Mercury(II) oxide: Difference between revisions

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			{{Chembox
	Feces
			\|Verifiedfields = changed

			\|Watchedfields = changed
	Jump to navigationJump to search
			\|verifiedrevid = 486593291
	"Fecal matter" redirects here. For the American punk rock band, see Fecal Matter (band).
			\|ImageFile = HgOpowder.jpg
	Not to be confused with facies.
			\|ImageName = Mercury(II) oxide
	Elephant feces
			\|ImageFile1 = Montroydite-3D-ionic.png
	Human feces
			\|ImageName1 = Mercury(II) oxide
	A comparison of elephant (left) and human feces (right)
			\|IUPACName = Mercury(II) oxide
	Feces (or faeces) are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested in the small intestine. Bacteria in the large intestine further break down the material. Feces contain a relatively small amount of metabolic waste products such as bacterially altered bilirubin, and the dead epithelial cells from the lining of the gut.
			\|OtherNames = Mercuric oxide<br />]<br />]
			\|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
			\|CASNo = 21908-53-2
			\|CASNo_Ref = {{cascite\|correct\|CAS}}
			\|UNII_Ref = {{fdacite\|correct\|FDA}}
			\|UNII = IY191986AO
			\|UNNumber = 1641
			\|RTECS = OW8750000
			\|PubChem = 30856
			\|KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite\|correct\|kegg}}
			\|StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite\|correct\|chemspider}}
			\|StdInChI = 1S/Hg.O
			\|StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite\|correct\|chemspider}}
			\|StdInChIKey = UKWHYYKOEPRTIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
			\|SMILES = =O
			\|ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite\|correct\|chemspider}}
			\|ChemSpiderID = 28626
			\|KEGG = C18670
			}}
			\|Section2={{Chembox Properties
			\|Hg=1 \| O=1
			\|Appearance = Yellow or red solid
			\|Odor = odorless
			\|Density = 11.14 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
			\|Solubility = 0.0053 g/100 mL (25 °C) <br /> 0.0395 g/100 mL (100 °C)
			\|SolubleOther = insoluble in ], ], ], ]
			\|MeltingPtC = 500
			\|MeltingPt_notes = (decomposes)
			\|BandGap = 2.2 eV<ref name=landolt>{{cite book\| chapter = Mercury oxide (HgO) crystal structure, physical properties\| volume = 41B\| doi = 10.1007/b71137\| publisher = Springer-Verlag\| year = 1999\| pages = 1–7\| isbn = 978-3-540-64964-9 \|title=Semiconductors · II-VI and I-VII Compounds; Semimagnetic Compounds\| series = Landolt-Börnstein - Group III Condensed Matter\| editor1-last = Madelung\| editor1-first = O\| editor2-first = U\| editor2-last = Rössler\| editor3-first = M\| editor3-last = Schulz}}</ref>
			\|RefractIndex = 2.5 (550 nm)<ref name=landolt/>
			\|MagSus = −44.0·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol
			}}
			\|Section3={{Chembox Thermochemistry
			\|DeltaHf = −90 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup><ref name=b1>{{cite book\| author = Zumdahl, Steven S.\|title =Chemical Principles 6th Ed.\| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company\| year = 2009\| isbn = 978-0-618-94690-7\|page=A22}}</ref>
			\|Entropy = 70 J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup><ref name=b1/>
			}}
			\|Section4={{Chembox Hazards
			\|MainHazards = Extremely toxic, environmental pollutant
			\|ExternalSDS =
			\|GHSPictograms = {{GHS06}} {{GHS08}} {{GHS09}}
			\|GHSSignalWord = Danger
			\|HPhrases = {{H-phrases\|H300+H310+H330\|H372\|H410}}
			\|PPhrases = {{P-phrases\|P260\|P262\|P264\|P270\|P271\|P273\|P280\|P284\|P301+P316\|P302+P352\|P304+P340\|P316\|P320\|P321\|P330\|P361+P364\|P391\|P403+P233\|P405\|P501}}
			\|GHS_ref = <ref>{{cite web\|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/30856#datasheet=LCSS\|title=Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary (LCSS): Mercuric oxide\|id=CID 30856\|website=]\|publisher=]\|access-date=2022-04-14}}</ref>
			\|NFPA-H = 4
			\|NFPA-F = 0
			\|NFPA-R = 1
			\|NFPA_ref = <ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AC316791000&countryCode=US&language=en\|format=PDF\|title=Safety Data Sheet: Mercury(II) oxide\|id=Cat No. AC316790000\|publisher=]\|date=2021-12-25\|access-date=2022-04-13}}</ref>
			\|FlashPt = Non-flammable
			\|LD50 = 18 mg/kg (oral, rat)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/21908-53-2\|title=Mercuric oxide \|id=CAS RN: 21908-53-2\|website=ChemIDPlus Advanced\|publisher=]\|access-date=2022-04-14}}</ref>
			}}
			\|Section5={{Chembox Related
			\|OtherAnions = ]<br />]<br />]
			\|OtherCations = ]<br />]
			\|OtherCompounds = ]
			}}
			}}

			'''Mercury(II) oxide''', also called '''mercuric oxide''' or simply '''mercury oxide''', is the ] with the formula ]]. It has a red or orange color. Mercury(II) oxide is a solid at room temperature and pressure. The mineral form ] is very rarely found.
	Feces are discharged through the anus or cloaca during defecation.

