Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 21:29, 14 September 2009

Gyeongju 경주
Municipal City
Korean transcription(s)
• Hangul	경주시
• Hanja	慶州市
• Revised Romanization	Gyeongju-si
• McCune-Reischauer	Kyŏngju-si
A collage of six photographs of Gyeongju landmarks. The first row shows tumuli and trees. The second row consists of three images; from left to right, a stone observatory, a seated stone Buddha statue, and a modern glass tower are arranged. At right on the third row, a photo of a colorful wooden building with a stone bridges is shown. At left, a pavilion reflecting the image on a pond is shown.Top: Tumuli park, middle left: Cheomseongdae observatory, middle center: Seokguram grotto, middle right: Gyeongju Tower, bottom left: Bulguksa temple, bottom right Anapji pond.
Emblem of Gyeongju
Country	South Korea
Region	North Gyeongsang province
Administrative divisions	4 eup, 8 myeon, 11 dong, 305 ri
Area
• Total	1,324.39 km (511.35 sq mi)
Population
• Total	269,343
• Density	212/km (550/sq mi)
• Dialect	Gyeongsang
Website	gyeongju.go.kr

Gyeongju (Korean pronunciation: [kjəːŋdʑu]) is a city in the far southeastern corner of North Gyeongsang Province in South Korea. It is the second largest city by area in the province after Andong, covering 1,324.39 km² with a population of 269,343 people according to the 2007 census. Gyeongju is 370 km southeast of Seoul and 55 km east of the provincial capital, Daegu. The city lies on the coast of the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the east, and borders Cheongdo and Yeongcheon to the west, Ulsan to the south and Pohang to the north. Numerous low mountains, outliers of the Taebaek range, are scattered around the city.

Gyeongju was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Silla (57 BC–935 AD) which ruled most of the Korean Peninsula between the 7th and 9th centuries. A vast number of archaeological sites and cultural properties from this period remain in the city. Gyeongju is often referred to as "the museum without walls". Among such historical treasures, Seokguram grotto, Bulguksa temple and Gyeongju Historic Areas are designated as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. The many major historical sites have helped Gyeongju become one of the most popular tourist destinations in South Korea.

The city of Gyeongju was united with the nearby rural Gyeongju County in 1995 and is now an urban-rural complex. It is similar to 53 other small- and medium-sized cities with a population under 300,000 people in South Korea. As well as its rich historical heritage, Gyeongju today is affected by the economic, demographic, and social trends that have shaped modern South Korean culture. Tourism remains the major economic driver but manufacturing activities have developed due to its proximity to major industrial centers such as Ulsan and Pohang. Gyeongju is connected to the nationwide rail and highway networks, which facilitate industrial and tourist traffic.

History

The early history of Gyeongju is closely tied to that of the Silla kingdom, of which it was the capital. Gyeongju first enters non-Korean records as Saro-guk, during the Samhan period in the early Common Era. Korean records, probably based on the dynastic chronicles of Silla, record that Saro-guk was established in 57 BCE, when six small villages in the Gyeongju area united under Bak Hyeokgeose. As the kingdom expanded, it changed its name to Silla. During the Silla period, the city was called "Seorabeol" (lit. Capital), "Gyerim" (lit. Rooster's forest) or "Geumseong" (lit. City of Gold).

After the unification of the peninsula up to Taedong River in 668 AD, Gyeongju became the center of Korean political and cultural life. The city was home to the Silla court, and the great majority of the kingdom's elite. Its prosperity became legendary, and was reported as far away as Persia according to the 9th century book, The Book of Roads and Kingdoms. Records of Samguk Yusa give the city's population in its peak period as 178,936 households, suggesting that the total population was almost one million. Many of Gyeongju's most famous sites date from this Unified Silla period, which ended in the late ninth century.

Under the subsequent Goryeo (935–1392) and Joseon (1392–1910) dynasties, Gyeongju was no longer of national importance, but remained a regional center. The city was given its modern name "Gyeongju" by King Taejo in 940 and was made the seat of Yeongnam Province. In 987, Gyeongju was designated the "Eastern Capital", but that title was removed in 1012. It had jurisdiction over a wide area, including much of east-central Yeongnam, although this area was greatly reduced in the 13th century. In 1601, the city ceased to be the provincial capital.

Over these centuries, the city's relics suffered numerous assaults. In the 13th century, Mongol forces destroyed a nine-story wooden pagoda at Hwangnyongsa. During the Japanese invasions of Korea, the Gyeongju area became a heated battlefield and Japanese forces burned the wooden structures at Bulguksa. Not all damage was due to invasions, however. In the early Joseon period, a great deal of damage was done to Buddhist sculptures on Namsan by Neo-Confucian radicals, who hacked arms and heads off statuary.

In the 20th century, the city had remained relatively small, no longer ranking among the major cities of Korea. During the early 20th century, many archaeological excavations were conducted, particularly inside the tombs which had remained largely intact over the centuries. A museum, the forerunner of the present-day Gyeongju National Museum, was inaugurated in 1915 to exhibit the excavated artifacts.

Gyeongju emerged as a railroad junction in the later years of the Japanese Occupation, as the Donghae Nambu Line and Jungang Line were established to prepare for Second Sino-Japanese War and to exploit rich resources of the eastern Korean peninsula. Following liberation in 1945, Korea was plunged into turmoil, and Gyeongju was no exception. Returnees from abroad were numerous; a village for them was constructed in present-day Dongcheon-dong. In a period marked by widespread conflict and unrest, the Gyeongju area became particularly notorious for the level of guerrilla activity in the mountains.

Although the Korean War broke out in 1950, most of Gyeongju was spared from the fighting, and remained under South Korean control throughout the conflict. However, for a brief time in late 1950 portions of the city stood on the front lines, as North Korean forces pushed the Pusan Perimeter southward from Pohang.

In the 1970s, Korea saw substantial industrial development, much of it centered in the Yeongnam region of which Gyeongju is a part. The POSCO steel mill in neighboring Pohang commenced operations in 1973, and the chemical manufacturing complex in Ulsan emerged in the same year. These developments helped to support the emergence of Gyeongju's manufacturing sector.

Geography and climate

Gyeongju lies in the southeastern corner of North Gyeongsang Province, and is bounded by the metropolitan city of Ulsan on the south. Within the province, its neighbors include Pohang on the north, Cheongdo County on the southwest, and Yeongcheon on the northwest. Gyeongju is located about 50 kilometers north to Busan. To the east, it has no neighbor but the sea.

Most of Gyeongju lies in the Gyeongsang Basin, but a few areas of the city belong to the Pohang Basin, such as Eoil-ri, Beomgok-ri in Yangbuk-myeon, and part of Cheonbuk-myeon. The Gyeongsang Basin areas consist of Bulguksa intrusive rock penetrating layers of sedimentary rocks, mainly granite and porphyry. On the other hand, the Pohang Basin areas are comprised of stratum that formed in the Tertiary period of the Cenozoic era, which consist of igneous rock, aqueous rock, porphyry, sandstone, and tuff.

Low mountains are widespread throughout Gyeongju. The highest of these are the Taebaek Mountains, which run along the city's western border. Gyeongju's highest point, Munbok Mountain (文福山), is 1014 meters above sea level. This peak lies in Sannae-myeon, on the border with Cheongdo. East of the Taebaek range, other western peaks lie within the Jusa subrange. The city's eastern peaks, such as Toham Mountain, belong to the Haean Mountains and Dongdae Mountains, another minor subranges.

Gyeongju's drainage patterns are shaped by these lines of mountains. The Dongdae Mountains divide a narrow foothills area on their east, and various internal river systems to the west. Most of the city's interior is drained by the small Hyeongsan River, which flows north from Ulsan and meets the sea at Pohang Harbor. The Hyeongsan's chief tributaries include the Bukcheon and Namcheon, which join it in Gyeongju Basin. The southwestern corner of Gyeongju, on the far side of the Taebaek range, drains into the Geumho River, which then flows into the Nakdong. A small area of the south, just west of the Dongdae range, drains into the Taehwa River, which flows into the Bay of Ulsan.

