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| '''''Eleutherococcus senticosus''''' is a species of small, woody ] in the family ] native to ]. |
'''''Eleutherococcus senticosus''''' is a species of small, woody ] in the family ] native to ].<ref name="who">{{cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js4927e/10.html#Js4927e.10|title=Radix Eleutherococci|publisher=Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Volume 2, World Health Organization|accessdate=December 2017}}</ref> It may be colloquially called '''Siberian ginseng''', '''eleuthero''', ''ciwujia'', ''Devil's shrub'', ''shigoka'', ''touch-me-not'', ''wild pepper'', or ''kan jang''.<ref name=drugs/> ''E. senticosus'' has a history of use in ].<ref name="grin"/> Root ]s of ''E. senticosus'' are sold as a ], usually under the name ''Siberian ginseng''.<ref name=who/><ref name="um">{{cite web|title=Siberian ginseng|url=http://www.umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/siberian-ginseng|publisher=Complementary and Alternative Medicine Guide, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore|accessdate=30 December 2017|date=2017}}</ref> | ||
| == |
==Etymology== | ||
| The herb grows in mixed and coniferous mountain forests, forming low undergrowth or is found in groups in thickets and edges. ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' is sometimes found in oak groves at the foot of cliffs, |
The scientific name, ''Eleutherococcus'' (from Greek) means "free-berried," and ''senticosus'', (from Latin) means ''sentis'' (thorn-bush, briar), an adjective meaning "thorny" or "full of briers or thorns."{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} It is not the same plant as ] (''Panax quinquefolius'') or ] (''Panax ginseng'').<ref name=um/> | ||
| ==Distribution== | |||
| The herb grows in mixed and coniferous mountain forests, forming low undergrowth or is found in groups in thickets and edges. ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' is sometimes found in oak groves at the foot of cliffs, rarely in high forest ] woodland. Its native habitat is East Asia, China, Japan, and Russia.<ref name=who/> ''E. senticosus'' is broadly tolerant of soils, growing in sandy, loamy, and heavy clay soils with acid, neutral, or alkaline chemistry and including soils of low nutritional value. It can tolerate sun or dappled shade and some degree of pollution. ''E. senticosus'' is a ] shrub growing to 2m at a slow rate. It is ]. It flowers in July in most habitats. The flowers are ] and are pollinated by insects.<ref> | |||
| {{cite web | {{cite web | ||
| |url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+senticosus | |url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eleutherococcus+senticosus | ||
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| |publisher=Plants for a Future | |publisher=Plants for a Future | ||
| |accessdate=2013-01-16 | |accessdate=2013-01-16 | ||
| }} | }}</ref> | ||
| </ref> | |||
| ==Roots, extract and chemical constituents== | |||
| ⚫ | == Traditional medicine == | ||
| Roots of ''E. senticosus'' are cylindrical, up to {{convert|0.5|cm|in}} in diameter, straight or branched, dark brown, and have a smooth surface with bark fixed closely to the ].<ref name=who/> The derived ] from the roots has been characterized for its major constituents, including ]s, ] (] B4), ], ]s, ]s, ] and ].<ref name=who/> | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ⚫ | |||
| ] and ] may have adverse reactions to ''E. senticosus''.<ref name=drugs/> High doses may cause irritability, insomnia, and anxiety.<ref name=drugs/> | |||
| ==Chemical constituents== | |||
| Major constituents of ] from leaves of ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' include α-] (26%), β-] (7%), ] (7%), β-] (5%), and α-] (4%).<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=28399215|year=2017|author1=Zhai|first1=C|title=''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' (Araliaceae) Leaf Morpho-Anatomy, Essential Oil Composition, and Its Biological Activity Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=54|issue=3|pages=658–669|last2=Wang|first2=M|last3=Raman|first3=V|last4=Rehman|first4=J U|last5=Meng|first5=Y|last6=Zhao|first6=J|last7=Avula|first7=B|last8=Wang|first8=Y H|last9=Tian|first9=Z|last10=Khan|first10=IA|doi=10.1093/jme/tjw221}}</ref> | Major constituents of ] from leaves of ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' include α-] (26%), β-] (7%), ] (7%), β-] (5%), and α-] (4%).<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=28399215|year=2017|author1=Zhai|first1=C|title=''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' (Araliaceae) Leaf Morpho-Anatomy, Essential Oil Composition, and Its Biological Activity Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=54|issue=3|pages=658–669|last2=Wang|first2=M|last3=Raman|first3=V|last4=Rehman|first4=J U|last5=Meng|first5=Y|last6=Zhao|first6=J|last7=Avula|first7=B|last8=Wang|first8=Y H|last9=Tian|first9=Z|last10=Khan|first10=IA|doi=10.1093/jme/tjw221}}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | == Traditional medicine and adverse effects== | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ⚫ | Extracts from the root of ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' have a reputation in ] for providing health effects, but such claims are not supported by ].<ref name=acs>{{cite book |publisher=] |title=American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies |edition=2nd |year=2009 |isbn=9780944235713 |editor=Ades TB |pages=337–339 |chapter=Eleuthero}}</ref><ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npc/eleutherococcus.html|title=Eleutherococcus|publisher=Drugs.com|date=2017|accessdate=30 December 2017}}</ref> People with high blood pressure, ], ], ], mental illness, a compromised ], women during pregnancy and lactation, and people taking ] or ] may have adverse reactions to ''E. senticosus''.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=um/> High doses may cause irritability, confusion, ], or anxiety.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=um/> People taking ]s, ]s, ], or ] medications may experience ]s from taking ''E. senticosus'' supplements.<ref name=um/> The substance should not be given to children.<ref name=um/> | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
