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Mars 2020

View of the rover Perseverance from the skycrane during landing
Mission type	Mars exploration
Operator	NASA JPL
COSPAR ID	2020-052A
SATCAT no.	45983
Mission duration	1624d 11h 54m (elapsed) 1 Mars year (668 sols, 687 Earth days) (planned)
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft	Perseverance Ingenuity
Start of mission
Launch date	30 July 2020, 11:50:00 UTC
Rocket	Atlas V 541 (AV-088)
Launch site	Cape Canaveral, SLC-41
Contractor	United Launch Alliance
Mars rover
Landing date	18 February 2021, 20:55 UTC
Landing site	Jezero crater
NASA (left) and JPL insignias Mars Exploration Program← Mars Science LaboratoryMars sample-return mission →

Mars 2020 is a Mars rover mission by NASA's Mars Exploration Program that includes the rover Perseverance and the small robotic helicopter Ingenuity. Mars 2020 was launched from Earth on an Atlas V launch vehicle at 11:50:00 UTC on 30 July 2020, and confirmation of touch down in Jezero crater on Mars was received at 20:55 UTC on 18 February 2021. As of 9 January 2025, the Perseverance rover has been on Mars for 1383 sols (1421 Earth days).

Perseverance will investigate an astrobiologically relevant ancient environment on Mars and investigate its surface geological processes and history, including the assessment of its past habitability, the possibility of past life on Mars, and the potential for preservation of biosignatures within accessible geological materials. It will cache sample containers along its route for retrieval by a potential future Mars sample-return mission. The Mars 2020 mission was announced by NASA on 4 December 2012 at the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco. Perseverance's design is derived from the rover Curiosity, and it uses many components already fabricated and tested in addition to new scientific instruments and a core drill. The rover also boasts 19 cameras and two microphones, allowing for audio recording of the Martian environment.

The launch of Mars 2020 was the third of three space missions sent toward Mars during the July 2020 Mars launch window, with missions also launched by the national space agencies of the United Arab Emirates (the Emirates Mars Mission with orbiter Hope on 19 July) and China (the Tianwen-1 mission on 23 July, with an orbiter, lander, and rover).

Objectives

The mission will seek signs of habitable conditions on Mars in the ancient past, and will also search for evidence – or biosignatures – of past microbial life, and water. The mission was launched 30 July 2020 on an Atlas V-541, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory managed the mission. The mission is part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program. The Science Definition Team proposed that the rover collect and package as many as 31 samples of rock cores and surface soil for a later mission to bring back for definitive analysis on Earth. In 2015, they expanded the concept, planning to collect even more samples and distribute the tubes in small piles or caches across the surface of Mars.

In September 2013, NASA launched an Announcement of Opportunity for researchers to propose and develop the instruments needed, including the Sample Caching System. The science instruments for the mission were selected in July 2014 after an open competition based on the scientific objectives set one year earlier. The science conducted by the rover's instruments will provide the context needed for detailed analyses of the returned samples. The chairman of the Science Definition Team stated that NASA does not presume that life ever existed on Mars, but given the recent Curiosity rover findings, past Martian life seems possible.

The Perseverance rover will explore a site likely to have been habitable. It will seek signs of past life, set aside a returnable cache with the most compelling rock core and soil samples, and demonstrate the technology needed for the future human and robotic exploration of Mars. A key mission requirement is that it must help prepare NASA for its long-term Mars sample-return mission and crewed mission efforts. The rover will make measurements and technology demonstrations to help designers of a future human expedition understand any hazards posed by Martian dust, and will test technology to produce a small amount of pure oxygen (O₂) from Martian atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂).

Improved precision landing technology that enhances the scientific value of robotic missions also will be critical for eventual human exploration on the surface. Based on input from the Science Definition Team, NASA defined the final objectives for the 2020 rover. Those became the basis for soliciting proposals to provide instruments for the rover's science payload in the spring of 2014. The mission will also attempt to identify subsurface water, improve landing techniques, and characterize weather, dust, and other potential environmental conditions that could affect future astronauts living and working on Mars.

