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{{Short description|none}} |
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The following is a '''list of ]s of the ]'''. It lists the seven traditional major classifications, namely the ], ], ], ] {including the Hokkien and Taiwanese variants), ] (including Shanghainese), ] and ], followed by three contemporary categories increasingly recognised by linguists, namely the ], ] and ] dialects. Finally, dialect groups falling outside these categories and those without a clear classification are ]. |
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{{cleanup lang|date=February 2024}} |
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]]] |
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] (], ] and ]) and ].]] |
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The following is a list of ] and their dialects. For a traditional dialectological overview, see also ]. |
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== Classification == |
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In addition to the dialects given below, it is customary to speak informally of dialects belonging to each province, e.g. '']'', '']''. These designations do not always correspond to classifications used by linguists, but each nevertheless has approximate, stereotypical characteristics of its own. |
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{{pie chart |
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The question of whether these should be called ]s or ]s in their own right is particularly interesting in Chinese. On the one hand, the designation seems to be as much socio-political as linguistic, reflecting ]'s comment that "a language is a dialect with an army and a navy." Purely from a linguistic point of view, many of these idioms seem to meet the criteria of a language. On the other hand, to a large degree the various Chinese idioms share a common ] and ], lending weight to calling them "dialects". Because the written language is grammatically closest to ], many Chinese speakers view ] as "the Chinese language", and everything else as dialects. |
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| caption = Proportions of first-language speakers<ref>{{citation |
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| author = Chinese Academy of Social Sciences |
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| script-title = zh:中国语言地图集(第2版):汉语方言卷 |
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| title = Zhōngguó yǔyán dìtú jí (dì 2 bǎn): Hànyǔ fāngyán juǎn |
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| trans-title = Language Atlas of China (2nd edition): Chinese dialect volume |
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| publisher = The Commercial Press | location = Beijing | year = 2012 |
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| isbn = 978-7-100-07054-6 |
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| postscript = . |
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| pages=3, 125 |
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}}</ref> |
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| label1 = ] | color1 = #ac8761 | value1 = 65.7 <!-- 798.585 million --> |
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| label2 = ] | color2 = #b1bab6 | value2 = 6.2 <!-- 75 million --> |
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| label3 = ] | color3 = #c8c8a8 | value3 = 6.1 <!-- 73.79 million --> |
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| label4 = ] | color4 = #bf6e7b | value4 = 5.6 <!-- 68 million --> |
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| label5 = ] | color5 = #96642c | value5 = 5.2 <!-- 63.05 million --> |
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| label6 = ] | color6 = #fbd98d | value6 = 3.9 <!-- 48 million --> |
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| label7 = ] | color7 = #eeb36a | value7 = 3.5 <!-- 42.2 million --> |
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| label8 = ] | color8 = #a5ae87 | value8 = 3.0 <!-- 36.37 million --> |
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| label9 = ] | color9 = #9b987f | value9 = 0.3 <!-- 3.3 million --> |
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| label10 = ], others | color10 = #946565 | value10 = 0.6 <!-- 7.78 million --> |
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| others = yes |
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}} |
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"Chinese" is a blanket term covering many different varieties spoken across China. ] is the most popular dialect, and is used as a ] across China. |
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Linguists classify these varieties as the ] branch of the ] ]. Within this broad classification, there are between seven and fourteen dialect groups, depending on the classification. |
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The conventionally accepted set of seven dialect groups first appeared in the second edition of the dialectology handbook edited by ] (1961). |
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==] 赣语/贛語== |
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In order of decreasing number of speakers, they are: |
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*] |
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*] |
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*] 撫州話 |
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*] 吉安話 |
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*] 南昌話 |
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*] |
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*] 宜春話 |
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*] 鷹潭話 |
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# ] (including ] and ] variants) |
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==] 官话/官話 or 北方话/北方話== |
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# ] (including the ] and ] variants) |
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===Beijing Mandarin 北京官話=== |
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# ] (including the ] and ] variants) |
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*] 北京话/北京話 |
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# ] (including the ] and ] variants) |
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*], also known as Putonghua (which is also the official name in English) 普通话 in the ], Guoyu (also spelt Kuo-yü) 國語 in the ], Huayu 华语 in ]. <br>The official sanction of Standard Mandarin as an official language has also given rise to the following varieties of Standard Mandarin in areas that did not originally speak any dialect of the Mandarin group: |
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# ] (Kejia) |
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**] |
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# ] (Hunanese) |
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**] |
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# ] (Jiangxinese) |
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**] |
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**] 承德話 |
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**] |
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**] |
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**] |
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===] 冀魯官話=== |
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*] 保定話 |
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*] 濟南話 |
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*] 石家莊話 |
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*] 天津話 |
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===] 江准官話=== |
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*] 合肥話 |
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*] 軍家話 |
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*] 南京話 |
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*] 南通話 |
