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Gramicidin

Clinical data
Other names	Bacillus brevis gramicidin D
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
ATC code	R02AB30 (WHO)
Identifiers
CAS Number	1405-97-6
DrugBank	BTD00036
ChemSpider	3076403
UNII	5IE62321P4
KEGG	D04369
ChEMBL	ChEMBL557217
ECHA InfoCard	100.014.355
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C99H140N20O17
Molar mass	1882.3 g/mol g·mol
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES O=C1N5C(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)N3C(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC1Cc2ccccc2)CC(C)C)CCCN)C(C)C)CCC3)Cc4ccccc4)CC(C)C)CCCN)C(C)C)CCC5
InChI InChI=1S/C60H92N12O10/c1-35(2)31-43-53(75)67-45(33-39-19-11-9-12-20-39)59(81)71-29-17-25-47(71)55(77)70-50(38(7)8)58(80)64-42(24-16-28-62)52(74)66-44(32-36(3)4)54(76)68-46(34-40-21-13-10-14-22-40)60(82)72-30-18-26-48(72)56(78)69-49(37(5)6)57(79)63-41(23-15-27-61)51(73)65-43/h9-14,19-22,35-38,41-50H,15-18,23-34,61-62H2,1-8H3,(H,63,79)(H,64,80)(H,65,73)(H,66,74)(H,67,75)(H,68,76)(H,69,78)(H,70,77) Key:IUAYMJGZBVDSGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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Gramicidin is a heterogeneous mixture of six antibiotic compounds, Gramicidins A, B and C, making up 80%, 6%, and 14% respectively, all of which are obtained from the soil bacterial species Bacillus brevis and called collectively Gramicidin D. Gramicidin D are linear pentadecapeptides; that is chains made up of 15 amino acids. This is in contrast to Gramicidin S which is a cyclic peptide chain.

Uses

Gramicidin is active against Gram-positive bacteria, except for the Gram-positive bacilli, and against select Gram-negative organisms, such as Neisseria bacteria. Its therapeutic use is limited to topical application as it induces hemolysis in lower concentrations than bacteria cell death, thus cannot be administered internally. The exterior epidermis is composed of dead cells, thus applying it to the surface of the skin will not cause harm.

It is used primarily as a topical antibiotic and is one of the three constituents of consumer antibiotic Polysporin Ophthalmic Solution.

History

In 1939 the French microbiologist René Dubos isolated the substance tyrothricin and later showed that it was composed of two substances, gramicidin (20%) and tyrocidine (80%). These were the first antibiotics to be manufactured commercially.

Composition and structure

Gramicidin is polypeptide with alternating L- &D- amino acids , composed of the general formula: formyl-L-X-Gly-L-Ala-D-Leu-L-Ala-D-Val-L-Val-D-Val-L-Trp-D-Leu-L-Y-D-Leu-L-Trp-D-Leu-L-Trp-ethanolamine

X and Y depend upon the gramicidin molecule. There exists valine and isoleucine variants of all three gramicidin species and 'X' can be either. Y determines which is which; in the place of Y Gramicidin A contains Tryptophan, B contains Phenylalanine and C contains Tyrosine. Also note the alternating stereochemical configurations (in the form of D and L) of the amino acids: this is vital to the formation of the β-helix.

The chain assembles inside of the hydrophobic interior of the cellular lipid bilayer to form a β-helix. The helix itself is not long enough to span the membrane but it dimerizes to form the elongated channel needed to span the whole membrane.

The structure of gramicidin head-to-head dimer in micelles and lipid bilayers was determined by solution and solid state NMR. The structure was first proposed by Dan W. Urry in 1971. In organic solvents and crystals, this peptide forms different types of non-native double helices.

Pharmacological effect

Gramicidin's bactericidal activity is a result of increasing the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane allowing inorganic monovalent cations (e.g. Na) to travel through unrestricted, thereby destroying the ion gradient between the cytoplasm and the extracellular environment.

That gramicidin D functions as a channel was demonstrated by Hladky and Haydon, who investigated the unit conductance channel. In general, gramicidin channels are ideally selective for monovalent cations and the single-channel conductances for the alkali cations are ranked in the same order as the aqueous mobilities of these ions. Divalent cations like Ca
block the channel by binding near the mouth of the channel. So it is basically impermeable to divalent cations. It also excludes anions. Cl
in particular is excluded from the channel because its hydration shell is thermodynamically stronger than that of most monovalent cations. The channel is permeable to most monovalent cations, which move through the channel in single file. The channel is filled with about six water molecules, almost all of which must be displaced when an ion is transported. Thus, ions moving through the gramicidin pore carry along a single file of water molecules. Such a flux of ion and water molecules is known as flux coupling. In the presence of a second type of permeable ion, the two ions couple their flux as well. Like Valinomycin and Nonactin, the gramicidin channel is selective for potassium over sodium but only slightly so. It has a permeability ratio of 2.9. It is impermeable to anions but there are conditions under which some anion permeation may be observed. Its ability to bind and transport cations is due to the presence of cation-binding sites in the channel. Specifically, there are two such binding sites, one strong and the other weak.

References

1. A. S. Bourinbaiar and C. F. Coleman Arch Virol (1997) 142: 2225-2235
2. Biopolymers (Peptide Science), Vol. 51, 129–144 (1999): http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/62500357/ABSTRACT Burkhart, Brian M.; Gassman, RM; Langs, DA; Pangborn, WA; Duax, WL; Pletnev, V (1999). "Gramicidin D conformation, dynamics and membrane ion transport". Biopolymers. 51 (2): 129–44. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0282(1999)51:2<129::AID-BIP3>3.0.CO;2-Y. PMID 10397797.
3. Urry DW (1971). "The Gramicidin A Transmembrane Channel: A Proposed π(L,D) Helix". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 68 (3): 672–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.68.3.672. PMC 389014. PMID 5276779.
4. Francisco J. Alvarez-Leefmans; Eric Delpire (10 August 2009). Physiology and Pathology of Chloride Transporters and Channels in the Nervous System: From Molecules to Diseases. Academic Press. pp. 142–. ISBN 9780123743732. Retrieved 3 December 2010.

External links

• UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes protein/pdbid-1grm - Gramicidin A channel

• Polypeptide antibiotics
• Integral membrane proteins
• Antimicrobial peptides