			==History==
	Feces can be used as fertilizer or soil conditioner in agriculture. It can also be burned as fuel or dried and used for construction. Some medicinal uses have been found. In the case of human feces, fecal transplants or fecal bacteriotherapy are in use. Urine and feces together are called excreta.
			An experiment for the preparation of mercuric oxide was first described by 11th century Arab-Spanish alchemist, ], in ''Rutbat al-hakim.''<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Holmyard \|first=E. J. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uLsOAwAAQBAJ&dq=majriti+mercuric+oxide&pg=PA257 \|title=Inorganic chemistry \|date=1931 \|publisher=Рипол Классик \|isbn=978-5-87636-953-6 \|language=en}}</ref> It was historically called ] (as opposed to ] being the ]).

			In 1774, ] discovered that oxygen was released by heating mercuric oxide, although he did not identify the gas as ] (rather, Priestley called it "] air," as that was the ] that he was working under at the time).<ref>{{cite book \|last=Almqvist \|first=Ebbe \|title=History of Industrial Gases \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OI0fTJhydh4C&dq=Joseph+Priestley+oxygen+mercury&pg=PA23 \|year=2003 \|publisher=Springer \|isbn=978-0-306-47277-0 \|page=23}}</ref>

			==Synthesis and reactions==
	Skatole is the source of the foul smelling odor of feces.
			]
			] structure]]

			The red form of HgO can be made by heating Hg in oxygen at roughly 350 °C, or by ] of ].<ref name = "Greenwood">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw}}</ref> The yellow form can be obtained by precipitation of aqueous Hg<sup>2+</sup> with alkali.<ref name = "Greenwood"/> The difference in color is due to particle size; both forms have the same structure consisting of near linear O-Hg-O units linked in zigzag chains with an Hg-O-Hg angle of 108°.<ref name = "Greenwood"/>
	Contents
	1 Characteristics
	1.1 Physiology
	2 Ecology
	3 Human feces
	4 Uses of animal feces
	4.1 Fertilizer
	4.2 Energy
	4.3 Coprolites and paleofeces
	4.4 Other uses
	5 Terminology
	5.1 Etymology
	5.2 Synonyms
	5.3 Feces of animals
	6 Society and culture
	6.1 Feelings of disgust
	6.2 Social media
	7 See also
	8 References
	9 External links
	Characteristics
	Feces samples

			It is sometimes said that HgO "is soluble in acids",<ref>{{cite web \|title=Characteristic Reactions of Mercury Ions (Hg²⁺ and Hg₂²⁺) \|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Qualitative_Analysis/Characteristic_Reactions_of_Select_Metal_Ions/Characteristic_Reactions_of_Mercury_Ions_(Hg_and_Hg) \|website=LibreTextsChemistry \|access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref> but in fact it reacts with acids to make mercuric salts.
	bear scat.

			==Structure==

			Under atmospheric pressure mercuric oxide has two crystalline forms: one is called montroydite (], 2/m 2/m 2/m, Pnma), and the second is analogous to the sulfide mineral ] (],
	Bear scat showing consumption of bin bags
			hP6, P3221); both are characterized by Hg-O chains.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Aurivillius \| first1 = Karin \| last2 = Carlsson \| first2 = Inga-Britt \| last3 = Pedersen \| first3 = Christian \| last4 = Hartiala \| first4 = K. \| last5 = Veige \| first5 = S. \| last6 = Diczfalusy \| first6 = E. \| title = The Structure of Hexagonal Mercury(II)oxide \| journal = Acta Chemica Scandinavica \| volume = 12 \| pages = 1297–1304 \| year = 1958 \| url = http://actachemscand.dk/volume.php?select1=2&vol=12 \| doi = 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.12-1297 \| access-date = November 17, 2010\| doi-access = free}}</ref> At pressures above 10 GPa both structures convert to a ] form.<ref name=landolt/>

			==Uses==

			Mercury oxide is sometimes used in the production of mercury as it decomposes quite easily. When it decomposes, oxygen gas is generated.{{citation needed\|date=September 2023}}
	The cassowary disperses plant seeds via its feces

			It is also used as a material for ]s in ].<ref>{{cite book \|last=Moore \|first=John W. \|author2=Conrad L. Stanitski \|author3=Peter C. Jurs \|title=Chemistry: The Molecular Science \|url=https://archive.org/details/chemistrymolecul0000moor \|url-access=registration \|quote=Mercury(II) oxide anode mercury battery. \|year=2005 \|publisher=Thomson Brooks/Cole \|isbn=978-0-534-42201-1 \|page=}}</ref>