The Gyeongju coastline runs for 36.1 kilometers between Pohang in the north and Ulsan in the south. There are no islands or large bays, only the small indentations made by the small streams flowing off the Dongdae ridgeline. Because of this, the city has no significant ports. However, there are 12 small harbors. One such harbor in Gyeongju's southeast corner is home to the Ulsan base of the National Maritime Police. This base is responsible for security over a wide area of South Korea's east-central coast.

Climate

Due to its coastal location, Gyeongju has a slightly milder and wetter climate than more inland regions of Korea. In general, however, the city's climate is typical of South Korea. It has hot summers and cool winters, with a monsoon season between late June and early August. As on the rest of Korea's east coast, autumn typhoons are not uncommon. The average annual rainfall is 1,091 millimeters, and the average annual temperature is 12.2 °C.

Gyeongju's historic city center lies on the banks of the Hyeongsan in Gyeongju Basin. This lowlying area has been subject to repeated flooding throughout recorded history, often as a result of typhoons. On average, chronicles report a major flood every 27.9 years, beginning in the first century. Modern flood control mechanisms brought about a dramatic reduction in flooding in the later 20th century. The last major flood occurred in 1991, when the Deokdong Lake reservoir overflowed due to Typhoon Gladys.

Government

The executive branch of the government is headed by a mayor and vice-mayor. As in other South Korean cities and counties, the mayor is elected directly, while the vice-mayor is appointed. As of 2009, the current mayor is Baek Sang-seung, who was first electedin 2002 and re-elected in 2006. He is Gyeongju's fourth mayor to be directly elected, the sixth to preside over the city in its present form, and the 29th and 30th mayor since 1955. Like most heads of government in the Yeongnam region, he is a member of the conservative Grand National Party.

The legislative branch consists of the Gyeongju City Council, with 21 members as of 2009. The present City Council was formed from the merger of the old Gyeongju City Council with the Wolseong County Council in 1991. Most subdivisions of Gyeongju elect a single member to represent them in the Council, but Angang-eup is represented by two members because of its large population, and two of the representatives serve combined districts composed of two dong. Like the mayor, the council members were last elected in 2006, except for a small number elected in more recent by-elections.

The central administration is composed of a City Council committee, five departments, two subsidiary organs, a chamber (the auditor), and six business offices. The five departments are the departments of Planning and Culture, Autonomous Administration, Industry and Environment, Construction and Public Works, and the National Enterprise Committee; these oversee a total of 29 subdivisions. The two subsidiary organs are the Health Care Center and Agro-technology Center; these belong directly to the central administration and have a total of 4 subdivisions. In addition, there are 23 local administrative subdivisions. Each such subdivision has a small administrative staff and a local office. In December 2008, the city government employed 1,462 people.

Subdivisions

The city is divided into 23 administrative districts: 4 eup, 8 myeon, and 11 dong. These are standard subdivisions of cities and counties in South Korea. The dong or neighborhood units occupy the area of the city center, which was formerly occupied by Gyeongju-eup. Eup are typically substantial villages, whereas myeon are more rural.

The city's boundaries and designation changed several times in the 20th century. From 1895 to 1955, the area was known as Gyeongju-gun ("Gyeongju County"). In the first decades of the century, the city center was known as Gyeongju-myeon, signifying a relatively rural rea. In 1931, the downtown area was designated Gyeongju-eup, in recognition of its increasingly urban nature. In 1955, Gyeongju-eup became Gyeongju-si ("Gyeongju City"), the same name as today, but with a much smaller area. The remainder of Gyeongju-gun became "Wolseong County." The county and city were reunited in 1995, creating Gyeongju City as we know it today.

Map	#	Place	Population (2007)	House hold	Area ㎢	#	Place	Population	House hold	Area ㎢
	1	Sannae-myeon	3,561	1,779	142.6	13	Seondo-dong	13,813	2,831	28.0
	2	Seo-myeon	4,773	1,779	52.1	14	Seonggeon-dong	18,378	7,562	6.4
	3	Hyeongok-myeon	16,829	5,726	55.7	15	Hwangseong-dong	29,660	9,415	3.8
	4	Angang-eup	33,802	12,641	138.6	16	Yonggang-dong	15,959	5,244	5.1
	5	Gangdong-myeon	8,834	3,659	81.4	17	Bodeok-dong	2,296	977	81.0
	6	Cheonbuk-myeon	6,185	2,328	58.2	18	Bulguk-dong	9,001	3,722	37.4
	7	Yangbuk-myeon	4,535	2,026	120.1	19	Hwangnam-dong*	8,885	3,875	20.5
	8	Gampo-eup	7,099	3,084	44.9	20	Jungbu-dong	7,003	3,022	0.9
	9	Yangnam-myeon	7,131	2,941	85.1	21	Hwango-dong*	10,225	4283	1.5
	10	Oedong-eup	19,006	6,965	109.8	22	Dongcheon-dong	26,721	9,228	5.3
	11	Naenam-myeon	6,142	2,526	122.1	23	Wolseong-dong	6,522	4,842	31.4
	12	Geoncheon-eup	11,217	4,533	92.4

Eup Myeon Dong

*Figures based on resident registration figures made available by local government offices. For more detailed source information, see Subdivisions of Gyeongju.

Demographics

When the Silla kingdom reached the peak of its development, its capital, Gyeongju was estimated to to have a million residents - four times the city's population in 2008. In recent years, Gyeongju has followed the same trends that have affected the rest of South Korea. Like the country as a whole, Gyeongju has seen its population age and the size of families shrink. For instance, the mean household size is 2.8 people. Because this has fallen in recent years, there are more households in the city as of 2008 (105,009) than there were in 2003, even though the population has fallen.

Like most of South Korea's smaller cities, Gyeongju has seen a steady drop in population in recent years. From 2002 to 2008, the city lost 16,557 people. The primary reason for this is the number of people leaving the city, mostly seeking jobs in major cities. In 2007, about 1,975 more people moved away from the city each year than moved in. During the same period, births exceeded deaths by roughly 450 per year, a significant number but not enough to offset the losses due to migration.

Gyeongju has a small but growing population of non-Koreans. In 2007, there were 4,671 foreigners living in Gyeongju. This number corresponds to 1.73% of the total population, more double the figure from 2003. The growth was largely in immigrants from other Asian countries, many of whom are employed in the automotive parts industry. Countries of origin whose numbers have risen include the Philippines, China, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Vietnam. The number of residents from Japan, the United States, and Canada fell significantly in the 2003–2007 period.

Dialect

The city has a distinctive dialect, which it shares with northern portions of Ulsan. This dialect is similar to the general Gyeongsang dialect, but retains distinctive features of its own. Some linguists have treated the distinctive characteristics of the Gyeongju dialect as vestiges of the Silla language. For instance, the contrast between the local dialect form "소내기" (sonaegi) and the standard "소나기" (sonagi, meaning "rainshower"), has been seen as reflecting the ancient phonemic character of the Silla language.

Culture and people

Cultural properties

Gyeongju is the main destination in South Korea for visitors interested in the cultural heritage of Silla and the architecture of the Joseon Dynasty (1392 – 1910). The city has 31 National Treasures, and Gyeongju National Museum houses 16,333 artifacts. There are four broad categories of relics and historical sites: tumuli and their artifacts; Buddhist sites and objects; fortresses and palace sites; and ancient architecture. Prehistoric remains including Mumun pottery have been excavated in central Gyeongju, in the Moa-ri and Oya-ri villages of the Cheonbuk-myeon district, and in the Jukdong-ri village of the Oedong-eup district. Dolmens are found in several places, especially in Gangdong-myeon and Moa-ri. Bronze Age relics found in Angye-ri village of Gangdong-myeon, Jukdong-ri and Ipsil-ri villages of Oedong-eup and graveyards in the Joyang-dong district represent the Samhan confederacy period of around the first century BC to the third century AD.

