number of murders in Karachi had dropped to 471, which had dropped further to 381 in 2017.<ref name="The Frontier Post-2018">{{Cite news |url=https://thefrontierpost.com/karachi-killing-extortion-decreased-2017/ |title=Karachi: Killing, extortion decreased in 2017 – The Frontier Post |date=2 January 2018 |work=The Frontier Post |access-date=8 March 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308103624/https://thefrontierpost.com/karachi-killing-extortion-decreased-2017/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Newspapers===
The bulk of Pakistan's periodical publishing industry is centred in Karachi, including magazines such as '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and ''The Internet''.


In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Karachi was rocked by political conflict while crime rates drastically increased with the arrival of weaponry from the ].<ref name="violentEnd" /> Several of Karachi's criminal mafias became powerful during a period in the 1990s described as "the rule of the mafias."{{sfn|Marcello Balbo|2005|p=181}} Major mafias active in the city included land mafia, water tanker mafia, transport mafia and a sand and gravel mafia.{{sfn|Newsline|2006}}{{sfn|Marcello Balbo|2005|p=181}}{{sfn|Mohammad Shahid Alam|1996|p=49}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1035362/fair-warning-kwsb-installations-at-risk-due-to-heavy-excavation-in-malir-river/ |title=Fair warning: KWSB installations at risk due to heavy excavation in Malir River |date=28 January 2016 |website=The Express Tribune |access-date=15 March 2016 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316092841/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1035362/fair-warning-kwsb-installations-at-risk-due-to-heavy-excavation-in-malir-river/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Karachi's highest death rates occurred in the mid-1990s. In 1995, 1,742 killings were recorded, with a maximum of 15 killings in a single day.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karachi target killings, highest in 15 years |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/69491/karachi-target-killings-highest-in-15-years/ |access-date=6 December 2016 |agency=The Express Tirbune |date=29 October 2010 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084222/http://tribune.com.pk/story/69491/karachi-target-killings-highest-in-15-years/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>See Demographics section above.</ref>
Major advertising companies including Interflow Communications, and Orient McCann Erickson have their head offices in Karachi.


====Karachi Operation by Pakistan Rangers====
==Health and medicine==
{{Main|List of hospitals in Karachi}}
Karachi is a centre of research in biomedicine with at least 30 public hospitals and more than 80 private hospitals, including the ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. Medical schools include the ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].


Karachi had become widely known for its high rates of violent crime, but rates sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM political party, and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the ].<ref name="New York TImes" /> In 2015, 1,040 Karachiites were killed in either acts of ] or other crime{{snd}}an almost 50% decrease from the 2,023 killed in 2014,<ref>{{cite news |title=In 2015, Karachi the most violent region of Pakistan |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/85793-In-2015-Karachi-the-most-violent-region-of-Pakistan |access-date=6 December 2016 |work=The News (Pakistan) |date=2 January 2016 |quote=With 1,040 deaths{{snd}}down from 2,023 in 2014{{snd}}recorded in Karachi this past year, the metropolis saw{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220092923/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/85793-In-2015-Karachi-the-most-violent-region-of-Pakistan |url-status=live }}</ref> and an almost 70% decrease from the 3,251 recorded killed in 2013{{snd}}the highest ever recorded number in Karachi history.<ref>{{cite news |title=Death toll rises: Over 3,200 killings in Karachi make 2013 deadliest year so far |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/660098/death-toll-rises-over-3200-killings-in-karachi-make-2013-deadliest-year-so-far/ |access-date=6 December 2016 |work=The Tribune |date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084048/http://tribune.com.pk/story/660098/death-toll-rises-over-3200-killings-in-karachi-make-2013-deadliest-year-so-far/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Violent crime like target killings, kidnappings for ransom or extortion, burning or torturing to death, drugs and weapons smuggling decreased sharply after 2015. Street crime still remains high like snatching of cash, phones, motorcycles and cars on gunpoint.<ref>{{cite news |title=52,552 Karachiites fell victim to street crime in 2016 |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1244433/frightening-situation-52552-karachiites-fell-victim-street-crime-2016/ |access-date=6 December 2016 |work=The Express Tribune |archive-date=29 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129045026/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1244433/frightening-situation-52552-karachiites-fell-victim-street-crime-2016/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Gallery==

<center>
With 650 ]s in 2015, Karachi's homicide rate decreased by 75% compared to 2013.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-realestate-idUSL8N15Q2GU |title=Karachi property prices soar after Pakistan crime crackdown |date=29 February 2016 |access-date=22 October 2016 |work=Reuters |quote=Recorded murders in Karachi fell to 650 last year, a 75 percent drop from 2013, while registered extortion was down 80 percent and kidnapping by nearly 90 percent, according to the CPLC, which collates official police data. |archive-date=22 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022215317/http://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-realestate-idUSL8N15Q2GU |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, the number of homicides had dropped further to 381.<ref name="The Frontier Post-2018"/> Extortion crimes decreased by 80% between 2013 and 2015, while kidnappings decreased by 90% during the same period.<ref name="Reuters" /> By 2016, the city registered a total of 21 cases of kidnap for ransom.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karachi witnesses significant decrease in target killing, extortion cases in 2016 |url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Crime/368050-Karachi-witnesses-significant-decrease-in-target-k |access-date=30 November 2017 |publisher=Dunya TV |date=31 December 2016 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222063156/http://dunyanews.tv/en/Crime/368050-Karachi-witnesses-significant-decrease-in-target-k |url-status=live }}</ref> Terrorist incidents dropped by 98% between 2012 and 2017, according to Pakistan's Interior Ministry.<ref>{{cite news |title=98pc drop in terrorism in Karachi, NAP implementation report shows |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/135955398pc |access-date=1 December 2017 |work=Dawn |date=23 September 2017}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As a result of the Karachi's improved security environment, real-estate prices in Karachi rose sharply after 2015,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-realestate-idUSL8N15Q2GU |title=Karachi property prices soar after Pakistan crime crackdown |date=29 February 2016 |access-date=22 October 2016 |work=Reuters |quote=Karachi property prices jumped 23 percent last year to a record high, outpacing other large cities and the national average of 10 percent, data from property website Zameen.com showed. |archive-date=22 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022215317/http://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-realestate-idUSL8N15Q2GU |url-status=live }}</ref> with a rise in business for upmarket restaurants and cafés.<ref>{{cite news |title=Despite rising economy, Pakistan still hampered by image problem leftright 4/4leftright |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-economy-idUSKCN0Z50XQ |access-date=5 December 2016 |work=Reuters |date=19 June 2016 |quote=A crime crackdown in Karachi, Pakistan's financial hub of 20 million people, has helped spur a real estate boom and new, upmarket seaside restaurants and cafés are overflowing. |archive-date=26 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826024938/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-economy-idUSKCN0Z50XQ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<gallery>

File:Port-Grand-Karachi-03.jpg|Fountain at Port Grand Complex
===Ethnic & Linguistic conflict===
File:Port Grand 01.JPG|Port Grand Food Street

File:Park in Shadman Town, Karachi.jpg| Park in Shadman Town
Insufficient affordable housing infrastructure to absorb growth has resulted in the city's diverse migrant populations being largely confined to ethnically homogeneous neighbourhoods.<ref name="Pakistan Development Update-2016"/> The 1970s saw major ] industrial estates. Violence originated in the city's university campuses, and spread into the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gayer |first1=Laurent |title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-023806-3 |page=74<!-- |pages=256-->}}</ref> Conflict was especially sharp between ] and ethnic ], ], and ]. The party and its vast network of supporters were targeted by Pakistani security forces as part of the controversial ] in 1992, as part of an effort to restore peace in the city that lasted until 1994. The ethnic conflicts kept going between linguistic groups till late 2010s and are no more extreme.
File:Chaukundi1.JPG|]

File:Karachi Mandir.jpg|]
===Poor infrastructure===
File:Bagh-e-Qasim Karachi.jpg|] on ] at midnight.

File:IICROAD.jpg|]
Urban planning and service delivery have not kept pace with Karachi's growth, resulting in the city's low ranking on livability rankings.<ref name="Pakistan Development Update-2016"/> The city has no cohesive transportation policy and inadequate transport, though up to 1,000 new vehicles are added daily to the city's congested streets.<ref name="Pakistan Development Update-2016"/> Roads and streets are broken at many places but are not repaired in timely manner.
File:The Two Swords (Do Talwaar) monument in Karachi.jpg|The Do Talwaar (Two Swords) monument

File:Korangi Road Karachi.jpg|]
Unable to provide housing to large numbers of refugees shortly after independence, Karachi's authorities first issued "slips" to refugees beginning in 1950 –
File:FishingshipsatKarachiHarbour.JPG|Fishing boats at the ]
which allowed refugees to settle on any vacant land.<ref name=sewer>{{cite news |title=Fed up with no sewers, Pakistan's slum residents go DIY |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-slums-pakistan-sewage/fed-up-with-no-sewers-pakistans-slum-residents-go-diy-idUSKCN12D1PK |access-date=29 November 2017 |work=Reuters |date=October 2016 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043112/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-slums-pakistan-sewage/fed-up-with-no-sewers-pakistans-slum-residents-go-diy-idUSKCN12D1PK |url-status=live }}</ref> Such ] are known as ]s. Approximately half of Karachi's residents still live in these unplanned communities which have limited paved roads and limited utilities.<ref name="Pakistan Development Update-2016"/>
File:Clifton beach karachi.jpg|]

File:STS087-715-70.JPG|Karachi from space
===Pollution===
File:Karachi Streetshots.jpg|Street in Karachi
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}
File:Manora Beach 1100641.JPG|Manora Beach
]
</gallery>
Air quality index is one of the worst in the world. Due to desert terrain, there is plenty of dust throughout the year except for rainy season. Vehicles and industries also contribute to air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. There is a lot of noise pollution due to traffic. Land pollution is due to solid trash not disposed to dedicated dumping sites.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2023 |title=Pakistan's Karachi is world's 3rd most polluted city. Officials' solution: Masks |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pakistans-karachi-is-worlds-3rd-most-polluted-city-officials-solution-masks-101701187764172.html |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129071809/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pakistans-karachi-is-worlds-3rd-most-polluted-city-officials-solution-masks-101701187764172.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Lastly there is water pollution in Lyari and Malir rivers as gutters directly open into these rivers. These rivers than directly go into Arabian sea untreated. So sewerage and industrial wastewater is directly being thrown into Indian Ocean hence polluting it and destroying marine life under the sea. 3 waste water treatment plants exist but are all dysfunctional.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2021 |title=Govt to revive Karachi's three sewage treatment plants |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2304449/govt-to-revive-karachis-three-sewage-treatment-plants |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=The Express Tribune |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529151956/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2304449/govt-to-revive-karachis-three-sewage-treatment-plants |url-status=live }}</ref>
</center>

Karachi's sewage system is overwhelmed and in disrepair, and sewage commonly gets into the city's water lines.<!-- Pappas 2011, p. 787 --> Thousands of hospitalisations each year are attributed to sewage contamination in Karachi's drinking water, and there are annual ] outbreaks in the city.<!-- Pappas 2011, p. 787 --> As of 2011, half of all middle-class children in Karachi have ] attributed to poor water quality.<!-- Pappas 2011, p. 787 --><ref name="Pappas 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Pappas |first1=Gregory |title=Pakistan and Water: New Pressures on Global Security and Human Health |journal=] |date=2011 |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=786–8 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2010.300009 |pmid=21421956 |pmc=3076420 }}</ref>{{rp|787}}

===Urban flooding in monsoon season===
Size of Drainage system and storm water drains (locally known as Naalahs) in the city is not enough to handle the heavy rainfalls of monsoon. The drainage system and storm water drains are also filled with solid trash. When water finds no path, it enters streets, roads, underpasses and even houses during rainfall in July and August of every year. Major Naalahs like Orangi Naalah, Gujjar Naalah, Mehmoodabad Naalah are cleaned every year by government but are polluted by people the next day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilyas |first=Faiza |date=8 July 2018 |title=Encroached drains, poor waste management put Karachi at risk of urban flooding |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1418576 |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=DAWN.COM |archive-date=8 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708062341/https://www.dawn.com/news/1418576 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Flooding hinders connectivity of different areas of the city specially Landhi and Korangi. Floods have caused drown or electric shocks related deaths as well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2023 |title=Karachi underwater |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2426524/karachi-underwater?amp=1 |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=The Express Tribune |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716153950/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2426524/karachi-underwater?amp=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{See also|Pakistani architecture|List of tallest buildings in Karachi}}
Karachi has a collection of buildings and structures of varied ]s. The downtown districts of ] and ] contain early 20th-century architecture, ranging in style from the ] ] building to the ] Building. Karachi acquired its first neo-Gothic or Indo-Gothic buildings when ], ] and ] were completed. The ] architectural style was introduced in the ] and the ]. ] was popular in the 19th century and was the architectural style for St. Joseph's Convent (1870) and the ] (1883).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historickarachi.com/heritage_revisited.htm |title=Heritage Revisited |publisher=Historickarachi.com |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822124715/http://www.historickarachi.com/heritage_revisited.htm |archive-date=22 August 2008}}</ref> The classical style made a comeback in the late 19th century, as seen in ] (1898)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historickarachi.com/public_arch_5.htm |title=Public Arch 5 |publisher=Historickarachi.com |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024103906/http://www.historickarachi.com/public_arch_5.htm |archive-date=24 October 2007}}</ref> and the ]. While ] buildings remained popular, an eclectic blend termed ] or Anglo-Mughal began to emerge in some locations.{{sfn|Laurent Gayer|2014|pp=34}}
The local mercantile community began acquiring impressive structures. Zaibunnisa Street in the ] area (known as Elphinstone Street in British days) is an example where the mercantile groups adopted the ] and ] style to demonstrate their familiarity with Western culture and their own. The ] (1925) and ] are examples of Mughal revival buildings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historickarachi.com/public_arch_1.htm |title=Public Architecture |publisher=Historickarachi.com |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174246/http://www.historickarachi.com/public_arch_1.htm |archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref> The Sindh Wildlife Conservation Building, located in Saddar, served as a Freemasonic Lodge until it was taken over by the government. There are talks of it being taken away from this custody and being renovated and the Lodge being preserved with its original woodwork and ornate wooden staircase.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\09\30\story_30-9-2008_pg12_9 |title=Culture department takes notice of Freemason Lodge Building |website=Daily Times |access-date=16 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805231747/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C09%5C30%5Cstory_30-9-2008_pg12_9 |archive-date=5 August 2011}}</ref>

] is one of the prime examples of Architectural conservation and restoration where an entire ] from ] area of Karachi has been relocated to Clifton for adaptive reuse in an art school. The procedure involved the careful removal of each piece of timber and stone, stacked temporarily, loaded on the trucks for transportation to the Clifton site, unloaded and re-arranged according to a given layout, stone by stone, piece by piece, and completed within three months.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indusvalley.edu.pk/nusserwanjeehistory.html |title=Nusserwanjee Building (Relocation) Project |website=Daily Times |access-date=26 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126022502/http://www.indusvalley.edu.pk/nusserwanjeehistory.html |archive-date=26 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Architecturally distinctive, even eccentric, buildings have sprung up throughout Karachi. Notable example of contemporary architecture include the ] Headquarters building. The city has examples of modern ], including the ] hospital, ], ], Faran Mosque, ], Quaid's Mausoleum, and the ]. One of the unique cultural elements of Karachi is that the residences, which are two- or three-story ]s, are built with the front yard protected by a high brick wall. ] features a range of tall buildings. The most prominent examples include the ], UBL Tower, PRC Towers, PNSC Building and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcb.com.pk/mcb/mcb_tower.asp |title=MCB Tower, the tallest skyscraper of Karachi |publisher=Mcb.com.pk |access-date=6 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504064133/http://www.mcb.com.pk/mcb/mcb_tower.asp |archive-date=4 May 2009}}</ref> Newer skyscrapers are being built in Clifton. At least 50 150m+ buildings were underconstruction in 2022.

==Sports==

{{Main|List of sports venues in Karachi}}
]
] in Karachi]]

===Cricket===
]'s history in Pakistan predates the creation of the country in 1947. The first ever international cricket match in Karachi was held on 22 November 1935 between ] and Australian cricket teams. The match was seen by 5,000 Karachiites.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143852/https://www.smh.com.au/ |date=26 December 2018 }}. ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', 23 November 1935</ref> Karachi is also the place that innovated ], a safer and more affordable alternative to cricket.<ref>{{Citation |last=Guardian Sport |title=Have you heard of Tape Ball cricket? |date=19 July 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sV4fmG9-hlo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/sV4fmG9-hlo |archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=23 July 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The inaugural first-class match at the National Stadium was played between Pakistan and India on 26 February 1955 and since then Pakistani national cricket team has won 20 of the 41 ] played at the National Stadium.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/22/1506_t.html |title=Test matches played on National Stadium, Karachi |publisher=Cricket Archive |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-date=4 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804214224/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/22/1506_t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The first ] at the National Stadium was against the West Indies on 21 November 1980, with the match going to the last ball.

The national team has been less successful in such limited-overs matches at the ground, including a five-year stint between 1996 and 2001, when they failed to win any matches. The city has been host to a number of domestic cricket teams including Karachi,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/846/First-Class_Matches.html |title=First-Class matches played by Karachi |publisher=Cricket Archive |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-date=4 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804214105/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/846/First-Class_Matches.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Karachi Blues,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/444/First-Class_Matches.html |title=First-Class matches played by Karachi Blues |publisher=Cricket Archive |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-date=4 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804214006/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/444/First-Class_Matches.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Karachi Greens,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/446/First-Class_Matches.html |title=First-Class matches played by Karachi Greens |publisher=Cricket Archive |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-date=4 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804214125/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/446/First-Class_Matches.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and Karachi Whites.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/445/First-Class_Matches.html |title=First-Class matches played by Karachi Whites |publisher=Cricket Archive |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-date=4 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804213759/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/445/First-Class_Matches.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The National Stadium hosted two group matches (Pakistan v. South Africa on 29 February and Pakistan v. England on 3{{nbsp}}March), and a quarter-final match (South Africa v. West Indies on 11 March) during the ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/series/60981.html?template=fixtures |title=Fixtures |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-date=8 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408071144/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/60981.html?template=fixtures |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rafi Cricket Stadium under construction in Bahria Town would soon become the largest cricket stadium in Karachi with a capacity of 50,000+ spectators.

=== Football ===
] against ] from the ] at the ] in 1968.]]], a neighbourhood in Karachi, holds an important place in Pakistan's ] landscape due to its historical and cultural ties to the sport. Dating back several decades, Lyari has been a consistent source of football talent, contributing significantly to the national sports scene.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hasan |first=Shazia |date=2023-03-05 |title=REVIVING FOOTBALL IN LYARI |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1740465 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804201358/https://www.dawn.com/news/1740465 |archive-date=4 August 2023 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=In Pictures: Lyari trades guns for football |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2014/7/10/in-pictures-lyari-trades-guns-for-football |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602090942/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2014/7/10/in-pictures-lyari-trades-guns-for-football/ |archive-date=2 June 2024 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> One notable aspect is the nickname "Little Brazil" often associated with Lyari.<ref name="arab.news">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-24 |title=In Pakistan's 'Mini Brazil,' football fever runs late into the night during Ramadan |url=https://arab.news/23ya6 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite press release |date=2023-10-16 |title=Lyari kids impress at 'Inclusion in Football Tournament' |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40268242 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126081215/https://www.brecorder.com/news/40268242 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Brecorder |language=en}}</ref>

In its early years, football in Pakistan was mainly concentrated to Balochistan and the locality of Lyari,<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Rising Popularity of Football in Pakistan Reflects Growing Interest in the Sport |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/1204028/rising-popularity-of-football-in-pakistan-reflects-growing-interest-in-the-sport/ |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US}}</ref> from where majority of players of the ] were recruited mainly in the 1960s, which is often regarded as the early ] of Pakistani football.<ref name=":123">{{Cite web |last=Ahsan |first=Ali |date=2010-12-23 |title=A history of football in Pakistan — Part I |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/593095/a-history-of-football-in-pakistan-part-i |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Ahsan |first=Ali |date=2010-12-23 |title=A history of football in Pakistan — Part II |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/593096/a-history-of-football-in-pakistan-part-ii |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> Notable players during this period include ], nicknamed the "Pakistani ]" and "Black Pearl of Pakistan",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raheel |first=Natasha |date=2012-09-08 |title=Pakistani Pele was a 'football encyclopaedia' |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/433130/pakistani-pele-was-a-football-encyclopaedia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708022827/https://tribune.com.pk/story/433130/pakistani-pele-was-a-football-encyclopaedia/ |archive-date=8 July 2018 |access-date=2018-07-07 |work=] |language=en-US}}</ref> ], ], ], ], ], among others.<ref name=":123" /><ref name=":22" /> The Kakri Ground and ], which is one of the major football stadiums in the country are located in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-10 |title=Promoting or destroying football in Lyari? |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1774966 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> In 2005, the city hosted the ] at the Peoples Football Stadium, as well as the ] in 2007, which attracted capacity crowds during the games.