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*] |
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*] 揚州話 |
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===] 膠遼官話=== |
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*] 大连话/大連話 |
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*] 青岛话/青島話 |
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*] 威海話 |
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*] 烟台话/煙台話 |
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===] 蘭銀官話=== |
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*] 東干語 |
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*] 蘭州話 |
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*] |
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*] 西宁话/西寧話 |
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*] 银川话/銀川話 |
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===] 东北官话/東北官話=== |
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*] 长春话/長春話 |
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*] 哈尔浜话/哈爾濱話 |
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*] 斉斉哈尔话/齊齊哈爾話 |
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*] 沈阳话/瀋陽話 |
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===] 西南官话/西南官話=== |
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*] |
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*] 成都话/成都話 |
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*] 重慶話 |
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*] |
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*] 桂陽話 |
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*] 昆明話 |
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*] 柳州話 |
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*] 武漢話 |
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*] 西昌話 |
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*] 宜昌話 |
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===] 中原官話=== |
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*] 漢中話 |
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*] 開封話 |
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*] 喀什話 |
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*] 洛陽話 |
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*] |
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*] 曲埠話 |
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*] 天水話 |
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*] 西安話 |
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*] 徐州話 |
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*] 延安話 |
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*] 郑州话/鄭州話 |
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The revised classification of ], used in the '']'' (1987) added three further groups split from these: |
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==] 徽语/徽語== |
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Hui is sometimes considered a subcategory of ]. |
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*] |
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*] 歙縣話 |
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*] 屯溪話 |
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*] |
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# ] → ] |
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==] 晋语/晉語== |
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# ] → ] |
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Jin is sometimes considered the ninth division of ] (Guan/Beifang). |
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# ] → ] |
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*] 包頭話 |
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# ] |
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*] 大頭話 |
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# ] |
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*] |
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# ] |
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*] 呼和浩特話 |
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# ] |
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*] 太原話 |
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*] |
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==Summary== |
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==] 客家話== |
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{{further|List of varieties of Chinese|Lists of languages|List of languages by number of native speakers|List of languages by total number of speakers}} |
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*] 惠州話 |
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The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/ |title=Home |website=ethnologue.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/family|title = Glottolog 4.5 -}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/chinese|title = Chinese}}</ref> |
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*] 梅州話 |
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*] 五華話 |
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*] 興寧話 |
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*] 平遠話 |
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*] 蕉嶺話 |
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*] 大埔話 |
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*] 豐順話 |
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*] 龍岩話 |
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*] 圍頭話/畬話 |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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==] 闽语/閩語 == |
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! Number !! Branch !! Native Speakers !! Dialects |
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===] 闽北语=== |
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|- |
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*] 建瓯话/建甌話 |
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| align=center|1 |
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===] 闽东语=== |
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| ] || align=center|850,000,000 || align=center|51 |
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*] (Hokchia) |
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|- |
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*] (Hokchiu) 福州話 |
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| align=center|2 |
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===] 闽南语/閩南語=== |
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| ] || align=center|95,000,000 || align=center|37 |
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*Chaoshan division (see ]) 潮汕片 |
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|- |
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**] (Swatow) 汕头话/汕頭話 |
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| align=center|3 |
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**] (Teochew) 潮州话/潮州話 |
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| ] || align=center|80,000,000 || align=center|52 |
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**] (Hailufeng dialect/Lufeng dialect) 海豐話 (海陸豐話/陸豐話) |
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|- |
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*Mintai division 閩台片 |
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| align=center|4 |
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**] |
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| ] || align=center|70,000,000 || align=center|6 |
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**] 泉州話 |
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|- |
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**] |
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| align=center|5 |
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**] (see ]) 臺灣話/台湾话 |
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| ] || align=center|60,000,000 || align=center|61 |
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***Central Taiwanese |
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|- |