There are 35 royal tombs and 155 tumuli in central Gyeongju, and 421 tumuli in the outskirts of the city. Silla burial mounds built after the period of the Three Kingdoms are found in central Gyeongju, including tumuli in the districts of Noseo-dong, Nodong-dong, Hwangnam-dong, Hwango-dong and Inwang-dong. Western Gyeongju has the tomb of King Muyeol in Seoak-dong, nearby tumuli in Chunghyo-dong and the tomb of Kim Yu-sin. The tombs of Queen Seondeok, King Sinmun, King Hyogong and King Sinmu are at the base of Namsan mountain while the tombs of King Heongang, King Jeonggang, King Gyeongmyeong, and King Gyeongae are on the slopes of the mountain. In addition to the tombs, tumuli have been found surrounding Namsan mountain and in the western part of Geumgang mountain. Among these tombs, artifacts excavated from the tombs of Geumgwanchong (gold crown tomb), Seobongchong (western phoenix tomb), Cheonmachong (heavenly horse tomb) and northern and southern parts of Tomb No. 98 are good examples of Silla culture.

Notable people

Gyeongju has produced notable individuals throughout its history. Since Gyeongju was the capital of Silla, it was a center of culture in its heyday. Notable Gyeongju residents in the Silla period included most of the kingdom's leading figures, not only rulers but scholars such as Seol Chong and Choe Chi-won and generals like Kim Yu-sin, the leader of the Hwarang warriors. The city continued to contribute to traditional Korean thought in subsequent dynasties. Relatives of Choe Chi-won such as Choe Eon-wui (崔彦撝 868~944) played an important role in establishing the structures of early Goryeo. In the Joseon period, Gyeongju joined the rest of Gyeongsang in becoming a hotbed of the conservative Sarim faction. Notable Gyeongju members of this faction included the 15th-century intellectual Yi Eon-jeok. He has been enshrined in the Oksan Seowon since 1572. In modern times the city produced writers, Kim Dong-ni and Park Mok-wol, both of which did a great deal to popularize the region's culture, as well as Choe Jun, a wealthy businessman who established the Yeungnam University Foundation.

Many Korean family clans trace their origins to Gyeongju, often to the ruling elites of Silla. For example, the Gyeongju Kim clan claims descent from the rulers of later Silla. The Gyeongju Park and Gyeongju Seok clans trace their ancestry to Silla's earlier ruling families. These three royal clans played a strong role in preserving the historical precincts of Gyeongju into modern times. The Gyeongju Choe and Lee clans also trace their ancestry to the Silla elites. Prominent members of the Gyeongju Lee clan include Yi Je-hyeon, Goryeo period scholar and Yi Hwang and Yi Hang-bok, Joseon period scholars. In present days, Lee Byung-chull, the founder of Samsung Group is a notable figure from the clan. However, not all Gyeongju clans date to the Silla period; for instance, the Gyeongju Bing clan was founded in the early Joseon Dynasty.

Religion

The city remains an important centre of Korean Buddhism. East of the downtown lies Bulguksa, one of South Korea's largest Buddhist temples; nearby is Seokguram, a famed Buddhist shrine. Traditional prayer locations are found on mountains throughout Gyeongju. Such mountains include Namsan near the city center, Danseok-san and Obong-san in the west, and the low peak of Hyeong-san on the Gyeongju-Pohang border. Namsan in particular is often referred to as "the sacred mountain," due to the Buddhist shrines and statues which cover its slopes. In addition, Gyeongju is the birthplace of Cheondoism, an indigenous religion to Korea based on Korean shamanism, Taoism and Korean Buddhism, with elements drawn from Christianity. The religion has been evolved from Donghak (lit. East learning) disciplines established by Choe Je-u. His birthplace, Yongdamjeong located in Hyeongok-myeon has been regarded as a sacred place to Cheondogyo believers.

Cuisine

The cuisine of Gyeongju shares the general assessment on Gyeongsang province's cuisine; spicy and salty. However, it has distinctive tastes according to region and several local specialties known nationwide. The most famous of these is "Gyeongju bread" or called "Hwangnam bread", a red-bean pastry first baked in 1939 and now sold throughout the country. Chalboribbang made with locally produced glutinous barley flour is also a pastry with a filling of red bean paste. Local specialties with a somewhat longer pedigree include beopju a traditional Korean liquor produced by the Gyeongju Choe in Gyo-dong. The brewing skill and distill master were designated as Important Intangible Cultural Properties by South Korea government.

On the other hand, ssambap, haejangguk, and muk are also considered local special foods of Gyeongju. Ssambap refers to a rice dish served with vegetable leaves, various banchan (small side dishes) and condiments such as gochujang (chili pepper paste) or ssamjang (a mixture of soybean paste and gochujang) to wrap them together. Most of ssambap restaurants in Gyeongju are gathered in the area of Daenuengwon, or called Grand Tumuli Park. Haejangguk is all kinds of soup eaten as a hangover cure, and means "soup to chase a hangover". A street dedicated to haejangguk is located near Gyeongju National Museum, where 20 haejangguk restaurants are gathered to serve the Gyeongju-style haejangguk. The soup is made by boiling soybean sprout, sliced memilmuk (buckwheat starch jelly), sour kimchi (pickled vegetables) and gulfweed in a clear broth of dried anchovy and Alaska pollack.

The east district of Gyeongju, Gampo-eup town is adjacent to the sea, so fresh seafood and jeotgal (fermented salted seafood) are abundant. There are over 240 seafood restaurants in Gampo Harbor offering various dishes made with seafood caught in the sea such as hoe (raw fish dishes), jeonboktang (an abalone soup), grilled seafood and others.

Sports

As of 2007, Gyeongju city had two stadiums, two gymnasiums, two tennis courts, one swimming pool and others as public sport facilities as well as various registered private sports venues. Many of public sport facilities are located in Hwangseong Park with an area of 1,022,350㎡ including a luxuriant pine trees forest. The site was originally the location of the artificial forest of Doksan which was established for feng shui purposes during the Silla period. It was also used as a training ground for hwarang warriors and hunting spot for Silla kings, and was reported to be King Jinpyeong's favorite location. Since 1975, Hwangseong Park has been designated as "city neighborhood park" and currently consists of multi-purposed Gyeongju Public Stadium, Football Park with 7 football fields and one futsal field, and one gymnasium, as well as Horimjang field for gukgung or Korean traditional archery and a ssireum wrestling ring. In addition, it contains a gateball field, an inline skating rink, jogging courses, and cycling roads. The Gyeongju Public Stadium was completed in 1982 and can accommodate 20,000 people at capacity.

Angang Field Hockey Stadium, located in the district of Angang-eup, is home to Gyeongju City Hockey, which is one of four professional women's field hockey teams in South Korea. The team was formed in 1994, and is governed by the Sport and Youth Division of Gyeongju City. Although not an initial successful team, Gyeongju City Hockey won the first trophies both at National Division Hockey Championships and National Sports Festival in 2000. In 2002, Gyeongju City Hockey took a first prize and three second prizes, and in 2008, the team won the first prize at the 51st National Division Hockey Championships.

Marathon is major sporting events of the city. One is Gyeongju Cherry Blossom Marathon that has been held each year in Gyeongju since 1992, usually in April to build amicable relationship with Japan. The race is mainly sponsored by Gyeongju and the 2009 Marathon was held on 4 April with 13,600 participants including about 1,600 foreigners.

Economy

The economy of Gyeongju is more diverse than the city's image as a tourist haven would suggest. Although tourism is important to the economy, most residents work in other fields. Over 27,000 are employed in manufacturing compared to roughly 13,500 in the hospitality industry. The number involved in tourism has remained constant over recent years, while the manufacturing sector added about 6,000 jobs from 1999 to 2003. The manufacturing sector is closely tied to nearby cities, utilizing Gyeongju's transit links with Ulsan, Pohang, and Daegu. As in Ulsan and Daegu the automotive parts industry plays an important role. Of the 1,221 businesses incorporated in Gyeongju almost a third are involved in auto-parts manufacture.

Fishing takes place in coastal towns, especially in Gampo-eup in the city's northeast, with 436 registered fishing craft in the city. Fishing industry in Gyeongju is generally in a declined status due to relatively inconvenient transport conditions and lacks of subordinate facilities. Much of the catch from these boats goes direct from the harbor to Gyeongju's many seafood restaurants. Mainly, sauries, anchovies, rays are harvested and a small number of abalone and wakame farming takes place. Local specialties include myeolchijeot (fermented anchovy), abalone, wakame, and squid.

