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Chlorine (₁₇Cl) has 25 isotopes, ranging from Cl to Cl, and two isomers, Cl and Cl. There are two stable isotopes, Cl (75.8%) and Cl (24.2%), giving chlorine a standard atomic weight of 35.45. The longest-lived radioactive isotope is Cl, which has a half-life of 301,000 years. All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 hour, many less than one second. The shortest-lived are proton-unbound Cl and Cl, with half-lives less than 10 picoseconds and 30 nanoseconds, respectively; the half-life of Cl is unknown.

List of isotopes

1. Cl – Excited nuclear isomer.
2. ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
3. # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
4. ^ # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
5. Modes of decay:

   IT:	Isomeric transition
   n:	Neutron emission
   p:	Proton emission

6. Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
7. ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
8. Used in radiodating water
9. Cosmogenic nuclide

Chlorine-36

Trace amounts of radioactive Cl exist in the environment, in a ratio of about 7×10 to 1 with stable isotopes. Cl is produced in the atmosphere by spallation of Ar by interactions with cosmic ray protons. In the subsurface environment, Cl is generated primarily as a result of neutron capture by Cl or muon capture by Ca. Cl decays to either S (1.9%) or to Ar (98.1%), with a combined half-life of 308,000 years. The half-life of this hydrophilic nonreactive isotope makes it suitable for geologic dating in the range of 60,000 to 1 million years. Additionally, large amounts of Cl were produced by neutron irradiation of seawater during atmospheric detonations of nuclear weapons between 1952 and 1958. The residence time of Cl in the atmosphere is about 1 week. Thus, as an event marker of 1950s water in soil and ground water, Cl is also useful for dating waters less than 50 years before the present. Cl has seen use in other areas of the geological sciences, forecasts, and elements. In chloride-based molten salt reactors the production of
Cl by neutron capture is an inevitable consequence of using natural isotope mixtures of chlorine (i.e. Those containing
Cl). This produces a long lived radioactive product which has to be stored or disposed off. Isotope separation to produce pure
Cl can vastly reduce
Cl production, but a small amount might still be produced by (n,2n) reactions involving fast neutrons.

Chlorine-37

Stable chlorine-37 makes up about 24.23% of the naturally occurring chlorine on earth. Variation occurs as chloride mineral deposits have a slightly elevated chlorine-37 balance over the average found in sea water and halite deposits.

References

1. ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
2. "Standard Atomic Weights: Chlorine". CIAAW. 2009.
3. Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
4. Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
5. ^ Mukha, I.; et al. (2018). "Deep excursion beyond the proton dripline. I. Argon and chlorine isotope chains". Physical Review C. 98 (6): 064308–1–064308–13. arXiv:1803.10951. Bibcode:2018PhRvC..98f4308M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.98.064308. S2CID 119384311.
6. M. Zreda; et al. (1991). "Cosmogenic chlorine-36 production rates in terrestrial rocks". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 105 (1–3): 94–109. Bibcode:1991E&PSL.105...94Z. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(91)90123-Y.
7. M. Sheppard and M. Herod (2012). "Variation in background concentrations and specific activities of 36Cl, 129I and U/Th-series radionuclides in surface waters". Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 106: 27–34. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.10.015. PMID 22304997.
8. Bhattacharya, Soumik; Tripathi, Vandana; Tabor, S. L.; Volya, A.; Bender, P. C.; Benetti, C.; Carpenter, M. P.; Carroll, J. J.; Chester, A.; Chiara, C. J.; Childers, K.; Clark, B. R.; Crider, B. P.; Harke, J. T.; Jain, R.; Liddick, S. N.; Lubna, R. S.; Luitel, S.; Longfellow, B.; Mogannam, M. J.; Ogunbeku, T. H.; Perello, J.; Richard, A. L.; Rubino, E.; Saha, S.; Shehu, O. A.; Unz, R.; Xiao, Y.; Zhu, Yiyi (2023-08-18). "β decay of neutron-rich Cl located at the magic number N=28" (PDF). Physical Review C. 108 (2). American Physical Society (APS): 024312. doi:10.1103/physrevc.108.024312. ISSN 2469-9985.

External links

• Chlorine isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's

v t e Isotopes of the chemical elements
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Table of nuclides Categories: Isotopes Tables of nuclides Metastable isotopes Isotopes by element

• Isotopes of chlorine
• Chlorine
• Lists of isotopes by element