A key mission requirement for this rover is that it must help prepare NASA for its Mars sample-return mission (MSR) campaign, which is needed before any crewed mission takes place. Such effort would require three additional vehicles: an orbiter, a fetch rover, and a two-stage, solid-fueled Mars ascent vehicle (MAV). Between 20 and 30 drilled samples will be collected and cached inside small tubes by the Perseverance rover, and will be left on the surface of Mars for possible later retrieval by NASA in collaboration with ESA. A "fetch rover" would retrieve the sample caches and deliver them to a two-stage, solid-fueled Mars ascent vehicle (MAV). In July 2018, NASA contracted Airbus to produce a "fetch rover" concept study. The MAV would launch from Mars and enter a 500 km orbit and rendezvous with the Next Mars Orbiter or Earth Return Orbiter. The sample container would be transferred to an Earth entry vehicle (EEV) which would bring it to Earth, enter the atmosphere under a parachute and hard-land for retrieval and analyses in specially designed safe laboratories.

Spacecraft

Cruise stage and EDLS

The three major components of the Mars 2020 spacecraft are the 539 kg (1,188 lb) cruise stage for travel between Earth and Mars; the Entry, Descent, and Landing System (EDLS) that includes the 575-kilogram (1,268 lb) aeroshell descent vehicle + 440-kilogram (970 lb) heat shield; and the 1,070-kilogram (2,360 lb) (fueled mass) sky crane needed to deliver Perseverance and Ingenuity safely to the Martian surface. The Sky Crane carries 400 kg (880 lb) landing propellant for the final soft landing burn after being slowed down by a 21.5-meter-wide (71 ft), 81 kg (179 lb) parachute. The 1,025 kg (2,260 lb) rover is based on the design of Curiosity. While there are differences in scientific instruments and the engineering required to support them, the entire landing system (including the sky crane and heat shield) and rover chassis could essentially be recreated without any additional engineering or research. This reduces overall technical risk for the mission, while saving funds and time on development.

One of the upgrades is a guidance and control technique called "Terrain Relative Navigation" (TRN) to fine-tune steering in the final moments of landing. This system allowed for a landing accuracy within 40 m (130 ft) and avoided obstacles. This is a marked improvement from the Mars Science Laboratory mission that had an elliptical area of 7 by 20 km (4.3 by 12.4 mi). In October 2016, NASA reported using the Xombie rocket to test the Lander Vision System (LVS), as part of the Autonomous Descent and Ascent Powered-flight Testbed (ADAPT) experimental technologies, for the Mars 2020 mission landing, meant to increase the landing accuracy and avoid obstacle hazards.

Perseverance rover

Perseverance was designed with help from Curiosity's engineering team, as both are quite similar. Engineers redesigned Perseverance's wheels to be more robust than Curiosity's, which have sustained some damage. The rover will have thicker, more durable aluminium wheels, with reduced width and a greater diameter, 52.5 cm (20.7 in), than Curiosity's 50 cm (20 in) wheels. The aluminium wheels are covered with cleats for traction and curved titanium spokes for springy support. The combination of the larger instrument suite, new Sampling and Caching System, and modified wheels makes Perseverance 14 percent heavier than Curiosity, at 1,025 kg (2,260 lb) and 899 kg (1,982 lb), respectively. The rover will include a five-jointed robotic arm measuring 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) long. The arm will be used in combination with a turret to analyze geologic samples from the Martian surface.

A Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG), left over as a backup part for Curiosity during its construction, will power the rover. The generator has a mass of 45 kg (99 lb) and contains 4.8 kg (11 lb) of plutonium dioxide as the source of steady supply of heat that is converted to electricity. The electrical power generated is approximately 110 watts at launch with little decrease over the mission time. Two lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are included to meet peak demands of rover activities when the demand temporarily exceeds the MMRTG's steady electrical output levels. The MMRTG offers a 14-year operational lifetime, and it was provided to NASA by the United States Department of Energy. Unlike solar panels, the MMRTG provides engineers with significant flexibility in operating the rover's instruments even at night and during dust storms, and through the winter season.

The Norwegian-developed radar RIMFAX is one of the seven instruments that have been placed on board. The radar has been developed together with FFI (Norwegian Defence Research Establishment), the Norwegian Space Center and a number of Norwegian companies. Space has also been found for the first time for an unmanned helicopter, which will be controlled by NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology)-trained civil engineer Håvard Fjær Grip and his team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Los Angeles

Ingenuity helicopter

Ingenuity is a robotic helicopter that will test the technology to scout interesting targets for study on Mars, and help plan the best driving route for Perseverance. The aircraft will be deployed from the rover's deck, and is expected to fly up to five times during its 30-day test campaign early in the mission. Each flight will take no more than three minutes, at altitudes ranging from 3 to 10 meters (10 to 33 ft) the ground, but it could potentially cover a maximum distance of about 600 m (2,000 ft) per flight. It will use autonomous control and communicate with Perseverance directly after each landing. If it works as expected, NASA will be able to build on the design for future Mars missions.

Mission

The mission will explore Jezero crater, which scientists speculate was a 250 m (820 ft) lake about 3.9 billion to 3.5 billion years ago. Jezero today features a prominent river delta where water flowing through it deposited much sediment over the eons, which is "extremely good at preserving biosignatures". The sediments in the delta likely include carbonates and hydrated silica, known to preserve microscopic fossils on Earth for billions of years. Prior to the selection of Jezero, eight proposed landing sites for the mission were under consideration by September 2015; Columbia Hills in Gusev crater, Eberswalde crater, Holden crater, Jezero crater, Mawrth Vallis, Northeastern Syrtis Major Planum, Nili Fossae, and Southwestern Melas Chasma. A workshop was held on 8–10 February 2017 in Pasadena, California, to discuss these sites, with the goal of narrowing down the list to three sites for further consideration. The three sites chosen were Jezero crater, Northeastern Syrtis Major Planum, and Columbia Hills. Jezero crater was ultimately selected as the landing site in November 2018. The "fetch rover" for returning the samples is expected to launch in 2026. The landing and surface operations of the "fetch rover" would take place early in 2029. The earliest return to Earth is envisaged for 2031.

Launch and cruise

The launch window, when the positions of Earth and Mars were optimal for traveling to Mars, opened on 17 July 2020 and lasted through 15 August 2020. The rocket was launched on 30 July 2020 at 11:50 UTC, and the rover landed on Mars on 18 February 2021 at 20:55 UTC, with a planned surface mission of at least one Mars year (668 sols or 687 Earth days).

NASA announced that all of the trajectory correction maneuvers (TCM) were a success. The spacecraft fired thrusters to adjust its course toward Mars, shifting the probe's initial post-launch aim point onto the Red Planet.

Prior to landing, the Science Team from another NASA mission, InSight, announced that they would attempt to detect the entry, descent and landing sequence of the Mars 2020 mission using InSight's seismometers. Despite being more than 3,400 km away from the Mars landing site, the team indicated that there was a possibility that InSight's instruments would be sensitive enough to detect the hypersonic impact of Mars 2020's cruise mass balance devices with the Martian surface.

Perseverance rover successfully landed on the surface of Mars on 18 February 2021 at 20:55 UTC, to begin its science phase, and began sending images back to Earth.

