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Kalkoti language

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(Redirected from Kalkoti) Indo-Aryan language of Pakistan ‹ The template Infobox language is being considered for merging. ›
Kalkoti
کلکوٹی / کھلکوٹی / کھعلکوٹی
Pronunciation
Native toPakistan
RegionKalkot Tehsil
Native speakers6,000 (2018)
Language familyIndo-European
Language codes
ISO 639-3xka
Glottologkalk1245

Kalkoti, also known as Goedijaa, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Kalkot Tehsil, in the Upper Dir district in Pakistan.

Phonology

The following tables outline the phonology of Kalkoti.

Vowels

Front Back
Close ɪ~i(ː) ʊ~u(ː)
Mid
Open ə~æ(ː)~aː ɑ(ː)~ɒ(ː)

Short vowels are slightly centralized; nasalization of vowels may be phonemic.

Consonants

Labial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ (?) ŋ (?)
Plosive voiceless p t ʈ k q ʔ (?)
aspirated ʈʰ (?)
voiced b d ɖ ɡ
Affricate voiceless ts
aspirated tʂʰ (?) tʃʰ
voiced
Fricative voiceless (f) s ʂ ʃ x
voiced z ɣ
Lateral l
Flap ɾ ɽ (?)
Approximant ʋ j

The phonemes /q, ʦ, x, z, ɣ, ɽ/ have likely been introduced by loanwords. The voiceless aspirate series is secure, and, unlike the neighboring Palula language, Kalkoti does not have a breathy voiced series. The phonemic status of /ʔ/ is unclear and is likely tied to tone in Kalkoti.

Tone

Kalkoti's system of tone likely was similar to Shina's two tone system; however, under pressure from its Kohistani neighbors it may now have a more complex tone inventory.

References

  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Dangari". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-11-06. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  2. Kalkoti at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  3. Liljegren 2013, p. 129.
  4. Frawley, William (May 2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8.
  5. ^ Liljegren 2013, pp. 134–44.

Bibliography

Indo-Aryan languages
Dardic
Kashmiri
Shina
Pashayi
Kunar
Chitral
Hazara Division
Northern
Eastern
Central
Western
Northwestern
Punjabi
Eastern
Lahnda
Sindhi
Western
Gujarati
Rajasthani
Bhil
Others
Central
Western
Eastern
Others
Eastern
Bihari
Bhojpuric
Magahi
Maithili
Sadanic
Tharuic
Others
Gauda–
Kamarupa
Bengali
Kamarupic
Chittagonian
Odia
Halbic
Southern
Marathi–
Konkani
Marathic
Konkanic
Insular
Old
Middle
Early
Middle (Prakrit)
Late (Apabhraṃśa)
Proto-
languages
Unclassified
Pidgins
and creoles
See also
Indo-Iranian languages
Nuristani languages
Iranian languages
Languages of Pakistan
Official languages
Other languages
(by administrative unit)
Azad Kashmir
Balochistan
Gilgit-Baltistan
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Punjab
Sindh
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