	Earthworm feces aid in provision of minerals and plant nutrients in an accessible form

			==Health issues==
	The distinctive odor of feces is due to skatole, and thiols (sulfur-containing compounds), as well as amines and carboxylic acids. Skatole is produced from tryptophan via indoleacetic acid. Decarboxylation gives skatole.
			]
			Mercury oxide is a highly toxic substance which can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion. The substance is irritating to the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract and may have effects on the kidneys, resulting in kidney impairment. In the food chain important to humans, ] takes place, specifically in aquatic organisms. The substance is banned as a pesticide in the ].<ref name=bnpuk>{{cite web \| last = Chemicals Regulation Directorate \| title = Banned and Non-Authorised Pesticides in the United Kingdom \| url = http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/approvals.asp?id=55 \| access-date = 1 December 2009}}</ref>

			Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible. HgO decomposes on exposure to light or on heating above 500 °C. Heating produces highly toxic mercury fumes and oxygen, which increases the fire hazard. Mercury(II) oxide reacts violently with reducing agents, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, magnesium (when heated), disulfur dichloride and hydrogen trisulfide. Shock-sensitive compounds are formed with metals and elements such as sulfur and phosphorus.<ref>{{cite web\| url = http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0981.htm\| title = Mercury (II) oxide\| access-date = 2009-06-06\| publisher = International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre}}</ref>
	The perceived bad odor of feces has been hypothesized to be a deterrent for humans, as consuming or touching it may result in sickness or infection. Human perception of the odor may be contrasted by a non-human animal's perception of it; for example, an animal who eats feces may be attracted to its odor.

			{{clear\|left}}
	Physiology
	Main article: Defecation
	Feces are discharged through the anus or cloaca during defecation. This process requires pressures that may reach 100 millimetres of mercury (3.9 inHg) in humans and 450 millimetres of mercury (18 inHg) in penguins. The forces required to expel the feces are generated through muscular contractions and a build-up of gases inside the gut, prompting the sphincter to relieve the pressure and to release the feces.

			==References==
	Ecology
			{{Reflist}}
	After an animal has digested eaten material, the remains of that material are discharged from its body as waste. Although it is lower in energy than the food from which it is derived, feces may retain a large amount of energy, often 50% of that of the original food. This means that of all food eaten, a significant amount of energy remains for the decomposers of ecosystems. Many organisms feed on feces, from bacteria to fungi to insects such as dung beetles, who can sense odors from long distances. Some may specialize in feces, while others may eat other foods. Feces serve not only as a basic food, but also as a supplement to the usual diet of some animals. This process is known as coprophagia, and occurs in various animal species such as young elephants eating the feces of their mothers to gain essential gut flora, or by other animals such as dogs, rabbits, and monkeys.

			==External links==
	Feces and urine, which reflect ultraviolet light, are important to raptors such as kestrels, who can see the near ultraviolet and thus find their prey by their middens and territorial markers.
			{{Commons category\|Mercury(II) oxide}}
			*
			* .

			{{Mercury compounds}}
	Seeds also may be found in feces. Animals who eat fruit are known as frugivores. An advantage for a plant in having fruit is that animals will eat the fruit and unknowingly disperse the seed in doing so. This mode of seed dispersal is highly successful, as seeds dispersed around the base of a plant are unlikely to succeed and often are subject to heavy predation. Provided the seed can withstand the pathway through the digestive system, it is not only likely to be far away from the parent plant, but is even provided with its own fertilizer.
			{{Oxides}}
			{{oxygen compounds}}
			{{Authority control}}

			]
	Organisms that subsist on dead organic matter or detritus are known as detritivores, and play an important role in ecosystems by recycling organic matter back into a simpler form that plants and other autotrophs may absorb once again. This cycling of matter is known as the biogeochemical cycle. To maintain nutrients in soil it is therefore important that feces return to the area from which they came, which is not always the case in human society where food may be transported from rural areas to urban populations and then feces disposed of into a river or sea.
			]

			]
	Human feces
	Main article: Human feces
	Depending on the individual and the circumstances, human beings may defecate several times a day, every day, or once every two or three days. Extensive hardening of the feces that interrupts this routine for several days or more is called constipation.

	The appearance of human fecal matter varies according to diet and health. Normally it is semisolid, with a mucus coating. A combination of bile and bilirubin, which comes from dead red blood cells, gives feces the typical brown color.

	After the meconium, the first stool expelled, a newborn's feces contain only bile, which gives it a yellow-green color. Breast feeding babies expel soft, pale yellowish, and not quite malodorous matter; but once the baby begins to eat, and the body starts expelling bilirubin from dead red blood cells, its matter acquires the familiar brown color.

	At different times in their life, human beings will expel feces of different colors and textures. A stool that passes rapidly through the intestines will look greenish; lack of bilirubin will make the stool look like clay.

	Uses of animal feces
	See also: Reuse of excreta and Human feces § Uses
	Fertilizer
	The feces of animals, e.g. guano and manure often are used as fertilizer.