Agriculture is still important, particularly in the outlying regions of Gyeongju. According to the 2006 statistical yearbook of Gyeongju, rice fields occupy an area of 169.57 km², which is 70% of the total cultivated acreage of 243,59 km². The remaining 74.02 km² consists of fields under other crops and farmsteads. Crop production is centered in the fertile river basins near the Hyeongsan River. The main crops are rice, barley, beans and corn. Vegetables such as daikon and napa cabbage and fruits are also important crops. Apples are mainly produced in the districts of Geoncheon-eup, Gangdong-myeon and Cheonbuk-myeon and Korean pear are cultivated in Geoncheon-eup and Angang-eup. The city plays a leading role in the domestic production of beef and mushrooms. Button mushrooms harvested in Geoncheon-eup are canned and exported. The cultivated acreage and the number of households engaging in agriculture is however declining.

A small amount of quarrying activity takes place in the city, with 46 active mines and quarries in Gyeongju. Most are engaged in the extraction of kaolin, fluorspar and Agalmatolite and Kaolin is exported.

As the capital of Silla, commerce and trading in Gyeongju developed early on. Samguk Sagi has records on the establishment of Gyeongdosi (capital area market) in March, 490 during King Soji's reign, and Dongsi (East Market) in 509, during King Jijeung's reign. In the 1830s, Gyeongju had five five-day markets which remained very active until the the late 1920s. Due to its size Gyeongju Bunaejang (Gyeongju village market) was referred to as one of the two leading markets in the Yeongnam area, along with Daegu Bunaejang. Transportation developed in the late period of the Japanese occupation, as the Jungang Line and the Daegu Line and the connecting route between Pohang and the northwestern part of Japan were set up, leading to increasing population and developing commerce. After the 1960s, traditional periodic markets gradually transformed into regular markets as the city was flourishing. In periodic markets, agricultural and marine products, industrial products, living necessaries, wild edible greens, herbs, and cattle are mainly traded. As or 2006, Gyeongju had eight regular markets, nine periodic markets and the Gyeongju department store. Traditional periodic markets declined and have become token affairs these days.

Tourism

Gyeongju is a major tourist destination for South Koreans as well as foreign visitors. It boasts the 1000 years of Silla heritage with vast number of ancient ruins and archaeological sites found throughout the city, which help to attract 6 million visiting tourists including 750,000 foreigners per year. The city government has parlayed its historic status into a basis for other tourism-related developments such as conferences, festivals, and resorts.

Many Silla sites are located in Gyeongju National Park such as the Royal Tomb Complex, the Cheomseongdae observatory that is one of the oldest surviving astronomical observatories in East Asia, the Anapji royal pond garden, and the Gyerim forest. Gyeongju National Museum hosts many important artifacts and national treasures that have been excavated from sites within the city and surrounding areas.

Much of Gyeongju's heritage are related to the Silla kingdom's patronage of Buddhism. The grotto of Seokguram and the temple of Bulguksa were the first Korean sites to be included on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1995. In addition, the ruins of the old Hwangnyongsa temple, said to have been Korean's largest, are preserved on the slopes of Toham Mountain. Various Silla-era stone carvings of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas are found on mountainsides throughout the city, particularly on Namsan.

A significant portion of Gyeongju's tourist traffic is due to the city's promotion of itself as a site for various festivals, conferences, and competitions. Every year since 1962, the Silla cultural festival has been held in October to celebrate and honour the dynasty's history and culture. It is one of the major festivals of Korea. It features athletic events, folk games, music, dance, literary contests and Buddhist religious ceremonies. Other festivals include the Cherry Blossom Marathon in April, the Korean Traditional Liquor and Cake festival in March, and memorial ceremonies for the founders of the Silla Dynasty and General Kim Yu-sin.

There were 15 hotels including Hilton Hotel, Gyeognju Chosun Hotel, and 276 lodging facilities, and 2,817 restaurants in Gyeongju in 2006.

Media

Gyeongju has two main local newspapers; the Gyeongju Sinmun and the Seorabeol Sinmun, both of which are weekly newspapers providing news via online as well. The Gyeongju Sinmun was founded in the district of Dongcheon-dong on November 15, 1989 and publishes about 11,000 prints per week. It provides various news and critics on anything concerning Gyeongju. Its online newspaper, Digital Gyeongju Sinmun opened in December, 2000 to provide live local news out of the limit as a weekly newspaper and to establish mutual information exchanges from Gyeongju locals. "I'm a reporter too" section allows people voluntarily to write articles. In 2001, Gyeongju Sinmun started to present Gyeongju Citizen Awards to people who try to develop the local industry and economy, culture and education, and welfare service. Since 2003, the Wolseong Nuclear Power Plant headquarter co-hosts the awards with Gyeongju Sinmun.

The Seorabeol Sinmun was established in 1993,, however, from November 15, 2000 to November 10, 2005, its publication was stopped for financial difficulties after the 1997 Asian economic crisis had left a strong impact on the nationwide economy. Since 2006, Seorabeol Sinmun presents Serabeol Awards to people having devouring to develop Gyeongju.

Several major feature films have been filmed in the city, including Kick the Moon, On the Occasion of Remembering the Turning Gate, Taegukgi, Chwihwaseon and others. As of 2009, the filming of the Queen Seondeok, a popular MBC TV series has taken place in a studio at Silla Millennium Park located in Bomun Lake Resort.

Education

Gyeongju is strongly associated with the educational tradition of Hwarangdo ("Way of the Flower of Young Men") which was established and flourished during the Silla period. It is a military and philosophical code that offered the basis of training to Hwarang, a military cadet of youths from the aristocratic class. The training equally emphasized on practicing academic and martial arts based on Buddhism and patriotism. A number of Silla's greatest generals and military leaders such as Kim Yu-sin were Hwarang who played a central role in Silla unification of the Korean peninsula. As Silla was integrated into the next ruling dynasty, Goryeo, the system got declined and was officially disbanded in the Joseon dynasty. However, the spirit and discipline were revived in the second half of the 20th century as a form of Korean martial arts with the same name.

Formal education has a longer history in Gyeongju than anywhere else in South Korea. The Gukhak, or national academy, was established here in 682, at the beginning of the Unified Silla period. Its curriculum focused on the Confucian classics for local officials. After the fall of Silla in the 10th century, the Gukhak closed. However, due to Gyeongju's role as a provincial center under the Goryeo and early Joseon dynasties, the city was home to state-sponsored provincial schools (hyanggyo) under both dynasties such as Gyeongju Hyanggyo. During the later Joseon dynasty there were several seowon, or private Confucian academies, were set up in the city such as Oksan Seowon and Seoak Seowon.

The educational system of Gyeongju is the same as elsewhere in the country. Schooling begins with preschools, of which there are 65 in the city. This is followed by 6 years in elementary schools, of which Gyeongju has 46. Subsequently students pass through 3 years of middle school. There are 19 middle schools in Gyeongju. High-school education, which lasts for three years, is not compulsory, but the most students do attend and graduate from high school. Gyeongju is home to 21 high schools, of which 11 provide specialized technical training. At each of these levels, there is a mix of public and private institutions. All are overseen by the Gyeongju bureau of North Gyeongsang's Provincial Office of Education. Gyeongju is also home to a school for the mentally disabled, which provides education to students from preschool to adult age.

Gyeongju is also home to four institutions of tertiary education. Sorabol College, is a technical college located in the district of Chunghyo-dong that offers majors specializing in tourism, leisure, health care and cosmetic treatments. Each of Gyeongju's three universities reflects the city's unique role. Dongguk and Uiduk universities are Buddhist institutions, reflecting that religion's link to the city. Gyeongju University, formerly Korea Tourism University, is strongly focused on tourism, reflecting the importance of tourism in the region.

Infrastructure

Healthcare

According to the 2008 yearbook of Gyeongju, the total number of medical institutions was 224 with 3,345 beds, including two general hospitals, thirteen hospitals, 109 clinics, five nursing homes, forty two dental hospitals, two Korean traditional medicine hospitals and 50 Korean traditional medicine clinics. There are also twenty eight medical institutions related to Gyeongju Health Center affiliated to the Gyeongju City government.