===Other sports===
When it comes to sports Karachi has a distinction, because some sources cite that it was in 1877 at Karachi in (British) India, where the first attempt was made to form a set of rules of badminton<ref>{{cite book |title=Better Badminton for All |url=https://archive.org/details/betterbadmintonf0000unse |url-access=registration |last=Downey |first=Jake |page= |year=2003 |publisher=Pelham Books |isbn=978-0-7207-0228-6}}</ref> and likely place is said to be Frere Hall.

Karachi has hosted seven editions of the National Games of Pakistan, most recently in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Postal Code Karachi |url=https://hostrings.com/all-karachi-postal-code-zip-code-area-code/ |website=Karachi Postal Code List |date=8 December 2023 |publisher=] (which owns "Hostrings.com") |access-date=8 December 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208194837/https://hostrings.com/all-karachi-postal-code-zip-code-area-code/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The popularity of golf is increasing, with clubs in Karachi like Dreamworld Resort, Bahria Town Golf Club, Hotel & Golf Club, Arabian Sea Country Club, DA Country & Golf Club. The city has facilities for ] (], UBL Hockey Ground), ] (KPT Sports Complex), ] (] Squash Complex), and ]. There are marinas and boating clubs. ] is ] venue and Multi-purpose sports facility in Karachi.

;Professional teams of Karachi
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Club
! scope="col" |League
! scope="col" |Sport
! scope="col" |Venue
! scope="col" |Established
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" |]
|]
|]
|]
|2015
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" |]
|]
|]
|]
|2023
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" |]
|]/]
|]
|]
|2023
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" |]
|]/]
|]
|]
|2004
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" |]
|]
|]
|]
|1996
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" |]
|]
|]
|N/A
|2002
|}

== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of people from Karachi}}

== Twin towns and sister cities ==
{{Main|List of twin towns and sister cities in Pakistan}}
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*{{flagicon|IRN}} ], Iran<ref>{{cite web |title=Here are the TWIN Sisters of Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Multan, and other Pakistani cities, from across the globe |url=https://blog.siasat.pk/here-are-the-twin-sisters-of-karachi-lahore-islamabad-multan-and-other-pakistani-cities-from-across-the-globe/ |website=siasat.pk |publisher=Siasat Blogs |date=19 July 2021 |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024171728/https://blog.siasat.pk/here-are-the-twin-sisters-of-karachi-lahore-islamabad-multan-and-other-pakistani-cities-from-across-the-globe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IRN}} ], Iran<ref>{{cite web |title=Qom |url=https://www.toiran.com/en/city-qom |website=toiran.com |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603235424/https://www.toiran.com/en/city-qom |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} ], China<ref>{{cite web |title=China's Tianjin Municipality named sister-city to Karachi, Islamabad |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/09/21/chinas-tianjin-municipality-named-sister-city-to-karachi-islamabad/ |website=pakistantoday.com.pk |publisher=Pakistan Today |date=21 September 2021 |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922021659/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/09/21/chinas-tianjin-municipality-named-sister-city-to-karachi-islamabad/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} ], China<ref>{{cite web |title=Three Chinese towns named sister cities to Karachi, Gwadar, Multan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1472506 |website=dawn.com |publisher=Dawn |date=29 March 2019 |access-date=11 October 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329053301/https://www.dawn.com/news/1472506 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<!--rest - not twinning-->
{{div col end}}


==See also== ==See also==

{{Div col|2}}
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
{{Div col end}}
{{div col end}}
{{portal bar|Geography|<!-- Eurasia -->|Asia|South Asia|Pakistan|Sindh|Karachi}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}


==References== ==References==

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===

{{See also|Timeline of Karachi#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Karachi}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation |first=Laurent |last=Gayer |title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City |date=1 June 2014 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-19-023806-3 |ref={{sfnref|Laurent Gayer|2014}}}}
* {{citation |author1=West Pakistan (Pakistan). Transport Commission |author2=Mian Anwer Ali |title=Report: April 1969 – September 1969, Volume 2 |year=1970 |publisher=West Pakistan Government Press |ref={{sfnref|Railway Report|1970}}}}
* {{citation |publisher=United Nations |title=Review of Developments in Transport in the ESCAP Region ...: Asia and the Pacific |year=2007 |isbn=978-92-1120-534-3 |ref={{sfnref|United Nations|2007}}}}
* {{citation |last=Thomas |first=Amos Owen |title=Imagi-Nations and Borderless Television: Media, Culture and Politics Across Asia |date=3 October 2005 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-3396-0 |ref={{sfnref|Amos Owen Thomas|2005}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Hunt |last1=Janin |first2=Scott A. |last2=Mandia |title=Rising Sea Levels: An Introduction to Cause and Impact |date=11 October 2012 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-7864-5956-8 |ref={{sfnref|Hunt Janin|Scott A. Mandia|2012}}}}
* {{citation |author=Sind Muslim College, Karachi |title=Sind Muslim College Magazine |year=1965 |publisher=] |ref={{sfnref|Sind Muslim College|1965}}}}
* {{citation |first=Sarina |last=Singh |author-link=Sarina Singh |title=Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway |year=2008 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74104-542-0 |ref={{sfnref|Sarina Singh|2008}}}}
* {{citation |first=Barbara A. |last=Weightman |title=Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeBfed17zxEC&pg=PA187 |date=15 June 2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-13998-1 |ref={{sfnref|Barbara A. Weightman|2011}}}}
* {{citation |first=N. H. |last=Senzai |title=Ticket to India |date=17 November 2015 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4814-2258-1 |ref={{sfnref|N. H. Senzai|2015}}}}
* {{citation |first=Yamini |last=Narayanan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQUBCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA165 |title=Religion and Urbanism: Reconceptualising Sustainable Cities for South Asia |date=19 November 2015 |publisher=] |isbn=978-1-317-75542-5 |ref={{sfnref|Yamini Narayanan|2015}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Robert |last1=Stimson |first2=Kingsley E. |last2=Haynes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgiDiR1QQHQC&pg=PA43 |title=Studies in Applied Geography and Spatial Analysis: Addressing Real World Issues |date=1 January 2012 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-78100-796-9 |ref={{sfnref|Robert Stimson|Kingsley E. Haynes|2012}}}}
* {{citation |title=Newsline, Volume 18 |year=2006 |publisher=] |isbn=978-1-78100-796-9 |ref={{sfnref|Newsline|2006}}}}
* {{citation |first=Mohammad |last=Shahid Alam |title=Community Organizations and Urban Development: A Study of Selected Urban Settlements in Karachi |year=1996 |publisher=NGO Resource Centre |ref={{sfnref|Mohammad Shahid Alam|1996}}}}
* {{citation |first=Marcello |last=Balbo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCet48XFuJQC&pg=PT95 |title=International Migrants and the City: Bangkok, Berlin, Dakar, Karachi, Johannesburg, Naples, São Paulo, Tijuana, Vancouver, Vladivostok |year=2005 |publisher=UN-HABITAT |isbn=978-92-1131-747-3 |ref={{sfnref|Marcello Balbo|2005}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Jonah |last1=Blank |first2=Christopher |last2=Clary |first3=Brian |last3=Nichiporuk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSZRBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |title=Drivers of Long-Term insecurity and Instability in Pakistan: Urbanization |date=30 October 2014 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-8751-5 |page=19 |ref={{sfnref|Jonah Blank|Christopher Clary|Brian Nichiporuk|2014}}}}
* {{citation |first=Stephen P. |last=Cohen |title=The Idea of Pakistan |year=2004 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-8157-9761-6 |page=202 |ref={{sfnref|Stephen P. Cohen|2004}}}}
* {{citation |first=Q. Ashton |last=Acton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrCxJ4F8f0cC&pg=PT278 |title=Issues in National, Regional, and Environmental Health and Medicine |edition=2013 |date=1 May 2013 |publisher=ScholarlyEditions |isbn=978-1-4901-1294-7 |page=278 |ref={{sfnref|Issues in National, Regional, and Environmental Health and Medicine|2013}}}}
* {{citation |first=Q. Ashton |last=Acton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CwtnpymlSe4C&pg=PA404 |title=Endocrine System Diseases: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional |edition=2013 |date=22 July 2013 |publisher=ScholarlyEditions |isbn=978-1-4816-5848-5 |page=404 |ref={{sfnref|Endocrine System Diseases: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|2013}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Zohra |last1=Zaidi |author2=S.W Lanigan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0GFGJfVeFIC&pg=PR10 |title=Dermatology in Clinical Practice |date=10 March 2010 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-84882-862-9 |page=x |ref={{sfnref|Zohra Zaidi|S.W Lanigan|2010}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Mohammad |last1=Aslam Uqaili |first2=Khanji |last2=Harijan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rndnOvfTDW4C&pg=PA259 |title=Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development |date=14 October 2011 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-7091-0109-4 |page=259 |ref={{sfnref|Mohammad Aslam Uqaili|Khanji Harijan|2011}}}}
* {{citation |last=Renaux |first=Helen |title=True Children of the Raj |year=2011 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=978-1-4669-0177-3 |page=159 |ref={{sfnref|Helen Renaux|2011}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Kenneth D. |last1=Miller |first2=Miklos |last2=Simon |date=3 February 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V7cxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA414 |title=Global Perspectives on Cancer: Incidence, Care, and Experience : Incidence, Care, and Experience |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-2858-4 |page=414 |ref={{sfnref|Kenneth D. Miller|Miklos Simon|2015}}}}
{{refend}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Sister project links|Karachi|commons=Category:Karachi|s=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Karachi|voy=Karachi}} {{Sister project links|Karachi|commons=Category:Karachi|s=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Karachi|voy=Karachi}}
* {{official website|http://www.kmc.gos.pk/}} * {{official website|http://www.kmc.gos.pk/}}
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404211758/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXyB3JTHus0&gl=US&hl=en |date=4 April 2018 }}, film by an unknown British soldier, 1942–1947, Mowgli Productions.
* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Pakistan/Provinces/Sindh/Localities/Karachi/}}
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218085929/https://www.dawn.com/news/1606997/understanding-the-truth-behind-the-facade |date=18 February 2021 }}
<!---THESE LINKS SHOULD BE ENOUGH!--->


{{Navboxes
|title=Articles related to Karachi
|list=
{{Karachi}} {{Karachi}}
{{Navboxes|title=Articles related to Karachi|list=
{{Karachi Towns}} {{Karachi Towns}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Karachi}} {{Neighbourhoods of Karachi}}
{{Districts of Sindh}} {{Districts of Sindh}}
{{Pakistan topics}} {{Pakistan topics}}
{{Capitals in Pakistan}}
{{Million-plus cities in Pakistan}}
{{Pakistani cities}} {{Pakistani cities}}
{{World's most populous metropolitan areas}}
{{World's most populous urban areas}} {{World's most populous urban areas}}
{{Megacities}}
}} }}
{{Portal bar|Geography|Asia|Pakistan}}
{{Authority control}}


]
]
]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]

{{Link GA|sv}}

Latest revision as of 11:02, 5 January 2025

Capital of Sindh, Pakistan This article is about the city in Pakistan. For other uses, see Karachi (disambiguation).

Megacity in Sindh, Pakistan
Karachi
  • ڪراچي‎
  • کراچی
Megacity
Mazar-e-QuaidDolmen CityKMC BuildingMohatta PalaceFrere HallKarachi Port Trust Building
Flag of KarachiFlag
Nicknames: City of the Quaid, Paris of the East, City of Lights, Bride of the Cities
Karachi is located in KarachiKarachiKarachiMap of the city of KarachiShow map of KarachiKarachi is located in PakistanKarachiKarachiLocation within Sindh provinceShow map of PakistanKarachi is located in AsiaKarachiKarachiLocation within PakistanShow map of AsiaKarachi is located in EarthKarachiKarachiLocation within AsiaShow map of Earth
Coordinates: 24°51′36″N 67°0′36″E / 24.86000°N 67.01000°E / 24.86000; 67.01000
Country Pakistan
Province Sindh
DivisionKarachi Division
Settled1729
Metropolitan council1880; 145 years ago (1880)
City councilCity Complex, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town
Districts 7
Government
 • TypeMetropolitan Corporation
 • BodyGovernment of Karachi
 • MayorMurtaza Wahab (PPP)
 • Deputy mayorSalman Murad
(PPP)
 • CommissionerHassan Naqvi
Area
 • Metro3,527 km (1,362 sq mi)
 • Rank1st
Elevation10 m (30 ft)
Population
 • Megacity20,382,881
 • Rank1st (Pakistan)
12th (world)
 • Metro density5,779/km (14,970/sq mi)
DemonymKarachiite
Time zoneUTC+05:00 (PKT)
Postal codes74XXX–75XXX
Dialling code021
GDP/PPP$200 billion (2021)
International airportJinnah International (KHI)
Rapid transit systemKarachi Breeze
Largest district by areaMalir District (2,160 km)
Largest district by population (2023 census)Karachi East (3,950,031)
Densest district by population (2023 census)Karachi Central (55,396/km)
Largest area by GDP (2020)Saddar Town ($40 billion)
Websitewww.kmc.gos.pk

Karachi (/kəˈrɑːtʃi/; Urdu: کراچی [kə.ɾɑː.t͡ʃiː]; Sindhi: ڪراچي‎; IPA: [kəˈraːtʃi] ) is the capital city of the Pakistani province of Sindh. It is the largest city in Pakistan and 12th largest in the world, with a population of over 20 million. It is situated at the southern tip of the country along the Arabian Sea coast and formerly served as the country's capital from 1947 to 1959. Ranked as a beta-global city, it is Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre, with an estimated GDP of over $200 billion (PPP) as of 2021. Karachi is a metropolitan city and is considered Pakistan's most cosmopolitan city, and among the country's most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse regions, as well as one of the country's most progressive and socially liberal cities.

The region has been inhabited for millennia, but the city was formally founded as the fortified village of Kolachi as recently as 1729. The settlement greatly increased in importance with the arrival of the East India Company in the mid-19th century. British administrators embarked on substantial projects to transform the city into a major seaport, and connect it with the extensive railway network of the Indian subcontinent. At the time of Pakistan's independence in 1947, the city was the largest in Sindh with an estimated population of 400,000 people. Afterwards, the city experienced a dramatic shift in population and demography with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Muslim immigrants from India, coupled with an exodus of most of its Hindu residents. The city experienced rapid economic growth following Pakistan's independence, attracting migrants from throughout the country and other regions in South Asia. According to the 2023 Census of Pakistan, Karachi's total population was 20.3 million. Karachi is one of the world's fastest-growing cities, and has significant communities representing almost every ethnic group in Pakistan. Karachi holds more than two million Bengali immigrants, a million Afghan refugees, and up to 400,000 Rohingyas from Myanmar.

Karachi is now Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre. The city has a formal economy estimated to be worth $190 billion as of 2021, which is the largest in the country. Karachi collects 35% of Pakistan's tax revenue, and generates approximately 25% of Pakistan's entire GDP. Approximately 30% of Pakistani industrial output is from Karachi, while Karachi's ports handle approximately 95% of Pakistan's foreign trade. Approximately 90% of the multinational corporations and 100% of the banks operating in Pakistan are headquartered in Karachi. It also serves as a transport hub, and contains Pakistan's two largest seaports, the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim, as well as Pakistan's busiest airport, Jinnah International Airport. Karachi is also considered to be Pakistan's fashion capital, and has hosted the annual Karachi Fashion Week since 2009.

Known as the "City of Lights" in the 1960s and 1970s for its vibrant nightlife, Karachi was beset by sharp ethnic, sectarian, and political conflict in the 1980s with the large-scale arrival of weaponry during the Soviet–Afghan War. The city had become well known for its high rates of violent crime, but recorded crimes sharply decreased following a crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM political party, and Islamist militants, initiated in 2013 by the Pakistan Rangers. As a result of the operation, Karachi dropped from being ranked the world's 6th-most dangerous city for crime in 2014, to 128th by 2022.

Etymology

Modern Karachi was reputedly founded in 1729 as the settlement of Kolachi-jo-Goth during the rule of Kalhora dynasty. The new settlement is said to have been named in honour of Mai Kolachi, whose son is said to have slain a man-eating crocodile in the village after his elder brothers had already been killed by it. The name Karachee, a shortened and corrupted version of the original name Kolachi-jo-Goth, was used for the first time in a Dutch report from 1742 about a shipwreck near the settlement.

History

Main articles: History of Karachi and Timeline of Karachi history

Early history

The 15th–18th century Chaukhandi tombs are a Tentative UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The region around Karachi has been the site of human habitation for millennia. Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic sites have been excavated in the Mulri Hills along Karachi's northern outskirts. These earliest inhabitants are believed to have been hunter-gatherers, with ancient flint tools discovered at several sites.

The expansive Karachi region is believed to have been known to the ancient Greeks, and may have been the site of Barbarikon, an ancient seaport which was located at the nearby mouth of the Indus River. Karachi may also have been referred to as Ramya in ancient Greek texts.

The ancient site of Krokola, a natural harbour west of the Indus where Alexander the Great sailed his fleet for Achaemenid Assyria, may have been located near the mouth of Karachi's Malir River, though some believe it was located near Gizri. No other natural harbour exists near the mouth of the Indus that could accommodate a large fleet. Nearchus, who commanded Alexander's naval fleet, also mentioned a hilly island by the name of Morontobara and an adjacent flat island named Bibakta, which colonial historians identified as Karachi's Manora Point and Kiamari (or Clifton), respectively, based on Greek descriptions. Both areas were island until well into the colonial era, when silting in led to them being connected to the mainland.

In 711 CE, Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Sindh and Indus Valley and the port of Debal, from where he launched his forces further into the Indus Valley in 712. Some have identified the port with Karachi, though some argue the location was somewhere between Karachi and the nearby city of Thatta.

Under Mirza Ghazi Beg, the Mughal administrator of Sindh, the development of coastal Sindh and the Indus River Delta was encouraged. Under his rule, fortifications in the region acted as a bulwark against Portuguese incursions into Sindh. In 1553–54, Ottoman admiral Seydi Ali Reis, mentioned a small port along the Sindh coast by the name of Kaurashi which may have been Karachi. The Chaukhandi tombs in Karachi's modern suburbs were built around this time between the 15th and 18th centuries.

Kolachi settlement and the first port

The Manora Fort, built-in 1797 to defend Karachi, was captured by the British on 3 February 1839 and upgraded 1888–1889.

