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Casomorphin is an opioid peptide (protein fragment) derived from the digestion of the milk protein casein.

Health

Digestive enzymes can break casein down into peptides that have some biological activity in cells and in laboratory animals though conclusive causal effects on humans have not been established.

Although research has shown high rates of use of complementary and alternative therapies for children with autism, including gluten and/or casein exclusion diets, as of 2008 there was a lack of evidence that these diets had any effect.

If opioid peptides breach the intestinal barrier, typically linked to permeability and constrained biosynthesis of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), they can attach to opioid receptors. Elucidation requires a systemic framework that acknowledges that public-health effects of food-derived opioids are complex with varying genetic susceptibility and confounding factors, together with system-wide interactions and feedbacks.

List of known casomorphins (non-exhaustive)

β-Casomorphins 1–3

Structure: H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-OH
Chemical formula: C₂₃H₂₇N₃O₅
Molecular weight: 425.48 g/mol

Bovine β-casomorphins 1–4

Structure: H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-OH
Chemical formula: C₂₈H₃₅N₄O₆
Molecular weight: 522.61 g/mol

Bovine β-casomorphin 1–4, amide

Structure: H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-NH₂
Chemical formula: C₂₈H₃₅N₅O₅
Molecular weight: 521.6 g/mol

Also known as morphiceptin

Bovine β-casomorphin 5

Structure: H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-OH
Chemical formula: C₃₀H₃₇N₅O₇
Molecular weight: 594.66 g/mol

Bovine β-casomorphin 7

Structure: H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ile-OH
Chemical formula: C₄₁H₅₅N₇O₉
Molecular weight: 789.9 g/mol

Bovine β-casomorphin 8

Structure: H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ile-Pro-OH
Chemical formula: C₄₆H₆₂N₈O₁₀
Molecular weight: 887.00 g/mol

(Note: There is also a form of bovine β-casomorphin 8 that has histidine instead of proline in position 8, depending on whether it is derived from A1 (His) or A2 (Pro) beta-casein.)