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***Northeastern coastal Taiwanese |
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| align=center|6 |
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***Northern Taiwanese |
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| ] || align=center|55,000,000 || align=center|10 |
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***Southern Taiwanese |
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|- |
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**] (Amoy/Hokkien) 厦门话/廈門話 |
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| align=center|7 |
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**] 漳州話 |
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| ] || align=center|50,000,000 || align=center|25 |
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===] 闽中语=== |
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|- |
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**] 三明話 |
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| align=center|8 |
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===]=== |
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| ] || align=center|30,000,000 || align=center|9 |
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**] (Henghwa/Hinghwa) 莆田話 |
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|- |
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**] |
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| align=center|9 |
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===] 瓊文片=== |
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| ] || align=center|7,000,000 || align=center|13 |
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**] (Hainanese) 海南話 |
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|- |
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**] (Leizhou) 湛江話/雷州話 |
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| align=center|10 |
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===]=== |
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| ] || align=center|3,000,000 || align=center|2 |
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|- style="background:silver;" |
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| align=center|'''Total''' |
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| ''']''' || align=center|'''1,300,000,000''' || align=center|'''266''' |
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|} |
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== List of languages and dialects == |
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==] 平话/平話== |
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Pinghua is sometimes considered a subset of ] (Yue). |
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*] 南寧話 |
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In addition to the varieties listed below, it is customary to speak informally of dialects of each province (such as ] and ]). These designations do not generally correspond to classifications used by linguists, but each nevertheless has characteristics of its own. |
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==] 吴语/吳語 == |
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===] 太湖片=== |
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*] |
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*] 杭州話 |
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*] 绍兴话 |
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*] 宁波话 |
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*] (Shanghainese) 上海話 |
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*] 苏州话/蘇州話 |
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*] 无锡话/無錫話 |
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===] 婺州片=== |
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*] 台州話 |
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===]=== |
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*] 溫州話 |
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===]=== |
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*] |
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*] |
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*] |
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===]=== |
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*] |
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*] |
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*] |
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===]=== |
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*] |
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===Gan=== |
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==] 湘语/湘語== |
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*赣语/贛語 |
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===]=== |
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] |
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*] 長沙話 |
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{{Main|Gan Chinese}} |
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*] 衡陽話 |
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{|class="wikitable" |
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*] |
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| ''']'''|| 洞口话 || 洞口話 |
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*] |
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===]=== |
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| ''']'''|| 怀宁话 || 懷寧話 |
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*] |
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|- |
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*] |
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| ''']'''|| 抚州话 || 撫州話 |
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*] |
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|- |
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===]=== |
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| ''']'''|| 吉安话 || 吉安話 |
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*] |
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|- |
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*] |
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| ''']'''|| 耒阳话 || 耒陽話 |
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|- |
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| ''']'''|| 南昌话 || 南昌話 |
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|- |
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| ''']'''|| 咸宁话 || 鹹寧話 |
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|- |
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| ''']'''|| 宜春话 || 宜春話 |
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|- |
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| ''']'''|| 鹰潭话 || 鷹潭話 |
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|} |
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=== Mandarin === |
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==] 粤语/粵語== |
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{{Main|Mandarin Chinese}} |
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===] 粤海片/粵海片=== |
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*] (Guangfu) 广府话/廣府話 |
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**] 广州/廣州 |
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**] 香港 |
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**] 澳门/澳門 |
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*Sam-yup 三邑/南番順 |
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**] 南海話 |
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**] 番禺話 |
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**] 順德話 |
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*] |
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*] 肇庆话/肇慶話 |
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*] 中山話 |
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*] 珠海話 |
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*] 九江話 |
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*] 庆元话/慶元話 |
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===Guan Bao division 莞寶片=== |