The two general hospitals are associated with two major universities in Gyeongju and nearby Daegu. One is the Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, located in the district of Seokjang-dong, which is affiliated with Dongguk University Medical School and Center. The Gyeongju Hospital was opened in a seven-story building in 1991 to provide Gyeongju locals with a quality medical service and train medical specialists in the region. After various renovations the hospital currently has 24 departments including a radiation oncology center and 438 beds. It is also assigned as a teaching and learning hospital and in partnership with Dongguk University Oriental Hospital. The other general hospital is a branch of Keimyung University, Dongsan Medical Hospital in Daegu. It is the successor of Gyeongju Christianity Hospital founded in 1962, and was reborn as the current general hospital in 1991. The Gyeongju Dongsan Hospital is located in the district of Seobu-dong and has 12 departments in a three-story building.

Utilities

Water supply and sewage disposal are municipal services which are respectively handled by the Water Supply Office and Water Quality and Environment Office. Water comes from the Hyeongsan River, the multi-purpose Deokdong Dam and several streams. The city is divided into seven water districts, with eight filtration plants and seven sewage treatment plants. One of the sewage treatment plants, Angang Sewage Disposal Plant began operating in April, 2005 by the co-investment of the Government of North Gyeongsang and Gyeongju City with a fund of 44,300,000,000 won to install facilities to prevent the pollution of the Hyeongsan River, which is a main water source for Gyeongju and Pohang residents. The plant is located on a spacious site with 39,000 ㎡ in Homyeong-ri, Gangdong-myeon in Gyeongju where nature friendly facilities provide recreational venues for the locals. Through 56.1 km of sewer pipes and 14 pumping stations, the plant has a capacity of 18,000 tonnes of domestic sewage per day that comes from Angang-eup, and Gangdong-myeon in Gyeongju. The facilities have high-powered disposal equipment developed by related industrial companies to maintain the discharged water at the first or second degree in quality, so that it is used as river maintenance flow and agricultural water in case a drought occurs.

The city had managed its own recycling service, but privatized it since July 1 2009.

Other utilities are provided by private entities or South Korean government-owned companies. Seorabeol City Gas, an affiliate of GS Group, provides liquefied natural gas (LNG) to the Gyeongju residents, while, electrical power is supplied by the public enterprises, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power via the Wolseong Nuclear Power Plant. The plant is known for the only nuclear power plant operating PHWRs (Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor) in South Korea and supplies about 5% of South Korea's electricity. The owner, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power began to build the Wolseong 1 in the districts of Yangnam-myeon, Yangbuk-myeon and Gampo-eup in 1976. Since 1983, the power plant has been providing commercial service and operating with the PHWRs that has a capacity of 678,000 kW. As the construction of each Wolseong 2, 3 and 4 with a capacity of 70,000 kW were completed respectively in 1997, 1998 and 1999, Wolseong Nuclear Power plant site has been successfully operating the four PHWRs plants. New project, Sinwolseong No. 1 and No. 2 are currently under construction which is estimated to be completed until 2011–12.

Transportation

The city lies at the junction of two minor lines operated by the Korean National Railroad. The Jungang Line runs from Seoul to Gyeongju and carries trains from the Daegu Line, which originates in Dongdaegu. In Gyeongju, the Jungang line connects to the Donghae Nambu Line which goes between Pohang and Busan. The Gyeongbu Expressway, which runs from Seoul to Busan, passes through Gyeongju, and Provincial highway 68 that is aided by the South Korean government, connects from Seocheon in the South Chungcheong province to Gyeongju. In addition, even national highways such as Route 4, 7, 14, 20, 28, 31, and 35, which crisscross the city. Since the city is a popular tourist destination, nonstop bus service is available from most major cities in South Korea.

High-speed rail does not serve Gyeongju, in part because the KTX Gyeongbu Line does not pass through the city. However, high-speed service will be available after the completion of the Daegu-Busan portion of the KTX line, scheduled for 2010. The trains will stop at Singyeongju Station, in Geoncheon-eup, south of Gyeongju's city center.

Sister cities

• Xi'an, China (1994)
• Versailles, France
• Pompeii, Italy
• Nara, Nara, Japan (1970)
• Obama, Fukui, Japan (1977)
• Iksan, South Korea (1998)
• Inglewood, California United States (1990)
• Hue, Vietnam.

See also

• List of cities in South Korea
• Geography of South Korea
• Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region
• World Heritage Site

Notes

1. ^ (in Korean) 기본현황 (Status quo) Gyeongju City. Retrieved on August 20, 2009
2. ^ "경주시" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
3. ^ (October 18, 2005) S. Korean, US presidents to meet before APEC summit Xinhua News
4. (2007) (in Korean)Administrative dvisions Government of North Gyeongsang province
5. ^ Smyth, Terry (2008-11-13). "Saving face for Australia". Brisbane Times. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
6. ^ 2009 Kyŏngju Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 27, 2009
7. ^ "경주시의 자연환경" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
8. Robinson et al. 2007. p.187
9. ^ The Korea Cultural Festivals 2005 guide, (4 March 2005), Spring into Korea's Cultural Festivals Travel Blackboard
10. 2009 Korea, Republic of UNESCO World Heritage Centre
11. (May 5, 2009)Insa-dong Rivals Jeju as Most Popular Tourist Spot The Chosun Ilbo Retrieved on August 4, 2009
12. Lee, Jae Won; Lee, Man Hyung. (1997) Urban-Rural Integration Conflicts After 1994's Reform in Korea Dosi Yeongu, Korea Center for City and Environment Research, vol3. pp.103-121
13. Yun, Daesic; Hwang, Junghoon. Moon, Changkeun. (June. 2008) (in Korean) A Study on Analysis of Mode Choice Characteristics and Travel Pattern in Urban-Rural Integrated City Korea Research Institute For Human Settlements, p.118
14. ^ (in Korean) 경주시의 산업·교통 (Industry and Transportation of Gyeongju) Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
15. ^ "경주시 산업과 교통" (in Korean). Nate / Britannica. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessate= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
16. ^ Tamásy & Taylor, (2008) p.129
17. Lee (1984), p.64
18. Rutt, (1999) p.417
19. ^ "경주시의 역사" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
20. ^ "신라 (新羅)" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
21. Robinson et al. 2007. p.26
22. ^ Robinson et al. 2007. p.28
23. Lee Gwang-pyo (이광표) (2008-04-05) (in Korean) <3>페르시아인들 경주를 활보하다 ( Persians strode away in Gyeongju) Dong-a Ilbo
24. (in Korean) 이븐 쿠르다지바 Abu'I Qāsim Abādu'l Lāh Ibn Khurdāhibah a (816 ~ 912) Doosan Encyclopedia
25. "제 1전시 한민족 생활사" (in Korean). National Museum of Korea. Retrieved 2009-08-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
26. ^ Breen (1999), p.82
27. Presenters: Yu In-chon (1998-12-19). "신라의 왕궁은 어디에 있었나? (Where was the palace of Silla?)". 역사스페셜 (History Special) (in Korean). KBS. KBS 1TV. Retrieved 2009-08-06. {{cite episode}}: External link in |transcripturl= (help); Unknown parameter |city= ignored (|location= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |seriesno= ignored (|series-number= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |transcripturl= ignored (|transcript-url= suggested) (help)
28. Lee, (1984), pp. 115-116
29. "경주시 Gyeongju-si 慶州市" (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
30. Mt. Namsan Gyeongju city
31. Lee (1984), p. 149.
32. Lee (1984), p. 214.
33. Cole, Teresa Levonian (11 October 2003) My brilliant Korea The Guardian
34. Kookmin University (2004), p. 27.
35. ^ (2006-03-29) 경주의 이야기꾼, 김동리 (Gyeongju's storyteller, Kim Dong-ni (in Korean) KBS
36. Lee Kyong-hee (July 22, 2009) Ancient Silla armor comes to light JoongAng Daily
37. "국립경주박물관 (國立慶州博物館)" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
38. "동해남부선 (東海南部線)" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
39. "중앙선 (中央線)" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
40. "동천동 Dongcheon-dong 東川洞" (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
41. Cumings (1997), p.244.
42. Cumings (1997), p.275.
43. ^ Lee, Sungkyun (Spring 2004). "Economic Change and Regional Development Disparities in the 1990s in Korea". 44 (1). Korea Journal: 75–102. Retrieved 2009-09-08. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
44. Kim, Won Bae (Summer 2003). "The Evolution of Regional Economic Disparities in Korea". 43 (2). Korea Journal: 55–80. Retrieved 2009-09-08. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
45. Sundaram, (2003), p.58
46. Cherry, (2001) p.41
47. Kang and Lee (2006), p.59
48. "경주시 Gyeongju-si 慶州市" (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
49. "문복산 (文福山)" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
50. "경주부산성 (慶州富山城)" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
51. "토함산 (吐含山 )" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
52. "양북면 Yangbuk-myeon 陽北面" (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
53. "태화강 (太和江)" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
54. "형산강지구대 (兄山江地溝帶)" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
55. ^ "2008년도 경주시 통계연보 : 2.토지 및 기후 (Statistical yearbook of Gyeongju 2008 : 2. Land and weather)" (pdf). August 2008. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
56. ^ "농축수산 (Agriculture, Livestock industry, and Fisheries)". Gyeongju City website (in Korean). Retrieved July 7 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
57. Greeting The National Maritime Police, Retrieved on August 5, 2009
58. Lee Gil-Beom (March 9,2009) Main Operations The National Maritime Police, Retrieved on August 5, 2009
59. (in Korean) 경찰서소개 (Introduction of the police) Ulsan Coast Guard, Korea, Retrieved on August 5, 2009 (quote) 울산광역시 북구 신명동으로부터 부산광역시 기장군 공수리까지 해안선과 어업자원보호선을 연결한 해역
60. "위치와 자연지리 (Location and geography)" (in Korean). Gyeongju City website. Retrieved July 13 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
61. Kang (2002), p. 6.
62. Kang (2002), p. 5.
63. "경주의 날씨 및 기후 현황" (in Korean). Gyeongju City. 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
64. Kim Gyeong-uk (김경욱) (2009-05-22) (in Korean) 이름모를 90명 ‘부시장은 외로워’ (Nameless 90 people 'Vice-mayors are lonely') The Hankyoreh (quote) 부시장은 시장의 제청으로 행정안전부 장관을 거쳐 대통령이 임명한다.
65. (2002-06-14) (in Korean) 백상승 경주시장 당선자 (Baek Sang-seung elected for the Gyeongju major position ) The Dong-a Ilbo / Yonhap
66. Park Sam-jin (박삼진) (2009-07-01) (in Korean) 백상승 경주시장 취임3주년 성과와 비전 제시 (Mayor Baek Sang-seung presented his 3-year-old achievement and visions) Joeun News (조은뉴스)
67. 역대시장 (Mayor of many generation) Gyeongju City Cyber Mayor room, Retrieved on August 2, 2009
68. AFP / Yonhap (29 April 2009) South Korea by-elections to test Lee's government Channel News Asia
69. Gwon Gyeong-an (권경안); Im Min-hyeok (임민혁), (2006-05-15) (in Korean) 관심쏠린 3대 접전지 (The three heated places that get attention) The Chosun Ilbo
70. Lee Ji-yun; Park Jae-han (2005-04-07) (in Korean) 우리-한나라, "재보선 6곳중 4곳 건지겠다" (Uri Party-Grand National Party, "Shall win at 4 of the 6 districts up for by-election") (quote) 한나라당에선 전통적인 영남정서를 이유로 양측 모두 박빙의 우세를 점치고 있다.
71. Set-up of the Countcil/Organization of the Council Gyeongju City Council
72. (2009-07-27) (in Korean) 경주시의회 방폐장 집회두고 '시끌' (Gyeongju City Council disputes before the meeting for the nuclear waste disposal facility) Yonhap News (quote) 전체 시의원 21명
73. (2009-05-12)행정조직 (Administrative organization) Gyeongju City
74. (in Korean) 기본현황 (Basic status quo) Gyeongju City, 7p.
75. "소규모 행정동 통폐합 5일부터 업무개시" (in Korean). Gyeongju Sibo. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessadate= ignored (help)
76. "행정구역 (Administrative divisions)" (in Korean). Gyeongju City. December 31, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessadate= ignored (help)
    