	Energy
	Further information: Dry animal dung fuel
	Dry animal dung is burned and used as a fuel source in many countries around the world. Some animal feces, especially that of camel, bison, and cattle, are fuel sources when dried.

	Animals such as the giant panda and zebra possess gut bacteria capable of producing biofuel. That bacteria, called Brocadia anammoxidans, can create the rocket fuel hydrazine.

	Coprolites and paleofeces
	A coprolite is fossilized feces and is classified as a trace fossil. In paleontology they give evidence about the diet of an animal. They were first described by William Buckland in 1829. Prior to this they were known as "fossil fir cones" and "bezoar stones". They serve a valuable purpose in paleontology because they provide direct evidence of the predation and diet of extinct organisms. Coprolites may range in size from a few millimetres to more than 60 centimetres.

	Palaeofeces are ancient human feces, often found as part of archaeological excavations or surveys. Intact feces of ancient people may be found in caves in arid climates and in other locations with suitable preservation conditions. These are studied to determine the diet and health of the people who produced them through the analysis of seeds, small bones, and parasite eggs found inside. These feces may contain information about the person excreting the material as well as information about the material. They also may be analyzed chemically for more in-depth information on the individual who excreted them, using lipid analysis and ancient DNA analysis. The success rate of usable DNA extraction is relatively high in paleofeces, making it more reliable than skeletal DNA retrieval.

	The reason this analysis is possible at all is due to the digestive system not being entirely efficient, in the sense that not everything that passes through the digestive system is destroyed. Not all of the surviving material is recognizable, but some of it is. Generally, this material is the best indicator archaeologists can use to determine ancient diets, as no other part of the archaeological record is so direct an indicator.

	A process that preserves feces in a way that they may be analyzed later is called the Maillard reaction. This reaction creates a casing of sugar that preserves the feces from the elements. To extract and analyze the information contained within, researchers generally have to freeze the feces and grind it up into powder for analysis.

	Other uses

	Pet waste station at government building
	Animal dung occasionally is used as a cement to make adobe mudbrick huts, or even in throwing sports such as cow pat throwing or camel dung throwing contests.

	Kopi luwak (pronounced ), or civet coffee, is coffee made from coffee berries that have been eaten by and passed through the digestive tract of the Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus). Giant pandas provide fertilizer for the world's most expensive green tea. In Malaysia, tea is made from the droppings of stick insects fed on guava leaves.

	In northern Thailand, elephants are used to digest coffee beans in order to make Black Ivory coffee, which is among the world's most expensive coffees.

	Dog feces were used in the tanning process of leather during the Victorian era. Collected dog feces, known as "pure", "puer", or "pewer", were mixed with water to form a substance known as "bate". Enzymes in the dog feces helped to relax the fibrous structure of the hide before the final stages of tanning.

	Elephants, hippos, koalas and pandas are born with sterile intestines, and require bacteria obtained from eating the feces of their mothers to digest vegetation.

	In India, cow dung and cow urine are major ingredients of the traditional Hindu drink Panchagavya. Politician Shankarbhai Vegad said in 2015, "I am witness to it, cow dung and urine are a 100 per cent cure for cancer".

	Terminology

	Cyclosia papilionaris consuming bird droppings
	Feces is the scientific terminology, while the term stool is also commonly used in medical contexts. Outside of scientific contexts, these terms are less common, with the most common layman's term being poo (or poop in North American English). The term shit is also in common use, although is widely considered vulgar or offensive. There are many other terms, see below.

	Etymology
	The word faeces is the plural of the Latin word faex meaning "dregs". In most English-language usage, there is no singular form, making the word a plurale tantum; out of various major dictionaries, only one enters variation from plural agreement.

	Synonyms
	Further information: Shit
	"Feces" is used more in biology and medicine than in other fields (reflecting science's tradition of classical Latin and New Latin)

	In hunting and tracking, terms such as dung, scat, spoor, and droppings normally are used to refer to non-human animal feces
	In husbandry and farming, manure is common.
	Stool is a common term in reference to human feces. For example, in medicine, to diagnose the presence or absence of a medical condition, a stool sample sometimes is requested for testing purposes.
	The term bowel movement(s) (with each movement a defecation event) is also common in health care.
	There are many synonyms in informal registers for feces, just like there are for urine. Many are euphemismistic, colloquial, or both; some are profane (such as shit), whereas most belong chiefly to child-directed speech (such as poo or poop) or to crude humor (such as crap, dump, load and turd.).