Cost

NASA plans to invest roughly US$2.8 billion in the Mars 2020 mission over 10 years, spending nearly US$2.2 billion on the development of the Perseverance rover, US$80 million on the Ingenuity helicopter, US$243 million for launch services, and US$296 million for 2.5 years of mission operations. Adjusted for inflation, Mars 2020 is the 6th-most expensive robotic planetary mission made by NASA and is cheaper than its predecessor, the Curiosity rover. Perseverance used spare hardware and "build-to print" designs from the Curiosity mission, which helped save "probably tens of millions, if not 100 million dollars" according to Mars 2020 Deputy Chief Engineer Keith Comeaux.

Public outreach

To raise public awareness of the Mars 2020 mission, NASA undertook a "Send Your Name To Mars" campaign, through which people could send their names to Mars on a microchip stored aboard Perseverance. After registering their names, participants received a digital ticket with details of the mission's launch and destination. 10,932,295 names were submitted during the registration period. In addition, NASA announced in June 2019 that a student naming contest for the rover would be held in the fall of 2019, with voting on nine finalist names held in January 2020. Perseverance was announced to be the winning name on 5 March 2020.

• "Send Your Name" placard attached to Perseverance
• Sample souvenir boarding pass for those who registered their names to be flown aboard the Perseverance rover

In May 2020, NASA attached a small aluminum plate on Perseverance to commemorate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and pay "tribute to the perseverance of healthcare workers around the world". The plate features the Rod of Asclepius holding planet Earth.

• Commemorative aluminum plate
• Plate attached on Perseverance chassis

NASA's Indian American scientist Swati Mohan delivered the news of the successful landing.

See also

• Emirates Mars Mission, 2020 UAE mission with Hope orbiter
• Tianwen-1, 2020 CNSA mission with orbiter and lander with rover
• ExoMars
• Exploration of Mars
• List of missions to Mars
• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher

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External links

• Mars 2020: Official website
• Mars 2020: Assembly – Overall description (NASA)
• Mars 2020: Science Definition Team Report (NASA)
• Mars 2020: Send Your Name To Mars
• Mars 2020: Vote for the Name of the Rover
• Mars 2020: NASA Eyes-on-the-Solar-System

Media

• Mars 2020: Proposed Science Goals (3:09; July 2013) on YouTube
• Mars 2020: Rover and Beyond Conference (51:42; July 2014) on YouTube
• Mars 2020: Next Mission to Mars (8:57; May 2017) on YouTube
• Mars 2020: Building the Mission (3:00; December 2017) on YouTube
• Mars 2020: Building the Rover (3:50; October 2018) on YouTube
• Mars 2020: Jezero crater flyover (2:13; December 2018) on YouTube
• Mars 2020: Assembly – (Live stream; since November 2019) on YouTube
• Mars 2020: Overview (2:58; July 2020) on YouTube
• Mars 2020: LAUNCH of Rover (6:40; 30 July 2020) on YouTube
• Mars 2020: LAUNCH of Rover (1:11; 30 July 2020; NASA) on YouTube

Further reading

• Aryan Tomar, Dr. Heechoon Kwon, Er. Vikas Tomar (2020), 3D Printing and Making Drones with Daddy, "Drones on Mars", ISBN 9781543704952

v t e Mars 2020
Timeline of Mars 2020
Payloads	Perseverance rover Ingenuity helicopter (list of flights)
Rover instruments	Hazcam Mastcam-Z MEDA MOXIE Navcam PIXL RIMFAX Rover embedded computers SHERLOC SuperCam
Features	MarsDial Multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator Rocker-bogie Sky crane
Proposed landing sites	Selected Jezero crater Finalists Columbia Hills in Gusev crater Jezero crater Syrtis Major Planum Other Eberswalde crater Holden crater Mawrth Vallis Nili Fossae Melas Chasma
Related	Octavia E. Butler Landing Wright Brothers Field Cheyava Falls Exploration of Mars
Category Solar System portal