77. "1. Population Trend" (PDF). Statistical yearbook of Gyeongju 2008. Gyeongju City. p. 57. Retrieved 2009-08-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
78. "인구현황 (Status-quo of the population)". Gyeongju City. Retrieved 2009-08-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
79. "11. Internal Migration" (PDF). Statistical yearbook of Gyeongju 2008. Gyeongju City. p. 105. Retrieved 2009-08-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
80. "10. Vital Statistics" (PDF). Statistical yearbook of Gyeongju 2008. Gyeongju City. p. 104. Retrieved 2009-08-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
81. "Registered Foreigners by Major Nationality" (PDF). Statistical yearbook of Gyeongju 2008. Gyeongju City. p. 109. Retrieved 2009-08-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
82. Yi, Seong-gyu. (2003). 문학 작품에 나타난 방언. (Munhak jakpum-e natanan bang-eon. Dialect appearing in literary works). Sae Gugeo Saenghwal 13(4).
83. ^ "경주시의 교육·문화" (in Korean). Nate / Britannica. Retrieved 2009-08-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
84. ^ (in Korean) 경주시의 유물·유적 (Relics and historical sites of Gyeongju Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
85. (in Korean) 국립공원 (National Park) Gyeongbuk-do province
86. Yi, Sŭng-hwan (2005), p.78 & 99
87. Chang, Il-Gyu (2003) (in English/Korean) Choi, chi-won's learning and activity in Tang China Academy of Korean Studies Vol. 26, Issue 2, pp. 111–133, 292–293
88. (in Korean) 최치원 崔致遠 (Choe Chi-won) Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved on August 3, 2009
89. Alain Burrese, (Jun 2000) An American Martial Arts Odyssey in Korea Black Belt, Active Interest Media, Inc. p.155 Vol. 38, No. 6, ISSN 0277-3066
90. Kang and Lee (2006), p.70
91. (in Korean) 최언위 崔彦撝 Nate / Britannica Retrieved on August 3, 2009
92. "이언적 (李彦迪)" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-06. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
93. "이언적 (李彦迪)" (in Korean). Nate / Britannica. Retrieved 2009-08-06. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
94. ^ Angang area Korea National Park
95. Kim & Fulton (1998), pp.107
96. "박목월 (朴木月)" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-06. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
97. "대한민국통맥풍수 <57·끝>경주 최부잣집과 자기 풍수" (in Korean). Segye Ilbo. December 29, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
98. (February 12, 2006) Kim at large JoongAngDaily, Retrieved on August 4, 2009
99. Kim (1982), p. 30.
100. Han Jeong-gon (한정곤) (2004-07-29) <재벌가 얽히고 설킨 혼맥 24탄> 삼성그룹 Ilyo Siisa, Vol. 445
101. Park Min-je (박민제) (May 7, 2007). "전국 800명 `초미니 가문` "종친어른은 모두 부모님"" (in Korean). Hankyung.com. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
102. Park Jong-jin (박종진) (January 26, 2006). ""姓氏를 말하면 꼭 다시 물어요"" (in Korean). Hankook Ilbo. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
103. Robinson et al. 2007. p.204
104. Kim, 2003, pp. 136–152.
105. For example, in the Handbook of Korea 11th ed., p. 656, and in "World Heritage Committee twenty-fourth session". UNESCO WHC Archive. Retrieved July 9 2005. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
106. North Culture Vicinity Gyeongju City
107. (in Korean) 용담성지 龍潭聖地 Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
108. (2008-03-10) Regional Flavors in Seoul : Top 3 Restaurants of Gyeongsang-do & Gangwon-do Food Korea Tourism Organization
109. (2008-02-05) Korean Food Culture Series - Part 7: Local Foods Korea Tourism Organization
110. ^ Lee, Han-yong (이한용), (2002-08-30) 내 고향 맛 지도 - 경주, 영천, 청도 지역 (The map of my town's taste - Gyeongju, Yeongcheon, Cheongdo regions Daegu Bank. Hyangto wa Munhwa (향토와 문화), vo. 23. pp.23-28
111. Min, Byeong-jun, (November. 2008) (in Koraen) (르포라이터 민병준의 향토기행) 경북 경주 ((Repoter, Min Byeong-jun's domestic travel sketches) Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province Monthly Mountain. 469 vol.
112. Jang Hui-bok (장희복) (2002-03-07) (in Korean) <모범납세자 프로필-철탑산업훈장> 황남빵 (<Profile of exemplary tax payer-Iron Pagoda, Order of Industrial Service Merit> Hwangnam Bread Sejeong Sinmun.
113. Gyeongju Korea Tourism Organization
114. (2007-01-26) "경주 재래시장·특산품" (Gyeongju traditional markets·local specialties) (in Korean) Daegu Ilbo
115. Liquor of Gyo-dong in Gyeongju (Local brewing) Gyeongju U-Tourism
116. Park, Ji-Young Drinks of the Ancients SkyNews
117. Park, Yeong-chul (박영출) (2004-02-04) (in Korean) 경주법주-200년된 우물물로 주조 (Gyeongju beopju, made with water from a 200 years old well The Chosun Ilbo
118. Lee, Yeon-Jung (2006)Analysis of Current Use of Local Food of Adults in Gyeongju Classified by Age vol. 21, issue. 6. pp.577–588
119. Travel Highlights Korea Tourism Organization
120. Kim Jae-Chan (26 January 2001). "(Gourmet spot) Grandma's Haejangguk house in Yangjae-dong". Dong-a Ilbo.
121. Park Gyeong-il (박경일) (2007-04-04) (in Korean) 경주 먹을거리 · 즐길거리와 묵을 곳 Munhwa Ilbo
122. Kim, Hyeon-gwan, (2005-04-07) (in Korean) 경주지역 상권 불황 '역대 최고' (Recession of the commercial district in Gyeongju is 'worst ever') Daegu Ilbo
123. Kim, Hyeon-gwan, (2005-07-01) (in Korean) 여름 바캉스 경주로 (Gyeongju for summer vacation) Daegu Ilbo
124. Park, Jong-hyeon (박종현) (2009-02-05) (in Korean) 살살 녹는 대게살…힘이 쑥쑥 전복탕 (Crab meat melted in the mouth and jeonboktang giving stamina Segye Ilbo
125. ^ ⅩⅥ.Education and Culture >21. Sports facilities Gyeongju City. p.481
126. ^ (in Korean) 문화 (Culture) Gyeongju City
127. ^ (in Korean) 황성공원 (隍城公園 , Hwangseong park)
128. Pak Jeong-u (박정우) (2009-01-16) (in Korean) 황성공원 사유지 매입, 시민공간 변모 (Private properties of Hwangseong Park are purchased to transform for the public space, Dailian News
129. (in Korean) 황성공원 (Hwangseong Park) Gyeongju U-Tourism
130. (in Korean) 황성공원 (Hwangseong Park) Gyeongju City
131. Kim Hyeon-gwan (김현관) (2006-04-10) (in Korean) '안락한 휴식처 거듭날게요' ('Reborning as a cozy relaxing place') Daegu Ilbo
132. (in Korean) 황성공원 隍城公園 (Hwangseong Park) Doosan Encyclopedia
133. Jo Sang-un (조상운) (2004-01-20) (in Korean) (아테네를 향해 뛰는 사람들 (12―끝) 여자하키) 연휴는 사치…‘金’독기 (People running for Athene (12-End) Women's Hockey) Taking a break is a luxury...tenacious for the gold medal Kookmin Ilbo
134. Lee Sang-uk (이상욱) (2008-12-06) (in Korean) 경주시청 이선옥 선수 세계하키 올스타 선정 (Lee Seon-ok of Gyeongju City chosen as aFIH Allstar Seorabeol Sinmun
135. ^ Sin A (신아) (2002-08-28) (in Korean) 8월28일-수요화제 경주 하키팀 August 28 Wednesday's topic Gyeognju City Hockey] KBS Pohang
136. Kim Jong-deuk (김종득) (2009-07-19) (in Korean) 경주시청 하키팀의 열악한 현실 ‘충격’ Gyeognju City Hockey in shockingly poor conditions Seorabeol Sinmun