The first port was established by the Kalhoras near Karachi in the mid-18th century, known as Kharak Bander. 19th century Karachi historian Seth Naomal Hotchand recorded that a small settlement of 20–25 huts existed along the Karachi Harbour that was known as Dibro, which was situated along a pool of water known as Kolachi-jo-Kun. In 1725, a band of Baloch settlers from Makran and Kalat had settled in the hamlet after fleeing droughts and tribal feuds.

A new settlement was built in 1729 at the site of Dibro, which came to be known as Kolachi-jo-Goth ("The village of Kolachi"). The new settlement is said to have been named in honour of Mai Kolachi, a resident of the old settlement whose son is said to have slain a man-eating crocodile. Kolachi was about 40 hectares in size, with some smaller fishing villages scattered in its vicinity. The founders of the new fortified settlement were Sindhi Baniyas, and are said to have arrived from the nearby town of Kharak Bandar after the harbour there silted in 1728 after heavy rains. Kolachi was fortified, and defended with cannons imported from Muscat, Oman. Under the Talpurs, the Rah-i-Bandar road was built to connect the city's port to the caravan terminals. This road would eventually be further developed by the British into Bandar Road, which was renamed Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road.

The name Karachee was used for the first time in a Dutch document from 1742, in which a merchant ship de Ridderkerk is shipwrecked near the settlement. In 1770s, Karachi came under the control of the Khan of Kalat, which attracted a second wave of Balochi settlers. In 1795, Karachi was annexed by the Talpurs, triggering a third wave of Balochi settlers who arrived from central Sindh and southern Punjab. The Talpurs built the Manora Fort in 1797, which was used to protect Karachi's Harbour from al-Qasimi pirates.

In 1799 or 1800, the founder of the Talpur dynasty, Mir Fateh Ali Khan, allowed the East India Company under Nathan Crow to establish a trading post in Karachi. He was allowed to build a house for himself in Karachi at that time, but by 1802 was ordered to leave the city. The city continued to be ruled by the Talpurs until it was occupied by forces under the command of John Keane in February 1839.

British control

An 1897 image of Karachi's Rampart Row street in Mithadar
Mules Mansion
Some of Karachi's most recognized structures, such as Frere Hall, date from the British Raj.
Karachi features several examples of colonial-era Indo-Saracenic architecture, such as the KMC Building.

The British East India Company captured Karachi on 3 February 1839 after HMS Wellesley opened fire and quickly destroyed Manora Fort, which guarded Karachi Harbour at Manora Point. Karachi's population at the time was an estimated 8,000 to 14,000, and was confined to the walled city in Mithadar, with suburbs in what is now the Serai Quarter. British troops, known as the "Company Bahadur" established a camp to the east of the captured city, which became the precursor to the modern Karachi Cantonment. The British further developed the Karachi Cantonment as a military garrison to aid the British war effort in the First Anglo-Afghan War.

The Portuguese Goan community started migrating to Karachi in the 1820s as traders. The majority of the estimated 100,000 who came to Pakistan are primarily concentrated in Karachi.

Sindh's capital was shifted from Hyderabad to Karachi in 1840 when Karachi was annexed to the British Empire after Major General Charles James Napier captured the rest of Sindh following his victory against the Talpurs at the Battle of Miani. Following the 1843 annexation, on 17 February the entire province was amalgamated into the Bombay Presidency for the next 93 years, and Karachi remain the divisional headquarter. A few years later in 1846, Karachi suffered a large cholera outbreak, which led to the establishment of the Karachi Cholera Board (predecessor to the city's civic government).

The city grew under the administration of its new Commissioner, Henry Bartle Edward Frere, who was appointed in the 1850s. Karachi was recognized for its strategic importance, prompting the British to establish the Port of Karachi in 1854. Karachi rapidly became a transportation hub for British India owing to newly built port and rail infrastructure, as well as the increase in agricultural exports from the opening of productive tracts of newly irrigated land in Punjab and Sindh. By 1856, the value of goods traded through Karachi reached £855,103, leading to the establishment of merchant offices and warehouses. The population in 1856 is estimated to have been 57,000. During the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, the 21st Native Infantry, then stationed in Karachi, mutinied and declared allegiance to rebel forces in September 1857, though the British were able to quickly defeat the rebels and reassert control over the city.

Following the Rebellion, British colonial administrators continued to develop the city's infrastructure, but continued to neglect localities like Lyari, which was home to the city's original population of Sindhi fishermen and Balochi nomads. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Karachi's port became an important cotton-exporting port, with Indus Steam Flotilla and Orient Inland Steam Navigation Company established to transport cotton from rest of Sindh to Karachi's port, and onwards to textile mills in England. With increased economic opportunities, economic migrants from several ethnicities and religions, including Anglo-British, Parsis, Marathis, and Goan Christians, among others, established themselves in Karachi, with many setting-up businesses in the new commercial district of Saddar. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, was born in Karachi's Wazir Mansion in 1876 to such migrants from Gujarat. Public building works were undertaken at this time in Gothic and Indo-Saracenic styles, including the construction of Frere Hall in 1865 and the later Empress Market in 1889.

With the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Karachi's position as a major port increased even further. In 1878, the British Raj connected Karachi with the network of British India's vast railway system. In 1887, Karachi Port underwent radical improvements with connection to the railways, along with expansion and dredging of the port, and construction of a breakwater. Karachi's first synagogue was established in 1893. By 1899, Karachi had become the largest wheat-exporting port in the East. In 1901, Karachi's population was 117,000 with a further 109,000 included in the Municipal area.

Under the British, the city's municipal government was established. Known as the Father of Modern Karachi, mayor Seth Harchandrai Vishandas led the municipal government to improve sanitary conditions in the Old City, as well as major infrastructure works in the New Town after his election in 1911. In 1914, Karachi had become the largest wheat-exporting port of the entire British Empire, after large irrigation works in Sindh were initiated to increase wheat and cotton yields. By 1924, the Drigh Road Aerodrome was established, now the Faisal Air Force Base.

Karachi's increasing importance as a cosmopolitan transportation hub leads to the influence of non-Sindhis in Sindh's administration. Half the city was born outside of Karachi by as early as 1921. Native Sindhis were upset by this influence, and so on 1 April 1936, Sindh was established as a province separate from the Bombay Presidency with Karachi was once again made capital of Sindh. In 1941, the population of the city had risen to 387,000.

Post-independence

Lord Mountbatten and his wife Edwina in Karachi 14 August 1947

At the dawn of independence following the success of the Pakistan Movement in 1947, On 15 August 1947 Capital of Sindh shifted from Karachi to Hyderabad and Karachi was made the national capital of Pakistan.

Karachi was Sindh's largest city with a population of over 400,000. The city had a slight Hindu majority, with around 51% of the population being Hindu. Partition resulted in the exodus of much of the city's Hindu population, though Karachi, like most of Sindh, remained relatively peaceful compared to cities in Punjab. Riots erupted on 6 January 1948, after which most of Sindh's Hindu population fled to India, with assistance of the Indian government.

Karachi became the focus for the resettlement of middle-class Muslim Muhajir refugees who fled India, with 470,000 refugees in Karachi by May 1948, leading to a drastic alteration of the city's demography. In 1941, Muslims were 42% of Karachi's population, but by 1951 made up 96% of the city's population. The city's population had tripled between 1941 and 1951. Urdu replaced Sindhi as Karachi's most widely spoken language; Sindhi was the mother tongue of 51% of Karachi in 1941, but only 8.5% in 1951, while Urdu grew to become the mother tongue of 51% of Karachi's population. 100,000 Muhajir refugees arrived annually in Karachi until 1952. Muhajirs kept arriving from different parts of India till 2000.

Karachi was selected as the first capital of Pakistan, and was administered as a federal district separate from Sindh beginning in 1948, the capital of Sindh shifted again Hyderabad to Karachi until the national capital was shifted to Rawalpindi in 1958. While foreign embassies shifted away from Karachi, the city is host to numerous consulates and honorary consulates. Between 1958 and 1970, Karachi's role as capital of Sindh was ceased due to the One Unit programme enacted by President Iskander Mirza.

Karachi of the 1960s was regarded as an economic role model around the world, with Seoul, South Korea, borrowing from the city's second "Five-Year Plan". Several examples of Modernist architect were built in Karachi during this period, including the Mazar-e-Quaid mausoleum, the distinct Masjid-e-Tooba, and the Habib Bank Plaza (the tallest building in all of South Asia at the time). The city's population by 1961 had grown 369% compared to 1941. By the mid-1960s, Karachi began to attract large numbers of Pashtun, Punjabis and Kashmiris from northern Pakistan.

The 1970s saw a construction boom funded by remittances and investments from the Gulf States, and the appearance of apartment buildings in the city. Real-estate prices soared during this period, leading to a worsening housing crisis. The period also saw labour unrest in Karachi's industrial estates beginning in 1970 that were violently repressed by the government of President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from 1972 onwards. To appease conservative forces, Bhutto banned alcohol in Pakistan, and cracked-down of Karachi's discotheques and cabarets - leading to the closure of Karachi's once-lively nightlife. The city's art scene was further repressed during the rule of dictator General Zia-ul-Haq. Zia's Islamization policies lead the Westernized upper-middle classes of Karachi to largely withdraw from the public sphere, and instead form their own social venues that became inaccessible to the poor. This decade also saw an influx of more than one million Bihari immigrants into Karachi from the newly made country Bangladesh which separated from Pakistan in 1971.

In 1972, the Karachi district divided into three districts, East, West and South districts.

The 1980s and 1990s saw an influx of almost one million Afghan refugees into Karachi fleeing the Soviet–Afghan War. This was followed by refugees escaping from post-revolution Iran. At this time, Karachi was also rocked by political conflict, while crime rates drastically increased with the arrival of weaponry from the War in Afghanistan. Conflict between the MQM party, and ethnic Sindhis, Pashtuns, Punjabis and Balochis was sharp. The party and its vast network of supporters were targeted by Pakistani security forces as part of the controversial Operation Clean-up in 1992 – an effort to restore peace in the city that lasted until 1994. Anti-Hindu riots also broke out in Karachi in 1992 in retaliation for the demolition of the Babri Mosque in India by a group of Hindu nationalists earlier that year.

In 1996, two (02) more districts created in the Karachi division named Central and Malir districts.

The 2010s saw another influx of hundreds of thousands of Pashtun refugees fleeing conflict in North-West Pakistan and the 2010 Pakistan floods. By this point Karachi had become widely known for its high rates of violent crime, usually in relation to criminal activity, gang-warfare, sectarian violence, and extrajudicial killings. Recorded crimes sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM party, and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the Pakistan Rangers. As a result of the operation, Karachi went from being ranked the world's 6th most dangerous city for crime in 2014, to 128th by 2022.

In 2022 at least one million flood affectees from Sindh and Balochistan took refuge in Karachi.

Geography

Main articles: Geography of Karachi and Environment of Karachi

Karachi is located on the coastline of Sindh province in southern Pakistan, along the Karachi Harbour, a natural harbour on the Arabian Sea. Karachi is built on a coastal plain with scattered rocky outcroppings, hills and marshlands. Mangrove forests grow in the brackish waters around the Karachi Harbour (see: Chinna Creek), and farther southeast towards the expansive Indus River Delta. West of Karachi city is the Cape Monze, locally known as Ras Muari, which is an area characterised by sea cliffs, rocky sandstone promontories and beaches.

Karachi lies very close to a major fault line, where the Indian tectonic plate meets the Arabian tectonic plate. However, Karachi lies near the western edge of the Indian Plate, on the Indo Gagnetic Plain. Within the city of Karachi are two small ranges: the Khasa Hills and Mulri Hills, which lie in the northwest and act as a barrier between North Nazimabad and Orangi. Karachi's hills are barren and are part of the larger Kirthar Range, and have a maximum elevation of 528 metres (1,732 feet).

Between the hills are wide coastal plains interspersed with dry river beds and water channels. Karachi has developed around the Malir River and Lyari Rivers, with the Lyari shore being the site of the settlement for Kolachi. To the east of Karachi lies the Indus River flood plains.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Karachi
The Arabian Sea influences Karachi's climate, providing the city with more moderate temperatures compared to other areas of Sindh province.

Karachi has a tropical semi arid climate (Köppen: BSh), formerly a desert climate, dominated by a long "Summer Season" while moderated by oceanic influence from the Arabian Sea. The city has annual average precipitation levels (approx. 296 mm (12 in) per annum), the bulk of which occurs during the late June–September monsoon season. Summers are hot and humid, and Karachi is prone to deadly heatwaves. Over the past 20 years, rainfall has become more abundant. Tropical storms and thunderstorms, as well as flooding are becoming more common, especially during the summer monsoon. On the other hand, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months. A text message-based early warning system alerts people to take precautionary measures and helps prevent fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave or thunderstorm. The winter climate is dry and lasts between December and February. It is dry and pleasant in winter relative to the warm hot season that follows, which starts in March and lasts until October. Proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at near-constant levels year-round. Thus, the climate is similar to a humid tropical climate, except for the low precipitation and occasional temperatures well over 100 F (38 C) due to the influence of the Thar Desert nearby, close to the border with India.

The city's highest annual rainfall was about 750-850 mm, recorded in the late 1970s. The city's highest monthly rainfall, 19 in (480 mm), occurred in July 1967. The city's highest rainfall in 24 hours occurred on 7 August 1953, when about 278.1 millimetres (10.95 in) of rain lashed the city, resulting in major flooding.

Karachi's highest recorded temperature is 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) which was recorded on 22 and 23 April 2017, and the lowest is 0 °C (32 °F) recorded on 21 January 1934.

Climate data for Karachi (1991-2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.8
(91.0) 		36.5
(97.7) 		42.5
(108.5) 		48.0
(118.4) 		47.8
(118.0) 		47.0
(116.6) 		42.2
(108.0) 		41.7
(107.1) 		42.8
(109.0) 		43.3
(109.9) 		38.5
(101.3) 		35.5
(95.9) 		48.0
(118.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 26.3
(79.3) 		28.7
(83.7) 		32.6
(90.7) 		35.0
(95.0) 		35.7
(96.3) 		35.7
(96.3) 		33.6
(92.5) 		32.5
(90.5) 		33.4
(92.1) 		35.6
(96.1) 		32.6
(90.7) 		28.4
(83.1) 		32.5
(90.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 18.9
(66.0) 		21.7
(71.1) 		25.9
(78.6) 		29.4
(84.9) 		31.4
(88.5) 		32.2
(90.0) 		30.8
(87.4) 		29.6
(85.3) 		29.7
(85.5) 		29.4
(84.9) 		25.2
(77.4) 		20.9
(69.6) 		27.1
(80.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 12.0
(53.6) 		14.8
(58.6) 		19.4
(66.9) 		23.7
(74.7) 		27.0
(80.6) 		28.6
(83.5) 		27.9
(82.2) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.0
(78.8) 		22.9
(73.2) 		17.7
(63.9) 		13.4
(56.1) 		21.7
(71.0)
Record low °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0) 		3.3
(37.9) 		7.0
(44.6) 		12.2
(54.0) 		17.7
(63.9) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.2
(72.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		18.0
(64.4) 		10.0
(50.0) 		6.1
(43.0) 		1.3
(34.3) 		0.0
(32.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 10.6
(0.42) 		5.5
(0.22) 		3.2
(0.13) 		11.1
(0.44) 		9.2
(0.36) 		24.6
(0.97) 		86.1
(3.39) 		104.7
(4.12) 		44.0
(1.73) 		12.7
(0.50) 		0.7
(0.03) 		5.6
(0.22) 		318
(12.53)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.1 1.7 5.4 6.1 2.4 0.4 0.2 0.6 19.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 269.7 251.4 272.8 276.0 297.6 231.0 155.0 148.8 219.0 282.1 273.0 272.8 2,949.2
Mean daily sunshine hours 8.7 8.9 8.8 9.2 9.6 7.7 5 4.8 7.3 9.1 9.1 8.8 8.1
Percent possible sunshine 81 79 73 72 72 56 37 37 59 78 83 83 68
Average ultraviolet index 6 8 10 12 12 12 12 12 11 9 6 5 10
Source 1: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)
Source 2: Weather Atlas, and Karachi Extremes (1931–2018)

Cityscape

Glimpse of I. I. Chundrigar Road, as captured from the southern vantage point overlooking Chinna Creek.

The city first developed around the Karachi Harbour, and owes much of its growth to its role as a seaport at the end of the 18th century, contrasted with Pakistan's millennia-old cities such as Lahore, Multan, and Peshawar. Karachi's Mithadar neighbourhood represents the extent of Kolachi prior to British rule.

British Karachi was divided between the "New Town" and the "Old Town", with British investments focused primarily on the New Town. The Old Town was a largely unplanned neighbourhood which housed most of the city's indigenous residents and had no access to sewerage systems, electricity, and water. The New Town was subdivided into residential, commercial, and military areas. Given the strategic value of the city, the British developed the Karachi Cantonment as a military garrison in the New Town to aid the British war effort in the First Anglo-Afghan War. The city's development was largely confined to the area north of the Chinna Creek prior to independence, although the seaside area of Clifton was also developed as a posh locale under the British, and its large bungalows and estates remain some of the city's most desirable properties. The aforementioned historic areas form the oldest portions of Karachi, and contain its most important monuments and government buildings, with the I. I. Chundrigar Road being home to most of Pakistan's banks, including the Habib Bank Plaza which was Pakistan's tallest building from 1963 until the early 2000s. Situated on a coastal plain northwest of Karachi's historic core lies the sprawling district of Orangi. North of the historic core is the largely middle-class district of Nazimabad, and upper-middle-class North Nazimabad, which were developed in the 1950s. To the east of the historic core is the area known as Defence, an expansive upscale suburb developed and administered by the Pakistan Army. Karachi's coastal plains along the Arabian Sea south of Clifton were also developed much later as part of the greater Defence Housing Authority project. Karachi's city limits also include several islands, including Baba and Bhit Islands, Oyster Rocks, and Manora, a former island which is now connected to the mainland by a thin 12-kilometre long shoal known as Sandspit. Gulistan-e-Johar, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Federal B. Area, Malir, Landhi and Korangi areas were all developed after 1970. The city has been described as one divided into sections for those able to afford to live in planned localities with access to urban amenities, and those who live in unplanned communities with inadequate access to such services. 35% of Karachi's residents live in unplanned communities.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Karachi
Clifton is considered as one of the richest neighbourhoods in Pakistan.

Being the largest city, Karachi is also Pakistan's financial and commercial capital. Since Pakistan's independence, Karachi has been the centre of the nation's economy, and remain's Pakistan's largest urban economy despite the economic stagnation caused by sociopolitical unrest during the late 1980s and 1990s. The city forms the centre of an economic corridor stretching from Karachi to nearby Hyderabad, and Thatta.

As of 2021, Karachi had an estimated GDP (PPP) of $190 billion with a yearly growth rate of 5.5%. Karachi contributes 90% of Sindh's GDP and accounts for approximately 25% of the total GDP of Pakistan. The city has a large informal economy which is not typically reflected in GDP estimates. The informal economy may constitute up to 36% of Pakistan's total economy, versus 22% of India's economy, and 13% of the Chinese economy. The informal sector employs up to 70% of the city's workforce. In 2018 The Global Metro Monitor Report ranked Karachi's economy as the best performing metropolitan economy in Pakistan.

I. I. Chundrigar Road is considered to be the "downtown" of karachi
Under construction high rises in DHA Karachi

Today along with Pakistan's continued economic expansion Karachi is now ranked third in the world for consumer expenditure growth with its market anticipated to increase by 6.6% in real terms in 2018 It is also ranked among the top cities in the world by an anticipated increase of a number of households (1.3 million households) with annual income above $20,000 measured at PPP exchange rates by 2025. The Global FDI Intelligence Report 2017/2018 published by Financial Times ranks Karachi amongst the top 10 Asia pacific cities of the future for FDI strategy. According to Anatol Lieven the economic growth of Karachi is a result of the influx of Muhajirs to Karachi during late 1940s and early 50s.

