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Calcium (₂₀Ca) has 26 known isotopes, ranging from Ca to Ca. There are five stable isotopes (Ca, Ca, Ca, Ca and Ca), plus one isotope (Ca) with such a long half-life that it is for all practical purposes stable. The most abundant isotope, Ca, as well as the rare Ca, are theoretically unstable on energetic grounds, but their decay has not been observed. Calcium also has a cosmogenic isotope, Ca, with half-life 99,400 years. Unlike cosmogenic isotopes that are produced in the air, Ca is produced by neutron activation of Ca. Most of its production is in the upper metre of the soil column, where the cosmogenic neutron flux is still strong enough. Ca has received much attention in stellar studies because it decays to K, a critical indicator of solar system anomalies. The most stable artificial isotopes are Ca with half-life 163 days and Ca with half-life 4.5 days. All other calcium isotopes have half-lives of minutes or less.

Stable Ca comprises about 97% of natural calcium and is mainly created by nucleosynthesis in large stars. Similarly to Ar, however, some atoms of Ca are radiogenic, created through the radioactive decay of K. While K–Ar dating has been used extensively in the geological sciences, the prevalence of Ca in nature initially impeded the proliferation of K-Ca dating in early studies, with only a handful of studies in the 20th century. Modern techniques using increasingly precise Thermal-Ionization (TIMS) and Collision-Cell Multi-Collector Inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CC-MC-ICP-MS) techniques, however, have been used for successful K–Ca age dating, as well as determining K losses from the lower continental crust and for source-tracing calcium contributions from various geologic reservoirs similar to Rb-Sr.

Stable isotope variations of calcium (most typically Ca/Ca or Ca/Ca, denoted as 'δCa' and 'δCa' in delta notation) are also widely used across the natural sciences for a number of applications, ranging from early determination of osteoporosis to quantifying volcanic eruption timescales. Other applications include: quantifying carbon sequestration efficiency in CO₂ injection sites and understanding ocean acidification, exploring both ubiquitous and rare magmatic processes, such as formation of granites and carbonatites, tracing modern and ancient trophic webs including in dinosaurs, assessing weaning practices in ancient humans, and a plethora of other emerging applications.

List of isotopes

1. ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
2. Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
3. Modes of decay:

   EC:	Electron capture
   n:	Neutron emission
   p:	Proton emission

4. Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
5. ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
6. # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
7. Heaviest observationally stable nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons
8. Believed to undergo double electron capture to Ar with a half-life no less than 9.9×10 y
9. Cosmogenic nuclide
10. Believed to undergo ββ decay to Ti
11. Primordial radionuclide
12. Believed to be capable of undergoing triple beta decay with very long partial half-life
13. Lightest nuclide known to undergo double beta decay
14. Theorized to also undergo β decay to Sc with a partial half-life exceeding 1.1
    _−0.6×10 years

Calcium-48

Calcium-48 is a doubly magic nucleus with 28 neutrons; unusually neutron-rich for a light primordial nucleus. It decays via double beta decay with an extremely long half-life of about 6.4×10 years, though single beta decay is also theoretically possible. This decay can analyzed with the sd nuclear shell model, and it is more energetic (4.27 MeV) than any other double beta decay. It can also be used as a precursor for neutron-rich and superheavy nuclei.

Calcium-60

Calcium-60 is the heaviest known isotope as of 2020. First observed in 2018 at Riken alongside Ca and seven isotopes of other elements, its existence suggests that there are additional even-N isotopes of calcium up to at least Ca, while Ca is probably the last bound isotope with odd N. Earlier predictions had estimated the neutron drip line to occur at Ca, with Ca unbound.

In the neutron-rich region, N = 40 becomes a magic number, so Ca was considered early on to be a possibly doubly magic nucleus, as is observed for the Ni isotone. However, subsequent spectroscopic measurements of the nearby nuclides Ca, Ca, and Ti instead predict that it should lie on the island of inversion known to exist around Cr.

References

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Further reading

• C. Michael Hogan. 2010. Calcium. ed. A. Jorgenson and C. Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington, D.C.

External links

• National Isotope Development Center Official website
• Calcium isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's

v t e Isotopes of the chemical elements
Group 1 2   3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Period Hydrogen and alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Pnicto­gens Chal­co­gens Halo­gens Noble gases ① Isotopes § ListH1 Isotopes § ListHe2 ② Isotopes § ListLi3 Isotopes § ListBe4 Isotopes § ListB5 Isotopes § ListC6 Isotopes § ListN7 Isotopes § ListO8 Isotopes § ListF9 Isotopes § ListNe10 ③ Isotopes § ListNa11 Isotopes § ListMg12 Isotopes § ListAl13 Isotopes § ListSi14 Isotopes § ListP15 Isotopes § ListS16 Isotopes § ListCl17 Isotopes § ListAr18 ④ Isotopes § ListK19 Isotopes § ListCa20 Isotopes § ListSc21 Isotopes § ListTi22 Isotopes § ListV23 Isotopes § ListCr24 Isotopes § ListMn25 Isotopes § ListFe26 Isotopes § ListCo27 Isotopes § ListNi28 Isotopes § ListCu29 Isotopes § ListZn30 Isotopes § ListGa31 Isotopes § ListGe32 Isotopes § ListAs33 Isotopes § ListSe34 Isotopes § ListBr35 Isotopes § ListKr36 ⑤ Isotopes § ListRb37 Isotopes § ListSr38 Isotopes § ListY39 Isotopes § ListZr40 Isotopes § ListNb41 Isotopes § ListMo42 Isotopes § ListTc43 Isotopes § ListRu44 Isotopes § ListRh45 Isotopes § ListPd46 Isotopes § ListAg47 Isotopes § ListCd48 Isotopes § ListIn49 Isotopes § ListSn50 Isotopes § ListSb51 Isotopes § ListTe52 Isotopes § ListI53 Isotopes § ListXe54 ⑥ Isotopes § ListCs55 Isotopes § ListBa56 Isotopes § ListLu71 Isotopes § ListHf72 Isotopes § ListTa73 Isotopes § ListW74 Isotopes § ListRe75 Isotopes § ListOs76 Isotopes § ListIr77 Isotopes § ListPt78 Isotopes § ListAu79 Isotopes § ListHg80 Isotopes § ListTl81 Isotopes § ListPb82 Isotopes § ListBi83 Isotopes § ListPo84 Isotopes § ListAt85 Isotopes § ListRn86 ⑦ Isotopes § ListFr87 Isotopes § ListRa88 Isotopes § ListLr103 Isotopes § ListRf104 Isotopes § ListDb105 Isotopes § ListSg106 Isotopes § ListBh107 Isotopes § ListHs108 Isotopes § ListMt109 Isotopes § ListDs110 Isotopes § ListRg111 Isotopes § ListCn112 Isotopes § ListNh113 Isotopes § ListFl114 Isotopes § ListMc115 Isotopes § ListLv116 Isotopes § ListTs117 Isotopes § ListOg118 ⑧ Isotopes § ListUue119 Isotopes § ListUbn120 Isotopes § ListLa57 Isotopes § ListCe58 Isotopes § ListPr59 Isotopes § ListNd60 Isotopes § ListPm61 Isotopes § ListSm62 Isotopes § ListEu63 Isotopes § ListGd64 Isotopes § ListTb65 Isotopes § ListDy66 Isotopes § ListHo67 Isotopes § ListEr68 Isotopes § ListTm69 Isotopes § ListYb70   Isotopes § ListAc89 Isotopes § ListTh90 Isotopes § ListPa91 Isotopes § ListU92 Isotopes § ListNp93 Isotopes § ListPu94 Isotopes § ListAm95 Isotopes § ListCm96 Isotopes § ListBk97 Isotopes § ListCf98 Isotopes § ListEs99 Isotopes § ListFm100 Isotopes § ListMd101 Isotopes § ListNo102
Table of nuclides Categories: Isotopes Tables of nuclides Metastable isotopes Isotopes by element

• Isotopes of calcium
• Calcium
• Lists of isotopes by element