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| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | |||
| {{Psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics}} | {{Psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics}} | ||
Revision as of 22:06, 30 December 2017
| Eleutherococcus senticosus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Araliaceae |
| Genus: | Eleutherococcus |
| Species: | E. senticosus |
| Binomial name | |
| Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. | |
| Synonyms | |
Eleutherococcus senticosus is a species of small, woody shrub in the family Araliaceae native to Northeastern Asia. It may be colloquially called Siberian ginseng, eleuthero, ciwujia, Devil's shrub, shigoka, touch-me-not, wild pepper, or kan jang. E. senticosus has a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine. Root extracts of E. senticosus are sold as a dietary supplement, usually under the name Siberian ginseng.
Etymology
The scientific name, Eleutherococcus (from Greek) means "free-berried," and senticosus, (from Latin) means sentis (thorn-bush, briar), an adjective meaning "thorny" or "full of briers or thorns." It is not the same plant as American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) or Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng).
Distribution
The herb grows in mixed and coniferous mountain forests, forming low undergrowth or is found in groups in thickets and edges. Eleutherococcus senticosus is sometimes found in oak groves at the foot of cliffs, rarely in high forest riparian woodland. Its native habitat is East Asia, China, Japan, and Russia. E. senticosus is broadly tolerant of soils, growing in sandy, loamy, and heavy clay soils with acid, neutral, or alkaline chemistry and including soils of low nutritional value. It can tolerate sun or dappled shade and some degree of pollution. E. senticosus is a deciduous shrub growing to 2m at a slow rate. It is hardy to zone 3. It flowers in July in most habitats. The flowers are hermaphroditic and are pollinated by insects.
Roots, extract and chemical constituents
Roots of E. senticosus are cylindrical, up to 0.5 centimetres (0.20 in) in diameter, straight or branched, dark brown, and have a smooth surface with bark fixed closely to the xylem. The derived extract from the roots has been characterized for its major constituents, including lignans, sesamin (eleutheroside B4), syringaresinol, phenylpropanes, coumarins, beta-sitosterol and daucosterol.
Major constituents of essential oil from leaves of Eleutherococcus senticosus include α-bisabolol (26%), β-caryophyllene (7%), germacrene D (7%), β-bisabolene (5%), and α-humulene (4%).
Traditional medicine and adverse effects
Extracts from the root of Eleutherococcus senticosus have a reputation in traditional medicine for providing health effects, but such claims are not supported by medical evidence. People with high blood pressure, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, heart disease, mental illness, a compromised immune system, women during pregnancy and lactation, and people taking digoxin or hexobarbital may have adverse reactions to E. senticosus. High doses may cause irritability, confusion, insomnia, or anxiety. People taking anticoagulants, corticosteroids, lithium, or diabetes medications may experience adverse effects from taking E. senticosus supplements. The substance should not be given to children.
See also
References
- ^ "Eleutherococcus senticosus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
- "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
- ^ "Radix Eleutherococci". Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Volume 2, World Health Organization. Retrieved December 2017.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ "Eleutherococcus". Drugs.com. 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ^ "Siberian ginseng". Complementary and Alternative Medicine Guide, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore. 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- "Eleutherococcus senticosus". Plants for a Future. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
- Zhai, C; Wang, M; Raman, V; Rehman, J U; Meng, Y; Zhao, J; Avula, B; Wang, Y H; Tian, Z; Khan, IA (2017). "Eleutherococcus senticosus (Araliaceae) Leaf Morpho-Anatomy, Essential Oil Composition, and Its Biological Activity Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)". Journal of Medical Entomology. 54 (3): 658–669. doi:10.1093/jme/tjw221. PMID 28399215.
- Ades TB, ed. (2009). "Eleuthero". American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed.). American Cancer Society. pp. 337–339. ISBN 9780944235713.
External links
| Psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD, and nootropics (N06B) | |||||||||
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| N06BA Centrally acting sympathomimetics | |||||||||
| N06BC Xanthine derivatives | |||||||||
| N06BX Other psychostimulants and nootropics | |||||||||
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