Finance and banking

Most of Pakistan's public and private banks are headquartered on Karachi's I. I. Chundrigar Road, which is known as "Pakistan's Wall Street", with a large percentage of the cash flow in the Pakistani economy taking place on I. I. Chundrigar Road. Most major foreign multinational corporations operating in Pakistan have their headquarters in Karachi. Karachi is also home to the Pakistan Stock Exchange, which was rated as Asia's best-performing stock market in 2015 on the heels of Pakistan's upgrade to emerging-market status by MSCI.

Media and technology

Main articles: Media in Karachi, Cinema in Karachi, List of television stations in Karachi, List of magazines in Karachi, and List of newspapers in Karachi

Karachi has been the pioneer in cable networking in Pakistan with the most sophisticated of the cable networks of any city of Pakistan, and has seen an expansion of information and communications technology and electronic media. The city has become a software outsourcing hub for Pakistan. Several independent television and radio stations are based in Karachi, including Business Plus, AAJ News, Geo TV, KTN, Sindh TV, CNBC Pakistan, TV ONE, Express TV, ARY Digital, Indus Television Network, Samaa TV, Abb Takk News, Bol TV, and Dawn News, as well as several local stations.

Industry

Industry contributes a large portion of Karachi's economy, with the city home to several of Pakistan's largest companies dealing in textiles, cement, steel, heavy machinery, chemicals, and food products. The city is home to approximately 30 percent of Pakistan's manufacturing sector, and produces approximately 42 percent of Pakistan's value added in large scale manufacturing. At least 4500 industrial units form Karachi's formal industrial economy. Karachi's informal manufacturing sector employs far more people than the formal sector, though proxy data suggest that the capital employed and value-added from such informal enterprises is far smaller than that of formal sector enterprises. An estimated 63% of the Karachi's workforce is employed in trade and manufacturing.

Karachi Export Processing Zone, SITE, Korangi, Northern Bypass Industrial Zone, Bin Qasim and North Karachi serve as large industrial estates in Karachi. The Karachi Expo Centre also complements Karachi's industrial economy by hosting regional and international exhibitions.

Name of estate Location Established Area in acres
SITE Karachi SITE Town 1947 4700
Korangi Industrial Area Korangi Town 1960 8500
Landhi Industrial Area Landhi Town 1949 11000
North Karachi Industrial Area New Karachi Town 1974 725
Federal B Industrial Area Gulberg Town 1987
Korangi Creek Industrial Park Korangi Creek Cantonment 2012 250
Bin Qasim Industrial Zone Bin Qasim Town 1970 25000
Karachi Export Processing Zone Landhi Town 1980 315
Pakistan Textile City Bin Qasim Town 2004 1250
West Wharf Industrial Area Keamari Town 430
SITE Super Highway Phase-I Super Highway 1983 300
SITE Super Highway Phase-II Super Highway 1992 1000

Revenue collection

The former State Bank of Pakistan building was built during the colonial era.

As home to Pakistan's largest ports and a large portion of its manufacturing base, Karachi contributes a large share of Pakistan's collected tax revenue. As most of Pakistan's large multinational corporations are based in Karachi, income taxes are paid in the city even though income may be generated from other parts of the country. As home to the country's two largest ports, Pakistani customs officials collect the bulk of federal duty and tariffs at Karachi's ports, even if those imports are destined for one of Pakistan's other provinces. Approximately 25% of Pakistan's national revenue is generated in Karachi.

According to the Federal Board of Revenue's 2006–2007 year book, tax and customs units in Karachi were responsible for 46.75% of direct taxes, 33.65% of federal excise tax, and 23.38% of domestic sales tax. Karachi accounts for 75.14% of customs duty and 79% of sales tax on imports, and collects 53.38% of the total collections of the Federal Board of Revenue, of which 53.33% are customs duty and sales tax on imports.

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Karachi, Ethnic groups in Karachi, and Religion in Karachi
Bahadurabad Area has a high population density.

Karachi is the most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse city in Pakistan. The city is a melting pot of ethnolinguistic groups from throughout Pakistan, as well as migrants from other parts of Asia. The 2017 census numerated Karachi's population to be 14,910,352, having grown 2.49% per year since the 1998 census, which had listed Karachi's population at approximately 9.3 million. The city's inhabitants are referred to by the demonym Karachiite in English, and Karāchīwālā in Urdu.

Language

  Urdu (50.60%)  Pashto (13.52%)  Sindhi (11.12%)  Punjabi (8.08%)  Balochi (3.97%)  Saraiki (3.7%)  Others (9.01%)

Karachi has the largest number of Urdu speakers in Pakistan. As per the 2023 census, the linguistic breakdown of Karachi Division is:

# Language Speakers

(2023)

Speakers

(2017)

Speakers

(1998)

Speakers

(1981)

Speakers

(1972)

Speakers

(1961)

Speakers

(1951)

1 Urdu 10,315,905

(50.60%)

6,779,142

(42.30%)

4,497,747

(48.52%)

2,830,098

(54.34%)

2 Pashto 2,752,148

(13.52%)

2,406,011

(15.01%)

1,058,650

(11.42%)

453,628

(8.71%)

4 Sindhi 2,264,189

(11.12%)

1,709,877

(10.67%)

669,340

(7.22%)

327,591

(6.29%)

3 Punjabi 1,645,282

(8.08%)

1,719,636

(10.73%)

1,292,335

(13.94%)

710,389

(13.64%)

6 Balochi 808,352

(3.97%)

648,964

(4.04%)

402,386

(4.34%)

228,636

(4.39%)

5 Saraiki 753,903

(3.70%)

798,031

(4.98%)

195,681

(2.11%)

18,228

(0.35%)

7 Others 1,817,695

(9.01%)

1,963,233

(12.25%)

1,153,126

(12.44%)

639,560

(12.27%)

All 20,357,474

(100%)

16,024,894

(100%)

9,269,265

(100%)

5,208,132

(100%)

The category of "others" includes 653,727 Hindko speakers, 75,993 Brahui speakers, 50,982 Kashmiri speakers, 30,375 Mewati speakers, 26,906 Balti speakers, 14,073 Kohistani speakers, 21,860 Shina speakers, 614 Kalasha speakers, and 943,165 speakers of other languagessuch as Kutchi, Gujarati, Memoni, Burushaski, Marwari, Dari, Makrani, Khowar, Hazaragi, Bengali, Konkani and others.

Population

At the end of the 19th century, Karachi had an estimated population of 105,000. By the dawn of Pakistan's independence in 1947, the city had an estimated population of 400,000. The city's population grew dramatically with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Muslim refugees from the newly independent Republic of India. Rapid economic growth following independence attracted further migrants from throughout Pakistan and South Asia. The 2017 census numerated Karachi's population to be 14,910,352, having grown 2.49% per year since the 1998 census, which had listed Karachi's population at approximately 9.3 million.

Lower than expected population figures from the census suggest that Karachi's poor infrastructure, law and order situation, and weakened economy relative to other parts of Pakistan made the city less attractive to in-migration than previously thought. The figure is disputed by all the major political parties in Sindh. Karachi's population grew by 59.8% since the 1998 census to 14.9 million, while Lahore city grew 75.3% – though Karachi's census district had not been altered by the provincial government since 1998, while Lahore's had been expanded by Punjab's government, leading to some of Karachi's growth to have occurred outside the city's census boundaries. Karachi's population had grown at a rate of 3.49% between the 1981 and 1998 census, leading many analysts to estimate Karachi's 2017 population to be approximately 18 million by extrapolating a continued annual growth rate of 3.49%. Some had expected that the city's population to be between 22 and 30 million, which would require an annual growth rate accelerating to between 4.6% and 6.33%.

Historical Population
Year Pop. %±
1729250—
183814,0005,500.0%
184215,0007.1%
185016,77311.8%
185622,22732.5%
186156,859155.8%
188173,56029.4%
1891105,19943.0%
1901136,29729.6%
1911186,77137.0%
1921244,16230.7%
1931300,77923.2%
1941435,88744.9%
19511,137,667161.0%
19612,044,04479.7%
19723,606,74476.5%
19815,437,98450.8%
19867,443,66336.9%
19989,802,13431.7%
201714,910,35252.1%
Source:
† Large population rise between 1941 and 1951 due to
large-scale migration after independence in 1947.

Political parties in the province have suggested the city's population has been underestimated in a deliberate attempt to undermine the political power of the city and province. Senator Taj Haider from the PPP claimed he had official documents revealing the city's population to be 25.6 million in 2013, while the Sindh Bureau of Statistics, part of by the PPP-led provincial administration, estimated Karachi's 2016 population to be 19.1 million.

District population density per km

According to 2023 Census, with 55,396.01 residents per square kilometre Karachi Central is the most densely populated district of the seven districts of Karachi as well as the entirety of Pakistan.

Rank District Population (2023 census) Population (2017 census) Area (Sq. km.) Density (2023) Density (2017)
1 Central 3,822,325 2,971,382 69 55,396.01 43,063.51
2 Korangi 3,128,971 2,577,556 108 28,971.95 23,866.26
3 East 3,921,742 2,875,315 139 28,213.97 20,685.72
4 South 2,329,764 1,769,230 122 19,096.43 14,501.89
5 West 2,679,380 2,077,228 370 7,241.57 5,614.13
6 Kemari 2,068,451 1,829,837 559 3,700.27 3,273.41
7 Malir 2,432,248 1,924,364 2,160 1,126.04 890.90
All 20,357,474 16,024,894 3,527 5,771.90 4,543.49

Ethnicity

The oldest portions of modern Karachi reflect the ethnic composition of the first settlement, with Balochis and Sindhis continuing to make up a large portion of the Lyari neighbourhood, though many of the residents are relatively recent migrants. Following Partition, large numbers of Hindus left Pakistan for the newly independent Dominion of India (later the Republic of India), while a larger percentage of Muslim migrant and refugees from India settled in Karachi. The city grew 150% during the ten year period between 1941 and 1951 with the new arrivals from India, who made up 57% of Karachi's population in 1951. The city is now considered a melting pot of Pakistan and is the country's most diverse city.

Karachi is the largest Bengali speaking city outside Bengal region.

In 2011, an estimated 2.5 million foreign migrants lived in the city, mostly from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka.

Karachi is home to large numbers of descendants of refugees and migrants from Hyderabad, in southern India, who built a small replica of Hyderabad's famous Charminar monument in Karachi's Bahadurabad area.

Much of Karachi's citizenry descend from Urdu-speaking migrants and refugees from North India who became known by the Arabic term for "Migrant": Muhajir. The first Muhajirs of Karachi arrived in 1946 in the aftermath of the Great Calcutta Killings and subsequent 1946 Bihar riots. The city's wealthy Hindus opposed the resettlement of refugees near their homes, and so many refugees were accommodated in the older and more congested parts of Karachi. The city witnessed a large influx of Muhajirs following Partition, who were drawn to the port city and newly designated federal capital for its white-collar job opportunities. Muhajirs continued to migrate to Pakistan throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, with Karachi remaining the primary destination of Indian Muslim migrants throughout those decades. The Muhajir Urdu-speaking community in the 2017 census forms slightly less than 45% of the city's population. Muhajirs form the bulk of Karachi's middle class.

Karachi is home to a wide array of non-Urdu speaking Muslim peoples from what is now the Republic of India. The city has a sizable community of Gujarati, Marathi, Konkani-speaking refugees. Karachi is also home to a several-thousand member strong community of Malabari Muslims from Kerala in South India. These ethno-linguistic groups are being assimilated in the Urdu-speaking community.

During the period of rapid economic growth in the 1960s, large numbers Pashtuns from the NWFP migrated to Karachi with Afghan Pashtun refugees settling in Karachi during the 80's. Karachi is home to the world's largest urban Pashtun population, with more Pashtun citizens than the Peshawar. Pashtuns from Afghanistan are regarded as the most conservative community. Pashtuns from Pakistan's Swat Valley, in contrast, are generally seen as more liberal in social outlook. The Pashtun community forms the bulk of manual labourers and transporters. Anatol Lieven of Georgetown University in Qatar wrote that due to Pashtuns settling the city, "Karachi (not Kabul, Kandahar or Peshawar) is the largest Pashtun city in the world."

Migrants from Punjab began settling in Karachi in large numbers in the 1960s, and now make up an estimated 14% of Karachi's population. The community forms the bulk of the city's police force. The bulk of Karachi's Christian community, which makes up 2.5% of the city's population, is Punjabi.

Despite being the capital of Sindh province, only 6–8% of the city is Sindhi. Sindhis form much of the municipal and provincial bureaucracy. 4% of Karachi's population speaks Balochi as its mother tongue, though most Baloch speakers are of Sheedi heritage – a community that traces its roots to Africa.

Following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and independence of Bangladesh, thousands of Urdu-speaking Biharis arrived in the city, preferring to remain Pakistani rather than live in the newly independent country. Large numbers of Bengalis also migrated from Bangladesh to Karachi during periods of economic growth in the 1980s and 1990s. Karachi is now home to an estimated 2.5 to 3 million ethnic Bengalis living in Pakistan. Rohingya refugees from Myanmar, who speak a dialect of Bengali and are sometimes regarded as Bengalis, also live in the city. Karachi is home to an estimated 400,000 Rohingya residents. Large scale Rohingya migration to Karachi made Karachi one of the largest population centres of Rohingyas in the world outside of Myanmar.

Central Asian migrants from Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan have also settled in the city. Domestic workers from the Philippines are employed in Karachi's posh locales, while many of the city's teachers hail from Sri Lanka. Many Sri Lankans moved to Karachi due to the 2022 Economic Crisis in Sri Lanka. Expatriates from China began migrating to Karachi in the 1940s, to work as dentists, chefs and shoemakers, while many of their descendants continue to live in Pakistan. Chinese also reached Karachi after 2015 in large number due to the CPEC project. The city is also home to a small number of British and American expatriates.

During World War II, about 3,000 Polish refugees from the Soviet Union, with some Polish families who chose to remain in the city after Partition. Post-Partition Karachi also once had a sizable refugee community from post-revolutionary Iran.

Religion

Religions in Karachi
Religions Percent
Islam   96.53%
Christianity   2.21%
Hinduism   1.12%
Others   0.14%
With a capacity of 800,000 worshippers, Grand Jamia Mosque is the largest mosque in Pakistan and 3rd largest in the world.
St. Patrick's Cathedral, built-in 1881, serves as the seat of the Archdiocese of Karachi.
The Swaminarayan Temple is the largest Hindu temple in Karachi.

Karachi is a religiously homogeneous city with more than 96 per cent of its population adhering to Islam. Karachiites adhere to numerous sects and sub-sects of Islam, as well as Protestant Christianity, and community of Goan Catholics. The city also is home to large numbers of Hindus, and a small community of Zoroastrians and Parsi's. According to Nichola Khan Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city. Prior to Pakistan's independence in 1947, the religious demographics of the city was estimated to be 51.1% Hindu, 42.3% Muslim, with the remaining 7% primarily Christians (both British and native), Sikhs, Jains, with a small number of Jews. Following the independence of Pakistan, the vast majority of Karachi's Sindhi Hindu population left for India while Muslim refugees from India, in turn, settled in the city. This mass migration dramatically changed the religious demographics of the city.

Religious groups in Karachi City (1872−2023)
Religious
group 		1872 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 2017 2023
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Islam 33,018 55.81% 38,946 52.94% 52,957 50.34% 60,003 51.43% 74,075 48.76% 100,436 46.31% 122,847 46.61% 162,447 42.01% 14,382,744 96.63% 18,189,474 96.53%
Hinduism 23,157 39.14% 24,617 33.47% 44,503 42.3% 48,169 41.29% 66,038 43.47% 100,683 46.42% 120,595 45.76% 192,831 49.87% 156,452 1.05% 211,138 1.12%
Christianity 2,223 3.76% 4,161 5.66% 5,986 5.69% 6,098 5.23% 7,936 5.22% 9,649 4.45% 12,765 4.84% 11,088 2.87% 329,702 2.22% 416,309 2.21%
Zoroastrianism 748 1.26% 937 1.27% 1,375 1.31% 1,823 1.56% 2,165 1.43% 2,702 1.25% 3,334 1.26% — — — — 1,435 0.01%
Judaism 7 0.01% — — 128 0.12% 349 0.3% 535 0.35% 645 0.3% 943 0.36% — — — — — —
Jainism 4 0.01% 9 0.01% 99 0.09% 125 0.11% 647 0.43% 1,118 0.52% 629 0.24% 3,214 0.83% — — — —
Tribal 0 0% — — 32 0.03% 0 0% 0 0% 4 0% 135 0.05% — — — — — —
Sikhism 0 0% — — 0 0% 0 0% — — 1,425 0.66% 2,254 0.86% 5,835 1.51% — — 2,299 0.01%
Buddhism 0 0% — — 0 0% 0 0% — — 41 0.02% 53 0.02% — — — — — —
Ahmadiyya — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8,751 0.06% 7,948 0.04%
Others 0 0% 4,890 6.65% 119 0.11% 96 0.08% 507 0.33% 180 0.08% 10 0% 11,240 2.91% 6,753 0.05% 15,241 0.08%
Total population 59,157 100% 73,560 100% 105,199 100% 116,663 100% 151,903 100% 216,883 100% 263,565 100% 386,655 100% 14,884,402 100% 18,843,844 100%

Islam

Main article: Islam in Karachi

Karachi is overwhelmingly Muslim, though the city is one of Pakistan's most secular cities. Approximately 85% of Karachi's Muslims are Sunnis, while 15% are Shi'ites. Sunnis primarily follow the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, with Sufism influencing religious practices by encouraging reverence for Sufi saints such as Abdullah Shah Ghazi and Mewa Shah. Shi'ites are predominantly Twelver, with a significant Ismaili minority which is further subdivided into Nizaris, Mustaalis, Dawoodi Bohras, and Sulaymanis. There are over 3000 mosques in Karachi, most famous of which include Grand Jamia Mosque, Baitul Mukarram Mosque, Masjid-e-Tooba and Memon Masjid.

Christianity

Approximately 2.2% of Karachi's population is Christian. The city's Christian community is primarily composed of Punjabi Christians and a community of Goan Catholics who are typically better-educated and more affluent than their Punjabi co-religionists. They established the posh Cincinnatus Town in Garden East as a Goan enclave. The Goan community dates from 1820 and has a population estimated to be 12,000–15,000 strong. Karachi is served by its own archdiocese, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Karachi.

Hinduism

Shri Laxmi Narayan Mandir
Shri Swami Narayan Mandir

While most of the city's Hindu population left en masse for India following Pakistan's independence, Karachi still has a large Hindu community with an estimated population of 250,000 based on 2013 data, with several active temples in central Karachi. The Hindu community is split into a more affluent Sindhi Hindu and small Punjabi Hindu group that forms part of Karachi's educated middle class, while poorer Hindus of Rajasthani and Marwari descent form the other part and typically serve as menial and day laborers. Wealthier Hindus live primarily in Clifton and Saddar, while poorer ones live and have temples in Narayanpura and Lyari. Many streets in central Karachi still retain Hindu names, especially in Mithadar, Aram Bagh (formerly Ram Bagh), and Ramswami. Many Mandirs exist in Saddar which are over 100 years old.

Zoroastrianism

Karachi's affluent and influential Parsis have lived in the region in the 12th century, though the modern community dates from the mid 19th century when they served as military contractors and commissariat agents to the British. Further waves of Parsi immigrants from Persia settled in the city in the late 19th century. The population of Parsis in Karachi and throughout South Asia is in continuous decline due to low birth-rates and migration to Western countries.

In 2023, according to the 2023 census, approximately 1,435 Parsis are left in Karachi.