137. Pak Jun-u (박준우) (2008-08-03) (in Korean) 경주시청 여자하키팀 우승 (Gyeongju City Women's Hockey team won the championship Daegul Ilbo
138. Lee Gwon-hyo (이권효) (2009-04-07) (in Korean) “역사+스포츠 도시… 경주 위상 높였죠” Dong-a Ilbo
139. Kim, Hyeon-gwan (김현관) (2009-04-05) (in Korean) 경주 벚꽃마라톤 1만3천명 레이스 Daegu Ilbo
140. "3. Number of Establishments and workers, by Industry". Statistical yearbook of Gyeongju 2004. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
141. Choe Jae-hun (최재훈) (2006-02-01). "경주 양성자가속기 유치전 '가속'" (in Korean). Chosun Ilbo. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
142. "지역경제 (Local economy)" (in Korean). Gyeongju city website. Retrieved 2009-08-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
143. (in Korean) 경주시의 읍·면 Eup and myeon of Gyeongju Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
144. "7. Mining and manufacturing; Statistical yearbook of Gyeongju 2008" (PDF). Gyeongju City. pp. 237–239. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
145. "경주시 Gyeongju-si 慶州市". III.산업 (III.Industry) (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
146. ^ "경주시의 관광" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
147. Gyeongju Cheomseongdae Korean National Heritage Online
148. "계림 (鷄林)" (in Korean). Nate / Britannica. Retrieved 2009-08-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
149. Robinson et al. 2007. p.22
150. (September 26, 2008) 2008 Baekje Cultural Festival: Celebrating the Glories of an Ancient Kingdom Seoul magazine / Korea Tourism Organization
151. Oppenheim p.54–58
152. "신라문화제 新羅文化祭" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
153. (February 13, 2006) Info Plus: Marathon Prep Arirang TV
154. Oppenheim, (2008) p.142
155. 광고/구독안내 (Guide for Advertising/Subscription)
156. 회사소개 (Introduction to the company) Gyeongju Sinmun
157. (2000-12-08) Gyeongju Sinmun
158. (2005- 06-07) 월성원전, 경주시민상 시상식 개최 (At Wolseong Nuclear Power Plant held the Ceremony for Gyeongju Citizen Prize (in Korean) Electronics News (전자신문)
159. ^ Hwang, Myeong-gang (황명강) (2007-09-19) 2007 서라벌대상 수상자 남 : 서종호, 여 : 서옥이씨 선정 (in Korean) Gwangyeok News
161. About (in Korean) Seorabeol Sinmun
162. Mun, Seok (문석) (2001-05-29) 커밍순...<신라의 달밤> (Coming soon..<Kick the Moon>) (in Korean) Cine 21
163. Jeong, Seong-il (정성일), (2002-04-12) 성일, 상수의 영화를 보고 회전문을 떠올리다 (Seong-il, reminded of a revolving door after watching Sang-su's movie (in Korean) Cine 21
164. (2003-01-15) 경주서 한국전 배경 전쟁영화 촬영 (in Korean) Yonhap / Cine 21
165. 영화 취화선 촬영지 (Film locations of Chwihwaseon) (in Korean) Yahoo! Korea / Cine 21
166. Jang, Yeong-tae (장영태) (2009-08-17) 선덕여왕의 흔적을 따라서… (In search for tracing Queen Seondeok) (in Korean) Segye Ilbo
167. Jang, Yeong-tae (장영태) (2009-03-26) 드라마 '선덕여왕' 다음달 경주서 본격촬영 돌입 (Drama 'Queen Seondeok', filming will start in Gyeongju from the next month (in Korean) Segye Ilbo
168. Doniger, Wendy (2006) Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions Encyclopaedia Britannica, ISBN 1593394918
169. (in Korean) 화랑도 花郞徒 (Hwarangdo) Doosan Encyclopedia
170. Gyeongju Hyanggyo (a local school annexed to the Confucian shrine) Gyeongju City-Transportation System, Retrieved on August 2, 2009
171. ^ "경주시의 교육·문화" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
172. "학교현황". Gyeongju Bureau of Education website. Retrieved July 22 2005. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
173. "서라벌대학 Sorabol College 徐羅伐大學" (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
174. Kim, Hui-jeong (김희정) (2009-08-03) (in Korean) 뜨는’ 직종 따라 신설학과도 뜬다? Dailian News
175. "동국대학교 (東國大學校)" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
176. "위덕대학교 (威德大學校)" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
177. Lee Seong-ju (이성주) (2008-12-08) (in Korean) 경주는 세계 어느 도시보다 브랜드가 높은 도시 Gyeongju Sinmun
178. "경주대학교 (慶州大學校)" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 2009-08-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
179. Statistical yearbook of Gyeongju 2008 : 12. Health and Social Security Gyeongju City p.343–344
180. Kim Gyeong-yeop (김경엽) (2008-05-22) (in Korean) 경북 동국대 의대 일산 이전 '먹튀' 논란] Hankook Ilbo
181. Im Na-jeong (임나정) (2006-08-09) (in Korean) 개원 15주년 동국대 경주병원, 제2도약 준비 Bulgyo Sinmun, issue. 2251
182. (in Korean) 동국대학교 경주병원 東國大學校慶州病院 (Dogguk University Gyeongju Hospital) Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
183. (2008-10-02) (in Korean) 경주동산병원장 김재룡 (Kim Jae-ryeong, the head chief of Gyeongju Dongsan Hospital) Daegu Ilbo
184. (in Korean) 상하수도 (Water supply and sewage service) Gyeongju City
185. Yonhap News (2005-04-28) (in Korean) 경주 안강하수처리장 준공 (The completion of the Angang Sewage Disposal Plant in Gyeongju) Ministry of Environment of South Korea
186. Lee Seung-hyeong (이승형) (in Korean) 경주 재활용 선별장 갈등 해법 못찾나 (No way to resolve the conflicts over Gyeongju's recycling center?) Yonhap
187. (in Korean) 서라벌도시가스주식회사 -都市-株式會社, SEORABEOL CITY GAS Co., Ltd Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
188. "KHNP Fact Sheet". CANDU Owners Group website. Retrieved 2009-08-31. See also site.
189. ^ (Sep 10, 2007) ATS wins South Korea nuclear deal TheStar.com / Canadian Press
190. Wolseong Nuclear Power plant Korea Neclear Energy Foundation
191. Matthew L. Wald, (January 10, 1991) TALKING DEALS; Help for Canada's Nuclear Industry The New York Times
192. Lee Jeong-hun (이정훈) (2006-10-11). "직도지원책, 고군산연결도로사업 청신" (in Korean). KMR News. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
193. "Route 4" (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
194. "Route 7" (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
195. "Route 14" (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
196. "Route 20" (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
197. "Route 28" (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
198. "Route 31" (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
199. "Route 35" (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
200. 교통정보│고속/시외버스 (Transport information|Express/Cross-country buses (in Korean) Gyeongju Culture Tourism Info
201. Gang, Byeong-seo; Lee, Chae-su. Hwang, I-ju. (2009-07-08) 포항·경주·영덕·울진, 21C 중심도시 나래 펴다 (Pohang, Gyeongju, Yeongdeok, Uljin, 21c centered cities unfold wings Maeil Sinmun hosted by Pohang Institute of Industry Advancement.
202. Jo Min-hui (2009-02-12) (in Korean) 서울~부산 30분 단축 '완행 KTX'시대 끝난다 Kookje Sinmun KTX 2단계 구간(동대구~경주~울산~부산 123㎞)
203. Lee Jong-hun (2009-07-08) (in Korean) 경북도, KTX역세권 개발계획
204. ^ Kim Myeong-su (김명수), (in Korean) Gyeongju Glocalization Review
205. Official page of Versailles
206. Template:KoGyeongju-Pompeii reached sister city partnership
207. Official page of Obama

