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{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in China}} |
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{{Infobox language |
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{{Infobox language |
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|name=Muya |
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| name = Muya |
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|nativename=Munya |
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| nativename = ''Munya'' |
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|states=] |
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| states = ] |
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|region=], ] |
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| region = ] |
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| speakers = Eastern: 2,000 |
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|ethnicity=15,000 (2007)<ref name=e18/> |
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| date = 2020 |
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|speakers=10,000 |
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| ref = e25 |
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|date=2007 |
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| speakers2 = Western: {{sigfig|11,500|2}} (2020)<ref name=e25/> |
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|ref=e18 |
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| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan |
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|speakers2=2,000 monolinguals (2000?)<!--fig appeared w this pop date--><ref name=e15>{{e15|mvm}}</ref> |
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| fam2 = ] |
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|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan |
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|fam2=] |
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| fam3 = ] |
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|fam3=Northern |
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| fam4 = Northern |
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| lc1 = emq |
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|iso3=mvm |
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| ld1 = Eastern Minyag |
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|glotto=muya1239 |
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| lc2 = wmg |
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|glottorefname=Muya |
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| ld2 = Western Minyag |
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|dia1=East |
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| glotto = muya1239 |
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|dia2=West |
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| glottorefname = Muya |
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| dia1 = East |
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| dia2 = West |
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| map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg |
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| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Muya is classified as Vulnerable by the ] '']''}}}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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'''Munya''' or '''Muya''' (also ''Manyak'' or "Eleazar Valles" 曼牙科,<ref>http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/M/Manyak.pdf</ref> ''Menia'' 么呢阿<ref>http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/M/Menia.pdf</ref>) is one of the ] spoken in China. There are two dialects, Northern and Southern, which are not ]. Most research on Munya has been conducted by Ikeda Takumi. |
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'''Munya''' or '''Muya''' ({{lang-zh|t=木雅語|s=木雅语}}; also ''Manyak'' {{lang|zh|曼牙科}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manyak |url=https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/5ddddb20/files/uploaded/manyak.pdf |access-date=2021-11-02 |via=Asia Harvest}}</ref> ''Menia'' 么呢阿;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Menia |url=http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/M/Menia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224513/https://www.asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/M/Menia.pdf |archive-date=2015-06-10 |via=Asia Harvest}}</ref> {{bo|t=མི་ཉག|w=Mi nyak|s=Minyak}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://places.kmaps.virginia.edu/features/5234 |title=Minyak |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=places.kmaps.] |access-date=March 24, 2023}}</ref>) is one of the ] spoken in China. There are two dialects, Western and Eastern, which are not ]. Most research on Munya has been conducted by ]. There are about 2,000 ]. |
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==Names== |
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The language has been spelled various ways, including ''Manyak, Menya, Minyag, Minyak''. Other names are ''Boba'' and ''Miyao''. |
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The language has been spelled in various ways, including ''Manyak'', ''Menya'', ''Minyag'', and ''Minyak''. Other names for the language are ''Boba'' and ''Miyao''. |
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==Dialects== |
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Sun (1991) documents Muya 木雅 of Liuba Township 六坝乡, Shade District 沙德区, ] 康定县, Sichuan (Sun 1991:219). |
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''Ethnologue'' (21st edition) lists two Muya dialects, namely Eastern (Nyagrong) and Western (Darmdo). Muya is spoken in |
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*], ] |
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*] |
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*] |
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Sun (1991) documents Muya (木雅) of ] (六坝乡), ] (沙德区), ] (康定县), ].<ref>{{harvp|Sun|1991|p=219}}</ref> |