Transportation

Main article: Transport in Karachi
Greenline Metrobus Karachi

Road

Main article: List of streets in Karachi

Karachi is served by a road network estimated to be approximately 15,500 kilometres (9,600 miles) in length, serving approximately 5 million vehicles per day.

Karachi is served by 6 Signal-Free Corridors which are designed as urban express roads to permit traffic to transverse large distances without the need to stop at intersections and stoplights. The 16 km (10 mi) Karsaz Road connects PAF Museum in central Karachi to SITE Industrial Area. The Rashid Minhas Road connects Surjani Town with Shah Faisal Town over a 20 km span. The 19 km (12 mi) University Road connects Karachi's urban centre to the Gulistan-e-Johar suburb. The 18 km (11 mi) Shahrah-e-Faisal connects Karachi's Sadar area to the Jinnah International Airport. The 18 km (11 mi) Shahrah-e-Pakistan connects city centre to Federal B. Area. The 18 km (11 mi) Sher Shah Suri Road connects the city centre to Nazimabad.

The Lyari Expressway is a 16 km controlled-access highway along the Lyari River. This toll highway is designed to relieve congestion within the city. To the north of Karachi lies the 39 km Karachi Northern Bypass (M10), which bypasses the city to connect the M-9 Motorway to the N25 National Highway. A 39 km (24 mi) Malir Expressway is under construction along the Malir River. It will link Karachi's DHA to Karachi's Malir Town and terminate at Kathore on the M-9 motorway.

Karachi is the terminus of the M-9 motorway, which connects Karachi to Hyderabad. The M-9 motorway is part of a larger countrywide motorways network, many of which were built through the China Pakistan Economic Corridor Project. From Hyderabad, motorways provide high-speed road access to all major Pakistani cities, including Peshawar, Islamabad, Lahore, Multan and Faisalabad.

Karachi is also the terminus of the N-5 National Highway which connects the city to the historic medieval capital of Sindh, Thatta. It offers further connections to northern Pakistan and the Afghan border near Torkham. The N-25 National Highway connects Karachi to Quetta, the capital of Balochistan. The N-10 National Highway connects Karachi to the emerging port city of Gwadar.

Rail

Main articles: Karachi Circular Railway and List of railway stations in Pakistan

Karachi is linked by rail to the rest of the country by Pakistan Railways. The Karachi City Station and Karachi Cantonment Railway Station are the city's two major railway stations. The city has an international rail link, the Thar Express which links Karachi Cantonment Station with Bhagat Ki Kothi station in Jodhpur, India.

The railway system also handles freight linking Karachi port to destinations up-country in northern Pakistan. The city is the terminus for the Main Line-1 Railway which connects Karachi to Peshawar. Pakistan's rail network, including the Main Line-1 Railway is being upgraded as part of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor, allowing trains to depart Karachi and travel on Pakistani railways at an average speed of 160 km/h (100 mph) versus the current average speed of 80 km/h (50 mph).

Public transport

Metrobus

Main article: Karachi Metrobus
A Green line Station

The Pakistani Government is developing the Karachi Metrobus project, which is a 6-line 150-kilometre (93+1⁄4-mile) bus rapid transit system. The Metrobus project was inaugurated by then-Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on 25 February 2016. Sharif said the "project will be more beautiful than Lahore Metro Bus". Orange and Green Lines are operational while Red-Line is underconstruction.

People's Bus Service

Peoples Bus Service (Red)
Peoples Bus Service (Pink)

In 2022, provincial government launched Peoples Bus Service having fleet size of 100+ which run on 12 different routes on nominal fare. The buses are air-conditioned, have wifi, have priority seeting for disabled and elderly and are wheelchair accessible.

Red buses are for general public. Pink buses are for women only. White buses are environment friendly electric buses having designated charging points.

Karachi Circular Railway

Karachi Circular Railway is a partially active regional public transit system in Karachi, which serves the Karachi metropolitan area. KCR was fully operational between 1969 and 1999. Since 2001, restoration of the railway and restarting the system had been sought. In November 2020, the KCR partially revived operations.

KCR was included in CPEC by Shehbaz Sharif and construction started in 2022. Existing 43 km KCR track and stations would be completely rebuilt into automated rapid transit system with electric trains. The route would not be changed however many underpasses and bridges would be built along the route to eliminate 22-level crossings. New KCR would be similar to Lahore's Orange Train. New KCR would have joint stations with Karachi Metrobus at points of intersection. Project would be operational by 2025.

With its hub at Karachi City station on I. I. Chundrigar Road, KCR will connect the city centre with several industrial, commercial and residential districts within the city.

Tramway service

A tramway service was started in 1884 in Karachi but was closed in 1975. However, the revival of tramway service is proposed by Karachi Administrator Iftikhar Ali. Turkey has offered assistance in the revival and launching modern tramway service in Karachi.

Air

Karachi's Jinnah International Airport is the busiest airport of Pakistan with a total of 7.2 million passengers in 2018. The current terminal structure was built in 1992, and is divided into international and domestic sections. Karachi's airport serves as a hub for the flag carrier, Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), as well as for Air Indus, Serene Air and airblue. The airport offers non-stop flights to destinations throughout East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, the Gulf States, Europe and North America.

Sea

The largest shipping ports in Pakistan are the Port of Karachi and the nearby Port Qasim, the former being the oldest port of Pakistan. Port Qasim is located 35 kilometres (22 miles) east of the Port of Karachi on the Indus River estuary. These ports handle 95% of Pakistan's trade cargo to and from foreign ports. These seaports have modern facilities which include bulk handling, containers and oil terminals. The ports are part of the Maritime Silk Road.

Civic administration

Main articles: Politics of Karachi, List of mayors of Karachi, List of Union Councils of Karachi, and Commissioner of Karachi

City government

Main article: Government of Karachi

Karachi has a fragmented system of civic government. The urban area is divided into six District Municipal Corporations: Karachi East, Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South, Malir, Korangi. Each district is further divided into between 22 and 42 Union Committees. Each Union Committee is represented by seven elected representatives, four of whom can be general candidates of any background; the other three seats are reserved for women, religious minorities, and a union representative or peasant farmer.

Karachi's urban area also includes six cantonments, which are administered directly by the Pakistani military, and include some of Karachi's most desirable real-estate.

Key civic bodies, such as the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board and KBCA (Karachi Building Control Authority), among others, are under the direct control of the Government of Sindh. Additionally, Karachi's city-planning authority for undeveloped land, the Karachi Development Authority, is under control of the government, while two new city-planning authorities, the Lyari Development Authority and Malir Development Authority were revived by the Pakistan Peoples Party government in 2011 – allegedly to patronize their electoral allies and voting banks.

Historical background

In response to a cholera epidemic in 1846, the Karachi Conservancy Board was organized by British administrators to control its spread. The board became the Karachi Municipal Commission in 1852, and the Karachi Municipal Committee the following year. The City of Karachi Municipal Act of 1933 transformed the city administration into the Karachi Municipal Corporation with a mayor, a deputy mayor and 57 councillors. In 1976, the body became the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation.

During the 1900s, Karachi saw its major beautification project under the mayoralty of Harchandrai Vishandas. New roads, parks, residential, and recreational areas were developed as part of this project. In 1948, the Federal Capital Territory of Pakistan was created, comprising approximately 2,103 km (812 sq mi) of Karachi and surrounding areas, but this was merged into the province of West Pakistan in 1959. In 1960, Karachi and Lasbela District merged to create Karachi-Bela Division. In 1972, Lasbela District transferred to Kalat division and Karachi metropolitan area was divided into three (03) districts East, West and South. In 1996, again the Karachi metropolitan area was divided into More two (02) districts Central and Malir, each with its own municipal corporation.

Union councils (2001–11)

Given the honorary title "Father of Service", Naimatullah Khan Advocate (2001–2005) was one of the most successful and respected mayors Karachi ever had.

In 2001, during the rule of General Pervez Musharraf, five districts of Karachi were merged to form the city district of Karachi, with a three-tier structure. The two most local tiers are composed of 18 towns, and 178 union councils. Each tier focused on elected councils with some common members to provide "vertical linkage" within the federation.

Naimatullah Khan was the first Nazim of Karachi during the Union Council period, while Shafiq-Ur-Rehman Paracha was the first district coordination officer of Karachi. Syed Mustafa Kamal was elected City Nazim of Karachi to succeed Naimatullah Khan in 2005 elections, and Nasreen Jalil was elected as the City Naib Nazim.

Each Union Council had thirteen members elected from specified electorates: four men and two women elected directly by the general population; two men and two women elected by peasants and workers; one member for minority communities; two members are elected jointly as the Union Mayor (Nazim) and Deputy Union Mayor (Naib Nazim). Each council included up to three council secretaries and a number of other civil servants. The Union Council system was dismantled in 2011.

District Municipal Corporations (2011–present)

In July 2011, city district government of Karachi was reverted its original constituent units known as District Municipal Corporations (DMC). The five original DMCs are: Karachi East, Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South and Malir. In November 2013, a sixth DMC, Korangi District was carved out from District East. In August 2020, Sindh cabinet approves formation of the seventh district in Karachi (Keamari District), Keamari District was formed by splitting District West.

The committees for each district devise and enforce land-use and zoning regulations within their district. Each committee also manages water supply, sewage, and roads (except for 28 main arteries, which are managed by the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation). Street lighting, traffic planning, markets regulations, and signage are also under the control of the DMCs. Each DMC also maintains its own municipal record archive, and devises its own local budget.

Municipal Administration of Karachi is also run by the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation (KMC), which is responsible for the development and maintenance of main arteries, bridges, drains, several hospitals, beaches, solid waste management, as well as some parks, and the city's firefighting services. Between 2016 till 2020 the mayor of Karachi was Waseem Akhtar (2016-2020), with Arshad Hassan serving as Deputy Mayor; both served as part of the KMC. The Administrator of Karachi is Syed Saif-ur-Rehman as of 2022. In 2023, Murtaza Wahab of PPP was elected the mayor of Karachi.

The position of Commissioner of Karachi was created, with Iftikhar Ali Shallwani serving this role. There are six military cantonments, which are administered by the Pakistani Army, and are some of Karachi's most upscale neighbourhoods.

    Districts
    Karachi East
    Karachi West
    Karachi South
    Karachi Central
    Malir
    Korangi
    Kemari
Cantonments
A. Karachi Cantonment
B. Clifton Cantonment
C. Korangi Creek Cantonment
D. Faisal Cantonment
E. Malir Cantonment
F. Manora Cantonment

City planning

The Karachi Development Authority (KDA), along with the Lyari Development Authority (LDA) and Malir Development Authority (MDA), is responsible for the development of most undeveloped land around Karachi. KDA came into existence in 1957 with the task of managing land around Karachi, while the LDA and MDA were formed in 1993 and 1994, respectively. KDA under the control of Karachi's local government and mayor in 2001, while the LDA and MDA were abolished. KDA was later placed under the direct control of the Government of Sindh in 2011. The LDA and MDA were also revived by the Pakistan Peoples Party government at the time, allegedly to patronize their electoral allies and voting banks. City-planning in Karachi, therefore, is not locally directed but is instead controlled at the provincial level.

Each District Municipal Corporation regulate land-use in developed areas, while the Sindh Building Control Authority ensures that building construction is in accordance with building & town planning regulations. Cantonment areas, and the Defence Housing Authority are administered and planned by the military.

Municipal services

Water

Municipal water supplies are managed by the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KW&SB), which supplies 640 million gallons daily (MGD) to the city (excluding the city's steel mills and Port Qasim), of which 440 MGD are filtered/treated. Most of the supply comes from the Indus River, and 90 MGD from the Hub Dam. Karachi's water supply is transported to the city through a complex network of canals, conduits, and siphons, with the aid of pumping and filtration stations. 80% of Karachi households have access to piped water as of 2022, with private water tankers supplying much of the water required in informal settlements. 15% of residents in a 2022 survey rated their water supply as "bad" or "very bad", while 40% expressed concern at the stability of water supply. By 2022, an estimated 35,000 people were dying due to water-borne diseases annually.

The K-IV water project is under development at a cost of $876 million. It would connect Keenjhar Lake to Karachi hence eradicating water scarcity in eastern and northern parts of the city. It is expected to supply 650 million gallons daily of potable water to the city, the first phase 260 million gallons upon completion.

Desalination plants are also planned to be built on Arabian Sea coast on western side of Karachi in near future. These would resolve water scarcity issues in western parts of the city including SITE Area, Shershah and Orangi Town.

Sanitation

98% of Karachi's households are connected to the city's underground public sewerage system, largely operated by the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KW&SB). The KW&SB operates 150 pumping stations, 25 bulk reservoirs, over 10,000 kilometres of pipes, and 250,000 manholes. The city generates approximately 472 million gallons daily (MGD) of sewage, of which 417 MGD are discharged without treatment. KW&SB has the optimum capacity to treat up to 150 MGD of sewage, but uses only about 50 MGD of this capacity. Three treatment plants are available, in SITE Town (Gutter Baghicha), Mehmoodabad, and Mauripur. 75% reported in 2022 that Karachi's drainage system overflows or backs up, the highest percentage of all major Pakistani cities. Parts of the city's drainage system overflow on average 2–7 times per month, flooding some city streets.

Households in Orangi self-organized to set-up their own sewerage system under the Orangi Pilot Project, a community service organization founded in 1980. 90% of Orangi streets are now connected to a sewer system built by local residents under the Orangi Pilot Project. Residents of individual streets bear the cost of sewerage pipes, and provide volunteer labour to lay the pipe. Residents also maintain the sewer pipes, while the city municipal administration has built several primary and secondary pipes for the network. As a result of OPP, 96% of Orangi residents have access to a latrine.

The Sindh Solid Waste Management Board (SSWMB) is responsible for the collection and disposal of solid waste, not only in Karachi but throughout the whole province. Karachi has the highest percentage of residents in Pakistan who report that their streets are never cleaned – 42% of residents in Karachi report their streets are never cleaned, compared to 10% of residents in Lahore. Only 17% of Karachi residents reporting daily street cleaning, compared to 45% in Lahore. 69% of Karachi residents rely on private garbage collection services, with only 15% relying on municipal garbage collection services. 53% of Karachi residents in a 2022 survey reported that the state of their neighbourhood's cleanliness was either "bad" or "very bad". compared to 35% in Lahore, and 16% in Multan.

Electricity

The one and only electricity providing company in Karachi is K-Electric. It was government owned but was privatised in 2019. Government still has some shares. However HUBCO is an Independent Power Producer (IPP) that owns few major powerplants.

Karachi mostly gets electricity from oil, gas and coal powerplants established either on western coastline or Port Qasim Industrial Zone. Most recently built coal powerplants were the 1320MW Port Qasim Powerplant and the 1320MW Hub Coal Powerplant. 3 Nuclear Powerplants on western coastline namely KANUPP (K-1, K-2, K-3) also feed Karachi. Jhimpir, a nearby town has Wind Powerplants of more than 1000MW. This capacity is going to increase in future expansions. Solar Parks are envisioned to be established on western coastline having a starting generation of 1000MW.

75% of Karachi receives uninterrupted power supply almost throughout the year. 25% areas including industrial areas suffer with up to 6 hours of power outages everyday due to energy generation deficit. Power outages increase further in Peak-summer and Monsoon season (May to August). Many slums and unregulated areas are not yet electrified hence they indulge in electricity theft which is locally called Kunda-System.

Police, Ambulance, Firefighting

Police is under the control of provincial government and city government has no authority over it. Ambulance is run by private hospitals or NGOs, the most famous of which are Edhi, Chhipa and JDC. Firefighting is under control of local government and has enough firefighters and vehicles to work quickly during fire.

Education

Main article: Education in Karachi
Bai Virbaijee Soparivala (B.V.S.) Parsi High School
FAST NUCES Karachi campus

Districts literacy rate (10 years and above)

According to 2023 Census of Pakistan, Central is the most literate district among all the districts of Karachi and Sindh. Following is the literacy rate of 10 years and above population of the seven districts of Karachi:

Rank District Literate Population % (2023 census) 2017 census Increase/Decrease
1 Central 83.55% 81.52% ↑
2 Korangi 79.86% 80.49% ↓
3 South 78.57% 77.79% ↑
4 East 80.07% 75.96% ↑
5 West 67.43% 65.61% (including Kemari) ↑
6 Kemari 62.07% - -
7 Malir 63.14% 63.69% ↓

Primary and secondary

See also: List of schools in Karachi

Karachi's primary education system is divided into five levels: primary (grades one through five); middle (grades six through eight); high (grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate); intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate); and university programs leading to graduate and advanced degrees. Karachi has both public and private educational institutions. Most educational institutions are gender-based from primary to intermediate. Universities are mostly co-education.

Several of Karachi's schools, such as St Patrick's High School, St Joseph's Convent School and St Paul's English High School, are operated by Christian churches, and are among Pakistan's most prestigious schools.

Higher

See also: List of colleges in Karachi, List of universities in Karachi, and List of medical schools in Karachi
The D. J. Sindh Government Science College is one of Karachi's oldest universities and dates from 1887.
Karachi University is the city's largest by number of students, number of departments & occupied land area.

Karachi is home to several major public universities. Karachi's first public university's date from the British colonial era. The Sindh Madressatul Islam founded in 1885, was granted university status in 2012. Establishment of the Sindh Madressatul Islam was followed by the establishment of the D. J. Sindh Government Science College in 1887, and the institution was granted university status in 2014. The Nadirshaw Edulji Dinshaw University of Engineering and Technology (NED), was founded in 1921, and is Pakistan's oldest institution of higher learning. The Dow University of Health Sciences was established in 1945, and is now one of Pakistan's top medical research institutions.

The University of Karachi, founded in 1951, is Pakistan's largest university with a student population of 24,000. The Institute of Business Administration (IBA), founded in 1955, is the oldest business school outside of North America and Europe, and was set up with technical support from the Wharton School and the University of Southern California. The Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, which opened in 1962, offers degree programmes in petroleum, gas, chemical, and industrial engineering. The Pakistan Navy Engineering College (PNEC), operated by the Pakistan Navy, is associated with the National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) in Islamabad.

Karachi is also home to numerous private universities. The Aga Khan University, founded in 1983, is Karachi's oldest private educational institution, and is one of Pakistan's most prestigious medical schools. The Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture was founded in 1989, and offers degree programmes in arts and architectural fields. Hamdard University is the largest private university in Pakistan with faculties including Eastern Medicine, Medical, Engineering, Pharmacy, and Law. The National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES-FAST), one of Pakistan's top universities in computer education, operates two campuses in Karachi. Bahria University (BU) founded in 2000, is one of the major general institutions of Pakistan with their campuses in Karachi, Islamabad and Lahore offers degree programs in Management Sciences, Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Psychology. Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology (SSUET) offers degree programmes in biomedical, electronics, telecom and computer engineering. Karachi Institute of Economics & Technology (KIET) has two campuses in Karachi. The Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), founded in 1995 by former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, operates a campus in Karachi. Other names include:

Healthcare

Main articles: List of hospitals in Karachi and Environment of Karachi
  • Aga Khan University's hospital Aga Khan University's hospital
  • Lady Dufferin Hospital Lady Dufferin Hospital

Karachi is a centre of research in biomedicine with at least 30 public hospitals, 80 registered private hospitals and 12 recognized medical colleges, including the Indus Hospital, Lady Dufferin Hospital, Karachi Institute of Heart Diseases, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Civil Hospital, Combined Military Hospital, PNS Rahat, PNS Shifa, Aga Khan University Hospital, Liaquat National Hospital, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Holy Family Hospital and Ziauddin Hospital. In 1995, Ziauddin Hospital was the site of Pakistan's first bone marrow transplant.