References

• Breen, Michael (1999) The Koreans: who they are, what they want, where their future lies Macmillan, ISBN 0312242115
• Cherry, Judith (2001), Korean multinationals in Europe, Routledge Advances in Korean Studies, Routledge, ISBN 0700714804
• Cumings, Bruce (1997). Korea's place in the sun: A modern history. New York: Norton. ISBN 0393316815
• Kang, Bong W. (2002). A study of success and failure in the water management of the Buk Chun in Kyongju, Korea. Paper delivered at the Eighteenth Congress of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage. (Electronic Version).
• Kang, Jae-eun; Lee, Suzanne. (2006) The land of scholars: two thousand years of Korean Confucianism Homa & Sekey Books, ISBN 1931907374
• Kim, Chong-un Kim; Fulton, Bruce, (1998) A ready-made life: early masters of modern Korean fiction, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 107-120, ISBN 0824820711
• Kim, Deok-muk, (2003) 전국의 기도터와 굿당 (Jeon-gukui gidoteo wa gutdang. Tr. "Sites of Buddhist prayer and shamanic practice nationwide"), (in Korean), 한국민속기록보존소 ISBN 89-953630-3-7
• Kim, Won-yong. (1982). Kyŏngju: The homeland of Korean culture. Korea Journal 22(9), pp. 25–32.
• Kookmin University, Department of Korean History (2004) "경주문화권 (Gyeongju Munhwagwon. The Gyeongju cultural area)", Seoul:역사공간 ISBN 89-90848-02-4
• Korean Overseas Information Service, (2003), Handbook of Korea (11th ed.), Seoul, Hollym, ISBN 1-56591-212-8
• Lee, Ki-baek; Tr. by E.W. Wagner & E.J. Schulz, (1984), A new history of Korea (rev. ed.), Seoul, Ilchogak, ISBN 89-337-0204-0
• Nilsen, Robert, South Korea, Moon Handbooks, ISBN 1-56691-418-3
• Oppenheim, Robert. (2008) Kyǒngju things: assembling place, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 0472050303
• Ring, Trudy; Robert M. Salkin, Paul E Schellinger, Sharon La Boda (1996) International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania Taylor & Francis, ISBN 1884964044
• Robinson, Martin; Ray Bartlett, Rob Whyte (2007), Korea Lonely Planet, pp. 197–209, ISBN 1741045584
• Rutt, Richard; Hoare, James. (1999) Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary, Durham East-Asia series. Routledge. ISBN 0700704647
• Sundaram, Jomo Kwame. (2003) Manufacturing competitiveness in Asia: how internationally competitive national firms and industries developed in East Asia, Routledge, ISBN0415299225
• Tamásy, Christine; Taylor, Mike. (2008) Globalising Worlds and New Economic Configurations, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., ISBN0754673774
• Yi, Sŭng-hwan; Song, Jaeyoon (translation) (2005) A topography of Confucian discourse: politico-philosophical reflections on Confucian discourse since modernity, Homa & Sekey Books, ISBN 1931907277
• Yu, Hong-jun; (translation) Mueller, Charles M., (1999) Smiles of the baby Buddha: appreciating the cultural heritage of Kyǒngju, Changbi (창비), ISBN 8936470566

External links

• Gyeongju City Government website
• Gyeongju City Council website
• Gyeongju City-Transportation System website

v t e Subdivisions of Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea
4 eup, 8 myeon, 11 dong
Eup (town)	Angang-eup Gampo-eup Geoncheon-eup Oedong-eup
Myeon (township)	Cheonbuk-myeon Gangdong-myeon Hyeongok-myeon Naenam-myeon Sannae-myeon Seo-myeon Munmudaewang-myeon Yangnam-myeon
Dong (neighborhood)	Bodeok-dong Bulguk-dong Dongcheon-dong Hwangnam-dong Hwango-dong Hwangseong-dong Jungbu-dong Seondo-dong Seonggeon-dong Wolseong-dong Yonggang-dong
See also	Administrative divisions of South Korea List of cities in South Korea Gyeongsangbuk-do
Website: www.gyeongju.go.kr

v t e North Gyeongsang Province
Andong (capital)
	Specific city	Pohang Buk Nam
	Cities	Andong Gimcheon Gumi Gyeongju Gyeongsan Mungyeong Sangju Yeongcheon Yeongju
	Counties	Bonghwa Cheongdo Cheongsong Chilgok Goryeong Seongju Uiseong Uljin Ulleung Yecheon Yeongdeok Yeongyang

35°51′N 129°13′E / 35.850°N 129.217°E / 35.850; 129.217

• 57 BC establishments
• Cities, towns and villages in South Korea
• Gyeongju
• World Heritage Sites in South Korea