	Horse feces
	Feces of animals
	The feces of animals often have special names, for example:

	Non-human animals
	As bulk material – dung
	Individually – droppings
	Cattle
	Bulk material – cow dung
	Individual droppings – cow pats, meadow muffins, etc.
	Deer (and formerly other quarry animals) – fewmets
	Wild carnivores – scat
	Otter – spraint
	Birds (individual) – droppings (also include urine as white crystals of uric acid)
	Seabirds or bats (large accumulations) – guano
	Herbivorous insects, such as caterpillars and leaf beetles – frass
	Earthworms, lugworms etc. – worm castings (feces extruded at ground surface)
	Feces when used as fertilizer (usually mixed with animal bedding and urine) – manure
	Horses – horse manure, roadapple (before motor vehicles became common, horse droppings were a big part of the rubbish communities needed to clean off roads)
	Society and culture

	Sign ordering owners to clean up after pets, Houston, Texas, 2011
	Feelings of disgust
	Main article: Human feces
	In all human cultures, feces elicit varying degrees of disgust in adults. Children under two years typically have no disgust response to it, suggesting it is culturally derived. Disgust toward feces appears to be strongest in cultures where flush toilets make olfactory contact with human feces minimal . Disgust is experienced primarily in relation to the sense of taste (either perceived or imagined) and, secondarily to anything that causes a similar feeling by sense of smell, touch, or vision.

	Social media
	There is a Pile of Poo emoji represented in Unicode as U+1F4A9 💩 PILE OF POO, called unchi or unchi-kun in Japan.

	See also
	icon Biology portal
	Coprophagia
	Coprophilia
	Coprophilous fungi
	Cow dung
	Excretory system
	Fecal plug
	Manure
	Metabolic waste
	Night soil
	Sanitation
	Scatology
	Coprolite
	References
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	^ "Dried Camel Dung as fuel".
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	^ "coprolites - Definitions from Dictionary.com".
	^ Poinar, Hendrik N.; et al. (10 April 2001). "A Molecular Analysis of Dietary Diversity for Three Archaic Native Americans". PNAS. 98 (8): 4317–4322. doi:10.1073/pnas.061014798. PMC 31832. PMID 11296282.
	^ Feder, Kenneth L. (2008). Linking to the Past: A Brief Introduction to Archaeology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533117-2.
	^ Stokstad, Erik (28 July 2000). "Divining Diet and Disease From DNA". Science. 289 (5479): 530–531. doi:10.1126/science.289.5479.530. PMID 10939960.
	^ "Your Home Technical Manual – 3.4d Construction Systems – Mud Brick (Adobe)". Archived from the original on 2007-07-06. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
	^ "Dung Throwing contests". Archived from the original on October 11, 2007.
	^ Jump up to: a b Topper, R (15 October 2012). "Elephant Dung Coffee: World's Most Expensive Brew Is Made With Pooped-Out Beans". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
	^ "pure". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) n., 6
	^ "Rohm and Haas Innovation - The Leather Breakthrough". Rohmhaas.com. 1909-09-01. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
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	^ "stool" – via The Free Dictionary.
	^ "Feces definition – Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms". Medterms.com. 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2013-11-11.
	^ Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
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	^ https://www.upworthy.com/yes-poop-is-gross-but-thats-not-the-only-reason-for-its-shameful-social-stigma
	^ https://www.google.com/search?q=why+is+feces+considered+disgusting
	^ https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20131111-hate-poo-theres-good-reason-why
	^ "The Oral History Of The Poop Emoji (Or, How Google Brought Poop To America)", Fast Company, November 18, 2014
	^ Darlin, Damon (March 7, 2015), "America Needs its own Emojis", The New York Times

Latest revision as of 22:24, 23 July 2024

Mercury(II) oxide
Names


IUPAC name Mercury(II) oxide
Other names Mercuric oxide Montroydite Red mercury
Identifiers
CAS Number	21908-53-2
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChemSpider	28626
ECHA InfoCard	100.040.580
KEGG	C18670
PubChem CID	30856
RTECS number	OW8750000
UNII	IY191986AO
UN number	1641
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID4042125
InChI InChI=1S/Hg.OKey: UKWHYYKOEPRTIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES =O
Properties
Chemical formula	HgO
Molar mass	216.591 g·mol
Appearance	Yellow or red solid
Odor	odorless
Density	11.14 g/cm
Melting point	500 °C (932 °F; 773 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water	0.0053 g/100 mL (25 °C) 0.0395 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility	insoluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, ammonia
Band gap	2.2 eV
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−44.0·10 cm/mol
Refractive index (n_D)	2.5 (550 nm)
Thermochemistry
Std molar entropy (S₂₉₈)	70 J·mol·K
Std enthalpy of formation (Δ_fH₂₉₈)	−90 kJ·mol
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Extremely toxic, environmental pollutant
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H300+H310+H330, H372, H410
Precautionary statements	P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	4 0 1
Flash point	Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD₅₀ (median dose)	18 mg/kg (oral, rat)
Safety data sheet (SDS)	ICSC 0981
Related compounds
Other anions	Mercury sulfide Mercury selenide Mercury telluride
Other cations	Zinc oxide Cadmium oxide
Related compounds	Mercury(I) oxide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). N verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Chemical compound

Mercury(II) oxide, also called mercuric oxide or simply mercury oxide, is the inorganic compound with the formula Hg O. It has a red or orange color. Mercury(II) oxide is a solid at room temperature and pressure. The mineral form montroydite is very rarely found.

History

An experiment for the preparation of mercuric oxide was first described by 11th century Arab-Spanish alchemist, Maslama al-Majriti, in Rutbat al-hakim. It was historically called red precipitate (as opposed to white precepitate being the mercuric amidochloride).

In 1774, Joseph Priestley discovered that oxygen was released by heating mercuric oxide, although he did not identify the gas as oxygen (rather, Priestley called it "dephlogisticated air," as that was the paradigm that he was working under at the time).

Synthesis and reactions

Montroydite structure (red atoms are oxygen)

The red form of HgO can be made by heating Hg in oxygen at roughly 350 °C, or by pyrolysis of Hg(NO₃)₂. The yellow form can be obtained by precipitation of aqueous Hg with alkali. The difference in color is due to particle size; both forms have the same structure consisting of near linear O-Hg-O units linked in zigzag chains with an Hg-O-Hg angle of 108°.

It is sometimes said that HgO "is soluble in acids", but in fact it reacts with acids to make mercuric salts.

Structure

Under atmospheric pressure mercuric oxide has two crystalline forms: one is called montroydite (orthorhombic, 2/m 2/m 2/m, Pnma), and the second is analogous to the sulfide mineral cinnabar (hexagonal, hP6, P3221); both are characterized by Hg-O chains. At pressures above 10 GPa both structures convert to a tetragonal form.

Uses

Mercury oxide is sometimes used in the production of mercury as it decomposes quite easily. When it decomposes, oxygen gas is generated.

It is also used as a material for cathodes in mercury batteries.

Health issues

Mercury oxide is a highly toxic substance which can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion. The substance is irritating to the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract and may have effects on the kidneys, resulting in kidney impairment. In the food chain important to humans, bioaccumulation takes place, specifically in aquatic organisms. The substance is banned as a pesticide in the EU.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible. HgO decomposes on exposure to light or on heating above 500 °C. Heating produces highly toxic mercury fumes and oxygen, which increases the fire hazard. Mercury(II) oxide reacts violently with reducing agents, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, magnesium (when heated), disulfur dichloride and hydrogen trisulfide. Shock-sensitive compounds are formed with metals and elements such as sulfur and phosphorus.

References

^ Madelung, O; Rössler, U; Schulz, M, eds. (1999). "Mercury oxide (HgO) crystal structure, physical properties". Semiconductors · II-VI and I-VII Compounds; Semimagnetic Compounds. Landolt-Börnstein - Group III Condensed Matter. Vol. 41B. Springer-Verlag. pp. 1–7. doi:10.1007/b71137. ISBN 978-3-540-64964-9.
^ Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.
"Mercuric oxide [ISO]". ChemIDPlus Advanced. United States National Library of Medicine. CAS RN: 21908-53-2. Retrieved 2022-04-14.
"Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary (LCSS): Mercuric oxide". PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information. CID 30856. Retrieved 2022-04-14.
"Safety Data Sheet: Mercury(II) oxide" (PDF). Thermo Fisher Scientific. 2021-12-25. Cat No. AC316790000. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
Holmyard, E. J. (1931). Inorganic chemistry. Рипол Классик. ISBN 978-5-87636-953-6.
Almqvist, Ebbe (2003). History of Industrial Gases. Springer. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-306-47277-0.
^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
"Characteristic Reactions of Mercury Ions (Hg²⁺ and Hg₂²⁺)". LibreTextsChemistry. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
Aurivillius, Karin; Carlsson, Inga-Britt; Pedersen, Christian; Hartiala, K.; Veige, S.; Diczfalusy, E. (1958). "The Structure of Hexagonal Mercury(II)oxide". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 12: 1297–1304. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.12-1297. Retrieved November 17, 2010.
Moore, John W.; Conrad L. Stanitski; Peter C. Jurs (2005). Chemistry: The Molecular Science. Thomson Brooks/Cole. p. 941. ISBN 978-0-534-42201-1. Mercury(II) oxide anode mercury battery.
Chemicals Regulation Directorate. "Banned and Non-Authorised Pesticides in the United Kingdom". Retrieved 1 December 2009.
"Mercury (II) oxide". International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre. Retrieved 2009-06-06.

External links

Mercury compounds

Mercury(I)

Mercury(II)

Organomercury compounds	Hg(CH₃)₂ Hg(C₂H₅)₂ Hg(C₆H₅)₂ HgC₆H₅CH₃CO₂ HgC₆H₅OB(OH)₂ HgC₆H₅NO₃ HgC₆H₅CCl₃ HgClC₆H₄CO₂H HgOHCH₂CHOCH₃CH₂(NHCO) C ₃₆H ₇₀HgO ₄ HgOHCH₂CHOCH₃CH₂NHCOC₆H₄OCH₂CO₂H Na₂HgOHC₆HOBrC₆H₂OBrOCHC₆H₄CO₂ HgOC₆H₂CH₃NO₂ NaHgC₂H₅SC₆H₄CO₂

Mercury(IV)

HgF₄ (hypothetical)

Amalgams

Mercury cations

v t e Oxides
Mixed oxidation states	Antimony tetroxide (Sb₂O₄) Boron suboxide (B₁₂O₂) Carbon suboxide (C₃O₂) Chlorine perchlorate (Cl₂O₄) Chloryl perchlorate (Cl₂O₆) Cobalt(II,III) oxide (Co₃O₄) Dichlorine pentoxide (Cl₂O₅) Iron(II,III) oxide (Fe₃O₄) Lead(II,IV) oxide (Pb₃O₄) Manganese(II,III) oxide (Mn₃O₄) Mellitic anhydride (C₁₂O₉) Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide (Pr₆O₁₁) Silver(I,III) oxide (Ag₂O₂) Terbium(III,IV) oxide (Tb₄O₇) Tribromine octoxide (Br₃O₈) Triuranium octoxide (U₃O₈)
+1 oxidation state	Aluminium(I) oxide (Al₂O) Copper(I) oxide (Cu₂O) Caesium monoxide (Cs₂O) Dibromine monoxide (Br₂O) Dicarbon monoxide (C₂O) Dichlorine monoxide (Cl₂O) Gallium(I) oxide (Ga₂O) Iodine(I) oxide (I₂O) Lithium oxide (Li₂O) Mercury(I) oxide (Hg₂O) Nitrous oxide (N₂O) Potassium oxide (K₂O) Rubidium oxide (Rb₂O) Silver oxide (Ag₂O) Thallium(I) oxide (Tl₂O) Sodium oxide (Na₂O) Water (hydrogen oxide) (H₂O)
+2 oxidation state	Aluminium(II) oxide (AlO) Barium oxide (BaO) Berkelium monoxide (BkO) Beryllium oxide (BeO) Boron monoxide (BO) Bromine monoxide (BrO) Cadmium oxide (CdO) Calcium oxide (CaO) Carbon monoxide (CO) Chlorine monoxide (ClO) Chromium(II) oxide (CrO) Cobalt(II) oxide (CoO) Copper(II) oxide (CuO) Dinitrogen dioxide (N₂O₂) Europium(II) oxide (EuO) Germanium monoxide (GeO) Iron(II) oxide (FeO) Iodine monoxide (IO) Lead(II) oxide (PbO) Magnesium oxide (MgO) Manganese(II) oxide (MnO) Mercury(II) oxide (HgO) Nickel(II) oxide (NiO) Nitric oxide (NO) Niobium monoxide (NbO) Palladium(II) oxide (PdO) Phosphorus monoxide (PO) Polonium monoxide (PoO) Protactinium monoxide (PaO) Radium oxide (RaO) Silicon monoxide (SiO) Strontium oxide (SrO) Sulfur monoxide (SO) Disulfur dioxide (S₂O₂) Thorium monoxide (ThO) Tin(II) oxide (SnO) Titanium(II) oxide (TiO) Vanadium(II) oxide (VO) Yttrium(II) oxide (YO) Zirconium monoxide (ZrO) Zinc oxide (ZnO)
+3 oxidation state	Actinium(III) oxide (Ac₂O₃) Aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) Americium(III) oxide (Am₂O₃) Antimony trioxide (Sb₂O₃) Arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) Berkelium(III) oxide (Bk₂O₃) Bismuth(III) oxide (Bi₂O₃) Boron trioxide (B₂O₃) Caesium sesquioxide (Cs₂O₃) Californium(III) oxide (Cf₂O₃) Cerium(III) oxide (Ce₂O₃) Chromium(III) oxide (Cr₂O₃) Cobalt(III) oxide (Co₂O₃) Dinitrogen trioxide (N₂O₃) Dysprosium(III) oxide (Dy₂O₃) Einsteinium(III) oxide (Es₂O₃) Erbium(III) oxide (Er₂O₃) Europium(III) oxide (Eu₂O₃) Gadolinium(III) oxide (Gd₂O₃) Gallium(III) oxide (Ga₂O₃) Gold(III) oxide (Au₂O₃) Holmium(III) oxide (Ho₂O₃) Indium(III) oxide (In₂O₃) Iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃) Lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃) Lutetium(III) oxide (Lu₂O₃) Manganese(III) oxide (Mn₂O₃) Neodymium(III) oxide (Nd₂O₃) Nickel(III) oxide (Ni₂O₃) Phosphorus trioxide (P₄O₆) Praseodymium(III) oxide (Pr₂O₃) Promethium(III) oxide (Pm₂O₃) Rhodium(III) oxide (Rh₂O₃) Samarium(III) oxide (Sm₂O₃) Scandium oxide (Sc₂O₃) Terbium(III) oxide (Tb₂O₃) Thallium(III) oxide (Tl₂O₃) Thulium(III) oxide (Tm₂O₃) Titanium(III) oxide (Ti₂O₃) Tungsten(III) oxide (W₂O₃) Vanadium(III) oxide (V₂O₃) Ytterbium(III) oxide (Yb₂O₃) Yttrium(III) oxide (Y₂O₃)
+4 oxidation state	Americium dioxide (AmO₂) Berkelium(IV) oxide (BkO₂) Bromine dioxide (BrO₂) Californium dioxide (CfO₂) Carbon dioxide (CO₂) Carbon trioxide (CO₃) Cerium(IV) oxide (CeO₂) Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) Chromium(IV) oxide (CrO₂) Curium(IV) oxide (CmO₂) Dinitrogen tetroxide (N₂O₄) Germanium dioxide (GeO₂) Iodine dioxide (IO₂) Iridium dioxide (IrO₂) Hafnium(IV) oxide (HfO₂) Lead dioxide (PbO₂) Manganese dioxide (MnO₂) Molybdenum dioxide (MoO₂) Neptunium(IV) oxide (NpO₂) Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) Niobium dioxide (NbO₂) Osmium dioxide (OsO₂) Platinum dioxide (PtO₂) Plutonium(IV) oxide (PuO₂) Polonium dioxide (PoO₂) Praseodymium(IV) oxide (PrO₂) Protactinium(IV) oxide (PaO₂) Rhenium(IV) oxide (ReO₂) Rhodium(IV) oxide (RhO₂) Ruthenium(IV) oxide (RuO₂) Selenium dioxide (SeO₂) Silicon dioxide (SiO₂) Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) Technetium(IV) oxide (TcO₂) Tellurium dioxide (TeO₂) Terbium(IV) oxide (TbO₂) Thorium dioxide (ThO₂) Tin dioxide (SnO₂) Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) Tungsten(IV) oxide (WO₂) Uranium dioxide (UO₂) Vanadium(IV) oxide (VO₂) Zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂)
+5 oxidation state	Antimony pentoxide (Sb₂O₅) Arsenic pentoxide (As₂O₅) Bismuth pentoxide (Bi₂O₅) Dinitrogen pentoxide (N₂O₅) Niobium pentoxide (Nb₂O₅) Phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) Protactinium(V) oxide (Pa₂O₅) Tantalum pentoxide (Ta₂O₅) Tungsten pentoxide (W₂O₅) Vanadium(V) oxide (V₂O₅)
+6 oxidation state	Chromium trioxide (CrO₃) Molybdenum trioxide (MoO₃) Polonium trioxide (PoO₃) Rhenium trioxide (ReO₃) Selenium trioxide (SeO₃) Sulfur trioxide (SO₃) Tellurium trioxide (TeO₃) Tungsten trioxide (WO₃) Uranium trioxide (UO₃) Xenon trioxide (XeO₃)
+7 oxidation state	Dichlorine heptoxide (Cl₂O₇) Manganese heptoxide (Mn₂O₇) Rhenium(VII) oxide (Re₂O₇) Technetium(VII) oxide (Tc₂O₇)
+8 oxidation state	Iridium tetroxide (IrO₄) Osmium tetroxide (OsO₄) Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO₄) Xenon tetroxide (XeO₄) Hassium tetroxide (HsO₄)
Related	Oxocarbon Suboxide Oxyanion Ozonide Peroxide Superoxide Oxypnictide
Oxides are sorted by oxidation state. Category:Oxides