Karachi municipal authorities in 2017 launched a new early warning system that alerted city residents to a forecasted heatwave. Previous heatwaves had routinely claimed lives in the city, but implementation of the warning system was credited for no reported heat-related fatalities. During 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines were available in all major hospitals.

Further information: Richmond Crawford Veterinary Hospital

Entertainment, tourism and culture

Main article: Culture of Karachi See also: Culture of Pakistan, Muhajir culture, and Sindhi culture

Shopping malls

Main article: Cinema in Karachi

Karachi is home to Pakistan and South Asia's largest shopping mall, Lucky One Mall which hosts more than two hundred stores. According to TripAdvisor the city is also home to Pakistan's favorite shopping mall, Dolmen Mall, Clifton which was also featured on CNN. In 2023, another mega mall/entertainment complex named 'Mall of Karachi' situated at the bottom of Pakistan's tallest skyscraper Bahria Icon Tower will be opened.

Museums and galleries

Major landmarks in Karachi include several important museums. The National Museum of Pakistan and Mohatta Palace exhibit a rich collection of artwork, while the city boasts several private art galleries. Additionally, Karachi features the Pakistan Airforce Museum, the Pakistan Maritime Museum and the country's first interactive science centre, the MagnifiScience Centre. Wazir Mansion, the birthplace of Pakistan's founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah has also been preserved as a museum open to the public. Quaid-e-Azam House, the residence of Muhammad Ali Jinnah's residence, also serves as a museum showcasing his furniture and other belongings. Other museums include TDF Ghar and the State Bank of Pakistan Museum & Art Gallery.

Theatre and cinema

Karachi is home to some of Pakistan's important cultural institutions. The National Academy of Performing Arts, located in the former Hindu Gymkhana, offers diploma courses in performing arts including classical music and contemporary theatre. Karachi is home to groups such as Thespianz Theater, a professional youth-based, non-profit performing arts group, which works on theatre and arts activities in Pakistan.

Though Lahore was considered to be home of Pakistan's film industry, Karachi is home to Urdu cinema and Kara Film Festival annually showcases independent Pakistani and international films and documentaries.

Bambino Cinema, Capri Cinema, Cinepax Cinema, Cinegold Plex Cinema (Bahria Town), Mega Multiplex Cinema (Millennium Mall), Nueplex Cinema (Askari-4), Atrium Mall Cinema (Sadar) are some of the most popular cinemas in Karachi.

Music

The All Pakistan Music Conference, linked to the 45-year-old similar institution in Lahore, has been holding its annual music festival since its inception in 2004. The National Arts Council (Koocha-e-Saqafat) has musical performances and mushaira.

Social issues

Crime & Lawlessness

Sometimes stated to be amongst the world's most dangerous cities, the extent of violent crime in Karachi is not as significant in magnitude as compared to other cities. According to the Numbeo Crime Index 2014, Karachi was the 6th most dangerous city in the world. By the middle of 2016, Karachi's rank had dropped to 31 following the launch of anti-crime operations. By 2018, Karachi's ranking has dropped to 50. In 2021, Karachi's ranking fell to 115. In 2022, the ranking fell further to 128th place, ranking Karachi safer than regional cities such as Dhaka (56th place), Delhi (90th place), and Bangalore (122nd place).

The city's large population results in high numbers of homicides with a moderate homicide rate. Karachi's homicide rates are lower than many Latin American cities, and in 2015 was 12.5 per 100,000 – lower than the homicide rate of several American cities such as New Orleans and St. Louis. The homicide rates in some Latin American cities such as Caracas, Venezuela and Acapulco, Mexico are in excess of 100 per 100,000 residents, many times greater than Karachi's homicide rate. In 2016, the number of murders in Karachi had dropped to 471, which had dropped further to 381 in 2017.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Karachi was rocked by political conflict while crime rates drastically increased with the arrival of weaponry from the War in Afghanistan. Several of Karachi's criminal mafias became powerful during a period in the 1990s described as "the rule of the mafias." Major mafias active in the city included land mafia, water tanker mafia, transport mafia and a sand and gravel mafia. Karachi's highest death rates occurred in the mid-1990s. In 1995, 1,742 killings were recorded, with a maximum of 15 killings in a single day.

Karachi Operation by Pakistan Rangers

Karachi had become widely known for its high rates of violent crime, but rates sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM political party, and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the Pakistan Rangers. In 2015, 1,040 Karachiites were killed in either acts of terror or other crime – an almost 50% decrease from the 2,023 killed in 2014, and an almost 70% decrease from the 3,251 recorded killed in 2013 – the highest ever recorded number in Karachi history. Violent crime like target killings, kidnappings for ransom or extortion, burning or torturing to death, drugs and weapons smuggling decreased sharply after 2015. Street crime still remains high like snatching of cash, phones, motorcycles and cars on gunpoint.

With 650 homicides in 2015, Karachi's homicide rate decreased by 75% compared to 2013. In 2017, the number of homicides had dropped further to 381. Extortion crimes decreased by 80% between 2013 and 2015, while kidnappings decreased by 90% during the same period. By 2016, the city registered a total of 21 cases of kidnap for ransom. Terrorist incidents dropped by 98% between 2012 and 2017, according to Pakistan's Interior Ministry. As a result of the Karachi's improved security environment, real-estate prices in Karachi rose sharply after 2015, with a rise in business for upmarket restaurants and cafés.

Ethnic & Linguistic conflict

Insufficient affordable housing infrastructure to absorb growth has resulted in the city's diverse migrant populations being largely confined to ethnically homogeneous neighbourhoods. The 1970s saw major labour struggles in Karachi's industrial estates. Violence originated in the city's university campuses, and spread into the city. Conflict was especially sharp between MQM party and ethnic Sindhis, Pashtuns, and Punjabis. The party and its vast network of supporters were targeted by Pakistani security forces as part of the controversial Operation Clean-up in 1992, as part of an effort to restore peace in the city that lasted until 1994. The ethnic conflicts kept going between linguistic groups till late 2010s and are no more extreme.

Poor infrastructure

Urban planning and service delivery have not kept pace with Karachi's growth, resulting in the city's low ranking on livability rankings. The city has no cohesive transportation policy and inadequate transport, though up to 1,000 new vehicles are added daily to the city's congested streets. Roads and streets are broken at many places but are not repaired in timely manner.

Unable to provide housing to large numbers of refugees shortly after independence, Karachi's authorities first issued "slips" to refugees beginning in 1950 – which allowed refugees to settle on any vacant land. Such informal settlements are known as katchi abadis. Approximately half of Karachi's residents still live in these unplanned communities which have limited paved roads and limited utilities.

Pollution

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Karachi from above

Air quality index is one of the worst in the world. Due to desert terrain, there is plenty of dust throughout the year except for rainy season. Vehicles and industries also contribute to air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. There is a lot of noise pollution due to traffic. Land pollution is due to solid trash not disposed to dedicated dumping sites. Lastly there is water pollution in Lyari and Malir rivers as gutters directly open into these rivers. These rivers than directly go into Arabian sea untreated. So sewerage and industrial wastewater is directly being thrown into Indian Ocean hence polluting it and destroying marine life under the sea. 3 waste water treatment plants exist but are all dysfunctional.

Karachi's sewage system is overwhelmed and in disrepair, and sewage commonly gets into the city's water lines. Thousands of hospitalisations each year are attributed to sewage contamination in Karachi's drinking water, and there are annual cholera outbreaks in the city. As of 2011, half of all middle-class children in Karachi have intestinal parasites attributed to poor water quality.

Urban flooding in monsoon season

Size of Drainage system and storm water drains (locally known as Naalahs) in the city is not enough to handle the heavy rainfalls of monsoon. The drainage system and storm water drains are also filled with solid trash. When water finds no path, it enters streets, roads, underpasses and even houses during rainfall in July and August of every year. Major Naalahs like Orangi Naalah, Gujjar Naalah, Mehmoodabad Naalah are cleaned every year by government but are polluted by people the next day.

Flooding hinders connectivity of different areas of the city specially Landhi and Korangi. Floods have caused drown or electric shocks related deaths as well.

Architecture

See also: Pakistani architecture and List of tallest buildings in Karachi

Karachi has a collection of buildings and structures of varied architectural styles. The downtown districts of Saddar and Clifton contain early 20th-century architecture, ranging in style from the neo-classical KPT building to the Sindh High Court Building. Karachi acquired its first neo-Gothic or Indo-Gothic buildings when Frere Hall, Empress Market and St. Patrick's Cathedral were completed. The Mock Tudor architectural style was introduced in the Karachi Gymkhana and the Boat Club. Neo-Renaissance architecture was popular in the 19th century and was the architectural style for St. Joseph's Convent (1870) and the Sind Club (1883). The classical style made a comeback in the late 19th century, as seen in Lady Dufferin Hospital (1898) and the Cantt. Railway Station. While Italianate buildings remained popular, an eclectic blend termed Indo-Saracenic or Anglo-Mughal began to emerge in some locations. The local mercantile community began acquiring impressive structures. Zaibunnisa Street in the Saddar area (known as Elphinstone Street in British days) is an example where the mercantile groups adopted the Italianate and Indo-Saracenic style to demonstrate their familiarity with Western culture and their own. The Hindu Gymkhana (1925) and Mohatta Palace are examples of Mughal revival buildings. The Sindh Wildlife Conservation Building, located in Saddar, served as a Freemasonic Lodge until it was taken over by the government. There are talks of it being taken away from this custody and being renovated and the Lodge being preserved with its original woodwork and ornate wooden staircase.

Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture is one of the prime examples of Architectural conservation and restoration where an entire Nusserwanjee building from Kharadar area of Karachi has been relocated to Clifton for adaptive reuse in an art school. The procedure involved the careful removal of each piece of timber and stone, stacked temporarily, loaded on the trucks for transportation to the Clifton site, unloaded and re-arranged according to a given layout, stone by stone, piece by piece, and completed within three months.

Architecturally distinctive, even eccentric, buildings have sprung up throughout Karachi. Notable example of contemporary architecture include the Pakistan State Oil Headquarters building. The city has examples of modern Islamic architecture, including the Aga Khan University hospital, Grand Jamia Mosque, Masjid e Tooba, Faran Mosque, Baitul Mukarram Mosque, Quaid's Mausoleum, and the Textile Institute of Pakistan. One of the unique cultural elements of Karachi is that the residences, which are two- or three-story townhouses, are built with the front yard protected by a high brick wall. I. I. Chundrigar Road features a range of tall buildings. The most prominent examples include the Habib Bank Plaza, UBL Tower, PRC Towers, PNSC Building and MCB Tower. Newer skyscrapers are being built in Clifton. At least 50 150m+ buildings were underconstruction in 2022.

Sports

Main article: List of sports venues in Karachi
The National Stadium in Karachi

Cricket

Cricket's history in Pakistan predates the creation of the country in 1947. The first ever international cricket match in Karachi was held on 22 November 1935 between Sindh and Australian cricket teams. The match was seen by 5,000 Karachiites. Karachi is also the place that innovated tape ball, a safer and more affordable alternative to cricket.

The inaugural first-class match at the National Stadium was played between Pakistan and India on 26 February 1955 and since then Pakistani national cricket team has won 20 of the 41 Test matches played at the National Stadium. The first One Day International at the National Stadium was against the West Indies on 21 November 1980, with the match going to the last ball.

The national team has been less successful in such limited-overs matches at the ground, including a five-year stint between 1996 and 2001, when they failed to win any matches. The city has been host to a number of domestic cricket teams including Karachi, Karachi Blues, Karachi Greens, and Karachi Whites. The National Stadium hosted two group matches (Pakistan v. South Africa on 29 February and Pakistan v. England on 3 March), and a quarter-final match (South Africa v. West Indies on 11 March) during the 1996 Cricket World Cup.

Rafi Cricket Stadium under construction in Bahria Town would soon become the largest cricket stadium in Karachi with a capacity of 50,000+ spectators.

Football

Pakistan XI football team in a friendly against FC Kairat from the Soviet Union at the KMC Stadium in 1968.

Lyari, a neighbourhood in Karachi, holds an important place in Pakistan's football landscape due to its historical and cultural ties to the sport. Dating back several decades, Lyari has been a consistent source of football talent, contributing significantly to the national sports scene. One notable aspect is the nickname "Little Brazil" often associated with Lyari.

In its early years, football in Pakistan was mainly concentrated to Balochistan and the locality of Lyari, from where majority of players of the Pakistan national football team were recruited mainly in the 1960s, which is often regarded as the early golden age of Pakistani football. Notable players during this period include Abdul Ghafoor, nicknamed the "Pakistani Pelé" and "Black Pearl of Pakistan", Muhammad Umer, Moosa Ghazi, Abid Ghazi, Turab Ali, Ali Nawaz Baloch, among others. The Kakri Ground and People's Football Stadium, which is one of the major football stadiums in the country are located in the city. In 2005, the city hosted the 2005 SAFF Championship at the Peoples Football Stadium, as well as the Geo Super Football League in 2007, which attracted capacity crowds during the games.

Other sports

When it comes to sports Karachi has a distinction, because some sources cite that it was in 1877 at Karachi in (British) India, where the first attempt was made to form a set of rules of badminton and likely place is said to be Frere Hall.

Karachi has hosted seven editions of the National Games of Pakistan, most recently in 2007.

The popularity of golf is increasing, with clubs in Karachi like Dreamworld Resort, Bahria Town Golf Club, Hotel & Golf Club, Arabian Sea Country Club, DA Country & Golf Club. The city has facilities for field hockey (Hockey Club of Pakistan, UBL Hockey Ground), boxing (KPT Sports Complex), squash (Jahangir Khan Squash Complex), and polo. There are marinas and boating clubs. National Bank of Pakistan Sports Complex is First-class cricket venue and Multi-purpose sports facility in Karachi.

Professional teams of Karachi
Club League Sport Venue Established
Karachi Kings Pakistan Super League Cricket National Stadium 2015
Karachi Blues National T20 Cup Cricket National Stadium 2023
Karachi Whites National T20 Cup/Quaid-e-Azam Trophy Cricket National Stadium 2023
Karachi Zebras National T20 League/National One-day Championship Cricket National Stadium 2004
Karachi United Pakistan Premier League Football Karachi United Stadium 1996
Diya WFC National Women Football Championship Football N/A 2002

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Karachi

Twin towns and sister cities

Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in Pakistan

See also

Notes

  1. 1872-1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Karachi, which included Karachi Municipality and Karachi Cantonment.

    2017: Data for the entirety of the town of Karachi, which included the urban populations of Karachi Central District, Karachi East District, Karachi South District, Karachi West District, Malir District, and Korangi District.

    2023: Data for the entirety of the town of Karachi, which included the urban populations of Karachi Central District, Karachi East District, Karachi South District, Karachi West District, Malir District, Korangi District, and Keamari District.

References

  1. Sarina Singh 2008, p. 164.
  2. ^ Paracha, Nadeem F. (26 September 2014). "Visual Karachi: From Paris of Asia, to City of Lights, to Hell on Earth". Dawn. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016.
  3. Ghosh, Palash (22 August 2013). "Karachi, Pakistan: Troubled, Violent Metropolis Was Once Called 'Paris Of The East'". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017. However, decades ago, Karachi was a very different place – so different, in fact, that in 1942 the city charmed American soldiers enough they dubbed it the "Paris of the East".
  4. Hunt Janin & Scott A. Mandia 2012, p. 98.
  5. Sind Muslim College 1965.
  6. "District in Karachi". Karachi Metropolitan Corporation. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
  7. ^ Web Desk (15 June 2023). "Who is Murtaza Wahab?". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  8. "All means to be utilised to ensure fair polls: Sindh election commissioner". Associated Press of Pakistan. 4 July 2024. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  9. "Government". Karachi Metropolitan Corporation. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
  10. "Karachi Metropolitan Corporation". City District Government of Karachi. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  11. "Elevation of Karachi, Pakistan - Topographic Map - Altitude Map". Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  12. ^ "Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Sindh province)" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk). 5 August 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
  13. "Karachiites to endure another powertariff hike". The News International (newspaper). 5 January 2022. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  14. "Postal Codes". Pakistan Post. Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  15. "National Dialing Codes". PTCL. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  16. ^ "Karachi: The backbone of Pakistan". September 2020. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  17. ^ "| Finance Division | Government of Pakistan |". Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  18. Web Desk (8 August 2023). "Karachi Population in Digital Census rises above 20 mln". ARY NEWS. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  19. "GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2008". Lboro.ac.uk. 3 June 2009. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  20. "GAWC World Cities Ranking List". Diserio.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  21. "PIGJE". pigje.com.pk. Archived from the original on 30 September 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  22. ^ Inskeep, Steve (2012). Instant City: Life and Death in Karachi. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-14-312216-6. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  23. ^ Abbas, Qaswar. "Karachi: World's most dangerous city". India Today. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016. Karachi, Pakistan's largest city, with a population of approx. 3.0 crore (Mumbai has 2 crore people) is the country's most educated, liberal and secular metropolis.
  24. ^ "Pakistani journalists face threats from Islamists". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016. This all happened in the heart of Karachi – a relatively liberal city with a population of more than 15 million.
  25. Mahim, Maher (3 November 2013). "Karachi's Stone Age proves history didn't start with the Muslims". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  26. ^ Askari, Sabiah (2015). Studies on Karachi: Papers Presented at the Karachi Conference 2013. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-7744-2. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  27. ^ Gayer, Laurent (2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for City. HarperCollins Publishers. p. 368. ISBN 9789351160861. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  28. "Muhajir | people | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  29. Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), The Partition of India, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–121, ISBN 978-0-521-67256-6, archived from the original on 11 March 2023, retrieved 20 April 2023, Like Dacca, Karachi was a Hindu-majority city sureounded by a predominantly Muslim-populated hinterland. In 1941 Muslims formed 42 per cent of the population while caste and scheduled-caste Hindus together comprised 50.9 per cent. ... Between 1947 and 1953 Karachi's population increased from 400,000 to 1.3 million. The former Hindu-majority city became dominated by refugees who accounted for just under 60 per cent of the population in 1951 while the Hindu presence slumped to 0.5 per cent.
  30. ^ Brunn, Stanley (2008). Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 647. ISBN 978-0-7425-5597-6. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  31. "Four million added to Karachi's population". DAWN.COM. 9 August 2023. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  32. Kotkin, Joel. "The World's Fastest-Growing Megacities". Forbes. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  33. ^ "Falling back". Daily Times. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  34. ^ "Chronology for Biharis in Bangladesh". Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland. 10 January 2007. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  35. Craig, Time. "Pakistan cracks down on Afghan immigrants, fearing an influx as U.S. leaves Afghanistan". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016. Qaim Ali Shah, the chief minister of Sindh province in southern Pakistan, said at a news conference in February that there were already more than 1 million illegal Afghan immigrants living in Karachi, a rapidly growing city of 22 million people.
  36. "| Ministry of Finance | Government of Pakistan |". finance.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  37. ^ "Karachi, Pakistan". Lloyd's City Risk Index 2015–2025. Centre for Risk Studies at the University of Cambridge Judge Business School. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  38. "The importance of Karachi – The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 12 October 2015. Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  39. ^ Karachi Mega-Cities Preparation Project (PDF) (Report). Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  40. ^ "The Karachi Coastline Case". The Trade & Environment Database. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  41. ^ "Karachi: Step-motherly treatment". Pakistan and Gulf Economist. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
  42. ^ Drivers of Long-Term insecurity and Instability in Pakistan: Urbanization. Rand Corporation. 2014. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-8330-8750-8.
  43. "Details – The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  44. Isani, Aamna Haider (5 May 2013). "Fashion through the ages". Dawn. Pakistan. Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  45. "Karachi the next fashion capital?". Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  46. Khalid, Kiran. "Pakistan's fashionistas: We aren't revolutionaries". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  47. Waraich, Omar (11 November 2009). "Fashion Week Comes to Pakistan Amid Mayhem". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  48. Gayer, Laurent (2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City. Oxford University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-19-023806-3.
  49. ^ "2011 brings a violent and bloody year of ethnic conflict to Karachi, Pakistan". Public Radio International. 19 January 2012. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  50. ^ ur-Rehman, Zia (7 November 2015). "Crime Down in Karachi, Paramilitary in Pakistan Shifts Focus". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  51. "Karachi's ranking improves on World Crime Index". www.geo.tv. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  52. ^ The Dutch East India Company (VOC) and Diewel-Sind (Pakistan) in the 17th and 18th centuries, Floor, W. Institute of Central & West Asian Studies, University of Karachi, 1993–1994, p. 49.
  53. ^ "The Dutch East India Company's shipping between the Netherlands and Asia 1595–1795". 2 February 2015. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  54. Whitfield, Susan (2018). Silk, Slaves, and Stupas: Material Culture of the Silk Road. University of California Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-520-95766-4.
  55. Tan, Chung; Geng, Yinzeng (2005). India and China: twenty centuries of civilization interaction and vibrations. Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture, Centre for Studies in Civilizations. ISBN 978-81-87586-21-0.
  56. The Month. 1912.
  57. Sun, Zhixin Jason; Hsing, I-tien; Liu, Cary Y.; Lu, Pengliang; Tseng, Lillian Lan-ying; Hong, Yang; Yates, Robin D. S.; Zhang, Zhonglin Yukina (2017). Age of Empires: Art of the Qin and Han Dynasties. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-58839-617-4.
  58. Hasan, Arif (7 May 2009). "From Rambagh to Arambagh". The News International. Karachi. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  59. Kapoor, Subodh (2002). Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography. Cosmo Publications. ISBN 978-81-7755-298-0.
  60. Pithawalla, Maneck B. (1950). An Introduction to Karachi: Its Environs and Hinterland. Times Press.
  61. Pithawalla, Maneck B. (1959). A Physical and Economic Geography of Sind: The Lower Indus Basin. Sindhi Adabi Board.
  62. Samad, Rafi U. (2002). The Greeks in ancient Pakistan. Indus Publications. ISBN 978-969-529-001-9.
  63. McCrindle, John Watson (1896). The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great as Described by Arrian, Q. Curtius, Diodoros, Plutarch and Justin: Being Translations of Such Portions of the Works of These and Other Classical Authors as Describe Alexander's Campaigns in Afghanistan, the Punjâb, Sindh, Gedrosia and Karmania. A. Constable and Company.
  64. Pithawalla, Maneck B. (1938). Identification and description of some old sites in Sind and their relation with the physical geography of the region.
  65. Vincent, William (1797). The Voyage of Nearchus from the Indus to the Euphrates, Collected from the Original Journal Preserved by Arrian ...: Containing an Account of the First Navigation Attempted by Europeans in the Indian Ocean. T. Cadell jun. and W. Davies. p. 180.
  66. Houtsma, M. Th (1993). E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-09790-2.
  67. Lambrick, H. T. (1975). Sind: A General Introduction. Sindhi Adabi Board. ISBN 9780195772203.
  68. Pithawalla, Maneck B. (1950). An Introduction to Karachi: Its Environs and Hinterland. Times Press.
  69. "Karachi History". www.houstonkarachi.org. Houston Karachi Sister City Association. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011.
  70. Cunningham, Alexander (28 March 2013). The Ancient Geography of India: The Buddhist Period, Including the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-05645-8.
  71. Elliot, Henry Miers (1853). Appendix to the Arabs in Sind, Vol.III, Part 1, of the Historians of India [sic]. S. Solomon & Company. p. 222.
  72. Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila (2009). Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1.
  73. Baillie, Alexander Francis (1890). Kurrachee: (Karachi) Past, Present and Future. Thacker, Spink. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  74. Balocu, Nabī Bak̲h̲shu K̲h̲ānu (2002). Sindh, Studies Historical. Pakistan Study Centre, University of Sindh. ISBN 978-969-8135-13-3. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  75. Bloom, J.; Blair, S. (2009). "Karachi". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1.
  76. Haider, Azimusshan (1974). History of Karachi: With Special Reference to Educational, Demographical, and Commercial Developments, 1839–1900. Haider. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  77. ^ Gayer, Laurent (2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-935444-3. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  78. Karachi (Pakistan) (1984). Brief Sketch of Karachi, the Nerve Center of Pakistan. The Corporation.
  79. A Gazetteer of the Province of Sindh. G. Bell and Sons. 1874. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  80. "Preserving cultural assets". DAWN.COM. 10 February 2008. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  81. Sampark: Journal of Global Understanding. Sampark Literary Services. 2004. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  82. The Herald. Pakistan Herald Publications. 1993.
  83. Murray (publishers.), John (1859). A handbook for India. Part ii. Bombay.
  84. The Persian Gulf Pilot. J. D. Potter. 1875.
  85. Davies, Charles E. (1997). The Blood-red Arab Flag: An Investigation Into Qasimi Piracy, 1797–1820. University of Exeter Press. ISBN 978-0-85989-509-5. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  86. Huttenback, Robert A. (1962). British Relations with Sind, 1799–1843: An Anatomy of Imperialism. University of California Press. p. 3.
  87. Sunderlal, Pandit (1 August 2018). British Rule in India. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-93-5280-803-8. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  88. Laurent Gayer 2014, pp. 42.
  89. Neill, John Martin Bladen (1846). Recollections of Four Years' Service in the East with H.M. Fortieth Regiment. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
  90. Baillie, Alexander Francis (1890). Kurrachee: (Karachi) Past, Present and Future. Thacker, Spink. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  91. "Preserving cultural assets". Dawn. Pakistan. 10 February 2008. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  92. ^ Gayer, Laurent (2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-935444-3.
  93. "Celebrating Karachi's Goan connection | The Express Tribune". tribune.com.pk. 16 April 2022. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  94. ^ Anwar, Farhan, ed. (2018). LOCAL AND CITY GOVERNMENT HANDBOOK – PROVINCE OF SINDH AND KARACHI CITY (PDF). Karachi: Shehri - Citizens for a Better Environment. ISBN 978-969-9491-14-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  95. Blood, Peter R. (1996). Pakistan: A Country Study. DIANE Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-7881-3631-3.
  96. Bowden, Rob (2005). Settlements of the Indus River. Capstone Classroom. ISBN 978-1-4034-5723-3. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  97. ^ Heitzman, James (31 March 2008). The City in South Asia. Routledge. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-134-28963-9.
  98. ^ Narayanan, Yamini (19 November 2015). Religion and Urbanism: Reconceptualising sustainable cities for South Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-75541-8. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  99. Clarke, S. H. (1858). The Scinde Railway and Indus Flotilla Companies: Their Futility and Hollowness Demonstrated, Also an Exposure of the Delusion which Exists Respecting the Five Per Cent Guarantee, which Insures No Dividend Whatever to the Respective Shareholders. Richardson Brothers. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  100. Askari, Sabiah, ed. (2015). Studies on Karachi: Papers Presented at the Karachi Conference 2013. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 325. ISBN 978-1-4438-8450-1.
  101. : Karachi Through a Hundred Years: The Centenary History of the Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry 1860–1960. 2. ed. Karachi: Oxford University Press (1960).]
  102. Ansari's Trade & Industrial Directory of Pakistan. Ansari Publishing House. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  103. ^ Gayer, Laurent (1 July 2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-023806-3.
  104. ^ Markovits, Claude (22 June 2000). The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750–1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-43127-9. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  105. Zamindar, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali (14 November 2007). The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51101-8. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  106. ^ Zamindar, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali (2010). The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13847-5. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  107. Barbara A. Weightman 2011, p. .
  108. Party, Government and Freedom in the Muslim World: Three Articles Reprinted from the Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2d Ed., V. 3, Parts 49–50. Brill Archive. 1968. p. 37.
  109. Planning Commission, The Second Five Year Plan: 1960–65, Karachi: Govt. Printing Press, 1960, p. 393
  110. Planning Commission, Pakistan Economic Survey, 1964–65, Rawalpindi: Govt. Printing Press, 1965, p. 212.
  111. Gayer, Laurent (2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-935444-3. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  112. Population Growth and Policies in Mega-cities: Karachi. UN. 1988. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  113. Khan, Nichola (15 July 2017). Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-086978-6. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  114. ^ Udupa, Sahana; McDowell, Stephen D. (14 July 2017). Media as Politics in South Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-97221-5.
  115. Yusuf, Farhat (July 1990). "Afghan refugees population in Pakistan". Journal of Biosocial Science. 22 (3). Journals.cambridge.org: 269–279. doi:10.1017/S0021932000018654. ISSN 0021-9320. PMID 2169475. S2CID 33827916. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  116. Khan, Nichola (5 April 2010). Mohajir Militancy in Pakistan: Violence and Transformation in the Karachi Conflict. Routledge. ISBN 9781135161927.
  117. Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World. Vol. 3. Greenwood. pp. 1277–78. ISBN 978-0-313-32111-5.
  118. "PAKISTANIS ATTACK 30 HINDU TEMPLES". The New York Times. 8 December 1992. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  119. Ali, Imtiaz (7 February 2020). "Karachi jumps 22 points since last year on global crime index". Dawn. Pakistan. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  120. "KARACHI: Karachi's earthquake history". 26 October 2005. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  121. "A story behind every name". The News International, Pakistan. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  122. ^ Hasan, Arif; Pervaiz, Arif; Raza, Mansoor (January 2017). "Drivers of climate change vulnerability at different scales in Karachi". IIED Working Paper. International Institute for Environment and Development: 17. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  123. "The case of Karachi, Pakistan" (PDF). University College London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  124. Birch, Hayley (22 July 2015). "Where is the world's hottest city?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  125. ^ "With Early Warning, Karachi Cools a Heat Wave Threat". Voice of America. 14 November 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  126. Bhutto, Fatima (27 September 2020). "Pakistan's Most Terrifying Adversary Is Climate Change". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  127. ^ "Climate data – Karachi". Pakistan Meteorological Department, Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 22 April 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  128. Report, Dawn (18 August 2006). "Rain havoc in Karachi". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 26 October 2010.
  129. "Karachi Extremes". Pakistan: Pakistan Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  130. "Karachi Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  131. "Weather Atlas". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  132. "Krachi Extremes". Pakistan Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  133. "41780: Karachi Airport (Pakistan)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 29 March 2022. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  134. Gayer, Laurent (2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City. Oxford University Press. p. 33.
  135. ^ Askari, Sabiah, ed. (2015). Studies on Karachi: Papers Presented at the Karachi Conference 2013. Cambridge University Scholars. ISBN 978-1-4438-8450-1.
  136. "Annexures" (PDF). City District Government Karachi. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  137. ^ "Karachi City Diagnostic: livability, sustainability and growth in the city of Karachi" (PDF). Pakistan Development Update: 45–49. November 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  138. "Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025". PricewaterhouseCoopers. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
  139. Kaiser Bengali; Mahpara Sadaqat. "Provincial Accounts of Pakistan: Methodology and Estimates (1973-2000)". Social Policy and Development Center. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  140. "Sindh, Balochistan's share in GDP drops". Dawn Group of Newspapers. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  141. "Sindh's GDP estimated at Rs 240 billion". Dawn. Archived from the original on 14 June 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  142. "Sindh share in GDP falls by 1pc". Dawn Group of Newspapers. 2 December 2004. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  143. "When Karachi Bleeds, Pakistan's Economy Bleeds". Center for International Private Enterprise. 22 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  144. "The Secret Strength of Pakistan's Economy". Bloomberg. 12 April 2012. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  145. Hasan, Arif (April 2015). "Land contestation in Karachi and the impact on housing and urban development". Environment and Urbanization. 27 (1): 217–230. Bibcode:2015EnUrb..27..217H. doi:10.1177/0956247814567263. PMC 4540218. PMID 26321797.
  146. Bouchet, Max; Liu, Sifan; Parilla, Joseph; Kabbani, Nader (June 2018). "Global Metro Monitor 2018" (PDF). Brookings Institution. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  147. "Euromonitor 2018 research". Euromonitor research. Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  148. "Mckinsey Urban Mapping (cities)". Mckinsey (Urban Maping). Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  149. Intelligence, fDi. "fDi's Asia-Pacific Cities of the Future 2017/18 – the winners". fdiintelligence.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  150. Lieven, Anatol (2011). Pakistan : a hard country (1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-61039-021-7. OCLC 710995260. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  151. "What's Next For Asia's Best-Performing Stock Market?". Bloomberg L.P. 20 October 2016. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  152. ^ Amos Owen Thomas 2005, pp. 121.
  153. "Welcome to KTN TV". KTN. Archived from the original on 17 January 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  154. "Sindh TV". Sindh TV. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  155. "Daily Express Urdu Newspaper – Latest Pakistan News – Breaking News". express.com.pk. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  156. "World Bank report: Karachi termed most business-friendly". Dawn Group of Newspapers. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
  157. "How important is Karachi to Pakistan?". Business Recorder. 5 May 2012. Archived from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  158. Hasan, Arif. "The case of Karachi, Pakistan" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  159. Sayeed, Asad; Husain, Khurram; Raza, Syed Salim. "INFORMALITY IN KARACHI'S LAND, MANUFACTURING, AND TRANSPORT SECTORS" (PDF). United States Institute for Peace. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016. Informal manufacturing is more prevalent than formal manufacturing in terms of the number of people employed, land area covered by informal enterprises, and a number of enterprises. Output data are unavailable, but proxy data suggest that informal manufacturing is far smaller in terms of capital employed and value-added.
  160. "The Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry". Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  161. "Full Service Interactive Agency – MAGSNET LIMITED". Epb.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  162. "Welcome To S.I.T.E Association of Industry of Karachi". Site-association.org. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  163. "Welcome". Korangi Association of Trade & Industry. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  164. "Landhi.Org". Landhi Association of Trade and Industry. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  165. "North Karachi Association of Trade & Industry". North Karachi Association of Trade & Industry. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  166. "Federal B Area Association of Trade & Industry". Federal B Area Association of Trade & Industry. 17 December 2013. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  167. "Construction approved: Korangi Creek Industrial Park land up for grabs". The Express Tribune. APP. 20 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  168. "BQATI {Bin Qasim Association of Trade & Industry}". Bin Qasim Association of Trade & Industry. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  169. "Export Processing Zone Authority". Pakistaneconomist.com. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  170. "Welcome To EPZA". Epza.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 17 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  171. "Textile City". Textile City. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  172. ^ "site.com.pk". Sindh Industrial Trading Estates. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  173. Janjua (13 October 2015). "Karachi contributing 70% of federal tax revenue – a myth". Business Recorder. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  174. "The importance of Karachi". The Express Tribune. 12 October 2015. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  175. ^ "Federal Board of Revenue Year Book 2006–2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
  176. note: Revenue collected from Karachi includes revenue from some other areas since the Large Tax Unit (LTU) Karachi and Regional Tax Offices (RTOs) Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur & Quetta cover the entire province of Sindh and Balochistan
  177. ^ "Karachi's population – fiction and reality". The Express Tribune. 14 September 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  178. "2017 census shows ratio of Urdu-speaking populace decreasing in Karachi". The News International. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  179. "TABLE 11 – POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  180. "TABLE 11 – POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  181. Jonah Blank, Christopher Clary & Brian Nichiporuk 2014.
  182. Stephen P. Cohen 2004.
  183. "Census shows rich lingual tapestry in Sindh". The Express Tribune. 21 July 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  184. "Ethnologue".
  185. "Karachi". Findpk.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  186. "Karachi Population 2016". World Population Review. Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  187. "Port Qasim | About Karachi". Port Qasim Authority. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  188. "Karachiites lash out against census results on social media – Samaa TV". samaa.tv. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  189. "Assembly rejects initial census results". The Nation. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  190. "After PPP and PSP, MQM-Pakistan rejects census 2017 results". NewsOne. 29 August 2017. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  191. ^ "STATISTICS: THE KARACHI-LAHORE CENSUS CONUNDRUM". Dawn. 10 September 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  192. "Ten major cities' population up by 74pc". Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  193. Laurent Gayer 2014, pp. 26.
  194. "Population size and growth of major cities". Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
    Note: The 1998 census showed a population of about nine million but this did not include workers living in Karachi but registered as living elsewhere in Pakistan by the National Database and Registration Authority as well as large numbers of Afghan refugees, Bangladeshis, Indians, Nepalis and others (incl. Filipinos, Iranians, Iraqis, Burmese).
  195. "The Urban Frontier – Karachi". NPR. 2 June 2008. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  196. ^ "Census commissioner rejects political parties' concerns". Dawn. 10 November 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  197. "Sindh at a Glance – 2016" (PDF). Sindh Bureau of Statistics. Government of Sindh. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  198. "TABLE – 4 AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN PROPORTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF SINDH" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  199. "TABLE – 4 AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN PROPORTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF SINDH" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  200. Blood, Peter R. (1986). Pakistan: A Country Study. DIANE Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-7881-3631-3.
  201. Hinnells, John (2005). The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration. Oxford University Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-19-151350-3.
  202. Gayer, Laurent (2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for City. HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN 9789351160861.
  203. BHAVNANI, NANDITA (2014). "3". THE MAKING OF EXILE: SINDHI HINDUS AND THE PARTITION OF INDIA. Westland. p. 434. ISBN 9789384030339.
  204. Bhavnani, Nandita (2014). The Making of Exile: Sindhi Hindus and the Partition of India. Westland. pp. 39–40. ISBN 9789384030339. In June 1947, it was initially proposed to settle the muhajirs on a large plot of land in Bunder Road Extension, a well-heeled suburb of Karachi. This was, however, a residential area dominated by affluent Sindhi Hindus, who became nervous about such a large number of discontented lower-class Muslim refugees living in such close proximity to them. Given their influence, the Hindus were able to sway the government into transferring the proposed resettlement site to Lyari, a more congested and lower middle-class area.
  205. Tan, Tai Yong; Kudaisya, Gyanesh (2000). The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia. Routledge. pp. 234–235. ISBN 978-0-415-17297-4. In 1947, as the new Federal Government of Pakistan struggled to establish itself in Karachi, a large number of Muslim refugees from northern India came and settled down in the city ... Karachi became the preferred destination of northern Indian Urdu-speaking Muslims who hoped to find white-collar employment opportunities in the cosmopolitan commercial and port city.
  206. ^ Khalidi, Omar (Autumn 1998). "From Torrent to Trickle: Indian Muslim Migration to Pakistan, 1947–97". Islamic Studies. 37 (3): 339–352. JSTOR 20837002.
  207. M R Narayan Swamy (5 October 2005). "Where Malayalees once held sway & Updates at". Daily News and Analysis. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  208. "Political and ethnic battles turn Karachi into Beirut of South Asia " Crescent". Merinews.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
  209. Obaid-Chinoy, Sharmeen (17 July 2009). "Karachi's Invisible Enemy". PBS. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  210. "In a city of ethnic friction, more tinder". The National. 24 August 2009. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  211. "Columnists | The Pakhtun in Karachi". Time. 28 August 2010. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  212. http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20110715&page=5 Archived 9 December 2012 at archive.today, thefridaytimes
  213. "UN body, police baffled by minister's threat against Afghan refugees". 10 February 2009. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  214. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2016). Pakistan at the Crossroads: Domestic Dynamics and External Pressures. Columbia University. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-231-54025-4. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  215. Laurent Gayer 2014, pp. 44.
  216. Lieven, Anatol (2021). "An Afghan Tragedy: The Pashtuns, the Taliban and the State". Survival: Global Politics and Strategy. 63 (3): 7–36. doi:10.1080/00396338.2021.1930403.
  217. Pakistan Christian Post Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine accessed 5 August 2017
  218. "From South to South: Refugees as Migrants: The Rohingya in Pakistan". HuffPost. 12 May 2008. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  219. "Bengali and Rohingya leaders gearing up for LG polls". The News. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  220. Rehman, Zia Ur (23 February 2015). "Identity issue haunts Karachi's Rohingya population". Dawn. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016. Their large-scale migration had made Karachi one of the largest Rohingya population centres outside Myanmar but afterwards the situation started turning against them.
  221. ^ "Conflicted Karachi". Dawn. 26 August 2010. Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  222. Ramzi, Shanaz (9 July 2001), "The melting pot by the sea", Dawn, archived from the original on 15 July 2004, retrieved 26 July 2009
  223. "After Slayings, Americans in Karachi Weigh Choices". Los Angeles Times. 12 June 2009. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  224. "Warsaw Business Journal – Online Portal". wbj.pl. 13 June 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  225. Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann, Anna D (2004). The Exile Mission. Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821415269. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  226. "District Wise Results / Tables (Census - 2023)" (PDF). www.pbscensus.gov.pk. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
  227. Peter van der Veer: Handbook of Religion and the Asian City – Aspiration and Urbanization in the Twenty-First Century, California University Press, 2015, ISBN 9780520961081, p. 388
  228. Khan, Nichola (2016). Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190869786. ... With a population of over 23 million Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city, the world's seventh-largest conurbation ...
  229. "CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME XII SIND" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  230. ^ India Census Commissioner (1941). "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 12, Sind". p. 22. JSTOR saoa.crl.28215545. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  231. "Census of India, 1872. Census of the Bombay Presidency, taken on the 21. February 1872". 1872. p. 238. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057642. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  232. "Census of India, 1881. Operations and results in the Presidency of Bombay, including Sind". 1881. p. 91. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057678. Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  233. Baines, Jervoise Athelstane; India Census Commissioner (1891). "Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states". p. 48. JSTOR saoa.crl.25318666. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  234. "Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables". 1901. p. 44. JSTOR saoa.crl.25352838. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  235. India Census Commissioner (1901). "Census of India 1901. Vols. 9-11, Bombay". p. 38. JSTOR saoa.crl.25366895. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  236. Edward Albert Gait, Sir; India Census Commissioner (1911). "Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables". Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. p. 23. JSTOR saoa.crl.25393779. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  237. India Census Commissioner (1911). "Census of India 1911. Vol. 7, Bombay. Pt. 2, Imperial tables". p. 46. JSTOR saoa.crl.25393770. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  238. "Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. p. 25. JSTOR saoa.crl.25394121. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  239. India Census Commissioner (1921). "Census of India 1921. Vol. 8, Bombay Presidency. Pt. 2, Tables : imperial and provincial". p. 46. JSTOR saoa.crl.25394131. Archived from the original on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  240. "Census of India 1931. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables". 1931. JSTOR saoa.crl.25793234. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  241. India Census Commissioner (1931). "Census of India 1931. Vol. 8, Bombay. Pt. 2, Statistical tables". p. 42. JSTOR saoa.crl.25797128. Archived from the original on 6 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  242. "Final Results (Census-2017)". Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  243. "7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results Table-9 Population by sex, religion and rural/urban". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  244. "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. 7 October 2009. Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  245. Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009). Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population (PDF). Pew Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  246. "Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008". United States Department of State. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  247. "Religions in Pakistan". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  248. Curtis, Lisa; Mullick, Haider (4 May 2009). "Reviving Pakistan's Pluralist Traditions to Fight Extremism". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 31 July 2011
  249. a b c "Religions: Islam 95%, other (includes Christian and Hindu, 2% Ahmadiyyah ) 5%". CIA. The World Factbook on Pakistan. 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  250. "Who are Pakistan's Christians?". BBC. 28 March 2016. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  251. Barbosa, Alexandre Moniz (5 September 2001). "A Dash of Goa in Pakistan". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2016. The city, however, has roughly between 12,000 and 15,000 'Goans', a number that has remained fairly constant for the past 190 years, since the first wave of migrating Goans in dhows washed up on its shores in 1820 and made it their home.
  252. "Population of Hindus in the World". pakistanhinducouncil.org. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  253. Hinnells, John (28 April 2005). The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration. Oxford University Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-19-151350-3.
  254. Hinnells, John (28 April 2005). The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration. Oxford University Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-19-151350-3.
  255. "Why is India's wealthy Parsi community vanishing?". BBC. 9 January 2016. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  256. "Pakistan Census 2023" (PDF).
  257. "In Karachi, 16,562 more vehicles hit the roads each month". Pakistan Today. 24 December 2011. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  258. "Thar Express escapes blast near Karachi". GEO.tv. 4 December 2010. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  259. "Railways to upgrade waiting halls at 16 major stations". Daily Times. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  260. "Karachi-Peshawar railway line being upgraded under CPEC". Daily Times. 22 January 2016. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  261. "Karachi Breeze – The Journey of Convenience Comfort and Reliability". Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  262. "Karachi's Green Line bus will be more beautiful than Lahore metro: PM Nawaz". Dawn. Pakistan. 26 February 2016. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  263. "Chairman Railways visits KCR track". 10 August 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  264. "Supreme Court gives four more months to overhaul railways". 20 August 2020. Archived from the original on 20 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  265. "Karachi Circular Railway begins partial operations". 19 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  266. "Karachi Circular Railway Revival, Pakistan". railway-technology.com. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  267. Adnan, Imran (1 April 2019). "OLMT project to face further delay". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019. As per the direction of the apex court, he said, the civil works of the project will be completed by end of July 2019. But the project will not enter into commercial operations by August or November 2019.
  268. "Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan". The News. 26 May 2016. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017. Latest technology will be employed for fabricating these trains and the rolling-stock will be fully computerised, automatic and driverless.
  269. "Turkey offers help in bringing iconic tram service back to Karachi". 17 September 2020. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  270. "Pakistan International Airlines – Pakistan International Airlines – PIA". piac.com.pk.
  271. "Pakistan International Airlines – Pakistan International Airlines – PIA". www.piac.com.pk. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014.
  272. Robert Stimson & Kingsley E. Haynes 2012, p. 43.
  273. "The new Silk Road and the Sea". www.thenews.com.pk. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  274. Azfar-ul-Ashfaque (10 December 2015). "Sindh govt takes away key municipal function from local bodies". Dawn. Pakistan. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  275. ^ Hasan, Arif. "Land ownership, control and contestation in Karachi and implications for low-income housing" (PDF). International Institute for Environment and Development United Nations Population Fund. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  276. ^ "CDGK History". City-District Government of Karachi. Archived from the original on 17 April 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  277. "Culture, Religion and Lifestyle in Karachi". Karachi History. 14 August 2001. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  278. "Pakistan Provinces". Statoids.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  279. "CDGK Towns". City District Government of Karachi. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  280. "Local Government". National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  281. "Composition of the Union Council". National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  282. Mansoor, Hasan (6 November 2013). "Korangi notified as sixth district of Karachi". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
  283. "Former UN staffer being tipped as PM's focal person for polio". www.thenews.com.pk. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  284. "Sindh back to 5 divisions after 11 years – Pakistan Today". www.pakistantoday.com.pk. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  285. Aligi, Irfan (12 July 2011). "Changing hands: Karachi split into 5 districts". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  286. "Welcome to official website of Karachi Metropolitan Corporation". Kmc.gov.pk.sv2.premiumwebserver.com. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  287. "New district in Karachi". 22 August 2020. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  288. "Karachi fits seventh district into its mix – Keamari".
  289. "Kemari becomes Karachi's seventh district". Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  290. "Keamari is now 7th district of Karachi city".
  291. "KMC Function". www.kmc.gos.pk. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  292. "Metropolitan Commissioner". www.kmc.gos.pk. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  293. "JI rejects Karachi mayor election results, announces 'black day' on Friday". Brecorder. 15 June 2023. Archived from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  294. "Meet-Commissioner Karachi Division". commissionerkarachi.gos.pk. Archived from the original on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  295. ^ "SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN ANNUAL REVIEW 2014–15" (PDF). SOCIAL POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  296. Yamini Narayanan 2015, p. 165.
  297. "Pakistan to award Karachi water supply project to Frontier Works Organisation". Water Technology. 15 February 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  298. "Ist phase of K-IV project to be completed in June: Gov". The Nation. 22 November 2017. Archived from the original on 28 November 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  299. ^ "Fed up with no sewers, Pakistan's slum residents go DIY". Reuters. October 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  300. "TABLE 12 : LITERACY RATE, ENROLMENT AND OUT OF SCHOOL POPULATION BY SEX AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS-2023" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  301. "District Wise Results (Census - 2017)". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  302. Tahir, M. Zubair; Sobani, Zain A.; Quadri, S. A.; Ahmed, S. Nizam; Sheerani, Mughis; Siddiqui, Fowzia; Boling, Warren W.; Enam, Syed Ather (12 February 2012). "Establishment of a Comprehensive Epilepsy Center in Pakistan: Initial Experiences, Results, and Reflections". Epilepsy Res Treat. 2012: 547382. doi:10.1155/2012/547382. PMC 3420664. PMID 22957232.
  303. "Karachi Institute of Heart Diseases (KIHD)". kihd.org. Archived from the original on 6 May 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  304. "National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases". nicvd.org. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  305. "Civil Hospital Karachi". chk.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  306. Issues in National, Regional, and Environmental Health and Medicine 2013.
  307. Endocrine System Diseases: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional 2013.
  308. Zohra Zaidi & S.W Lanigan 2010.
  309. Mohammad Aslam Uqaili & Khanji Harijan 2011.
  310. Helen Renaux 2011.
  311. Kenneth D. Miller & Miklos Simon 2015.
  312. "South Asia's largest mall, Lucky One selects LMKT to deploy GPON Solution – LMKT". LMKT. 18 January 2016. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  313. Pak Property Mela (16 December 2016), Dolmen Mall Karachi by CNN, archived from the original on 11 December 2021, retrieved 15 November 2018
  314. "THE BEST Shopping in Pakistan – TripAdvisor". tripadvisor.com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  315. "62-storey Bahria Town Icon reaches structural completion". Pakistan Today. 16 October 2017. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  316. toot. "Bahria Town ICON – Bahria Town – Your Lifestyle Destination". bahriatown.com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  317. "10 Stunning Contemporary Art Galleries in Karachi, Pakistan". The Culture Trip. 26 March 2014. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  318. Azam, Oonib (15 October 2021). "A praiseworthy endeavour to foster children's interest in science". Dawn (newspaper). Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  319. "Welcome to National Academy of Performing Arts". National Academy of Performing Arts. Archived from the original on 11 April 2006. Retrieved 17 April 2006.
  320. "Thespianz Theater". Pakistan Business Journal. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  321. "Thespianz Theater brings string puppetry to PACC". Entertainment Desk. Dawn. 26 September 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  322. "Karawood film festival to kick start September 7". The Express Tribune. 5 September 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  323. "All Pakistan Music Conference | Established in 1959". All Pakistan Music Conference. Archived from the original on 5 February 2004. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  324. Khan, Taimur (9 September 2013). "Cooking in Karachi". Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  325. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2015). The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience. Oxford University Press. p. 672. ISBN 978-0-19-061330-3.
  326. "Pakistan is winning its war on terror". The Spectator. 31 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017. Just three years ago, according to the Numbeo international crime index, Karachi was the sixth most dangerous city in the world. Today it stands at number 31 – and falling.
  327. "Karachi, the 6th most dangerous city in the world previously, has jumped to 50th place". Daily Pakistan Global. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  328. "Karachi ranks 115 in global crime ranking after improved security situation". News Desk. Pakistan Observer. 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  329. "Karachi world's 'most dangerous megacity': Report". The Times of India. 9 September 2013. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  330. ^ "The 50 most violent cities in the world". Business Insider. 26 January 2016. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  331. ^ "Karachi: Killing, extortion decreased in 2017 – The Frontier Post". The Frontier Post. 2 January 2018. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  332. ^ Marcello Balbo 2005, p. 181.
  333. Newsline 2006.
  334. Mohammad Shahid Alam 1996, p. 49.
  335. "Fair warning: KWSB installations at risk due to heavy excavation in Malir River". The Express Tribune. 28 January 2016. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  336. "Karachi target killings, highest in 15 years". The Express Tirbune. 29 October 2010. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  337. See Demographics section above.
  338. "In 2015, Karachi the most violent region of Pakistan". The News (Pakistan). 2 January 2016. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016. With 1,040 deaths – down from 2,023 in 2014 – recorded in Karachi this past year, the metropolis saw ...
  339. "Death toll rises: Over 3,200 killings in Karachi make 2013 deadliest year so far". The Tribune. 18 January 2014. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  340. "52,552 Karachiites fell victim to street crime in 2016". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  341. ^ "Karachi property prices soar after Pakistan crime crackdown". Reuters. 29 February 2016. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016. Recorded murders in Karachi fell to 650 last year, a 75 percent drop from 2013, while registered extortion was down 80 percent and kidnapping by nearly 90 percent, according to the CPLC, which collates official police data.
  342. "Karachi witnesses significant decrease in target killing, extortion cases in 2016". Dunya TV. 31 December 2016. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  343. "98pc drop in terrorism in Karachi, NAP implementation report shows". Dawn. 23 September 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  344. "Karachi property prices soar after Pakistan crime crackdown". Reuters. 29 February 2016. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016. Karachi property prices jumped 23 percent last year to a record high, outpacing other large cities and the national average of 10 percent, data from property website Zameen.com showed.
  345. "Despite rising economy, Pakistan still hampered by image problem leftright 4/4leftright". Reuters. 19 June 2016. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016. A crime crackdown in Karachi, Pakistan's financial hub of 20 million people, has helped spur a real estate boom and new, upmarket seaside restaurants and cafés are overflowing.
  346. Gayer, Laurent (2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City. Oxford University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-19-023806-3.
  347. "Pakistan's Karachi is world's 3rd most polluted city. Officials' solution: Masks". Hindustan Times. 28 November 2023. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  348. "Govt to revive Karachi's three sewage treatment plants". The Express Tribune. 10 June 2021. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  349. Pappas, Gregory (2011). "Pakistan and Water: New Pressures on Global Security and Human Health". American Journal of Public Health. 101 (5): 786–8. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2010.300009. PMC 3076420. PMID 21421956.
  350. Ilyas, Faiza (8 July 2018). "Encroached drains, poor waste management put Karachi at risk of urban flooding". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  351. "Karachi underwater". The Express Tribune. 16 July 2023. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  352. "Heritage Revisited". Historickarachi.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  353. "Public Arch 5". Historickarachi.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  354. Laurent Gayer 2014, pp. 34.
  355. "Public Architecture". Historickarachi.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  356. "Culture department takes notice of Freemason Lodge Building". Daily Times. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2009.
  357. "Nusserwanjee Building (Relocation) Project". Daily Times. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  358. "MCB Tower, the tallest skyscraper of Karachi". Mcb.com.pk. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  359. "Match against Sindh" Archived 26 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine. The Sydney Morning Herald, 23 November 1935
  360. Guardian Sport (19 July 2017), Have you heard of Tape Ball cricket?, archived from the original on 11 December 2021, retrieved 23 July 2017
  361. "Test matches played on National Stadium, Karachi". Cricket Archive. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  362. "First-Class matches played by Karachi". Cricket Archive. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  363. "First-Class matches played by Karachi Blues". Cricket Archive. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  364. "First-Class matches played by Karachi Greens". Cricket Archive. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  365. "First-Class matches played by Karachi Whites". Cricket Archive. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  366. "Fixtures". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 8 April 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  367. Hasan, Shazia (5 March 2023). "REVIVING FOOTBALL IN LYARI". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 4 August 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  368. "In Pictures: Lyari trades guns for football". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  369. "In Pakistan's 'Mini Brazil,' football fever runs late into the night during Ramadan". Arab News. 24 April 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  370. "Lyari kids impress at 'Inclusion in Football Tournament'". Brecorder (Press release). 16 October 2023. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  371. "Rising Popularity of Football in Pakistan Reflects Growing Interest in the Sport". Daily Times. 26 June 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  372. ^ Ahsan, Ali (23 December 2010). "A history of football in Pakistan — Part I". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  373. ^ Ahsan, Ali (23 December 2010). "A history of football in Pakistan — Part II". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  374. Raheel, Natasha (8 September 2012). "Pakistani Pele was a 'football encyclopaedia'". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  375. "Promoting or destroying football in Lyari?". DAWN.COM. 10 September 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  376. Downey, Jake (2003). Better Badminton for All. Pelham Books. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7207-0228-6.
  377. "Postal Code Karachi". Karachi Postal Code List. Hostrings, Inc. (which owns "Hostrings.com"). 8 December 2023. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  378. "Here are the TWIN Sisters of Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Multan, and other Pakistani cities, from across the globe". siasat.pk. Siasat Blogs. 19 July 2021. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  379. "Qom". toiran.com. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  380. "China's Tianjin Municipality named sister-city to Karachi, Islamabad". pakistantoday.com.pk. Pakistan Today. 21 September 2021. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  381. "Three Chinese towns named sister cities to Karachi, Gwadar, Multan". dawn.com. Dawn. 29 March 2019. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2021.

Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Karachi

External links

Karachi
History
Geography and Climate
Localities
Government and Politics
Attractions
Education
Hospitals
Economy
Transport
Hotels and
shopping
centers
Sports and
culture
Other topics
Lists
Articles related to Karachi
Subdivisions in Karachi
Neighbourhoods of Karachi
Karachi Division
Baldia
Bin Qasim
Gadap
Gulberg
Gulshan
Jamshed
Keamari
Korangi
Landhi
Liaquatabad
Lyari
Malir
New Karachi
North Nazimabad
Orangi
Saddar
Shah Faisal
SITE
Cantonments
Industrial zones
Districts of Sindh
Provincial capital: Karachi
Hyderabad
Karachi
Larkana
Mirpur Khas
Shaheed Benazir Abad
Sukkur
Pakistan articles
History
Ancient
Medieval
Modern
Pre-colonial
Colonial
Dominion
Republic
Geography
Features
Areas
Geology
Environment
Other topics
Governance
State
Government
Legislative
Judicial
Politics
Law
Military
Economy
Infrastructure
Industry
Commerce
Policy programmes
Society and Culture
Society
Demographics
Arts
Lifestyle
Sports
Places
Major cities in Pakistan
Islamabad Capital Territory
Punjab
Sindh
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Balochistan
Azad Kashmir
Gilgit-Baltistan
Federal capital Provincial/Territorial capitals
World's 50 most-populous urban areas
   
  1. Tokyo
  2. Jakarta
  3. Delhi
  4. Guangzhou–Foshan
  5. Mumbai
  6. Manila
  7. Shanghai
  8. Seoul
  9. Cairo
  10. Mexico City
  1. Kolkata
  2. São Paulo
  3. New York
  4. Karachi
  5. Dhaka
  6. Bangkok
  7. Beijing
  8. Moscow
  9. Shenzhen
  10. Buenos Aires
  1. Los Angeles
  2. Johannesburg-Pretoria
  3. Bengaluru
  4. Chengdu
  5. Ho Chi Minh City
  6. Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto
  7. Lagos
  8. Istanbul
  9. Lahore
  10. Kinshasa–Brazzaville
  1. Tehran
  2. Chongqing
  3. Rio de Janeiro
  4. Xi'an
  5. Chennai
  6. Paris
  7. Zhengzhou
  8. Luanda
  9. London
  10. Dongguan
  1. Lima
  2. Wuhan
  3. Bogotá
  4. Tianjin
  5. Hyderabad
  6. Taipei
  7. Hangzhou
  8. Nagoya
  9. Surabaya
  10. Bandung
Megacities
Africa (4)
Asia (35)
China (14)
India (6)
Indonesia (3)
Japan (3)
Pakistan (2)
Other (7)
Europe (4)
America (8)
Brazil (2)
United States (2)
Other (4)
Cities portal
Portals: Categories: