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Isotopes of germanium

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Isotopes of germanium (32Ge)
Main isotopes Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
Ge synth 270.8 d ε Ga
Ge 20.5% stable
Ge synth 11.468 d ε Ga
Ge 27.4% stable
Ge 7.76% stable
Ge 36.5% stable
Ge 7.75% 1.78×10 y ββ Se
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ge)

Germanium (32Ge) has five naturally occurring isotopes, Ge, Ge, Ge, Ge, and Ge. Of these, Ge is very slightly radioactive, decaying by double beta decay with a half-life of 1.78 × 10 years (130 billion times the age of the universe).

Stable Ge is the most common isotope, having a natural abundance of approximately 36%. Ge is the least common with a natural abundance of approximately 7%.

At least 27 radioisotopes have also been synthesized ranging in atomic mass from 58 to 89. The most stable of these is Ge, decaying by electron capture with a half-life of 270.95 d. It decays to the medically useful positron-emitting isotope Ga. (See gallium-68 generator for notes on the source of this isotope, and its medical use.) The least stable known germanium isotope is Ge with a half-life of 13.3 ms.

While most of germanium's radioisotopes decay by beta decay, Ge and Ge can also decay by β-delayed proton emission. Ge through Ge also have minor β-delayed neutron emission decay paths.

Ge is used in experiments on the nature of neutrinos, by searching for neutrinoless double beta decay.

List of isotopes


Nuclide
 Z N Isotopic mass (Da)
 Half-life
 Decay
mode
 Daughter
isotope
 Spin and
parity
 Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy Normal proportion Range of variation
Ge 32 27 58.98243(43)# 13.3(17) ms β, p (93%) Zn 7/2−#
β (7%) Ga
2p (<0.2%) Zn
Ge 32 28 59.97045(32)# 21(6) ms β, p Zn 0+
β, 2p (<14%) Cu
Ge 32 29 60.96373(32)# 40.7(4) ms β, p (87%) Zn 3/2−#
β (18%) Ga
Ge 32 30 61.95476(15)# 82.5(14) ms β Ga 0+
Ge 32 31 62.949628(40) 153.6(11) ms β Ga 3/2−#
Ge 32 32 63.9416899(40) 63.7(25) s β Ga 0+
Ge 32 33 64.9393681(23) 30.9(5) s β (99.99%) Ga 3/2−
β, p (0.011%) Zn
Ge 32 34 65.9338621(26) 2.26(5) h β Ga 0+
Ge 32 35 66.9327170(46) 18.9(3) min β Ga 1/2−
Ge 18.20(5) keV 13.7(9) μs IT Ge 5/2−
Ge 751.70(6) keV 109.1(38) ns IT Ge 9/2+
Ge 32 36 67.9280953(20) 271.05(8) d EC Ga 0+
Ge 32 37 68.9279645(14) 39.05(10) h β Ga 5/2−
Ge 86.76(2) keV 5.1(2) μs IT Ge 1/2−
Ge 397.94(2) keV 2.81(5) μs IT Ge 9/2+
Ge 32 38 69.92424854(88) Stable 0+ 0.2052(19)
Ge 32 39 70.92495212(87) 11.468(8) d EC Ga 1/2−
Ge 198.354(14) keV 20.41(18) ms IT Ge 9/2+
Ge 32 40 71.922075824(81) Stable 0+ 0.2745(15)
Ge 691.43(4) keV 444.2(8) ns IT Ge 0+
Ge 32 41 72.923458954(61) Stable 9/2+ 0.0776(8)
Ge 13.2845(15) keV 2.91(3) μs IT Ge 5/2+
Ge 66.725(9) keV 499(11) ms IT Ge 1/2−
Ge 32 42 73.921177760(13) Stable 0+ 0.3652(12)
Ge 32 43 74.922858370(55) 82.78(4) min β As 1/2−
Ge 139.69(3) keV 47.7(5) s IT (99.97%) Ge 7/2+
β (0.030%) As
Ge 192.19(6) keV 216(5) ns IT Ge 5/2+
Ge 32 44 75.921402725(19) (2.022±0.018±0.038)×10 y ββ Se 0+ 0.0775(12)
Ge 32 45 76.923549843(56) 11.211(3) h β As 7/2+
Ge 159.71(6) keV 53.7(6) s β (81%) As 1/2−
IT (19%) Ge
Ge 32 46 77.9228529(38) 88.0(10) min β As 0+
Ge 32 47 78.925360(40) 18.98(3) s β As (1/2)−
Ge 185.95(4) keV 39.0(10) s β (96%) As 7/2+#
IT (4%) Ge
Ge 32 48 79.9253508(22) 29.5(4) s β As 0+
Ge 32 49 80.9288329(22) 9(2) s β As 9/2+#
Ge 679.14(4) keV 6(2) s β As (1/2+)
IT (<1%) Ge
Ge 32 50 81.9297740(24) 4.31(19) s β As 0+
Ge 32 51 82.9345391(26) 1.85(6) s β As (5/2+)
Ge 32 52 83.9375751(34) 951(9) ms β (89.4%) As 0+
β, n (10.6%) As
Ge 32 53 84.9429697(40) 495(5) ms β (82.8%) As (3/2+,5/2+)#
β, n (17.2%) As
Ge 32 54 85.94697(47) 221.6(11) ms β (55%) As 0+
β, n (45%) As
Ge 32 55 86.95320(32)# 103(4) ms β As 5/2+#
Ge 32 56 87.95757(43)# 61(6) ms β As 0+
Ge 32 57 88.96453(43)# 60# ms 3/2+#
Ge 32 58 89.96944(54)# 30# ms 0+
Ge 32 59
Ge 32 60
This table header & footer:
  1. Ge – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
  5. ^ # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  6. Modes of decay:
    EC: Electron capture
    IT: Isomeric transition
    n: Neutron emission
    p: Proton emission
  7. Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  8. ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  9. Used to generate Ga
  10. Primordial radionuclide

References

  1. ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. "Standard Atomic Weights: Germanium". CIAAW. 2009.
  3. Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  4. A. M. Bakalyarov; A. Ya. Balysh; S. T. Belyaev; V. I. Lebedev; S. V. Zhukov (2003). "Results of the experiment on investigation of Germanium-76 double beta decay". Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters. 2 (2): 77–81. arXiv:hep-ex/0309016. Bibcode:2003hep.ex....9016B.
  5. ^ Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
  6. Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
  7. Norman, E. B.; Drobizhev, A.; Gharibyan, N.; Gregorich, K. E.; Kolomensky, Yu. G.; Sammis, B. N.; Scielzo, N. D.; Shusterman, J. A.; Thomas, K. J. (30 May 2024). "Half-life of Ge 71 and the gallium anomaly". Physical Review C. 109 (5). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.055501.
  8. M. Agostini; et al. (2023-10-03). "Final Results of GERDA on the Two-Neutrino Double-β Decay Half-Life of Ge". Physical Review Letters. 131 (14). American Physical Society (APS): 142501. arXiv:2308.09795. Bibcode:2023PhRvL.131n2501A. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.131.142501. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 37862664. S2CID 261049638.
  9. ^ Shimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C. 109 (4). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313.
Isotopes of the chemical elements
Group 1 2   3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Period Hydrogen and
alkali metals 		Alkaline
earth metals 		Pnicto­gens Chal­co­gens Halo­gens Noble gases
① Isotopes § ListH1 Isotopes § ListHe2
② Isotopes § ListLi3 Isotopes § ListBe4 Isotopes § ListB5 Isotopes § ListC6 Isotopes § ListN7 Isotopes § ListO8 Isotopes § ListF9 Isotopes § ListNe10
③ Isotopes § ListNa11 Isotopes § ListMg12 Isotopes § ListAl13 Isotopes § ListSi14 Isotopes § ListP15 Isotopes § ListS16 Isotopes § ListCl17 Isotopes § ListAr18
④ Isotopes § ListK19 Isotopes § ListCa20 Isotopes § ListSc21 Isotopes § ListTi22 Isotopes § ListV23 Isotopes § ListCr24 Isotopes § ListMn25 Isotopes § ListFe26 Isotopes § ListCo27 Isotopes § ListNi28 Isotopes § ListCu29 Isotopes § ListZn30 Isotopes § ListGa31 Isotopes § ListGe32 Isotopes § ListAs33 Isotopes § ListSe34 Isotopes § ListBr35 Isotopes § ListKr36
⑤ Isotopes § ListRb37 Isotopes § ListSr38 Isotopes § ListY39 Isotopes § ListZr40 Isotopes § ListNb41 Isotopes § ListMo42 Isotopes § ListTc43 Isotopes § ListRu44 Isotopes § ListRh45 Isotopes § ListPd46 Isotopes § ListAg47 Isotopes § ListCd48 Isotopes § ListIn49 Isotopes § ListSn50 Isotopes § ListSb51 Isotopes § ListTe52 Isotopes § ListI53 Isotopes § ListXe54
⑥ Isotopes § ListCs55 Isotopes § ListBa56 1 asterisk Isotopes § ListLu71 Isotopes § ListHf72 Isotopes § ListTa73 Isotopes § ListW74 Isotopes § ListRe75 Isotopes § ListOs76 Isotopes § ListIr77 Isotopes § ListPt78 Isotopes § ListAu79 Isotopes § ListHg80 Isotopes § ListTl81 Isotopes § ListPb82 Isotopes § ListBi83 Isotopes § ListPo84 Isotopes § ListAt85 Isotopes § ListRn86
⑦ Isotopes § ListFr87 Isotopes § ListRa88 1 asterisk Isotopes § ListLr103 Isotopes § ListRf104 Isotopes § ListDb105 Isotopes § ListSg106 Isotopes § ListBh107 Isotopes § ListHs108 Isotopes § ListMt109 Isotopes § ListDs110 Isotopes § ListRg111 Isotopes § ListCn112 Isotopes § ListNh113 Isotopes § ListFl114 Isotopes § ListMc115 Isotopes § ListLv116 Isotopes § ListTs117 Isotopes § ListOg118
⑧ Isotopes § ListUue119 Isotopes § ListUbn120
1 asterisk Isotopes § ListLa57 Isotopes § ListCe58 Isotopes § ListPr59 Isotopes § ListNd60 Isotopes § ListPm61 Isotopes § ListSm62 Isotopes § ListEu63 Isotopes § ListGd64 Isotopes § ListTb65 Isotopes § ListDy66 Isotopes § ListHo67 Isotopes § ListEr68 Isotopes § ListTm69 Isotopes § ListYb70  
1 asterisk Isotopes § ListAc89 Isotopes § ListTh90 Isotopes § ListPa91 Isotopes § ListU92 Isotopes § ListNp93 Isotopes § ListPu94 Isotopes § ListAm95 Isotopes § ListCm96 Isotopes § ListBk97 Isotopes § ListCf98 Isotopes § ListEs99 Isotopes § ListFm100 Isotopes § ListMd101 Isotopes § ListNo102
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