v t e Spacecraft missions to Mars
List of missions to Mars List of Mars orbiters List of artificial objects on Mars
Active	Flybys Psyche (2023, flyby in 2026) Hera (2024, flyby in 2025) Europa Clipper (2024, flyby in 2025) Orbiters 2001 Mars Odyssey Mars Express Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter timeline MAVEN ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter Hope Tianwen-1 orbiter Rovers Curiosity Mars Science Laboratory timeline Perseverance Mars 2020 timeline
Past	Flybys Mars 1 Mariner 4 Zond 2 Mariner 6 and 7 Mars 6 Mars 7 Rosetta Dawn Mars Cube One Orbiters Mars 2 Mars 3 Mariner 9 Mars 4 Mars 5 Viking program Viking 1 Viking 2 Phobos program Phobos 1 Phobos 2 Mars Observer Mars Global Surveyor Nozomi Mars Climate Orbiter Mangalyaan Landers Mars 2 Mars 3 Mars 6 Mars 7 Viking 1 Viking 2 Mars Pathfinder Mars Polar Lander / Deep Space 2 Beagle 2 Phoenix ExoMars Schiaparelli InSight Tianwen-1 lander Rovers PrOP-M Sojourner Mars Exploration Rover Spirit timeline Opportunity timeline Zhurong Aircraft Ingenuity helicopter flights Mars 2020
Failed launches Mars 1M No.1 1M No.2 2MV-4 No.1 2MV-3 No.1 Mariner 3 Mars 2M No.521 2M No.522 Mariner 8 Mars 3MS No.170 Mars 96 Fobos-Grunt / Yinghuo-1
Future	Planned EscaPADE (2025) Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX) (mid 2020s) Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) (2026) Mangalyaan-2 (2026) Tianwen-3 (2028) Rosalind Franklin (2028) MBR Explorer (2028, flyby in 2031) NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters Kazachok Proposed MAGGIE SpaceX Mars program Mars-Grunt
Cancelled or not developed Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey Astrobiology Field Laboratory Beagle 3 Biological Oxidant and Life Detection DePhine Icebreaker Life Marsokhod Mars 4NM & 5NM Mars 5M (Mars-79) Mars-Aster Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C) Mars Geyser Hopper Mars Exploration Ice Mapper Mars One Mars Micro Orbiter Mars Surveyor Lander Mars Telecommunications Orbiter MELOS rover MetNet NetLander Northern Light Next Mars Orbiter PADME Phootprint Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM) Sky-Sailor SpaceX Red Dragon Vesta Voyager Mars
Exploration	Concepts Flyby Orbiter Landing Atmospheric entry Rover Aircraft Sample return Human mission Permanent settlement Colonization Terraforming Strategies Mars Scout Program Mars Exploration Program Mars Exploration Joint Initiative Mars Next Generation Advocacy The Mars Project The Case for Mars Inspiration Mars Mars Institute Mars Society Mars race
Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. indicates use of the planet as a gravity assist en route to another destination.