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*] 东莞话/東莞話 |
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*] 寶安話 |
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===] 罗岗片/羅崗片=== |
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===] (Siyi) 四邑片=== |
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*] 恩平話 |
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*] 鶴山話 |
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*] 江门话/江門話 |
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*] 开平话/開平話 |
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*] (Hoisanese, Toisanese) 台山話 |
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*] 新會話 |
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===] 高阳片/高陽片=== |
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*] 茂名話 |
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*] 阳江话/陽江咶 |
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===] (Cancerese) 桂南片=== |
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*] 北海話 |
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*] (Naamning) 南宁话/南寧話 |
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*] 婺州話 |
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*] 郁林话/鬱林話 |
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===] 武川話=== |
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===] 蜑家話=== |
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* 官话/官話 |
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== Unclassified == |
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] |
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*] |
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*] |
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The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/chinese |title = Chinese }}</ref> |
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*] |
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*] |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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*] |
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! Number !! Branch !! Native Speakers !! Dialects |
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*] |
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|- |
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*] |
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| align=center|1 |
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| ] || align=center|35,000,000 || align=center|7 |
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|- |
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| align=center|2 |
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| ] || align=center|110,000,000 || align=center|4 |
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|- |
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| align=center|3 |
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| ] || align=center|80,000,000 || align=center|6 |
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|- |
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| align=center|4 |
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| ] || align=center|35,000,000 || align=center|4 |
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|- |
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| align=center|5 |
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| ] || align=center|10,000,000 || align=center|3 |
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|- |
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| align=center|6 |
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| ] || align=center|100,000,000 || align=center|4 |
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|- |
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| align=center|7 |
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| ] || align=center|280,000,000 || align=center|11 |
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|- |
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| align=center|8 |
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| ] || align=center|200,000,000 || align=center|11 |
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|- style="background:silver;" |
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| align=center|'''Total''' |
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| ''']''' || align=center|'''850,000,000''' || align=center|'''50''' |
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|} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
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|''']''' || '''北京官话''' || '''北京官話''' |
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|- |
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|-bgcolor="FFFFFF" |
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| • ] || 北京话 || 北京話 |
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|- |
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| • ] || 普通话 ''Putonghua'' (])<br />国语 '']'' (])<br />标准华语 ''Biaozhun Huayu'' (]){{NoteTag|The official sanction of Mandarin as an official language has given rise to the following varieties of Standard Mandarin in areas that did not originally speak any dialect of the Mandarin group: |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ]}} |
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| 普通話 ''Putonghua'' (PRC)<br />國語 ''Guoyu'' (ROC)<br />標準華語 ''Biaozhun Huayu'' (Singapore) |
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|- |
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| • ] || 菲律宾华语 || 菲律賓華語 |
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|- |
|
|
| • ] || 马来西亚华语 || 馬來西亞華語 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 承德话 || 承德話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 赤峰话 || 赤峰話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 海拉尔话 || 海拉爾話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|- bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''冀鲁官话''' || '''冀魯官話''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 保定话 || 保定話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 济南话 || 濟南話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 石家庄话 || 石家莊話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 天津话 || 天津話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|- bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''江淮官话''' || '''江淮官話''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 合肥话 || 合肥話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 军家话 || 軍家話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 南京话 || 南京話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 南通话 || 南通話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 孝感话 || 孝感話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 扬州话 || 揚州話 |
|
|
|- bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''胶辽官话''' || '''膠遼官話''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 大连话 || 大連話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 青岛话 || 青島話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 威海话 || 威海話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 烟台话 || 煙台話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|- bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
| ''']''' || '''兰银官话''' || '''蘭銀官話''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 兰州话 || 蘭州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 西宁话 || 西寧話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] ||银川话 || 銀川話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|- bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
| ''']''' || '''东北官话''' || '''東北官話''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] ||长春话 || 長春話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 哈尔滨话 || 哈爾濱話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 齐齐哈尔话 || 齊齊哈爾話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 沈阳话 || 瀋陽話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|- bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''西南官话''' || '''西南官話''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 常德话 || 常德話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 成都话 || 成都話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 重庆话 || 重慶話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 大理话 || 大理話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 贵阳话 || 貴陽話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 昆明话 || 昆明話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 柳州话 || 柳州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 武汉话 || 武漢話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 西昌话 || 西昌話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 宜昌话 || 宜昌話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 汉中话 || 漢中話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''中原官话''' || '''中原官話''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 东干语 || 東干語 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 甘沟话 || 甘溝語 (influenced by ]) |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 开封话 || 開封話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 洛阳话 || 洛陽話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 南阳话 || 南陽話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 曲埠话 || 曲埠話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 天水话 || 天水話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 西安话 || 西安話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 徐州话 || 徐州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 延安话 || 延安話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 郑州话 || 鄭州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|- bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
| '''Unclassified''' || || |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || || |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 军家话 || 軍家話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 长乐旗下话 || 長樂旗下話 |
|
|
|} |
|
|
|
|
|
===Hui=== |
|
|
*徽语/徽語 |
|
|
{{Main|Huizhou Chinese}} |
|
|
Sometimes subcategory of Wu. |
|
|
{|class="wikitable" |
|
|
| ''']'''|| 绩溪话 || 績溪話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ''']'''|| 歙县话 || 歙縣話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ''']'''|| 屯溪话 || 屯溪話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ''']'''|| 黟县话 || 黟縣話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ''']'''|| 休宁话 || 休寧話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ''']'''|| 婺源话 || 婺源話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ''']'''|| 德兴话 || 德興話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ''']'''|| 浮梁话 || 浮梁話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ''']'''|| 建德话 || 建德話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ''']'''|| 寿昌话 || 壽昌話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ''']'''|| 淳安话 || 淳安話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ''']'''|| 遂安话 || 遂安話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ''']'''|| 马金话 || 馬金話 |
|
|
|} |
|
|
|
|
|
===Jin=== |
|
|
*晋语/晉語 |
|
|
] |
|
|
{{Main|Jin Chinese}} |
|
|
Sometimes a subcategory of Mandarin. |
|
|
{|class="wikitable" |
|
|
| • ] || 包头话 || 包頭話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 大同话 || 大同話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 邯郸话 || 邯郸话 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 呼市话 || 呼市話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 太原话 || 太原話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 新乡话 || 新鄉話 |
|
|
|} |
|
|
|
|
|
===Hakka=== |
|
|
*客家话/客家話 |
|
|
{{Main|Hakka Chinese}} |
|
|
{|class="wikitable" |
|
|
| • ] || 惠州客家话 || 惠州客家話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 梅州客家话 || 梅州客家話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 五华客家话 || 五華客家話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 兴宁客家话 || 興寧客家話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 平远客家话 || 平遠客家話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 蕉岭客家话 || 蕉嶺客家話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 大埔客家话 || 大埔客家話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 丰顺客家话 || 豐順客家話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 龙岩客家话 || 龍岩客家話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 陆丰客家话 || 陸豐客家話 |
|
|
|} |
|
|
|
|
|
=== Min === |
|
|
{{Main|Min Chinese}} |
|
|
|
|
|
* 闽语/閩語 |
|
|
] |
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" |
|
|
|- bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
| ''']''' || '''闽南语''' || '''閩南語''' |
|
|
|- bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
| ''']''' (Hokkien) || 闽南话(泉漳片) || 閩南話 (泉漳片) |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 厦门话 || 廈門話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 泉州话 || 泉州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 漳州话 || 漳州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 龙海话 || 龍海話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 漳浦话 || 漳浦話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 安溪话 || 安溪話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 惠安话 || 惠安話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 同安话 || 同安話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] |
|
|
|晋江话 |
|
|
|晉江話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] |
|
|
|南安话 |
|
|
|南安話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] |
|
|
|永春话 |
|
|
|永春話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] (see ]) {{NoteTag|Includes: |
|
|
* Central Taiwanese |
|
|
* Northeastern coastal Taiwanese |
|
|
* Northern Taiwanese |
|
|
* Southern Taiwanese}} || 台湾话 || 台灣話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] (Philippine Hokkien) || 咱人话/咱侬话(菲律宾福建话) || 咱人話/咱儂話 (菲律賓福建話) |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 新加坡福建话 || 新加坡福建話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 槟城福建话 || 檳城福建話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ]|| 麻坡福建话 || 麻坡福建話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 棉兰福建话 || 棉蘭福建話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] |
|
|
|缅甸福建话 |
|
|
|緬甸福建話 |
|
|
|- bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
| ''']''' (Teo-Swa, Chaoshan) || 潮汕方言 || 潮汕方言 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] (Chaozhou) || 潮州话 || 潮州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] (Swatow) || 汕头话 || 汕頭話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 揭阳话 || 揭陽話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 潮阳话 || 潮陽話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 普宁话 || 普寧話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 惠来话 || 惠來話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 海陆丰话 || 海陸豐話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 曼谷潮州话 || 曼谷潮州話 |
|
|
|- bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
| ''']''' || 龙岩片 || 龍巖片 |
|
|
|- bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
| ''']''' || 浙南片 || 浙南片 |
|
|
|- bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
| ''']''' <br /> (disputed: separate Min branch)|| 大田片 || 大田片 |
|
|
|- bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
| ''']''' <br /> (disputed:separate Min branch)|| 中山闽方言 || 中山閩方言 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 隆都话 || 隆都話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 南朗话 || 南朗話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 三乡话 || 三鄉話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 张家边话 || 張家邊話 |
|
|
|- bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
| ''']''' <br /> (disputed: separate Min branch)|| 雷州片 || 雷州片 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • Haikang dialect || 海康话 || 海康話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 湛江话 || 湛江話 |
|
|
|-bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
| ''']''' (Hainanese) <br /> (disputed: separate Min branch) || 海南话(琼文片) || 海南話(瓊文片) |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 文昌话 || 文昌話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 海口话 || 海口話 |
|
|
|-bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''闽东语''' || '''閩東語''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 福州话 || 福州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 福安话 || 福安話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 福鼎話 || 福鼎話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 霞浦话 || 霞浦話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 寿宁话 || 壽寧話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 周宁话 || 周寧話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 宁德话 || 寧德話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 柘荣话 || 柘榮話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 闽侯话 || 閩侯話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 永泰话 || 永泰話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 闽清话 || 閩清話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 长乐话 || 長樂話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 罗源话 || 羅源話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 连江话 || 連江話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 福清话 || 福清話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 平潭话 || 平潭話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 屏南话 || 屏南話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 古田话 || 古田話 |
|
|
|-bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''闽北语''' || '''閩北語''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 建瓯话 || 建甌話 |
|
|
|-bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''邵将语''' || '''邵將語''' |
|
|
|-bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''闽中语''' || '''閩中語''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 永安话 || 永安話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 三明话 || 三明話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 沙县话 || 沙縣話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''莆仙话''' || '''莆仙話''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 莆田话 || 莆田話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 仙游话 || 仙遊話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|} |
|
|
|
|
|
===Wu=== |
|
|
*吴语/吳語 |
|
|
] |
|
|
{{Main|Wu Chinese}} |
|
|
{|class="wikitable" |
|
|
|-bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''太湖片''' || '''太湖片''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 上海话 || 上海話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 苏州话 || 蘇州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 常州话 || 常州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 无锡话 || 無錫話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 杭州话 || 杭州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 湖州话 || 湖州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 嘉兴话 || 嘉興話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 绍兴话 || 紹興話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 宁波话 || 寧波話 |
|
|
|-bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''台州片''' || '''台州片''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 台州话 || 台州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 临海话 || 臨海話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 三门话 || 三門話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • Tiantai dialect || 天台话 || 天台話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 仙居话 || 仙居話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 黄岩话 || 黃岩話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 椒江话 || 椒江話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 温岭话 || 溫嶺話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 玉环话 || 玉環話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 宁海话 || 寧海話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''瓯江(东瓯)片''' || '''甌江 (東甌) 片''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 温州话 ||溫州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 乐清话 || 樂清話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 瑞安话 || 瑞安話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 文成话 || 文成話 |
|
|
|-bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''婺州片选''' || '''婺州片''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 金华话 || 金華話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 兰溪话 || 蘭溪話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 浦江话 || 浦江話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 义乌话 || 義烏話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 东阳话 || 東陽話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 磐安话 || 磐安話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 永康话 || 永康話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 武义话 || 武義話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 建德话 || 建德話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''处衢片''' || '''處衢片''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 丽水话 || 麗水話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 青田话 || 青田話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 衢州话 || 衢州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 上饶话 || 上饒話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''宣州片''' || '''宣州片''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 宣城话 || 宣城話 |
|
|
|} |
|
|
|
|
|
===Xiang=== |
|
|
*湘语/湘語 |
|
|
].<br />] is orange, ] yellow, and ] red. Non-Xiang languages are (clockwise from top right) ] (purple), ] (pink along the right), ] (dark green), ] (dark blue on the left), and ] (light blue, medium blue, light green on the left; part of dark green). ]] |
|
|
|
|
|
{{Main|Xiang Chinese}} |
|
|
{|class="wikitable" |
|
|
|-bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|'''] (New Xiang)''' ||'''长益片'''||'''長益片''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 长沙话||長沙話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 株洲话||株洲話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 湘潭话||湘潭話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 宁乡话||寧鄉話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 益阳话||益陽話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 湘阴话||湘陰話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 汨罗话||汨羅話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 岳阳话||岳陽話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|'''] (Hengzhou Xiang)''' ||'''衡州片'''||'''衡州片''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 衡阳话||衡陽話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 衡山话||衡山話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-| • ] || 衡南话||衡南話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 衡东话||衡東話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|'''] (Old Xiang)''' ||'''娄邵片'''||'''婁邵片''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 娄底话||婁底話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 双峰话||雙峰話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 新化话||新化話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 湘乡话||湘鄉話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 邵阳话||邵陽話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 邵东话||邵東話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 武冈话||武岡話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 祁东话||祁東話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 祁阳话||祁陽話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|'''] (Chen-Xu Xiang)''' ||'''辰溆片'''||'''辰漵片''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 辰溪话||辰溪話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 溆浦话||漵浦話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 泸溪话||瀘溪話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-bgcolor="E6E6FA" |
|
|
|'''] (Yong-Quan Xiang)''' ||'''永全片'''||'''永全片''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 永州话||永州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 全州话||全州話 |
|
|
|} |
|
|
|
|
|
===Yue=== |
|
|
*粤语/粵語 |
|
|
[[File:Ping and Yue dialect map.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5| |
|
|
{{legend-table2|lang=en|title=Distribution of Pinghua and Yue dialect groups in Guangxi and Guangdong<ref>{{citation |
|
|
| given1 = Stephen Adolphe | surname1 = Wurm |
|
|
| given2 = Rong | surname2 = Li |
|
|
| given3 = Theo | surname3 = Baumann |
|
|
| given4 = Mei W. | surname4 = Lee |
|
|
| title = Language Atlas of China |
|
|
| publisher = Longman | year = 1987 |
|
|
| isbn = 978-962-359-085-3 |
|
|
| postscript = . |
|
|
}}</ref> |
|
|
|#ffd264|Guibei (N ]) |
|
|
|#aab4ff|] |
|
|
|#ffb478|Guinan (S Pinghua) |
|
|
|#ffaaaa|] (Yuehai) |
|
|
|| |
|
|
|#c88cc8|] |
|
|
|#96c83c|] |
|
|
|#8c64b4|] |
|
|
|#78c8a0|] |
|
|
|#64a0f0|] |
|
|
}} |
|
|
]] |
|
|
] |
|
|
|
|
|
{{Main|Yue Chinese}} |
|
|
{|class="wikitable" |
|
|
|-bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''粤海方言''' || '''粵海方言''' |
|
|
|-bgcolor="d5e3f4" |
|
|
|''] (Guangfu)'' || 广府话, 广州话, 广东话 || 廣府話, ], 廣東話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 香港粵语 || 香港粵語 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 马来西亚粵语 || 馬來西亞粵語 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 梧州话 || 梧州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 蜑家话 || ] |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 西关话 || 西關話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-bgcolor="d5e3f4" |
|
|
|''] (Samyap)'' ||colspan=2| 三邑方言/南番順方言 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 南海话 || 南海話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 九江白话 || 九江白話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 西樵话 || 西樵話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 番禺话 || 番禺話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 顺德话 || 順德話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-bgcolor="d5e3f4" |
|
|
|'']'' ||colspan=2| 中山方言/香山方言 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 石岐话 || ] |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 三角话 || 三角話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-bgcolor="d5e3f4" |
|
|
|'']'' || 莞宝方言 || 莞寶方言 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 东莞话 || 東莞話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] (Waitau dialect) || 宝安话/围头话 || 寶安話/圍頭話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
|'''] (Jungcam)''' || '''邕浔方言''' || '''邕潯方言''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 南宁话 || 南寧話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 邕宁话 || 邕寧話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 桂平话 || 桂平話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 崇左话 || 崇左話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 宁明话 || 寧明話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 横县话 || 橫縣話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 百色话 || 百色話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
|'''] (Ngaulau)''' ||colspan=2| '''勾漏方言''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 玉林话 || 玉林話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 广宁话 || 廣寧話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 怀集话 || 懷集話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 封开话 || 封開話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 德庆话 || 德慶話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 郁南话 || 郁南話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 上林白话 || 上林白話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 宾阳话 || 賓陽話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 藤县话 || 藤縣話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''罗广方言''' || '''羅廣方言''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 罗定话 || 羅定話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 肇庆话 || 肇慶話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 四会话 || 四會話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 阳山话 || 陽山話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 连州话 || 連州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 连山话 || 連山話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] ||清远话 || 清遠話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
|'''] (Seiyap)''' ||colspan=2| '''四邑方言''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 台山话 || ] |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 新会话 || 新會話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 司前话 || ] |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 古镇话 || 古鎮話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 恩平话 || 恩平話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 开平话 || 開平話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''高阳方言''' || ''' 高陽方言''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 高州话 || 高州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 阳江话 || 陽江話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
|'''] (Jamlim)''' || '''钦廉方言''' || '''欽廉方言''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 北海话 || 北海話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 钦州话 || 欽州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 防城港话 || 防城港話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 廉州话 || 廉州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 灵山话 || 靈山話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|-bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
|'''] (Ngfaa)''' || '''吴化方言''' || '''吳化方言''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 吴川话 || 吳川話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 化州话 || 化州話 |
|
|
|} |
|
|
|
|
|
===Pinghua=== |
|
|
{{main|Pinghua}} |
|
|
* 平话/平話 |
|
|
{|class="wikitable" |
|
|
|-bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
| '''] (Northern Ping)''' || 桂北平话 || 桂北平話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 通道平话 || 通道平話 |
|
|
|-bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
| '''] (Southern Ping)''' || 桂南平话 || 桂南平話 |
|
|
|} |
|
|
|
|
|
===Ba-Shu=== |
|
|
* 巴蜀语/巴蜀語 |
|
|
{|class="wikitable" |
|
|
|-bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
|''']''' || '''巴蜀语''' || '''巴蜀語''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| |
|
|
* ] (?) |
|
|
|岷江话 |
|
|
|岷江話 |
|
|
|} |
|
|
|
|
|
===Other=== |
|
|
The non-Min dialects of Hainan were once considered Yue, but are now left unclassified: |
|
|
{|class="wikitable" |
|
|
|-bgcolor="8dc0ff" |
|
|
|'''Hainan "Yue"''' ||colspan=2| '''海南方言''' |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 儋州话 || 儋州話 |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| • ] || 迈话 || 邁話 |
|
|
|} |
|
|
|
|
|
===Mixed languages=== |
|
|
In addition to the varieties within the Sinitic branch of Sino-Tibetan, a number of ]s also exist that comprise elements of one or more Chinese varieties with other languages. |
|
|
|
|
|
{| class="wikitable" |
|
|
| ] || 伶话 || 伶話 || A ] and ] mixed language |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ] || 猫家话 || 貓家話 || A ] and Chinese dialects mixed language |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ] || 韶州土话 || 韶州土話 || A group of distinctive Chinese dialects in South China, including ] and ]. It incorporates several Chinese dialects, as well as ]. |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ] || 唐汪话 || 唐汪話 || A ] and ] mixed language |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ] || 瓦乡话 || 瓦鄉話 || An independent Chinese language variety |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ] || 五屯话 || 五屯話 || A ], ] and ] mixed language |
|
|
|} |
|
|
|
|
|
== List in the ''Atlas'' == |
|
|
The extensive 1987 '']'' groups Chinese local varieties into the following units:<ref>{{cite book | surname = Kurpaska | given = Maria |
|
|
| title = Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects" |
|
|
| publisher = ] | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-3-11-021914-2 |
|
|
| pages = 63 }}</ref> |
|
|
* Supergroup (大区 ''dàqū''), of which there are but two: Mandarin and Min |
|
|
* Group (区 ''qū''), corresponding to the ] of the ISO standard |
|
|
* Subgroup (片 ''piàn''), which may be mutually unintelligible with other subgroups{{NoteTag|For example, though the Southwestern Mandarin of Chengdu is intelligible to speakers of Standard Chinese, other local variants of Southwestern Mandarin may not be mutually intelligible to each other.}} |
|
|
* Cluster (小片 ''xiǎopiàn''), which may be mutually unintelligible with other clusters |
|
|
* Local dialect (点 ''diǎn''), which are the dialects sampled by the ''Atlas'' |
|
|
|
|
|
In the list below,<ref>Kurpaska (2010), pp. 64–73.</ref> local dialects are not listed. Groups are in bold, subgroups are numbered, and clusters are bulleted. |
|
|
{{col-float |firstcol = 20em }} |
|
|
; ] |
|
|
# Jishen |
|
|
#* Jiaoning |
|
|
#* Tongxi |
|
|
#* Yanji |
|
|
# Hafu |
|
|
#* Zhaofu |
|
|
#* Changjin |
|
|
# Heisong |
|
|
#* Nenke |
|
|
#* Jiafu |
|
|
#* Zhanhua |
|
|
; ] |
|
|
# Baotang |
|
|
#* Laifu |
|
|
#* Dingba |
|
|
#* Tianjin |
|
|
#* Jizun |
|
|
#* Luanchang |
|
|
#* Fulong |
|
|
# Shiji |
|
|
#* Zhaoshen |
|
|
#* Xingheng |
|
|
#* Liaotai |
|
|
# Canghui |
|
|
#* Huangle |
|
|
#* Yangshou |
|
|
#* Juzhao |