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In 2008, Bamu, a singer with the Jiuzhaigou Art Troupe in the Aba Tibetan and Qiang autonomous prefecture in Sichuan, recorded an album of Muya songs (木雅七韵).<ref> 2014-05-27 07:13 By Huang Zhiling (China Daily USA)] "One woman's passion for the songs of a remote ethnic people may save not only the Muya's music, but the language itself. Huang Zhiling reports from Chengdu. Muya music might already be lost if Yang Hua had not given up her job as a mathematics teacher." ..."After the recording was over, Bamu told Yang it was a folk song of the Muya people. The song told how a girl working outside her hometown misses her mom, who says jewelry does not mean anything if one is not educated, and the singer wishes her mom good health. "It was the first time I heard the word 'Muya'," Yang says."</ref> |
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==Bibliography== |
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==Phonology== |
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*Ikeda Takumi (1998-09) "Some Phonological Features of Modern Munya (Minyak) Language." 内陸アジア言語の研究 ''Nairiku Ajia Gengo no Kenkyuu'' 13: 83-91. |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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*Ikeda, T. 2002, "On pitch accent in the Mu-nya language", in Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 27–45. |
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|+Consonants<ref name=namkung96>{{Cite journal |last=Namkung |first=Ju |date=1996 |editor-last=Matisoff |editor-first=James A. |title=Phonological Inventories of Tibeto-Burman Languages |url=https://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/STEDT_Monograph3_Phonological-Inv-TB.pdf |journal=Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Monograph Series |issue=3 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley}}</ref> |
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*Sun Hongkai et al. 1991. ''Zangmianyu yuyin he cihui 藏缅语音和词汇 ''. Chinese Social Sciences Press. |
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! colspan="2"| |
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* , a project of the Kham Aid Foundation, 2009. |
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!] |
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!] |
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!] |
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!] |
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!] |
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!] |
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!] |
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! rowspan="3" |] |
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!<small>oral</small> |
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|{{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}} |
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|{{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}} |
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|{{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|g}} |
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|{{IPA link|q}} {{IPA link|ɢ}} |
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!<small>]</small> |
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|{{IPA link|pʰ}} |
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|{{IPA link|tʰ}} |
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|{{IPA link|kʰ}} |
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|{{IPA link|qʰ}} |
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!<small>]</small> |
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|{{IPA link|ᵐpʰ}} {{IPA link|ᵐb}} |
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|{{IPA link|ⁿtʰ}} {{IPA link|ⁿd}} |
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|{{IPA link|ᵑkʰ}} {{IPA link|ᵑg}} |
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|{{IPA link|ᶰqʰ}} {{IPA link|ᶰɢ}} |
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! rowspan="3" |] |
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!<small>oral</small> |
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|{{IPA link|ts}} {{IPA link|dz}} |
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|{{IPA link|ʈʂ}} {{IPA link|ɖʐ}} |
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|{{IPA link|tɕ}} {{IPA link|dʑ}} |
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!<small>]</small> |
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|{{IPA link|tsʰ}} |
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|{{IPA link|ʈʂʰ}} |
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|{{IPA link|tɕʰ}} |
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!<small>]</small> |
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|{{IPA link|ⁿtsʰ}} {{IPA link|ⁿdz}} |
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|{{IPA link|ⁿʈʂʰ}} {{IPA link|ⁿɖʐ}} |
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|{{IPA link|ⁿtɕʰ}} {{IPA link|ⁿdʑ}} |
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! colspan="2"|] |
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|{{IPA link|f}} {{IPA link|v}} |
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|{{IPA link|s}} {{IPA link|z}} |
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|{{IPA link|ʂ}} {{IPA link|ʐ}} |
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|{{IPA link|ɕ}} {{IPA link|ʑ}} |
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|{{IPA link|x}} {{IPA link|ɣ}} |
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|{{IPA link|χ}} {{IPA link|ʁ}} |
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|{{IPA link|h}} {{IPA link|ɦ}} |
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! colspan="2"|] |
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|{{IPA link|m}} |
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|{{IPA link|n}} |
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|{{IPA link|ɲ}} |
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|{{IPA link|ŋ}} |
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! colspan="2"|] |
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|{{IPA link|w}} |
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|{{IPA link|l}} |
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|{{IPA link|j}} |
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* /ʑ/ can sometimes be heard as . |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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|+Vowels<ref name=namkung96/> |
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! rowspan="2" | |
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! colspan="2" |] |
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! rowspan="2" |] |
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! rowspan="2" |] |
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!<small>Unrounded</small> |
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!<small>]</small> |
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!] |
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|{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|ĩ}} |
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|{{IPA link|y}} |
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|{{IPA link|ɯ}} {{IPA link|ɯ̰}} |
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|{{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|ũ}} |
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!] |
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|{{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|ẽ}} |
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|{{IPA link|ø}} |
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|{{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|õ}} |
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!] |
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|{{IPA link|ɛ}} {{IPA link|ɛ̃}} |
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|{{IPA link|ɔ}} |
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!] |
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|{{IPA link|æ}} {{IPA link|æ̰}} |
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|{{IPA link|ɐ}} {{IPA link|ɐ̰}} |
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|{{IPA link|ɑ}} {{IPA link|ɑ̃}} |
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|} |
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Additionally, the following diphthongs have been observed: /yi/, /ui/, /ie/, /ye/, /ue/, /uø/, /iɛ̃/, /yɛ/, /yɛ̃/, /uɛ/, /uæ/, /uæ̰/, /yɐ/, /yɐ̰/, /uɐ/, /yɯ/, /uɯ/, /yɑ/, /yɑ̃/, /uɑ/. |
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Muya also has four ]:<ref name=namkung96/> |
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* - high, level |
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* - high-falling |
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* - high-rising |
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* - mid, level |
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==Popular culture== |
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In 2008, Bamu, a singer with the Jiuzhaigou Art Troupe in the ] in ], recorded an album of Muya songs (木雅七韵).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Huang |first=Zhiling |date=2014-05-27 |title=Chasing the Fading Music |work=China Daily USA |url=http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2014-05/27/content_17544535.htm |quote=One woman's passion for the songs of a remote ethnic people may save not only the Muya's music, but the language itself. Huang Zhiling reports from Chengdu. Muya music might already be lost if Yang Hua had not given up her job as a mathematics teacher." ..."After the recording was over, Bamu told Yang it was a folk song of the Muya people. The song told how a girl working outside her hometown misses her mom, who says jewelry does not mean anything if one is not educated, and the singer wishes her mom good health. "It was the first time I heard the word 'Muya'," Yang says.}}</ref> |
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==References== |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* {{Cite thesis |last=Bai |first=Junwei |title=A Grammar of Munya |date=2019 |degree=PhD |publisher=James Cook University |doi=10.25903/2SHV-X307 |doi-access=free}} |
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* Drolma, Dawa; Suzuki, Hiroyuki (2016). Preliminary report on the Darmdo Minyag linguistic area, with a geolinguistic description of terms for ‘sun’. |
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''Studies in Asian Geolinguistics'' 1. 72–78. |
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* {{Cite journal |last=Ikeda |first=Takumi |date=1998 |title=Mùyǎyǔ yǔyīn jiégòu de jǐ gè wèntí |script-title=zh:木雅語語音結構的幾個問題 |trans-title=Some Phonological Features of Modern Munya (Minyak) Language |language=zh |volume=13 |pages=83–91 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11094/16189 |script-work=ja:内陸アジア言語の研究 |journal=Nairiku Ajia Gengo No Kenkyuu}} |
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* {{Cite journal |last=Ikeda |first=Takumi |date=2002 |title=On Pitch Accent in the Mu-Nya Language |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/ikeda2002pitch.pdf |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=27–45}} |
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* {{Cite book |title=Zàngmiǎnyǔ yǔyīn hé cíhuì |date=1991 |publisher=Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe |editor-last=Sun |editor-first=Hongkai |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:藏缅语语音和词汇 |trans-title=Tibeto-Burman Phonology and Lexicon}} |
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* {{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, a project of the Kham Aid Foundation, 2009. |
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{{refend}} |
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{{Sino-Tibetan languages}} |
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{{Na-Qiangic languages}} |
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{{Languages of China}} |
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{{Languages of China}} |
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{{Qiangic languages}} |
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] |
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] |
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{{St-lang-stub}} |
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Additionally, the following diphthongs have been observed: /yi/, /ui/, /ie/, /ye/, /ue/, /uø/, /iɛ̃/, /yɛ/, /yɛ̃/, /uɛ/, /uæ/, /uæ̰/, /yɐ/, /yɐ̰/, /uɐ/, /yɯ/, /uɯ/, /yɑ/, /yɑ̃/, /uɑ/.
Muya is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