v t e 2020 in space
« 2019 2021 »
Space probe launches	Solar Orbiter (Feb 2020) Hope (Jul 2020) Tianwen-1 (Jul 2020) Mars 2020 (Jul 2020) Perseverance rover Mars Helicopter Ingenuity Chang'e 5 (lunar sample return mission; Nov 2020)
Impact events	2020 China bolide
Selected NEOs	Asteroid close approaches 594913 ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim 2020 BX12 2020 CW 2020 CD3 (temporary satellite) (52768) 1998 OR2 2020 HS7 2020 JJ 2020 LD (163348) 2002 NN4 2020 OY4 2020 QG 2011 ES4 2018 VP1 2020 SO (space debris) 2020 SW 2020 SL1 2020 UA 2020 VV 2020 VT4 (153201) 2000 WO107 (501647) 2014 SD224 (614689) 2020 XL5
Exoplanets	AU Mic b Gliese 229 Ac Gliese 414 Ab Ac Gliese 433 b c d GJ 1151 b radio emissions K2-315b Kepler-1649c KOI-456.04 Lacaille 9352 b c M51-ULS-1b OGLE-2016-BLG-1928 (rogue planet) Tau Ceti j (predicted) TOI-561 b c d e TOI-700 b c d TOI-732 b c TOI-1338 b TOI-1339 b c d TYC 8998-760-1 c WD 1856+534 b
Discoveries	Betelgeuse dimming FRB 180916 location and periodicity Radcliffe wave Ophiuchus Supercluster explosion PSO J03094+27 (distant blazar) 2MASS J1047+21 wind speed measurements SGR 1935+2154 (soft gamma ray repeater) HR 6819 black hole hypothesis PHL 293B ending of P Cygni profile hydrogen emission lines Swift J1818.0–1607 (young magnetar) GW190814 (announced) South Pole Wall GW190521 (announced) Phosphine detection in the atmosphere of Venus Water detection on the sunlit surface of the Moon
Comets	C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS) C/2017 T2 (PANSTARRS) C/2020 F8 (SWAN) C/2019 U6 (LEMMON) C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) 2P/Encke 88P/Howell 156P/Russell–LINEAR
Space exploration	Spitzer retirement (Jan 2020) BepiColombo (Earth gravity assist; Apr 2020, Venus gravity assist; Oct 2020) OSIRIS-REx (sample collection from asteroid Bennu; Oct 2020) Hayabusa2 (sample return from asteroid Ryugu; Dec 2020) Chang'e 5 (lunar sample return; Dec 2020)
Outer space portal Category:2019 in outer space — Category:2020 in outer space — Category:2021 in outer space

v t e 2021 in space
« 2020 2022 »
Space probe and telescope launches	Tiangong space station Tianhe (April 2021) Lucy (Oct 2021) DART / LICIACube (Nov 2021) James Webb Space Telescope (Dec 2021)
Impact events	Winchcombe meteorite
Selected NEOs	Asteroid close approaches 2021 AV7 2020 XR 2016 DV1 2021 DW1 99942 Apophis (231937) 2001 FO32 2021 GW4 2021 PH27 (620094) 2016 AJ193 2021 SG 2021 TP21 2021 UA1 (679648) 2019 XS 3361 Orpheus 1994 WR12 4660 Nereus (163899) 2003 SD220 2018 AH
Exoplanets	Alpha Centauri Ab (unconfirmed) COCONUTS-2b Gliese 486 HD 108236 f HD 110082 b Kepler-1704b KOI-5Ab L 98-59 e f? Lalande 21185 c Lambda Serpentis b LHS 1678 b c NGTS-13b NGTS-14Ab OGLE-2019-BLG-0960Lb PDS 70c circumplanetary disk TIC 172900988 b TOI-178 b c d e f g TOI-755 b c Vega b (unconfirmed) YSES 2 b
Discoveries	QSO J0313−1806 (distant quasar) ID2299 (elliptical galaxy) TIC 168789840 sextuple system V723 Mon black hole candidate 2018 AG37 (TNO) 2021 DR15 (TNO) ALESS 073.1 (spiral galaxy) PJ352–15 astrophysical jet 2MASS J0348−6022 (rapidly-rotating brown dwarf) ZTF J1901+1458 (massive white dwarf) WISE 1534–1043 (brown dwarf) 1 moon of Jupiter 1 moon of Saturn Andy's object (radio source)
Comets	C/2021 A1 (Leonard) C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard) (248370) 2005 QN173 8P/Tuttle C/2014 OG392 (PanSTARRS) C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli-Bernstein) C/2021 T4 (Lemmon) P/2021 U3 (Attard-Maury)
Space exploration	Hope Mars mission (Mars orbit insertion: Feb 2021) Mars 2020 (Mars orbit insertion: Feb 2021; Perseverance Mars landing: Feb 2021) Tianwen-1 (Mars orbit insertion: Feb 2021; Zhurong rover Mars landing: May 2021)
Outer space portal Category:2020 in outer space — Category:2021 in outer space — Category:2022 in outer space

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