|
|
#* Zhanghuan |
|
|
{{col-float-break |nextcol = 20em }} |
|
|
; ] |
|
|
# Jingshi |
|
|
# Huaicheng |
|
|
# Chaofeng |
|
|
# Shike |
|
|
; ] |
|
|
# Qingzhou |
|
|
# Denglian |
|
|
# Gaihuan |
|
|
; ] |
|
|
# Zhengcao |
|
|
# Cailu |
|
|
# Luoxu |
|
|
# Xinbeng |
|
|
# Fenhe |
|
|
#* Pingyang |
|
|
#* Jiangzhou |
|
|
#* Xiezhou |
|
|
# Guanzhong |
|
|
# Qinlong |
|
|
# Longzhong |
|
|
# Nanjiang |
|
|
; ] |
|
|
# Jincheng |
|
|
# Yinwu |
|
|
# Hexi |
|
|
# Tami |
|
|
{{col-float-break |nextcol = 20em }} |
|
|
; ] |
|
|
#Chengyu |
|
|
#Dianxi |
|
|
#*Yaoli |
|
|
#*Baolu |
|
|
#Qianbei |
|
|
#Kungui |
|
|
#Guanchi |
|
|
#*Minjiang |
|
|
#*Renfu |
|
|
#*Yamian |
|
|
#*Lichuan |
|
|
#Ebei |
|
|
#Wutian |
|
|
#Cenjiang |
|
|
#Qiannan |
|
|
#Xiangnan |
|
|
#Guiliu |
|
|
#Changhe |
|
|
; ] |
|
|
#Hongchao |
|
|
#Tairu |
|
|
#Huangxiao |
|
|
; (unclassified Mandarin) |
|
|
#'']'' |
|
|
#'']'' |
|
|
#] |
|
|
#] |
|
|
#'']'' |
|
|
#] |
|
|
{{col-float-break |nextcol = 20em }} |
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; ] |
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#Bingzhou |
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#Lüliang |
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#*Fenzhou |
|
|
#*Xingxi |
|
|
#Shangdang |
|
|
#Wutai |
|
|
#Dabao |
|
|
#Zhanghu |
|
|
#Hanxin |
|
|
#*Cizhang |
|
|
#*Huoji |
|
|
#Zhiyan |
|
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; ] |
|
|
#Taihu |
|
|
#*Piling |
|
|
#*Suhujia |
|
|
#*Tiaoxi |
|
|
#*Hangzhou |
|
|
#*Linshao |
|
|
#*Yongjiang |
|
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#Taizhou |
|
|
#Oujiang |
|
|
#Wuzhou |
|
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#Chuqu |
|
|
#*Chuzhou |
|
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#*Longqu |
|
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#Xuanzhou |
|
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#*Tongjin |
|
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#*Taigao |
|
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#*Shiling |
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|
{{col-float-break |nextcol = 20em }} |
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; ] |
|
|
#Jishe |
|
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#Xiuyi |
|
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#Qide |
|
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#Yanzhou |
|
|
#Jingzhan |
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; ] |
|
|
#Changjing |
|
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#Yiliu |
|
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#Jicha |
|
|
#Fuguang |
|
|
#Yingyi |
|
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#Datong |
|
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#Leizi |
|
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#Dongsui |
|
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#Huaiyue |
|
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;] |
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#Changyi |
|
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#Loushao |
|
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#Jixu |
|
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;] |
|
|
#Guangfu |
|
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#Yongxun |
|
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#Gaoyang |
|
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#Siyi |
|
|
#Goulou |
|
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#Wuhua |
|
|
#Qinlian |
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; ] |
|
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# Guibei |
|
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# Guinan |
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|
{{col-float-break |nextcol = 20em }} |
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|
; ] |
|
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# Yuetai |
|
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#* Jiaying |
|
|
#* Xinghua |
|
|
#* Xinhui |
|
|
#* Shaonan |
|
|
# Yuezhong |
|
|
#Huizhou |
|
|
#Yuebei |
|
|
#Tingzhou |
|
|
#Ninglong |
|
|
#Yugui |
|
|
#Tonggu |
|
|
;] |
|
|
#Zaytonese (Quanzhang / Hokkien / Taiwanese / Minnan) |
|
|
#Hinghua (Puxian / Putianese) |
|
|
#Beitou (Quanpu / Zuanpo) |
|
|
#Liong-na (Longyan) |
|
|
#Datian (Duacan / Qianluhua) |
|
|
#Taoyuan |
|
|
#Teochew (Chaoshan / Chaozhou) |
|
|
#Sanxiang (Zhongshan Minnan) |
|
|
#Luichow (Leizhou) |
|
|
#Hainanese (Qiongwen) |
|
|
; ] |
|
|
#Fuqing (S. Houguan) |
|
|
#Foochow (C. Houguan) |
|
|
#Kutien (Gutian / N. Houguan) |
|
|
#Songkou (Yangzhong / W. Houguan / S. Minqing / W. Yongtai) |
|
|
#Ningde (S. Funing) |
|
|
#Fu'an (C. Funing) |
|
|
#Xiapu (E. Funing) |
|
|
#Fuding (N. Funing) |
|
|
#Taishun (Manjiang) |
|
|
#Cangnan (Manhua) |
|
|
#Longtu (Longdu) |
|
|
#Nanlang |
|
|
; ] |
|
|
# Jianzhou (Jianou / Nanping / Minbei) |
|
|
# Shaojiang |
|
|
# Yongan (Minzhong) |
|
|
# Xinqiao (Chitian / Houluhua / Wenjiang) |
|
|
; ] |
|
|
# Youxi (Chengguan) |
|
|
# Xibin |
|
|
# Zhongxian (Jihua) |
|
|
{{col-float-end}} |
|
|
; Unclassified topolects |
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|
* ] (the Chinese variety now spoken by the ]) |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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== See also == |
|
== See also == |
|
*] |
|
* ] |
|
*] |
|
* ] |
|
*] |
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|
*] (discussion of "dialect" or "language") |
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*] |
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== Notes == |
|
{{Chinese language}} |
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{{NoteFoot}} |
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==External links== |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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* |
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* |
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* |
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{{Clear}} |
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] |
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{{Languages of China}} |
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] |
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{{Chinese language}} |
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] |
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{{Sino-Tibetan branches}} |
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] |
|
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Chinese Dialects}} |
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] |
|
] |
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|
] |
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|
] |
"Chinese" is a blanket term covering many different varieties spoken across China. Mandarin Chinese is the most popular dialect, and is used as a lingua franca across China.
The conventionally accepted set of seven dialect groups first appeared in the second edition of the dialectology handbook edited by Yuan Jiahua (1961).
In order of decreasing number of speakers, they are:
The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:
In addition to the varieties listed below, it is customary to speak informally of dialects of each province (such as Sichuan dialect and Hainan dialect). These designations do not generally correspond to classifications used by linguists, but each nevertheless has characteristics of its own.
The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:
Sometimes subcategory of Wu.
Sometimes a subcategory of Mandarin.
The non-Min dialects of Hainan were once considered Yue, but are now left unclassified:
In addition to the varieties within the Sinitic branch of Sino-Tibetan, a number of mixed languages also exist that comprise elements of one or more Chinese varieties with other languages.
In the list below, local dialects are not listed. Groups are in bold, subgroups are numbered, and clusters are bulleted.