v t e Oxygen compounds
Ag₄O₄ Al₂O₃ AmO₂ Am₂O₃ As₂O₃ As₂O₅ Au₂O₃ B₂O₃ BaO BeO Bi₂O₃ BiO₂ Bi₂O₅ BrO₂ Br₂O₃ Br₂O₅ Br ₃O ₈ CO CO₂ C₃O₂ CaO CaO₂ CdO CeO₂ Ce₃O₄ Ce₂O₃ ClO₂ Cl₂O Cl₂O₂ Cl₂O₃ Cl₂O₄ Cl₂O₆ Cl₂O₇ CoO Co₂O₃ Co₃O₄ CrO₃ Cr₂O₃ Cr₂O₅ Cr₅O₁₂ CsO₂ Cs₂O₃ CuO Dy₂O₃ Er₂O₃ Eu₂O₃ FeO Fe₂O₃ Fe₃O₄ Ga₂O Ga₂O₃ GeO GeO₂ H₂O H₂O H₂O H₂O H₂O₂ HfO₂ HgO Hg₂O Ho₂O₃ IO I₂O₄ I₂O₅ I₂O₆ I₄O₉ In₂O₃ IrO₂ KO₂ K₂O₂ La₂O₃ Li₂O Li₂O₂ Lu₂O₃ MgO Mg₂O₃ MnO MnO₂ Mn₂O₃ Mn₂O₇ MoO₂ MoO₃ Mo₂O₃ NO NO₂ N₂O N₂O₃ N₂O₄ N₂O₅ NaO₂ Na₂O Na₂O₂ NbO NbO₂ Nd₂O₃ O₂F OF OF₂ O₂F₂ O₃F₂ O₄F₂ O₅F₂ O₆F₂ O₂PtF₆ more...

Oxygen compounds

Categories: